Ephesians PDF

Notes on
Ephesians
2 0 0 6 E d i t i o n
Dr. Thomas L. Constable
Introduction
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Almost all Christians believed in the Pauline authorship of Ephesians until the nineteenth
century when destructive biblical criticism gained much influence (cf. 1:1; 3:1).1 The
critics built a case against Pauline authorship from linguistic and stylistic features,
literary comparisons chiefly with Colossians, historical evidence, and doctrinal
peculiarities.
"When all the objections are carefully considered it will be seen that the
weight of evidence is inadequate to overthrow the overwhelming external
attestation to Pauline authorship, and the Epistle's own claims."2
Most conservative New Testament scholars

hold to the tradition that Paul wrote Rome
Ephesians along with Colossians, Phile- *
mon, and Philippians, the other "Prison
Epistles," during his first Roman
imprisonment, 60-62 A.D. (3:1; 4:1; 6:20; Ephesus
*
cf. Acts 28:16-31). During this time Paul
was under house arrest. He lived in his own
rented quarters under guard by Roman
soldiers. He could have visitors and could
minister without hindrance as far as his
confinement permitted (Acts 28:16, 30-31).
He was not chained in a prison cell at this
time as he was during his second Roman imprisonment when he wrote 2 Timothy (cf. 2
Tim. 1:16). For some interpreters, the reference to Paul having recently sent Tychicus to
Ephesus in 2 Timothy 4:12 seems to put the composition of Ephesians in the second
imprisonment (cf. Eph. 6:21-22). However the similarities between Ephesians and
Colossians have led most scholars to conclude that Paul wrote these two letters at the
same time.3 The evidence for his having written Colossians and Philemon during the first
imprisonment is strong.
1See the chart in Harold W. Hoehner, Ephesians: An Exegetical Commentery, p. 20.

2Donald Guthrie, New Testament Introduction, 2:127.
3See the chart of comparisons of Ephesians and Colossians in Hoehner, p. 34.
Copyright 2006 by Thomas L. Constable

Published by Sonic Light: http://www.soniclight.com/
2 Dr. Constable's Notes on Ephesians 2006 Edition
Paul knew Ephesus and the church in that city well. He had ministered in Asia Minor, the
Roman province of which Ephesus was the capitol, with Ephesus as his headquarters for
about three years, 53-56 A.D. (Acts 19:1—20:1). It appears that he sent this epistle to the
Ephesian church so the Christians there would subsequently circulate it among the other
churches.4 Three other New Testament books went first to Ephesus: 1 and 2 Timothy, and
Revelation (cf. Rev. 2:1). Tychicus evidently delivered this epistle to the Ephesian church
(Eph. 6:21-22).
PURPOSE
Paul's frequent references to the church as a mystery, previously unknown but now
revealed, identify the apostle's main purpose in writing as having been the exposition of
the mystery of the church (1:9; 3:3-4, 9; 5:32; 6:19). His emphasis on the church as
Christ's body in which both Jewish and Gentile believers are one suggests that Paul wrote
to promote unity in the Ephesian church and in the universal church. The emphasis on the
importance of love is also strong.5 More than one-sixth of Paul's references to love in his
13 epistles occur in Ephesians. This also shows that he wanted to promote Christian unity
in the church.
"Possibly realizing that the Ephesians were starting to forsake their first
love, Paul wrote this letter to encourage them to love both God and their
fellow saints more deeply."6
"The letter focuses on what God did through the historical work of Jesus
Christ and does through his Spirit today, in order to build his new society
in the midst of the old."7
OUTLINE
I. Salutation 1:1-2
II. The Christian's calling 1:3—3:21
A. Individual calling 1:3—2:10
1. The purpose: glory 1:3-14

2. The means: knowledge 1:15-23
3. The motive: grace 2:1-10
B. Corporate calling 2:11-3:19
1. Present unity 2:11-22

2. Past ignorance 3:1-13
3. Future comprehension 3:14-19
4See my comments on 1:1.

5See Hoehner, pp. 104-6.
6Ibid., p. 106.
7John R. W. Stott, The Message of Ephesians, p. 24.
2006 Edition Dr. Constable's Notes on Ephesians 3
C. Doxology 3:20-21
III. The Christian's conduct 4:1—6:20
A. Spiritual walk 4:1—6:9
1. Walking in unity 4:1-16

2. Walking in holiness 4:17-32
3. Walking in love 5:1-6
4. Walking in light 5:7-14
5. Walking in wisdom 5:15—6:9
B. Spiritual warfare 6:10-20
IV. Conclusion 6:21-24

Exposition
I. SALUTATION 1:1-2
In most of his epistles Paul began by setting forth foundational truth and then concluded
by applying that truth to the lives of his readers. This pattern is very obvious in Ephesians
where the first three chapters deal with doctrine (teaching) and the last three with practice
(application). Of course, there is some doctrine in the last three chapters and some
application in the first three, but generally this is how Paul organized his material.8
The salutation contains Paul's introduction of himself to the original recipients of this
letter and his greeting to them.
1:1 Paul referred to himself by name as the writer of this book twice (cf. 3:1).
Even though some critics have denied the Pauline authorship of
Ephesians, largely because of the vocabulary, style, and doctrine it
contains, the early church accepted it without dispute.9
"Ephesians, then, was unhesitatingly assigned to Paul from

the time when the New Testament corpus began to be
recognized as such in the mid-second century. Since
Clement of Rome reflected its language when he wrote to
Corinth in A.D. 95, it is likely that this attestation runs back
to the first century."10
The New Testament writers used the word "apostle" (lit. "sent one") in a
general and in a particular sense. Sometimes it refers generally to anyone
sent out as a representative of Jesus Christ (Acts 14:4, 14; 2 Cor. 8:23;
Phil. 2:25). Usually it refers to one of the 12 apostles or Paul who saw the
risen Christ, as here. The Lord Jesus commissioned and sent Paul out with
the gospel message. He received his apostleship on the Damascus road
because of God's "will" or decision, not his own choosing (Acts 26:16-18).
The original recipients of this epistle were "saints" (Gr. hagiois, holy
ones), people set apart by God for His use. They lived in Ephesus, the
capitol of the Roman province of Asia, where Paul had ministered for
three years during his third missionary journey (Acts 20:31).
The words "at Ephesus" or "in Ephesus" do not appear in three early
Alexandrian (Egyptian) manuscripts. This omission has led some scholars
to conclude that Paul originally sent this epistle to several undesignated
8Compare the Book of Romans in which chapters 1—11 contain mainly doctrine and chapters 12—16
mostly practice.
9See W. G. Kummel, Introduction to the New Testament, p. 357.
10A. Skevington Wood, "Ephesians," in Ephesians-Philemon, vol. 11 of The Expositor's Bible
Commentary, p. 4.
local churches, probably in the province of Asia, for the recipients to

circulate among them. Advocates of this view have pointed to the absence
of any reference to individuals as evidence that Paul meant it to go to
several churches rather than just to the Ephesian church. However it seems
best to regard the Ephesian church as the original audience for the
following reasons. Most ancient manuscripts do contain the words "at
Ephesus" or "in Ephesus." Moreover no manuscript contains the name of
any other city or even the words "at" or "in." Furthermore all of Paul's
other inspired epistles mention the recipients.
Perhaps Paul omitted personal names of Ephesian believers because he felt

no need to greet them since this letter would circulate to other churches.
Another possible reason may be that if he had named believers he would
have had to mention many since he knew so many in the Ephesian church.
It is quite possible that Paul intended Ephesians to be an encyclical letter.

All the New Testament writings circulated among the churches, and Paul
may have written Ephesians with this in view (cf. Col. 4:16). Since
Ephesus was a strategic city in both the Roman Empire and in Paul's
ministry, it would have been natural for him to send this letter to that city
first.
Not all saints are "faithful," but the Ephesian believers were. They had
been holding fast to the teaching they had received when Paul wrote this
epistle (cf. Acts 20:28-32; Rev. 2:1-7).
"In Christ" describes all who are saints. Every believer occupies a location
in space. These saints were in Ephesus. However every Christian saint
also lives within the sphere of God's family because of Jesus' work, which
Paul spoke of as being "in Christ." This phrase was a favorite of Paul's. He
used it nine times in 1:1-14 and about 25 times in this epistle. It occurs
approximately 130 times in the New Testament. Much of what follows in
chapters 1—3 is an explanation of what it means to be "in Christ."
"Thus our being in Christ means that the Lord Jesus

surrounds and embraces the believer in His own life, and
separates him at the same time from all outside and hostile
influences. He protects the believer from all perils and foes,
and supplies him with all that is necessary. In Ephesians the
meaning of this being 'in Christ' reaches its highest thought.
The peculiar truth in Ephesians is the heavenly nature and
divine fullness of this sphere of our new life."11
11August Van Ryn, Ephesians: The Glory of His Grace, p. 17. See also A. J. M. Wedderburn, "Some
Observations on Paul's Use of the Phrases 'In Christ' and 'With Christ'," Journal for the Study of the New
Testament 25 (October 1985):83-97.
"That phrase in Christ strikes the keynote of the entire

