SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN AGES

I. Introduction
The Modern Ages
The modern era includes the early period, called the early modern period,
which lasted from present. The Modern Period covers human history from the
creation of a more global network (i.e. the discovery of the Americas
Europeans) to present day.

A. Early Modern Period

 The Renaissance is a period in the history of Europe beginning in about
1300 1600, and following the Medieval period. is a French word
meaning.
 The Scientific Revolution was the emergence of modern science during
the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry
transformed societal views about nature that unfolded in Europe
between roughly The Scientific Revolution began in Europe toward the
end of the Renaissance period, and continued through the late 18th
century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the
Enlightenment.
 The Age of Enlightenment period of the Modern era of philosophy
corresponds roughly to the 18th Century (1700). In general terms, the
Enlightenment was an intellectual movement, developed mainly in
France, Britain and Germany, which advocated freedom, democracy
and reason as the primary values of society.

Famous Scientists during the Scientific Revolution:

 Galileo Galilei Father of Modern Father of Modern Albert Einstein called
him Father of Modern Science
 Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric Theory. The word in Greek means
Heliocentric means that the sun is at the center. A heliocentric system is
one in which the planets revolve around a fixed sun. Thus Mercury,
Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn all revolve around the sun.
The moon is the only celestial sphere in this system which revolves
around the earth, and, together with it, around the sun.
 Johanness Kepler Three Laws of Planetary Motion (1) All planets move
about the Sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the foci. (2) A
radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in
equal lengths of time. (3) The squares of the sidereal periods (of
revolution) of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of their
mean distances from the Sun.
  Sir Isaac Newton Laws of Motion (1) Every object in a state of uniform
motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is
applied to it Law of Inertia. (2) The relationship between an mass m, its
acceleration a, and the applied force F is F ma. Acceleration and force
are vectors (as indicated their symbols being displayed in slant bold in
this law, the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of
the acceleration vector. (3) For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.

B. Mid Modern Period

 Industrial Revolution From the introduction of the first viable Steam
Engine Thomas Newcomen at Dudley Castle coal mine in 1712, the
invention of steam engine was crucial to the industrialization of modern
civilization. For almost 200 years it was the outstanding source of power
for industry and transport systems in the West.
 The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and
political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to
the 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were
eliminating problems caused industrialization, urbanization, immigration,
and corruption in government.
 Machine Age is an era that includes the early 20th century, sometimes
also including the late 19th century. An approximate dating would be
about 1880 to 1945. It forms a late part of the Second Industrial
Revolution.

C. Contemporary Period
The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age, where modern physics saw
new applications such as the atomic bomb, the first computers, and the
transistor.
 Postmodernity is the state or condition of being postmodern after or in
reaction to that which is modern, as in postmodern art. Postmodernism
a style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism that
represents a departure from modernism and has at its heart a general
distrust of grand theories and ideologies as well as a problematical
relationship with any notion of “art”.
 World War I was a situation where defensive technologies were far
superior to offensive ones trenches, bunkers and machine guns were
far superior to artillery and infantry running while defended a thin layer
of uniform made out of cotton. The mobile technology of the day cavalry
was rendered irrelevant. The first replacements (tanks) were introduced
 toward the end of the war. Air power did not play a major role. Atomic
Age or World War II.
 The Atomic Age, also known as the Atomic Era, is the period of history
following the detonation of the first nuclear bomb, Trinity, on July 16,
1945, during World War II. New weapons made warfare much more
mobile mainly tanks but also air power. That made World War II much
more about maneuvering than about fortification and concentration of
firepower to one thin defensive line. As the Germans learned first and
the Allies learned next, tactics, intelligence, and maneuvering ruled the
battlefield of the 1940s, not trenches and barbed wire.
 Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope.
 William Beaumont found out how the stomach works out through
looking at the hole of a stomach.
 A cholera outbreak happened in Britain. John Snow showed that
cholera is transmitted in water, but they were not sure how.
 Louis Pasteur is a very famous until now. He proved that microscopic
organisms caused diseases. He also introduced the process of
sterilizing liquids through heating, pasteurization.
 Several germs that caused diseases like leprosy, typhoid, diphteria,
tetanus and pneumonia were discovered in this era.
 Humphry Davy realized that inhaling can relieve the pain.
 Joseph Lister discovered antiseptic surgery.
 Rubber Gloves were first used in surgery.
 Herman von Helmholtz invented the ophtalmoscope.
 Clifford Allbut invented the clinical thermometer.
 X-rays were discovered Wilhelm Roentgen.
 In this era, aspirin was invented.

20th Century
 Salvarsan, a drug used to treat syphilis was finally discovered.
 Antibiotics were discovered.
 Alexander Fleming discovered the penicillin.
 Streptomycin was used to treat tuberculosis.
 Iron lung was invented.
 Willem Kolff built the first artificial kidney machine.
 Jonas Salk had a vaccine for poliomyelitis.
 Rune Elmqvist invented the first implantable pacemaker.
 Laser was invented.
 First test tube baby was born.
 Computerized Axial Scanning (CAT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI), synthetic skin and Gene therapy were introduced during this era.
21st Century
 The first full face transplant.
 A bionic eye (visual prosthetics), the Argus II Retinal Stimulation System
was created.
 TeleSurgery was done.
 The Human Genome Project (HGP)

IV. Engine Technology

Various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of engines.
ENGINE is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical
energy.
DEFINITION OF HEAT
 A heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a
fuel into thermal energy and uses this energy to produce mechanical
work.
 TWO TYPES OF HEAT ENGINE
(a) External combustion engine
(b) Internal combustion engine

COMPARISON BETWEEN EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE External combustion engine:
 In this engine, the products of combustion of air and fuel transfer
heat to a second fluid which is the working fluid of the cycle.
 Examples: the steam engine or a steam turbine plant, the heat of
combustion is employed to generate steam which is used in a
piston engine (reciprocating type engine) or a turbine (rotary type
engine) for useful work.
 In a closed cycle gas turbine, the heat of combustion in an
external furnace is transferred to gas, usually air which the
working fluid of the cycle.
 Internal combustion engine:
 In this engine, the combustion of air and fuels take place inside
the cylinder and are used as the direct motive force.