Epistle; from that prolific germ ramifies the branching oak
of the forest."12
1:2 Paul greeted his readers by wishing God's grace and peace on them, as he
did in all of his other epistles. Grace (Gr. charis) expresses God's
unmerited favor and divine enablement, which are the portion of every
saint. Peace (Gr. eirene, which translates the Hebrew shalom) is our
condition resulting from God's grace to us. We have peace with God and
we can experience the peace of God, the fullness of His blessing, because
of His grace (cf. Num. 6:25-26).
"So if we want a concise summary of the good news which

the whole letter announces, we could not find a better one
than the three monosyllables 'peace through grace'."13
II. THE CHRISTIAN'S CALLING 1:3—3:21
". . . the first three chapters are one long prayer, culminating in the great
doxology at the end of chapter 3. There is in fact nothing like this in all
Paul's letters. This is the language of lyrical prayer, not the language of
argument, and controversy, and rebuke."14
A. INDIVIDUAL CALLING 1:3—2:10
Paul began the body of his letter by revealing the spiritual blessings that God has planned
for believers in His Son.
"The opening section of Ephesians (1:3—2:10), which describes the new

life God has given us in Christ, divides itself naturally into two halves, the
first consisting of praise and the second of prayer. In the 'praise' half Paul
blesses God that he has blessed us in Christ with every spiritual blessing
(1:3-14), while in the 'prayer' half he asks that God will open our eyes to
grasp the fullness of this blessing (1:15—2:10)."15
1. The purpose: glory 1:3-14
In the Greek text verses 3-14 are one sentence. The Holy Spirit carried Paul along in his
thinking as he contemplated God's provision so that he moved quickly from one blessing
to the next. It is as though he was ecstatically opening a treasure chest, lifting its jewels
12E. K. Simpson, Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians, in Commentary on the Epistles to the
Ephesians and the Colossians, p. 24.
13Stott, p. 28.
14William Barclay, The Letters to the Galatians and Ephesians, p. 76.
15Stott, p. 31.
with his hands, letting them cascade through his fingers, and marveling briefly at them as
they caught his eye.
"Each section ends with a note of praise for God (vv. 6, 11, 14), focusing
on a different member of the Trinity. After an opening summary of all the
saints' spiritual blessings (v. 3), the first section (vv. 4-6) offers up praise
that the Father has chosen us in eternity past; the second section (vv. 7-11)
offers up praise that the Son has redeemed us in the historical past (i.e., at
the cross); the third section (vv. 12-14) offers up praise that the Holy Spirit
has sealed us in our personal past, at the point of conversion."16
"Normally, after the greeting Paul gives an introductory thanksgiving for

the recipients of the letter. In this epistle he changes the order, for before
he gives his thanksgiving in verses 15-23, he has in verses 3-14 a paean of
praise for what God has done for the believer."17
". . . Ephesians 1:3-14 is one of the longest psalms of the New Testament,
and it is a praise psalm in its form."18
The believer's position in Christ 1:3
"This verse marks not only the introduction but also the main sentence of
the eulogy. It is in essence a summary of the whole eulogy."19
God is blessed because He has blessed believers. However, Christians should also bless
or praise (Gr. eulogetos, speak well of) God the Father for bestowing these blessings.
Paul was thinking of God as both the Father of believers (v. 2) and the Father of His Son
(v. 3). God has already blessed believers in the ways the apostle proceeded to identify.
This blessing happened before creation as will become evident in the following verses.
"Spiritual" blessings are benefits that relate to our spiritual life in contrast to our physical
life. In Israel God's promised blessings were mainly physical, but in the church they are
mainly spiritual. Since God has already given us these things, we do not need to ask for
them but should appropriate them by faith and give thanks for them.
"When you were born again into God's family, you were born rich."20
"In the heavenly places" or "realms" refers to the location from which these blessings
come. The heavenly realms are where Paul spoke of the believer as being presently in his
or her spiritual life. Whereas physically we are on the earth, spiritually we are already
with Christ in the heavens (cf. v. 20; 2:6; 3:10; 6:12). God has united us with Jesus Christ
16The NET Bible note on 1:3.

17Hoehner, p. 153.
18Darrell L. Bock, "A Theology of Paul's Prison Epistles," in A Biblical Theology of the New Testament, p.
309. Other praise psalms are in Luke 1:46-55 and 1:67-79.
19Hoehner, p. 162.
20Warren W. Wiersbe, The Bible Exposition Commentary, 2:9.
so we are in that sense with Him where He is now. When we die, our immaterial part will
go into Christ's presence (2 Cor. 5:6-8). When God resurrects our bodies they will go into
His presence and unite with our immaterial part. Presently our lives are already with the
Lord in the heavenly realms spiritually. We are there because of our present union with
Christ. We are "in Christ."21 Union with Christ by saving faith places us in the heavenly
realms.22
"The key thought of Ephesians is the gathering together of all things in

Jesus Christ."23
"Ephesians 1:3 tells much about God's blessings on believers: (a) when:
eternity past; (b): with what: every spiritual [not material] blessing; (c):
where: in the heavenly realms; (d): how: in Christ."24
"Ephesus was considered the bank of Asia. One of the seven wonders of
the world, the great temple of Diana, was in Ephesus, and was not only a
center for idolatrous worship, but also a depository for wealth. . . .
"Paul's letter to the Ephesians is as carefully structured as that great temple

of Diana, and it contains greater beauty and wealth!"25
The selection of the Father 1:4-6
The spiritual blessings that have come to us are the work of all three members of the
Trinity. God Himself is the basis of these blessings.
1:4 The first blessing is election. God has sovereignly chosen some people for
salvation (cf. v. 11; Rom. 8:30; 1 Thess. 1:4; 2 Thess. 2:13; Titus 1:1).
Salvation is ultimately God's doing, not man's (Eph. 12:8-9).26 Salvation
comes to the elect when they trust in Jesus Christ (v. 13; 2 Thess. 2:13).
"Now everybody finds the doctrine of election difficult.

'Didn't I choose God?' somebody asks indignantly; to which
21The expression "in Christ" and its parallels occur 36 times in Ephesians. For a chart, see Hoehner, pp.
173-74.
22See W. Hall Harris, "'The Heavenlies' Reconsidered: Ouranos and Epouranios in Ephesians," Bibliotheca
Sacra 148:589 (January-March 1991):73-74. Ouranos (heaven or heavenly) appears in 1:10; 3:15; 4:10;
and 6:9 while epouanios (heaven or heavenly realms) occurs in 1:3, 20; 2:6; 3:10; and 6:12. "En tois
epouraniois [in the heavens or heavenlies] is the location of the current conflict in which believers
participate through their presence there 'in' Christ. But hoi epouranioi [the heavens or heavenlies] in
Ephesians is primarily viewed as the location of the exalted Christ, the place where He now is and from
which He exercises His universal sovereignty in the present age" (p. 89).
23Barclay, p. 77.
24Harold W. Hoehner, "Ephesians," in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, p. 616.
25Wiersbe, 2:10.
26Belief in divine election is probably the most fundamental tenet of Calvinistic theology. Someone who
denies it is not a Calvinist.
we must answer 'Yes, indeed you did, and freely, but only
because in eternity God had first chosen you.' 'Didn't I
decide for Christ?' asks somebody else; to which we must
reply 'Yes, indeed you did, and freely, but only because in
eternity God had first decided for you.'"27
God chose us "in Him" (Christ, v. 3) in the sense that He is our

representative. When we trust Christ, we become a member of the
redeemed race within mankind of which Jesus Christ is the Head (vv. 10,
22; Rom. 5:12-21; Col. 1:18). God has ordained that all the elect should be
under Christ's authority. Some interpreters have concluded that God chose
Jesus and that all who believe in Him become elect by their faith.28
However this verse states that God chose "us" to be in Christ.
"Though it is true that Christ is God's Elect One (Isa 42:1,

6f.; cf. Matt 12:18) and that apart from His election there
could be no realization of the election of unbelievers, His
election is of a different nature. Christ was elected to be the
redeemer in contrast to sinners being elected for
redemption. Thus Christ's election does not truly parallel
that of Christians, and so theirs cannot be contained in
His."29
"Here is a vast host of people hurrying down the broad road

with their minds fixed upon their sins, and one stands
calling attention to yonder door, the entrance into the
narrow way that leads to life eternal. On it is plainly
depicted the text, 'Whosoever will, let him come.' Every
man is invited, no one need hesitate. Some may say, 'Well,
I may not be of the elect, and so it would be useless for me
to endeavor to come, for the door will not open for me.' But
God's invitation is absolutely sincere; it is addressed to
every man, 'Whosoever will, let him take of the water of
life freely' (Rev. 22:17). If men refuse to come, if they
pursue their own godless way down to the pit, whom can
they blame but themselves for their eternal judgment? The
messenger addressed himself to all, the call came to all, the
door could be entered by all, but many refused to come and
perished in their sins. Such men can never blame God for
their eternal destruction. The door was open, the invitation
was given, they refused, and He says to them sorrowfully,
'Ye will not come unto Me, that ye might have life.' But
27Stott,p. 37.
28E.g.,Gregory A. Boyd, God of the Possible, pp. 46-47.
29L. J. Crawford, "Ephesians 1:3-4 and the Nature of Election," The Master's Seminary Journal 11:1
(Spring 2000):85.
see, as the invitation goes forth, every minute or two some