 COMPARISON OF AND ENGINE DEFINITION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES a heat engine in which the heat source
is a combustible mixture that also serves as the working fluid
EXAMPLES OF ICE (INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES) Is an
ICE reciprocating piston engine reciprocating piston engine Gas
turbine Rocket Is not an ICE Steam power plant Solar power plant
Nuclear power plant ICE (INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES)
FAMILY TREE ADVANTAGES OF ICE (INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES) Moral hard to beat internal combustion
engines for Distribution handling convenience of liquids Relative
safety of hydrocarbons compared to hydrogen or nuclear energy
Cost of materials (steel aluminum) Use small gasoline engine
operating at maximum power (most efficient way to operate) or
turned off if not needed Use to surplus power from gasoline
engine 2010 and beyond Electric vehicles Small turbocharged
gasoline engines (e.g. Ford use any fuel at all help drivers save
more money on running costs, since they use any fuel. offer a
longer range Nissan Leaf and Hyundai Ioniq and Tesla Model S.
Steam engines applied to the arrangement which the exhaust
valve of a steam engine is made to close This steam being
compressed as the stroke is completed, a cushion is formed
against which the piston does work while its velocity is being
rapidly reduced, and thus the stresses in the mechanism due to
the inertia of the reciprocating parts are lessened OTHER FACTS
Father Eugenio Barsanti, an Italian engineer, together with Felice
Matteucci of Florence invented the first real internal combustion
engine in 1853. In 1791, John Barber developed a turbine. In
1794 Thomas Mead patented a gas engine. Also in 1794 Robert
Street patented an internal combustion engine, which was also
the first to use liquid fuel (gasoline), and built an engine around
that time. V. Mathematical and Scientific Equations 1. Numerical
Calculations a. Logarithm invented John Napier, Table of
Logarithms is first published in his treatise of the Marvelous
Canon of b. Prime Numbers Marin Mersenne is known for his
Mersenne Prime Numbers 2. Symbolic Logic a. Venn Diagram
schematic diagrams popularized John Venn in 1880 that is used
in logic theory to represent and symbolize relationships. 3.
Algebra a. Boolean Algebra a branch of algebra that was
introduced George Boole in 1847 in which the values of the
variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1
and 0 respectively. The main operations of Boolean algebra are
the conjunction and denoted as the disjunction or denoted as and
the negation not denoted as 4. Invention of Differential and
Integral Calculus 5. Cartesian Coordinate System Rene Cartesian
Coordinate System allowed the orbits of the planets to be plotted
in a graph. V. Space Explorations and Discoveries 1705: English
astronomer Edmond Halley identifies the comet that later will be
named after him. Halley applied laws of motion to predict correctly
the period of his comet. 1781: William Herschel discovers Uranus,
the first new planet to be found since prehistory. The Herschel
family of British astronomers includes William Herschel who
discovered Uranus and was astronomer to King George William
cataloged more than 800 double stars and 2,500 nebulae. His
sister Caroline Herschel assisted in his work and published a star
catalog. His son John Frederick William Herschel augmented
work with the discovery of 525 nebulae and conducted notable
research on light, photography and astrophysics. 1890: American
astronomer and pioneer in photography Edward Emerson Barnard
makes a photograph of our Milky Way galaxy and comets. 1910:
Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung and American astronomer
Henry Norris Russell publish their diagram a graph of the absolute
magnitude of stars plotted against their surface temperature or
color. The diagram is used in the study of stellar evolution.
Hertzsprung and Russell develop a theory of the evolution of
stars. 1918: American astronomer Harlow Shapley, discovering
that our Solar System sits near the edge, and not in the middle, of
our galaxy, says the Sun is a marginal star in a vast Milky Way.
He will be remembered for his work in cosmology, spectroscopy,
and photometry. 1927: Belgian astrophysicist Georges Henri
Lemaitre proposes a Big Bang theory for the origin of the
Universe. 1929: Hubble, calculating the distances to galaxies,
makes what has been called the most important astronomical
discovery of the 20th century and proposes a theory of an
expanding Universe, saying galaxies recede from each other in an
expanding Universe. The velocities of nebulae increase with
distance. That seems to imply that all matter in the Universe once
was compacted together in a very small space. That suggests that
it all exploded from a definite point in a Big Bang ten to fifteen
billion years ago. Space travel started out as an exclusively male
endeavor, but it stay that way for long. On June 16, 1963, the
Soviet Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space.
The Tereshkova piloted the Vostok 6 vehicle, completing 48 orbits
of Earth and staying in space for nearly three days. Upon landing,
she became a national hero, like her countryman Yuri Gagarin.
The first American woman reach space until two decades later,
when Sally Ride flew aboard the space shuttle Challenger in
1983. The First Spacewalk In 1965, the Soviet Union scored yet
another victory in its Cold War space race against the United
States, adding to the milestones it notched with Sputnik in 1957
and Yuri Gagarin in 1961. On March 18, 1965, cosmonaut Alexey
Leonov made first spacewalk. He left the cozy environs of his
Voskhod 2 spacecraft while in orbit around the Earth. Leonov
stayed outside for 12 minutes, with only a spacesuit separating
him from the frigid of space. suit ballooned greatly while he floated
in space, complicating his to the Voskhod. Nonetheless, the
spacewalk was a signficant achievement one the United States
matched less than three months later, when astronaut Edward
White stepped outside his Gemini IV spacecraft. Apollo 11:
Humans Walk on the Moon Most Americans of a certain age and
many people around the world can tell you exactly where they
were, and what they were doing, on the evening of July 20, 1969.
Chances are, they were glued to the TV. At 4:18 p.m. Eastern
time on that date, the lunar module of Apollo 11 mission touched
down on the surface of the moon. Shortly thereafter, Neil boot hit
the lunar dirt, and the world heard perhaps the 20th most famous
sentence: one small step for man one giant leap for Humanity had
set foot on another world for the first time ever. Armstrong and
fellow astronaut Buzz Aldrin hopped around the lunar surface for
more than 21 hours, collecting rocks, setting up experiments and
planting an American flag (though they stopped short of claiming
the moon for the United States). The world would never be the
same. Apollo 13: NASA averts a tragedy Apollo 13 moon mission
launched on April 11, 1970. Two days later, an oxygen tank in the
Apollo service module exploded about miles kilometers) from
Earth. The blast damaged several of the power, electrical and
systems, putting the three astronauts aboard in grave peril. NASA
engineers determined that the oxygen in the Apollo capsule would
run out before the craft could find its way back to Earth. But they