one stops and says, 'What is that?' 'The way to life,' is the
reply. 'Ah, that I might find the way to life! I have found no
satisfaction in this poor world.' We read, 'She that liveth in
pleasure is dead while she liveth.' 'I should like to know
how to be free from my sin, how to be made fit for the
presence of God.' And such an one draws near and listens,
and the Spirit of God impresses the message upon his heart
and conscience and he says, 'I am going inside: I will
accept the invitation; I will enter that door,' and he presses
his way in and it shuts behind him. As he turns about he
finds written on the inside of the door the words, 'Chosen in
Christ before the foundation of the world.' 'What!' he says,
'had God His heart fixed on me before ever the world came
into being?' Yes, but he could not find it out until he got
inside. You see, you can pass the door if you will, you can
trample the love of God beneath your feet, you can spurn
His grace if you are determined to do it, but you will go
down to the pit and you will be responsible for your own
doom."30
The time of our individual election was before God created the world. The
purpose for which God chose us was two-fold. First, it was that we should
be "holy" (Gr. hagious; cf. hagiois, "saints," v. 1), which means different
and set apart to God. Second, it was that we should be "blameless" (Gr.
amomous), which means without blemish (cf. 5:27; Phil. 2:15; Col. 1:22;
Heb. 9:14; 1 Pet. 1:19; 2 Pet. 3:14; Rev. 14:5). This word elsewhere
describes the paschal lamb and Jesus Christ (Heb., 9:14; 1 Pet. 1:19).
"In love" probably modifies "to be holy and blameless in His sight" rather
than "He chose us" (v. 4) or "He predestined us" (v. 5). Normally the
modifying phrases follow the action words in this context (cf. vv. 3, 6, 8-
10). Also the other occurrences of the phrase "in love" in Ephesians refer
to human rather than divine love (cf. 3:17; 4:2, 15-16; 5:2). Furthermore
love is appropriate to connect with holiness and blamelessness since it
provides a balance. Our duty is to love God as well as to be pure.
". . . the freer the Lord's paramount choice, the deeper the
debt of the chosen to live divine."31
1:5 Predestination is the means by which God chose us (cf. Rom 8:30). God
chose us by marking us out beforehand (the meaning of proorisas,
translated "predestined"). Predestination looks more at the "how" than at
the "who" of election. Election emphasizes people and predestination
30H. A. Ironside, In the Heavenlies, pp. 27-29.

31Simpson, p. 26.
means (cf. v. 11; Acts 4:25-28; Rom. 8:29-30). God predetermined the
final destiny of the elect, namely, that He would adopt us as His full-
fledged sons (cf. Rom. 8:15, 23; Gal. 4:4-7). Jesus Christ was the agent
who made that adoption possible by His death. Sons adopted in Greek
culture received the same rights and privileges as children born into the
family. Likewise our adoption does not imply an inferior status in relation
to God. God predestined us to adoption because He delighted to bless us in
this way.
"You do not get into God's family by adoption. You get

into His family by regeneration, the new birth (John 3:1-18;
1 Peter 1:22-25). Adoption is the act of God by which He
gives His 'born ones' an adult standing in the family. Why
does He do this? So that we might immediately begin to
claim our inheritance and enjoy our spiritual wealth!"32
Some Calvinistic interpreters have concluded that since God

predetermined the final destiny of those He chose for salvation it is only
logical that he also predetermined the damnation of the non-elect. It is
therefore unnecessary, they say, for us to concern ourselves with the
salvation of individuals since God has predetermined this. This view,
called "double predestination," goes beyond the teaching of Scripture. The
Scriptures never state that God has predetermined the fate of the non-elect.
The emphasis of Scripture, on the other hand, is on the possibility, from
the human viewpoint, of anyone trusting in Jesus Christ and receiving
salvation (John 3:16, et al.).33
"We should not see predestination as a grim process

whereby God condemns great numbers of people to eternal
loss. Rather, it is the outworking of a loving purpose
whereby he delivers great numbers of people for
salvation."34
1:6 The ultimate goal of predestination and election is that believers will
contribute to the praise of the magnificence of God's undeserved favor that
He has shown toward humankind (cf. vv. 12, 14). This grace was "freely
bestowed" or "given" in the sense that the elect need do nothing to merit it.
It comes to us through Jesus Christ described here as the Beloved of the
Father (cf. Col. 1:13). Since God loves His Son, believers who are in
Christ can rejoice that we too are the objects of God's love.
32Wiersbe, 2:11.
33For four views of two Calvinists (John Feinberg and Norman Geisler) and two Arminians (Bruce
Reichenbach and Clark Pinnock) on the problem of harmonizing Scriptural revelation on the subject of
divine sovereignty and human freedom, see David and Randall Basinger, eds., Predestination and Free
Will.
34Leon Morris, Expository Reflections on the Letter to the Ephesians, pp. 17-18.
The sacrifice of the Son 1:7-12
1:7 The "Him" in view is the beloved Son (v. 6). God can pour out His grace
on us only because of what Christ has done for us.
Redemption (Gr. apolytrosin) means release from slavery (cf. v. 14; 4:30;
Luke 21:28; Rom. 3:24; 8:23; 1 Cor. 1:30; Col. 1:14; Heb. 9:15; 11:35). It
involves buying back and setting free by paying a ransom price. Jesus
Christ has redeemed us from sin (Heb. 9:15), namely, set us free from
slavery to it (cf. Rom. 6). The blood, representative of the life, of the
perfect Sacrifice had to flow out of Him for this to happen (Rom. 3:24-25;
cf. Heb. 9:22).
NEW TESTAMENT WORDS FOR REDEMPTION35

Greek Words English Meanings References
To buy, to purchase in 1 Cor. 6:20; 7:23;
agorazo (verb) the market (or slave 2 Pet. 2:1; Rev. 5:9;
market) 14:3-4
To buy out, to
purchase out of the Gal. 3:13; 4:5; Eph.
exagorazo (verb)
market (or slave 5:16; Col. 4:5
market)
Ransom, price of Matt. 20:28; Mark
lytron (noun)
release 10:45
To ransom, to free by Luke 24:21; Titus
lytroomai (verb)
paying a ransom price 2:14; 1 Pet. 1:18
Act of freeing by Luke 1:68; 2:38; Heb.
lytrosis (noun)
paying a ransom price 9:12
Luke 21:28; Rom.
A buying back, a 3:24; 8:23; 1 Cor.
apolytrosis (noun) setting free by paying 1:30; Eph. 1:7, 14;
a ransom price 4:30; Col. 1:14; Heb.
9:15; 11:35
The immediate result of our liberation from sin's slavery is that God has
forgiven our sins (Gr. paraptoma, false steps, transgressions).
Jesus Christ's death accomplished our redemption. This was the extent to
which God was willing to go for us. God's grace was that great. The gift of
Jesus Christ did not exhaust the supply of God's grace, however (cf. Phil.
35Adapted from The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, p. 153.

4:19). Rather that gift is an evidence of the extent of God's favor to us (cf.
v. 5).
1:8 God has given abundant grace to us, not just the bare essential amount
needed. This reference hints at many other benefits of Christ's death that
Paul did not enumerate here.36
"Wisdom" (Gr. sophia) is what is highest and noblest, and "insight" or

"understanding" (Gr. phronesei) is the means by which we perceive it.37
Again we have to decide whether the last part of this verse modifies the
first part of verse 8 or the first part of verse 9 (cf. v. 4). As I pointed out
above, normally the modifying phrases follow the action words in this
passage. Paul's idea therefore seems to have been that God lavished His
grace on us in His infinite wisdom knowing how we would respond to it.
The wisdom and insight are God's, not ours.
1:9 This verse probably begins a new thought, as the NIV suggests by putting
a period at the end of verse 8. The New Testament uses the term
"mystery" to refer to a truth previously hidden but now made known by
divine revelation (cf. Matt. 13:11; Luke 8:10; Rom. 11:25; 16:25-26; et
al.).38 The mystery revealed here is God's purpose to bring everything into
submission to Jesus Christ in the future (v. 10). God's "kind intention"
(NASB) is His "good pleasure" (NIV, cf. v. 5). "In Him" (NASB) means
"in Christ" (NIV).
1:10 The Greek word translated "administration" in the NASB (oikonomia),

and not translated in the NIV, means dispensation, arrangement, or
administration. The main idea in this word is that of managing or
administering the affairs of a household.39 The dispensation in view is the
millennial reign of Christ on earth during which everything will be under
His rule (1 Cor. 15:27; Col. 1:20). Even though in one sense everything is
under Christ's authority now, Jesus Christ will be the head of all things in
a more direct way in the messianic kingdom. Everyone and everything
will acknowledge and respond to His authority then (cf. Isa. 2:2-4; 11:1-
10).
1:11 "In Him" (v. 10) probably begins the thought continued in this verse, as
the NIV indicates.
For the first time in this epistle Paul made a distinction among believers.
Until now he spoke of all believers, but here he contrasted "we" and "you"
36See Lewis Sperry Chafer, Systematic Theology, 3:234-65, where he discussed 33 riches of divine grace
that become ours when we trust Christ as our Savior.
37Richard C. Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament, pp. 263-67.
38See the chart listing various mysteries referred to in the New Testament under my note on 3:3.
39See Charles C. Ryrie, Dispensationalism Today, pp. 22-47; or idem, Dispensationalism, pp. 23-43..
(v. 13). The "we" evidently refers to Jewish Christians and the "you" to
Gentile believers, as the context suggests (vv. 12-13). Note the presence of
"also" in both verses 11 and 13 that provides continuity as well as marking
discontinuity.
Some translators who rendered the Greek word eklerothemen "obtained an

inheritance" (NASB) introduced the idea of the believer's inheritance. The
word really means "chosen" (NIV, lit. appointed or obtained by lot). God
has chosen Jewish believers for salvation because He predestined them to
have a part in His sovereign plan. Paul would say later that God's plan for
the present involves the church, which consists of both Jewish and Gentile
believers (2:14-22). However, God chose the Jews first (cf. Acts 3:26;
Rom. 1:16).
This verse contains one of the strongest statements in Scripture that God is
sovereign (cf. Ps. 115:3; Prov. 16:9, 33; Dan. 4:34-35). God is sovereign
over all things. This includes the election of some people to salvation.
"Purpose" (Gr. prothesin) refers to the goal God intends to accomplish.
"Counsel" (Gr. boule) refers to God's purpose or deliberation. "Will" (Gr.
thelema) denotes willingness. The idea contained in this verse is that God
chose a plan after deliberating on the wisest course of action to accomplish
his purpose.40
How does God carry out His plan? He accomplishes some things directly
and exclusively Himself without using other agents. He accomplishes
other purposes through the agency of others, secondary causes, which
include angels and humans. Unquestionably God is absolutely sovereign
(i.e., the ultimate authority over all things). How He carries out His
plans—working with secondary causes, giving people freedom to choose,
and then justly holding them responsible for their choices—is difficult to
understand and explain.41
Personally I believe the solution to this puzzle lies beyond the ability of
human beings to understand and explain fully. However, Scripture clearly
teaches both divine sovereignty and human responsibility.42
1:12 God chose Jews to be believers for the praise of His glory (cf. v. 6). This
verse shows that the Jews are the "we" in view in verse 11. The Jews were
the first to put their trust in Jesus Christ (cf. Acts 1:8; 13:46; 28:25; Rom.
1:16; 2:9-10).
40B. F. Westcott, Saint Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, p. 15; T. K. Abbott, A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on the Epistles to the Ephesians and to the Colossians, p. 20.
41See Basinger and Basinger for four explanations.
42For a very helpful article on how prayer fits into the sovereign plan of God, see John Munro, "Prayer to a
Sovereign God," Interest 56:2 (February 1990):20-21. See also Thomas L. Constable, Talking to God:
What the Bible Teaches about Prayer, pp. 149-52.
The work of the Son in salvation was setting the sinner free from his or her sin and
revealing God's plan to head up all things in Christ at the end of the ages. This includes
the salvation of Jewish believers.
The seal of the Spirit 1:13-14
"God's spiritual blessings for believers are based not only on the sovereign
election of the Father (vv. 3-6) and the redemptive work of the Son (vv. 7-
12), but also on the seal of the Holy Spirit."43
1:13 In contrast to the Jews, who were the first to hope in Christ (v. 12),
Gentiles also had come to salvation when Paul wrote this epistle. The
vehicle God uses to bring his elect to faith is the message of truth, namely,
the gospel message, the good news of salvation. When the Gentiles heard
it, they listened to it and believed it. This resulted in their salvation and
their sealing by the Holy Spirit.44 The AV translation implies that the
sequence is hearing, believing, and then sealing. However the sealing
takes place at the same time as believing (cf. Acts 19:2). It is not a second
or later work of grace.
When these Gentiles believed, God sealed them in Christ. This provided a
guarantee of their eternal security.45 Seals at the time Paul wrote indicated
security (Matt. 27:66; Eph. 4:30), authentication and approval (John 6:27),
genuineness (John 3:33), and ownership (2 Cor. 1:22; Rev. 7:2; 9:4). God
seals the believer by giving him or her the indwelling Holy Spirit who
keeps the Christian in Christ. The Lord Jesus promised that the Holy Spirit
would permanently indwell believers (Luke 24:49; John 14:16; 15:26;
16:13; Acts 1:5). That is evidently why Paul referred to Him as the "Holy
Spirit of promise" (NASB).
The Spirit seals all believers, not just Gentile believers. Though Paul
addressed Gentile believers in particular in this verse, "you also" shows
that what he said of them was also true of Jewish believers (cf. v. 11). All
the blessings spoken of go to both Jewish and Gentile believers.
1:14 The Holy Spirit's indwelling presence is a pledge of all that God will give
us as His children. This pledge is not just a promise but the first part of our
inheritance, the down payment so to speak. The fact that we possess Him
now (the "already" aspect of our salvation) assures us that the rest of our
43Hoehner, "Ephesians," p. 619.

44There are about 59 references to the Holy Spirit in Ephesians, one-fourth of the total references in the
New Testament.
45See Eldon Woodcock, "The Seal of the Holy Spirit," Bibliotheca Sacra 155:618 (April-June 1998):139-
63; Robert G. Gromacki, Salvation is Forever; Michael Eaton, No Condemnation: A New Theology of
Assurance.
salvation (the "not yet" portion) will inevitably follow. An engagement

ring is this kind of pledge.
"The inheritance here is unmistakably heaven. It is an

inheritance which goes to those who have believed. As in
the Old Testament there are two kinds of inheritance in the
New. All Christians are heirs of God, but not all are heirs of
the kingdom and joint-heirs with Christ. The content of the
inheritance here is life in heaven with God."46
The redemption in view here (Gr. apolytrosin) is a different aspect of our

salvation than the redemption mentioned in verse 7. Here it is not release
from sin's guilt (v. 7), but release from sin's presence (cf. Rom. 8:23; Phil.
3:20-21). In verse 7 justification is in view, but here glorification is, the
final aspect of our redemption. We experience redemption in three stages:
we have been redeemed in Christ (1:7), we are being redeemed as the
Spirit makes us more like Christ (Rom. 8:1-4), and we shall be redeemed
when Christ returns and we become sinless, as He is. God's possession is
the believer whom He has chosen (vv. 3-6), redeemed (vv. 7-12), and
sealed (vv. 13-14) "to the praise of His glory" (cf. vv. 6, 12, 18).47
"This beautiful phrase needs to be unpacked. The glory of

God is the revelation of God, and the glory of his grace is
his self-disclosure as a gracious God. To live to the praise
of the glory of his grace is both to worship him ourselves
by our words and deeds as the gracious God he is, and to
cause others to see and to praise him too."48
The spiritual blessings Paul identified in verses 3-14 are election, predestination,
adoption, grace, redemption, forgiveness, knowledge, sealing, and inheritance. Stott
summarized them as three: past election, present adoption, and future unification.49 The
recurrence of the phrase "in Christ" and equivalent expressions emphasizes that all these
blessings come with our union with our Savior (vv. 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 [twice]).
Likewise the repetition of "His will" and its equivalents emphasizes that the sovereign
God is responsible for all these blessings (vv. 5, 9, 11). These verses (3-14) contain a
compact statement of the believer's spiritual riches. The passage is similar to a bank
statement because it lists every Christian's spiritual assets.
"We have been listening to an overture of the hallelujahs of the blest, and
it closes, as it began, on the note of the praise of God's glory, the highest
46Joseph C. Dillow, The Reign of the Servant Kings, p. 90.

47Another view is that the inheritance in verse 11 as well as the possession in verse 14 is the church (e.g.,
Stott, p. 47). However, the context seems to be describing blessings that every individual Christian enjoys
rather than blessings that God enjoys.
48Ibid., p. 50.
49Ibid., p. 36.
of all themes. . . . False and true theology may be discriminated by a

simple criterion. Do they magnify God or man?"50
2. The means: knowledge 1:15-23
Having reviewed his readers' blessings in Christ, Paul next prayed that they would
appreciate and appropriate these good things in their own lives. He moved from
benediction to intercession. Verses 15-23 are one sentence in the Greek text as are verses
3-14. Intellectual understanding is one thing, but it is also important that we use this
knowledge to come into intimate relationship with God.
"For a healthy Christian life today it is of the utmost importance to follow

Paul's example and keep Christian praise and Christian prayer together.
Yet many do not manage to preserve this balance. Some Christians seem
to do little but pray for new spiritual blessings, apparently oblivious of the
fact that God has already blessed them in Christ with every spiritual
blessing. Others lay such emphasis on the undoubted truth that everything
is already theirs in Christ, that they become complacent and appear to
have no appetite to know or experience their Christian privileges more
deeply."51
Commendation 1:15-16
As was his custom, Paul first commended his readers for what they were doing well.
Then he told them what his prayer requests for them were.
1:15 In view of their spiritual blessings, Paul felt constrained to pray for his
original readers. He could pray for them as he did because they were true
believers. Even though God had greatly blessed them, they needed even
more from God. In addition to informing them, Paul also interceded for
them.
The apostle had personally witnessed the faith and love of the Ephesians
five or six years earlier, but he had evidently received fresh reports of their
recent condition. His statement also suggests that "you" may include other
churches beside the one or ones located in Ephesus. Faith is the expression
of the believer's trust in God, our vertical relationship. Love is the
evidence of his or her proper relationship with other people, our horizontal
relationship (cf. 6:23; Col. 1:14; 2 Thess. 1:3).
1:16 These qualities in his readers stimulated Paul to give thanks to God for
their present condition and to petition Him for their present and future
needs. He said he prayed for them repeatedly.52
50Simpson, p. 36.
51Stott,
p. 52.
52See W. B. Pope, The Prayers of St. Paul.
Supplication 1:17-23
1:17 Paul returned to his concept of God as the Father of the Lord Jesus Christ
(v. 3; cf. Matt. 6:9). He combined with this fact the idea that all glory
belongs to the Father (vv. 6, 12, 14; cf. Acts 7:2; 1 Cor. 2:8).
Paul asked God to give the Ephesians a spirit of wisdom and revelation.
The spirit in view probably refers to an attitude rather than to the Holy
Spirit, wisdom and revelation being the description of that attitude (cf. 1
Cor. 4:21). They had already received the Holy Spirit. These attitudes
become ours through the ministry of the Holy Spirit to us, however (cf.
Isa. 11:2). Wisdom (Gr. sophia, v. 8; 3:10) enables one to perceive reality
accurately. Revelation is the unveiling of the subject contemplated, in this
case God Himself. Wisdom by revelation is the idea (a hendiadys). Paul
was evidently praying for a specific enablement by the Spirit so his
readers would understand God's mysteries.53
"William Chillingworth said: 'The Bible, and the Bible

only, is the religion of Protestants.' That is true; but so often
we would not think so. The exposition of scripture from the
pulpit is a first necessity of religious wakening. We are
interested, not in what a preacher thinks, but in what God
says."54
The end in view was that the readers might gain greater knowledge of
God. The Greek word translated "knowledge" (epignosis) refers to exact,
complete, experiential knowledge, not just abstract knowledge of God or
even facts about Him.55 Paul wanted his readers to get to know God more
intimately as their Father, to become closer friends with Him (cf. John
15:14).
"Growth in knowledge is indispensable to growth in

holiness."56
"To know God personally is salvation (John 17:3). To

know Him increasingly is sanctification (Phil 3:10). To
know Him perfectly is glorification (1 Cor. 13:9-12)."57
1:18 They would gain this greater knowledge as God would enlighten their
understanding. The heart refers to the center of personality in the Bible,
53Hoehner, Ephesians, p. 256.