figured out that the crew could use the attached lunar module
which was unaffected the explosion as a sort of lifeboat to survive
the harrowing trip home. The gambit worked, and the three
astronauts splashed down safely in the South Pacific on April 17.
The events which were popularized in the awardwinning 1995 film
prompted NASA to reconsider many aspects of its human
spaceflight program, and they solidified in the public eye the
space reputation for genius. Space Race Adversaries Meet in
Orbit In July 1975, during a lull in Cold War tensions between the
United States and the Soviet Union, the two superpowers teamed
up to make first international manned spaceflight. On July 15,
NASA launched an Apollo spacecraft, which met up with a Soviet
Soyuz in orbit. In a mission known as the Test Project (ASTP), the
two vehicles rendezvoused and docked, and their crews
performed several experiments over the course of two days. The
mission tested the compatibility of rendezvous and docking
systems for the two spacecraft, and it laid the foundation for joint
manned flights down the road. But the main significance may
have been symbolic, showing the easing of tensions between the
U.S. and U.S.S.R. The ASTP is sometimes unofficially called
since it was the last of the Apollo missions. It was also the last
U.S. manned space mission until the space maiden flight in April
1981. A Reusable Spaceship: Space Shuttle Era Begins April 12
is a special day in the history of human spaceflight. On that date
in 1961, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in
space. And exactly 20 years later, space shuttle first reusable
space plane made its maiden flight. When Columbia blasted off
on April 12, 1981, it initiated the next phase of the United human
spaceflight program. Over the next three decades, the various
shuttles were workhorses, launching on a total of 133 missions.
Two of these mission in 1986 and flight in 2003 ended in tragedy,
with the total loss of the shuttles and their crew. International
Space Station Welcomes First Crew The International Space
Station hosted its first visitors more than a decade ago. One
NASA astronaut and two cosmonauts docked at the orbiting lab
on Nov. 2, then lived aboard the station for more than four
months. It was a major milestone for the huge station, which is
being assembled in orbit a coalition of space agencies from the
United States, Russia, Canada, Japan and Europe. Construction
began in November 1998 and is expected to be completed 2012.
The billion orbiting lab which has about as much living space as a
house is the single most expensive structure ever built. NASA and
the other space agencies are using the station to test exploration
technology, perform a variety of experiments and gain knowledge
that could help maintain crew health and performance in space.
Parker Solar Probe The United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy
rocket launches Parker Solar Probe to touch the Sun, Sunday,
Aug. 12, 2018, from Launch Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air
Fax machine, 1843 the Scottish clockmaker Alexander Bain in
1843, which comprised a pen attached to a pendulum kept in
motion electromagnetic impulses. Stapler, 1841 Slocum patents
the stapler. Safety razor, 1895 Camp Gillette of America,
possessor of the greatest name in the history of innovation,
devised in the 1890s the first razor fitted with disposable blades
mounted in safety housing. In 2005, Procter Gamble bought
Gillette for Swiss Army Knife, 1897 called the Offiziersmesser
knife). originated in Schwyz, Switzerland, more than a 100 years
ago, after a surgical equipment manufacturer was dismayed to
learn Germany supplied the Swiss army with knives. Robot, 1921
term robot dates to 1921, when the Czech playwright Karel Capek
referred to put upon serfs as in his play R.U.R Universal Robots).
Eventually they cause unemployment and lead to the collapse of
society. Biro, 1938 journalist Laszlo kept the patent for the first
ballpoint pen. sold the patent to one Baron Bich of France in
1950. breakthrough had been to devise a nib capable of delivering
to paper the ink already used in printing. Today around 14 million
Bic are sold every day, perhaps making the pen the most
successful gadget. Mobile phone, 1947 Bell Laboratories the firm
introduced the first service in Missouri in 1947. Widespread
coverage in Britain did not begin until the late 1980s. CD, 1965
the US inventor James Russell, the crackly sound of vinyl ruined
music, so he patented a disc that could be read with a laser rather
than a needle. Philips and Sony picked up the trail in the early
1970s, when they perfected the Compact Audio Disc or CAD,
later shortened to CD. Floppy disk, 1971 first floppies was
invented IBM geek Alan Shugart, held just 100 kilotes (modern
disks can store 1.44 megates) Digital watch, 1972 went digital in
the 1970s when the Hamilton Company developed the Pulsar,
which sported lights in place of the liquid crystal display (LCD)
followed in 1977. Digital camera, 1975 device (CCD) made the
that captures images electronically. in 1969, the widget allowed
the Kodak engineer Steven Sasson to build the first digital
camera, which resembled a toaster. Atari 2600, 1977 Atari 2600
game console was the first gaming box. It brought the arcade
experience, including a pair of iconic digital joysticks and games
with home console first. Walkman, 1979 Walkman was the first
music player to combine portability, simplicity and affordability.
Paved the way for the CD player and the iPod. GPS, 1978 the US
military in the 1970s, the Global Positioning System has been
globally available since 1994. Camcorder, 1983 was the first to
produce a consumer camcorder with the release of its Betamovie
in 1983. Hard Disk Drive, 1956 hard disk drive is invented IBM
(International Business Machines) SMS, 1992 The Short Message
Service (SMS) has developed the thumbs of a generation of
communicators who have devised their own shorthand, textspeak,
to stay in touch (and uncover affairs). British engineer Neil
Papworth sent the first (unabbreviated) text 15 years ago. It read:
CHRISTMAS Apple iPhone, 2007 device ushered in a new era of
flat, touchscreen phones with buttons that appeared on screen as
you needed them. The iPhone popularized the mobile
applications. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS 1st GENERATION
VACUUM TUBE The first generation of computer used Vacuum
Tubes for which could solve only one problem at a time. 2nd
GENERATION Transistors used punched cards for input and
printout for output 3rd GENERATION INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
mates, watch the latest videos, and even find their perfect life
partner, all for a few bucks a month. Oh, and you can also get
useful information off it if you mind scrolling through hits to find out
just how long snails really live. Where would we be without it?
Smartphone smartphone is a handheld personal computer. It
possesses extensive computing capabilities, including access to
the Internet using both and mobile broadband. Most, if not all,
smartphones are also built with support for Bluetooth and satellite
navigation. Modern smartphones have a touchscreen color
display with a graphical user interface that covers the front
surface and enables the user to use a virtual keyboard to type and
press onscreen icons. Interaction is mostly done using touch,
besides a few physical buttons.