54Barclay, p. 105.
55Trench, pp. 268-69.
56Stott, p. 54.
57Wiersbe, 2:15.
the whole inward self comprising mind and emotion. The eyes of the
heart, a vivid mixed metaphor, suggests not just intellectual understanding
but total apprehension of God.58
The reason Paul prayed this prayer was three-fold. He wanted his readers
to know (Gr. eidenai) factually three things. First, he wanted them to
know the hope that was theirs because God had called them to salvation
through election. Every Christian should appreciate his or her sure hope
for the future that rests on his or her calling to salvation in the past.
Second, the readers needed to realize that they themselves would be an

inheritance that God would receive when they went to be with Him. Paul
spoke of the believer's inheritance in verse 14. Here he spoke of God's
inheritance. This inheritance will be valuable because believers are people
for whom God paid dearly with the blood of His own Son. It is glorious
because when we see the Lord we will experience glorification, cleansing,
and removal from sin (cf. vv. 6, 17 for other glorious things).
1:19 Third, Paul wanted the Ephesians to know the great power of God that
impacts the Christian.
"If God's 'call' looks back to the beginning, and God's

'inheritance' looks on to the end, then surely God's 'power'
spans the interim period in between."59
Power (Gr. dynamis) refers to a spiritually dynamic living force.

"Working," "strength," and "might" or "mighty" further describe this
power. These three words describe it as energetic, inherent in God, and
able to overcome resistance respectively. This is the power of God that is
available to believers.
"By making us His inheritance, God has shown His love.

By promising us a wonderful future, He has encouraged our
hope. Paul offered something to challenge our faith: 'the
exceeding greatness of His power to us-ward who believe'
(Eph. 1:19)."60
1:20 God manifested this power in Christ in three instances that Paul cited to
help us appreciate it more. God's power resurrected Jesus from the dead
and exalted Him to God's right hand in heaven.61 The same power is
58In Hebrew thinking, which Paul employed, mixed metaphors enriched the thought rather than confusing
it, as in English. See Derek Kidner, Psalms 1—72, p. 151.
59Stott, p. 57.
60Wiersbe, 2:16.
61Jesus Christ's present rule on His Father's throne over the church is not the same as His rule on David's
throne over David's kingdom. The first is present and heavenly, but the second is future and earthly. See
Cleon L. Rogers Jr., "The Davidic Covenant in Acts-Revelation," Bibliotheca Sacra 151:601 (January-
March 1994):81-82.
available to us now and is indispensable for us to live lives pleasing to

God (cf. Phil. 3:10; Col. 1:11).
1:21 Christ's ascension has resulted in His exaltation over every other authority
(cf. Col. 1:16), human and angelic (cf. Phil. 2:8-11), present and future (cf.
1 Cor. 15:23-28). The Jews believed angels controlled human destiny, but
Paul saw Jesus Christ doing this. The rule, authority, power, and dominion
in view are probably descriptions of evil angelic rulers.62
1:22 The second manifestation of God's power in Christ was the Father's
subjecting all things to Christ. Adam lost his lordship over creation when
he sinned, but Jesus gained lordship over creation by His obedience (1:10;
Rom. 5:12-21). His lordship over creation will be obvious in the future
when He reigns during the Millennium (Ps. 8:6; 1 Cor. 15:27; Heb. 2:6-
8).63
The third manifestation of God's power in Christ is the Son's appointment

as Head over the church (cf. 4:15; 5:23; Col. 1:18). This aspect of His
lordship is evident now.64
"There is given to the Church, and for the Church's benefit,

a Head who is also Head over all things. The church has
authority and power to overcome all opposition because her
Leader and Head is Lord of all."65
1:23 The church is both the body of Christ and the fullness of Him who fills
everything in every way, namely, Jesus Christ. The church is the fullness
of Christ probably in the sense that He fills for Himself (middle voice in
Greek) the church with blessings (cf. 4:10-11).66 Jesus Christ who fills all
things with all things (i.e., with blessings) is filling the church with
blessings. The church could not come into existence until Jesus Christ had
ascended into heaven to become its head.67
After showing that believers have received all spiritual blessings (vv. 3-14), Paul prayed
that believers might come to know God intimately (v. 17). This is necessary so we might
better appreciate our past calling to salvation that gives us hope (v. 18), the future
inheritance that we constitute for God (v. 18), and the present power of God available to

63See Donald R. Glenn, "Psalm 8 and Hebrews 2: A Case Study in Biblical Hermeneutics and Biblical
Theology," in Walvoord: A Tribute, p. 45.
64Morris, p. 36, took "the head" here, and in 4:15, as "the beginning."
65Francis Foulkes, The Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians, p. 65. See also Stephen Bedale, "The Meaning of
kephale in the Pauline Epistles," Journal of Theological Studies NS5 (1954):211-15.
66Other views are that the church completes Christ, and that Christ fills the church with Himself. See Stott,
pp. 61-64, or Hoehner, Ephesians, pp. 294-301, for good discussions of the views.
67See Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, "Israel and the Church," in Issues in Dispensationalism, p. 117.
us (v. 19). God manifested this power in the past in Christ's resurrection and ascension (v.
20-21). He will manifest it in the future by making Jesus Christ the head over all creation
(v. 22). He is now manifesting this power in Jesus Christ's headship over the church (vv.
22-23).
3. The motive: grace 2:1-10
Paul concluded his revelation of the Christian's individual calling in Christ (1:3—2:10).
He began this section of the epistle by explaining the purpose of our calling (i.e., the
glory of God, 1:3-14). He then expounded the means whereby we appreciate our calling
(i.e., knowledge given by the Holy Spirit through God's revelation, 1:15-23). Finally He
enunciated the motive for our calling (i.e., the unmerited grace of God, 2:1-10).
These verses continue the theme of redemption (1:7). The pericope is a condensation of
Paul's exposition of redemption in Romans. Whereas we were once dead to God (vv. 1-
3), we are now alive in God (vv. 4-10).
". . . what Paul does in this passage is to paint a vivid contrast between
what man is by nature and what he can become by grace."68
"Having described our spiritual possessions in Christ, Paul turns to a

complementary truth: our spiritual position in Christ. First he explains
what God has done for all sinners in general; then he explains what God
did for the Gentiles in particular."69
Once dead to God 2:1-3
These verses are really preliminary to Paul's main point. They describe the Christian's
condition as an unbeliever before God justified him or her. In the Greek text verses 1-7
are one sentence. The subject of this sentence is God (v. 4). The three main verbs are
"made alive" (v. 5), "raised up" (v. 6), and "seated" (v. 6). The object is "us," and the
prepositional phrase "with Christ" describes "us." The main point then is that God has
made believers alive, raised us up, and seated us with Christ. Everything else in verse 1-7
is of subordinate importance.
2:1 Before their regeneration, believers were spiritually dead, separated from
God, and unable to have fellowship with Him (cf. 4:18; John 17:3). We
were living in the sphere of rebellion against God (cf. v. 2).
Transgressions (false steps, cf. 1:7; 2:5) and sins (acts of missing the
mark) describe deliberate offenses against God.
"There are three outstanding schools of moral pathology

traceable throughout the centuries. Pelagianism asserts the
convalescence of human nature. Man merely needs
68Stott, p. 69.
69Wiersbe, 2:17.
teaching. Semi-pelagianism admits his ill-health, but

affirms that the symptoms will yield to proper treatment, to
a course of tonic drugs and a scrupulous regimen. But
Biblical Christianity probes the patient to the quick. Its
searching diagnosis pronounces that mortification has set in
and that nothing less than infusion of fresh lifeblood can
work a cure. Nostrums and palliatives aggravate rather than
allay the disease. Sin is an organic epidemical malady, a
slow devitalizing poison issuing in moral necrosis; not a
stage of arrested or incomplete development, but a seed-
plot of impending ruin."70
"The unbeliever is not sick; he is dead! He does not need

resuscitation; he needs resurrection. All lost sinners are
dead, and the only difference between one sinner and
another is the state of decay."71
2:2 The apostle further described the sphere in which unbelievers live in three
ways. First, it is a lifestyle in which people follow the ways of the world.
The philosophy that seeks to eliminate God from every aspect of life
dominates this lifestyle (cf. John 15:18, 23).
Second, the unsaved follow the person who is promoting this philosophy,
namely, Satan. As prince of the power of the air, Satan received temporary
freedom to lead this rebellion against God (cf. 1 John 5:19; 2 Cor. 4:4;
Rev. 12:9). The "spirit" now working probably refers to the "power" or
"kingdom" (lit. authority) of the air since that word is its nearest
antecedent. "Sons of disobedience" is a way of saying people marked by
disobedience, as a son bears the traits of his parent. Unbelievers resemble
Satan in their rebellion.
2:3 Third, not only do the philosophy of the world guide unbelievers and
Satan control them, but they also indulge the flesh. The term "flesh"
(NASB, Gr. sarkos) when used metaphorically as here refers to the sinful
nature that everyone possesses. It is our human nature that is sinful. The
unbeliever characteristically gives in to his or her fleshly desires and
thoughts whereas the believer should not and need not do so (cf. Rom. 7—
8).
"Children of wrath" and "sons of disobedience" are both phrases that

describe unbelievers. "Children" (Gr. tekna) highlights the close
relationship between a child and his or her parents. "Sons" (Gr. huioi)
stresses the distinctive characteristics of the parents that the child displays.
70Simpson, p. 46.
71Wiersbe, 2:18.
Unbelievers have a close relationship to God's wrath because of their

rebellion against Him (cf. Rom. 1:18—2:29; John 3:36).
These verses (1-3) picture the hopeless unbeliever as a part of the world system,
controlled by Satan, indulging the flesh, and destined to experience God's wrath. When
an unbeliever trusts Jesus Christ, the world, the devil, and the flesh become his or her
three-fold enemy.
Now alive in God 2:4-10
The wrath of God on the unbeliever (v. 3) contrasts with the grace of God on the believer
(vv. 5, 7, 8). God's grace toward some unbelievers gives them life (vv. 4-5), raises them
up (v. 6), and seats them in heavenly realms with Christ (vv. 6-10).
2:4 Paul introduced the contrast between the condition of the unbeliever and
that of the believer with "But." God, the subject of this passage (vv. 1-7),
makes all the difference. "Mercy" (Gr. eleos, the word the Septuagint
translators used to render the Hebrew hesed, loyal love) means undeserved
kindness. God's great love (Gr. agape) sought the highest good in the
objects of His choice even though we were rebellious sinners.
2:5 Unbelievers are spiritually dead in their sins (cf. v. 1). However, God has
given new life to believers. The only way a dead person can have any
fellowship with the living God is for God to give him or her new life (cf.
Rom. 4:17). Regeneration is an act of God in grace. Regeneration results
in the commencement and continuation of new life. "Have been saved" is
in the perfect tense in Greek indicating an ongoing permanent condition.
2:6 God has, second, raised up believers with Christ. This describes our
spiritual, not physical experience. He will yet raise us physically, but
spiritually He has already raised us to a new type of life (cf. Col. 3:1-2).
As our Lord's resurrection life, ours is also powerful and eternal.
Third, God has seated us in the heavenly realms with Christ (cf. 1:20).
That is where our heavenly citizenship lies (Phil. 3:20). What Christ did
physically (i.e., died, arose, and took His seat in heaven) God has already
done for the believer spiritually. The fact that God enabled Christ to do
these things physically should help us believe that He has done these
things for us spiritually.
2:7 God's ultimate purpose is to glorify Himself. The "ages" to come include
all future ages. God will use the regeneration of believers to demonstrate
the wealth and richness of His grace (cf. 1:7). Specifically His kindness
toward believers as displayed in all that we have in Christ is in view. We
see God's kindness in His giving life to those who were dead in sin.
Note that verses 1-3 describe what we were in the past, verses 4-6 what we
are in the present, and verse 7 what we shall be in the future.
2:8 Verses 8 and 9 explain the surpassing riches of God's grace (v. 7) and
elaborate the parenthetical statement in verse 5.
The basis of our salvation is God's grace (unmerited favor and divine
enablement; cf. Rom. 3:22, 25; Gal. 2:16; 1 Pet. 1:5). The instrument by
which we receive salvation is faith (i.e., trust in Christ). Faith is not an act
or work that earns merit with God, which He rewards with salvation.
When a person puts out his hand to take a gift that someone else offers, he
or she is doing nothing to merit that gift. The giver gets credit for the gift,
not the receiver. Likewise faith is not a meritorious work.72
To what does "that" or "this" refer? Since it is a neuter pronoun it

evidently does not refer to "grace" or "faith" both of which are feminine in
gender in the Greek text. Probably it refers to the whole preceding clause
that describes salvation (cf. 1:15; 3:1). Salvation is the gift of God.73
"If we breathe, it is because life has been breathed into us;

if we exercise the hearing of faith it is because our ears
have been unstopped. We are born from above. Spiritual
life is not of the nature of a subsidy supplementing dogged
exertion or ruthless self-flagellation, but a largess from the
overflowing well-spring of divine compassion, lavished on
a set of spiritual incapables."74
2:9 Salvation is not by works since its basis is grace and its means of reception
faith. No one will be able to boast that he or she has done something that
earned him or her salvation. All the glory will go to God for
accomplishing salvation.
"Since we have not been saved by our good works, we

cannot be lost by our bad works."75
2:10 Here Paul gave the reason salvation is not from man or by works. Rather
than salvation being a masterpiece that we have produced, regenerated
believers are a masterpiece that God has produced. "Workmanship" (Gr.
poieme, from which we get the word "poem"; cf. Rom. 1:20) means a
work of art, a masterpiece. The Jerusalem Bible translates it "work of art"
72See Morris, p. 104.

73See Roy L. Aldrich, "The Gift of God," Bibliotheca Sacra 122:487 (July-September 1965):248-53; Gary
L. Nebeker, "Is Faith a Gift of God? Ephesians 2:8 Reconsidered," Grace Evangelical Society News 4:7
(July 1989):1, 4.
74Simpson, p. 55.
75Wiersbe, 2:19.
here. As a master worker, God has created us in Christ Jesus. The word
translated "created" here (Gr. ktizo) describes only God's activity and
denotes something He alone can produce.
Good works are not the roots from which salvation grows but the fruit
God intends it to bear. God has not saved us because of our works (vv. 8-
9), but He has saved us to do good works (v. 10). God saves us by faith for
good works. Good works are what God intended for us to practice with
His divine enablement. He intended that we walk in them, as a pedestrian
walks along a path, before He saved us. This verse reveals that God is
ultimately responsible for our good works (cf. Phil. 2:13). Paul developed
the idea of walking in good works further in chapters 4—6.
". . . God has prepared a path of good works for believers

which He will perform in and through them as they walk by
faith. This does not mean doing a work for God; instead, it
is God's performing His work in and through believers
. . ."76
However this verse does not say that Christians will inevitably walk in the
good works that God has freed us from sin's penalty and power to pursue.
God has saved us so we can do works that are good in His sight, but this is
obviously only part of His purpose in saving us. He has also saved us to
take us to heaven, for example (John 14:1-3). He has guaranteed that all
who trust in His Son will reach heaven (our glorification, John 10:28-29).
He has not guaranteed that all who trust in Jesus Christ will persevere in
good works (our progressive sanctification). That depends on our
obedience (Titus 3:8).
God desires that everyone experience salvation (1 Tim. 2:4; 2 Pet. 3:9),
but the fact that some will perish does not put God's desires or power in
question. He has given us enough freedom to choose if we will believe or
not. Likewise God has provided salvation so His children will be able to
obey Him and do good works, but He does not compel us to do so (Titus
2:11-12).
"One could legitimately characterize the whole lordship

controversy as a dispute over efficacious grace. All points
in the discussion ultimately come back to this: Does God's
saving grace inevitably obtain its desired effects? If all
sides could come to consensus on that one question, the
debate would be settled."77

77John MacArthur, Faith Works, p. 61.
I would respond by saying that God's saving grace inevitably obtains all
that God has said it will inevitably obtain including the believer's
justification, positional sanctification, and glorification. However it does
not inevitably obtain what God has said depends on the choices of His
people. We must be careful to distinguish what God wants to happen from
what He has said He will make happen.78 His desires are not the same as
His decrees.79
God does not force Christians to persevere in good works any more than
He forced the Israelites to persevere in good works. The Israelites' failure
to walk in the good works that God had foreordained for them does not
mean that His efficacious grace failed. Neither does Christians' failure to
do so mean that.
This section of the epistle (2:1-10) contrasts what the believer was before regeneration
with what he or she is after. All the glory for the change goes to God. He provided
salvation for man. We do not need to do good works to merit salvation, but we should do
good works because we have received salvation. This is God's plan for the believer.
B. CORPORATE CALLING 2:11—3:19

New spiritual life does not just mean that we have experienced regeneration individually.
Additionally God brings every Christian into union with every other Christian. In Christ
we have solidarity with other believers as well as solidarity with God. Paul next
explained this corporate aspect of our being in Christ.
". . . a major focus of this letter and of the Prison Epistles in general is the
corporate nature of those who are in the body of Christ. Believers do not
have a private faith; they have corporate relationship and responsibility to
each other."80
1. Present ministry 2:11-22

The apostle first stated the reality of the union of all believers in Christ (vv. 11-13). Then
he explained what this involves (vv. 14-18). Finally he described the consequences of this
union (vv. 19-22).
The reality of Gentile believers' union with Jewish believers 2:11-13

2:11 In view of what God has done for us in changing us, we Gentile believers
need to remember certain things. Paul used "flesh" here in the literal sense
78The doctrine of God's sovereignty means that God is the ultimate authority in the universe. It implies that
He has power sufficient to control everything that happens. It does not mean that God will inevitably bring
to pass everything that He wishes would happen. If that were the case, no one would go to hell, and
everyone would obey Him perfectly.
79See Zane C. Hodges, Absolutely Free! pp. 73-74.
80Bock, p. 308.
(i.e., the body) rather than in one of its metaphorical senses (i.e., the sinful
human nature, or all that we are in Adam). Great differences existed
between Jewish and Gentile believers before the Cross.
"The one word that best describes the Gentiles is without.

They were 'outside' in several respects."81
2:12 Paul listed five privileges Gentile believers did not enjoy that Jewish
believers did enjoy before the Cross. First, Gentile believers were separate
from Christ, Messiah. They had no corporate national hope centered in a
Messiah as the Jews did. Second, God excluded them as a people from
citizenship in Israel. Individual Gentiles could become members of the
nation of Israel, but as a whole the Gentiles had no part in what God
planned to do in and through Israel. The Gentiles were aliens from Israel
in this sense. Third, they had no direct part in the promises of God to
Israel contained in the biblical covenants (Abrahamic, Mosaic, and
Davidic).82 Fourth, as a people they had no corporate future promised by
God to which they could look and in which they could hope as Israel did.
Fifth, they were separate from God. In contrast God had reached out to
Israel and drawn her to Himself.
"The Jew had an immense contempt for the Gentile. The

Gentiles, said the Jews, were created by God to be fuel for
the fires of hell. God, they said, loves only Israel of all the
nations that he had made. The best of the serpents crush,
they said, the best of the Gentiles kill. It was not even
lawful to render help to a Gentile mother in her hour of
sorest need, for that would simply be to bring another
Gentile into the world. Until Christ came, the Gentiles were
an object of contempt to the Jews. The barrier between
them was absolute. If a Jewish boy married a Gentile girl,
or if a Jewish girl married a Gentile boy, the funeral of that
Jewish boy or girl was carried out. Such contact with a
Gentile was the equivalent of death."83
2:13 "But" points to another great contrast (cf. v. 4). Because of Jesus Christ's
death God has brought Gentiles near to Himself and to the Jews in a sense
never before true. Sin results in death and separation. However, Christ's
obedience resulted in life and reconciliation with other people as well as
with God for Gentiles.
81Wiersbe, 2:22.
82Morris, an amillennialist, believed the singular "promise" refers to "God's promise to send his Messiah"
(p. 62). Probably the singular "promise" simply stresses the promise element that is foundational to all the
biblical covenants.
83Barclay, p. 125.
There is obvious continuity between the redeemed people of God in the Old Testament
and the redeemed people of God in the New Testament. However here Paul stressed the
differences between these two groups.84 Covenant theology stresses the continuity
between the two groups whereas dispensational theology stresses the differences between
them. Many covenant theologians deny these differences.
The significance of Gentile believers' union with Jewish believers 2:14-18
Essentially Jesus Christ's death has resulted in peace between Gentile believers and
Jewish believers and peace between Gentile believers and God.
2:14 To understand this verse we must discover what dividing wall Paul had in
mind. Perhaps it was the wall in Herod's Temple courtyard that separated
the Court of the Gentiles from the Court of the Jews.85 This seems
improbable since that wall still stood and divided Jews and Gentiles when
Paul wrote this epistle. Perhaps he had in mind the veil between the holy
and most holy places in that temple. However, that veil—it was not a
wall—did not separate Jews from Gentiles but all people from God. It
seems most probable that Paul had in mind a spiritual rather than a
physical barrier that had separated Jews and Gentiles since Abraham's
time. This is in harmony with Paul's emphasis on spiritual realities that
marks Ephesians.
"This new institution does not dissolve ethnic distinctions,

but displays reconciliation, with every believer equally
qualified to share in the benefits of salvation and peace that
emerge from the uniting of Jews and Gentiles into a new
living community."86
This verse is a strong testimony to the fact that with the death of Jesus
Christ God began dealing with humankind on a different basis than He had
in the past. He now stopped working with and though the Jews and
Judaism primarily (though temporarily, cf. Rom. 11). Instead He began
dealing with Jews and Gentiles on the same basis, namely, their faith in
His Son. In others words, He began a new dispensation or administration
in His dealings with humanity.
"When verse 14 says Christ is our peace, it means that

Jesus is the source of restored relationships, not only
between an individual and God but also between
individuals. Now people form a new community, the
84See the helpful essay by Carl B. Hoch Jr., "The New Man in Ephesians 2," in Dispensationalism, Israel
and the Church, pp. 98-126.
85Morris, p. 65. Cf. Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 15:11:5; ibid., The Wars of the Jews, 5:5:2.
86Bock, p. 314.
household of God, which itself is compared to a holy

temple, a sacred work of God (2:18-22)."87
2:15 The body of Jesus sacrificed on the cross terminated the enmity between
Jews and Gentiles. It did so in the sense that when Jesus Christ died He
fulfilled all the demands of the Mosaic Law. When He did that, God ended
the Mosaic Law as His rule of life for the Jews. The word "abolished" (Gr.
kataresas) means "rendered inoperative." The Mosaic Law ceased to be
God's standard for regulating the life of His people (Rom. 10:4; et al.).
The Mosaic Law had been the cause of the enmity between Jews and
Gentiles. Its dietary distinctions and laws requiring separation, in
particular, created hostility between Jews and Gentiles. The NASB
translation implies that the law was the barrier. Really it was the cause of
the barrier between Jews and Gentiles. Jesus Christ destroyed the barrier
and the hostility that resulted from it by terminating the Mosaic Law.88
Jesus Christ had two purposes in ending Jewish Gentile hostility. First, He
wanted to "create" one new man, the church (v. 6), out of the two former
groups, Jews and Gentiles (v. 11). In the church God does not deal with
Gentiles as He did with the Jews, nor does He deal with the Jews as He
did Gentiles. Jews do not become Gentiles nor do Gentiles become Jews.
Rather God has created a whole new (Gr. kainon, fresh) entity, the church.
In it believing Jews become Christians, and believing Gentiles become
Christians. God deals with both believing Jews and believing Gentiles
now equally as Christians.89
2:16 Jesus Christ's second purpose for ending Jewish Gentile hostility was to
bring Jewish and Gentile believers to Himself in one body, the church.
The Old Testament never spoke of Jewish and Gentile believers as being
in one body. Ironically the Cross in one sense terminated Jesus, but Jesus
terminated the enmity between Jews and Gentiles with the Cross. Not only
have Jews and Gentiles experienced reconciliation with one another (v.
14), but they have also experienced reconciliation with God by the Cross
(v. 16).
2:17 Not only is Jesus Christ our peace (v. 14), but He also preached peace. He
preached the message of peace, the gospel, through His apostles following
His ascension (cf. Acts 1:1-2, 8) to both Gentiles and Jews (vv. 12-13).
2:18 As a result of the Cross both Jewish and Gentile believers have access to
God. Formerly access to God was through Judaism, but now it is through
Christ by the Holy Spirit. As a result of Christ's death, all believers now
87Idem, "'The New Man' as Community in Colossians and Ephesians," in Integrity of Heart, Skillfulness of
Hands, p. 161.
88See Hal Harless, "The Cessation of the Mosaic Covenant," Bibliotheca Sacra 160:639 (July-September
2003):349-66.
89See Fruchtenbaum, p. 118.
have direct access to the Father (cf. 3:12; Rom. 5:2). The Holy Spirit gives
Jewish and Gentile Christians equal access to God. Note that all three
members of the Godhead appear again here.
Controversy over whether Gentile believers had to come to God through Judaism or
whether they could come directly to God as Gentiles raged in the early church (Acts
15:1-5; Gal. 1—2). Paul gave the solution to this problem again here (cf. Acts 15:6-21;
Gal. 3—4). God has made Jewish and Gentile believers one in the church (v. 14). He
created a new entity, the church, out of two others, namely, Jews and Gentiles (v. 15).
Both kinds of believers experience reconciliation with each other in that body (v. 16), and
both have access to God by one Spirit (v. 18).90
The consequences of Gentile believers' union with Jewish believers 2:19-22

2:19 Because of this union Christians are no longer strangers (foreigners) and
aliens in relation to believers of former ages. They are fellow citizens with
all the saints, namely, believers who lived before Pentecost.91
2:20 Paul, third, compared the church to a temple. It rests on the foundation of
the apostles and prophets. Evidently New Testament prophets are in view
since the word "prophets" follows "apostles" (cf. 3:5; 4:11). These men
constituted the foundation of the church since it was through them that
God revealed and established the church.
"In practical terms this means that the church is built on the
New Testament Scriptures."92
When Paul wrote, the cornerstone was the crucial part of the foundation of
a building. It was the stone with which the builder squared up every other
stone including the other foundation stones.93
"In the East it was considered to be even more important

than the foundation."94
2:21 Paul pictured the church as under construction with God adding new
believers constantly (cf. 4:15-16; Matt. 16:18; 1 Pet. 2:5). The individual
stones represent believers, both Jewish and Gentile. Today God does not
inhabit a physical temple somewhere on earth as He did in Old Testament
times. He indwells His church, which is a spiritual temple spread over all
the earth. It began on the day of Pentecost, and it will continue until the
90See Bruce W. Fong, "Addressing the Issue of Racial Reconciliation According to the Principle of Eph
2:11-22," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 38:4 (December 1995):565-80.
91Elsewhere Paul spoke of the local church as a household (1 Tim. 3:15), but here the household in view is
all believers of all ages. See Hoehner, Ephesians, pp. 395-96.
92Stott, p. 107.
94Wood, p. 42.
Rapture (1 Thess. 4:13-18). As physical temples glorified the gods they

represented in ancient times, so the church glorifies the true God today.
Paul may very well have used the illustration of a temple because the
temple of Artemis in Ephesus was the city's most outstanding claim to
fame. It was four times as big as the Parthenon that still stands in Athens.
One hundred twenty-seven white columns rose 60 feet high and
surrounded an image of the goddess Artemis (Diana).95 Authorities still
regard this temple as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world (cf.
Acts 19:23-41).
2:22 The Holy Spirit indwells the church universal. He, of course, also indwells
ever believer individually (John 14:17; Rom. 5:5; 8:9, 11; 1 Cor. 2:12;
Gal. 3:2; 4:6; 1 John 3:24; 4:13). Paul compared the individual believer to
a temple of God elsewhere (1 Cor. 6:19). He also referred to the local
Christian congregation as a temple (1 Cor. 3:16; 2 Cor. 6:16). However
here he revealed that all Christians are part of one great temple, the church
universal.
"Now His presence is dispersed, not localized. Now His

presence is incarnated, instead of confined behind a veil."96
"What a fellowship rivets our gaze in the communion of

saints! Where shall we find its like? Gathered from east and
west, from patriarchs of the prior and laggards of the last
times, from the courts of kings and the cabins of beggars,
from babes-in-arms and centenarians, right honourables
and ragamuffins, from the ranks of the learned and the
ignorant, the pharisee and the publican, the sharp-witted
and the feeble-minded, the respectable and the criminal
classes—what a divine power must be put forth to mould
all these incongruous elements into one consentient [united
in opinion] whole, stamped with one regenerate likeness for
evermore, the radiant image of the 'Alpha and Omega,'
God's Yokefellow and theirs, coequally David's Son and
David's Lord!"97
God's plan for believers included the building of a new entity after Jesus Christ's death,
resurrection, and ascension (cf. Matt. 16:18). It was to be the church. The church is not
just a continuation and modernization of Israel under a new name but a new creation (v.
15). In it Jewish and Gentile believers stand with equal rights and privileges before God.
Membership in this new body is one of the great blessings of believers in the present age
along with our individual blessings (vv. 1-10). Paul glorified God for that blessing in this
section of Ephesians.
95Pliny,
Historia Naturalis, 36.21 §96.
96Bock,"A Theology . . .," p. 314.
97Simpson, p. 68.
"I wonder if anything is more urgent today, for the honour of Christ and
for the spread of the gospel, than that the church should be, and should be
seen to be, what by God's purpose and Christ's achievement it already is—
a single new humanity, a model of human community, a family of
reconciled brothers and sisters who love their Father and love each other,
the evident dwelling place of God by his Spirit. Only then will the world
believe in Christ as Peacemaker. Only then will God receive the glory due
to his name."98
2. Past ignorance 3:1-13

Paul began to pray for his readers again (cf. vv. 1, 14), but he interrupted himself to tell
them more about the church. What he said in this section gives background information
concerning the church as a mystery.
3:1 "For this reason" refers to what Paul had said about God's blessings that
are now the possession of both Gentile and Jewish believers. Since God
has blessed us so greatly, Paul prayed that his readers would comprehend
fully the extent of God's love for them (vv. 14-21).
His reference to himself as Christ's prisoner for the sake of the Gentiles
led him to digress and explain why he was such. When Paul wrote this
epistle, he was under house arrest in Rome. This imprisonment had
resulted from his service for Christ, specifically his ministry among
Gentiles for which the Jews had mobbed him in Jerusalem (cf. Acts 21:21,
18; 2 Tim. 1:11-12). The apostle regarded his imprisonment as God's will
for him then.
3:2 This verse begins another long sentence that runs through verse 13 in the
Greek text. "If indeed" (NASB) means "Surely" (NIV, cf. 4:21). The
Ephesians had heard of Paul's ministry.
"Stewardship" or "administration" (Gr. oikonomia, dispensation, v. 9;

1:10) here has the idea of the management of someone else's business (cf.
1 Cor. 9:17; Col. 1:25). Paul viewed God as in the process of dispensing
His grace throughout history through various administrators. Paul's
responsibility was to carry God's grace to all people but particularly to the
Gentiles (cf. v. 8; 2:7).
"God's principles do not change, but His methods of

dealing with mankind do change over the course of history.
'Distinguish the ages,' wrote St. Augustine, 'and the
Scriptures harmonize.'"99
98Stott, pp. 111-12.

99Wiersbe, 2:27.
3:3 This duty involved the reception of revelation not previously given (i.e.,
the mystery), specifically that Gentiles and Jews were equal partners in the
church (2;16; 3:6). Paul had written of this mystery before in this epistle
(1:9-10; 2:11-22).
NEW TESTAMENT REFERENCES TO "MYSTERIES"(THINGS

PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN BUT NOW REVEALED)100
Matt. 13:11 The secrets (mysteries) of the kingdom of heaven

Luke 8:10 The secrets (mysteries) of the kingdom of God
Rom. 11:25 The mystery of Israel experiencing a hardening of
heart
Rom. 16:25-26 The mystery hidden for long ages past but now
revealed
1 Cor. 4:1 Christ's servants entrusted with the secret things
(mysteries) of God
Eph. 1:9 The mystery of His will
Eph. 3:2-3 The administration of God's grace, the mystery
made known to Paul by revelation
Eph. 3:4 The mystery of Christ
Eph. 3:9 The mystery that God kept hidden for ages past
Eph. 5:32 A profound mystery, namely, Christ and the
church
Col. 1:26 The mystery kept hidden for ages and generations
but now disclosed
Col. 1:27 The mystery, namely, Christ in you
Col. 2:2 The mystery of God, namely, Christ
Col. 4:3 The mystery of Christ
2 Thess. 2:7 The secret power (mystery) of lawlessness already
at work
1 Tim. 3:9 The deep truths (mysteries) of the faith
1 Tim. 3:16 The mystery of godliness
Rev. 1:20 The mystery of the seven stars (angels)
Rev. 10:7 The mystery of God that will be accomplished
Rev. 17:5 Mystery Babylon the great
100Adapted from The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, p. 48. See also the excursus in
Hoehner, Ephesians, pp. 428-34.
3:4 What Paul had already written about this mystery revealed his
understanding of it.
3:5 The mystery was unknown before God revealed it to the New Testament
apostles and prophets. Prophets may be a more specific description of
apostles here (cf. 2:20). That means He did not reveal it in the Old
Testament. Specifically what is the mystery in view here?
Traditional dispensationalists, as distinguished from "progressive

dispensationalists," have understood the mystery to be the church, the
body of Christ.101
"Paul then, is explaining, not limiting the mystery there set

forth [by his reference to the equality of Jews and
Gentiles]. The concept must stand that this whole age with
its program was not revealed in the Old Testament, but
constitutes a new program and a new line of revelation in
this present age."102
"At least four defining characteristics of the church are

described as a mystery. (1) The body concept of Jewish and
Gentile believers united into one body is designated as a
mystery in Ephesians 3:1-12. (1) The doctrine of Christ
indwelling every believer, the Christ-in-you concept, is
called a mystery in Colossians 1:24-27 (cf. Col. 2:10-19;
3:4, 11). (3) The church as the Bride of Christ is called a
mystery in Ephesians 5:22-32. (4) The Rapture is called a
mystery in 1 Corinthians 15:50-58. These four mysteries
describe qualities that distinguish the church from
Israel."103
Amillennialists, covenant premillennialists, and progressive

dispensationalists say that the mystery is not the church itself but the
equality of Jews and Gentiles in the church.104
"The mystery referred to in the 'dispensation of the

mystery' (Eph. 3:9) is the relationship of Jews and Gentiles
to Christ and to one another. This relationship is the
distinguishing characteristic of the church."105
101E.g., Charles C. Ryrie, Dispensationalism, pp. 133-34. By "traditional dispensationalists" I am referring

to normative dispensationalists, which some "progressive dispensationalists" have subdivided into
"classical" and "revised" dispensationalists.
102J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come, p. 137. See also Charles C. Ryrie, "The Mystery in Ephesians 3,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 123:489 (January-March 1966):25.
103Fruchtenbaum, pp. 117-18.
104Morris, pp. 87-89, 93.
105Craig A. Blaising, "Dispensations in Biblical Theology," in Progressive Dispensationalism, p. 121.
"The mystery of verse 6 may thus be summed up as the

coequal participation of the Gentiles with Israel in the full
messianic salvation that is realized in the crucified and
risen Christ and made effective to both through the
apostolic proclamation of the gospel. This truth of the unity
of Gentiles and Israel in the church, which has already been
introduced in connection with the 'mystery of his will' (1:9-
14, esp. vv. 12-13) and elaborated in 2:11-22, stands behind
all of the teachings of the epistle as the central theme."106
These two groups of interpreters view the church differently. Traditional

dispensationalists understand the church to be an intercalation or
parenthesis in God's kingdom program. Some of them refer to the church
as the mystery form of the kingdom. They see the church as a hiatus in
God's dealings with Israel on the earth. Consequently the church is a new
entity, not simply the continuation of the Old Testament theocracy. (Non-
dispensationalists refer to the church as the "new Israel."107) This view
stresses the discontinuity between Israel and the church in the past and in
the future.

dispensationalists view the nature of the church differently. They believe
the church is a progressive stage in the historical unfolding of God's
kingdom program on earth.108 They stress the continuity between the past,
present, and future rules of God over the earth.
Was the mystery revealed in any sense in the Old Testament, or was this
revelation something entirely new in Paul's day? Traditional
dispensationalists respond that neither the church as a distinct entity nor
the equality of Jews and Gentiles in the church was previously revealed.
They appeal to the meaning of "mystery" for support. "Mystery" (Gr.
mysterion) in the New Testament refers to "'a truth which was once hidden
but now is revealed,' 'a truth which without special revelation would have
been unknown.'"109 Moreover "as" (v. 5) does not mean that God had
revealed it previously but now revealed it more fully in Paul's day, as the
context (v. 9; cf. 2:16) and Colossians 1:26 make clear. God had not
revealed anything about the church in the Old Testament.
106Robert L. Saucy, "The Church as the Mystery of God," in Dispensationalism, Israel and the Church, pp.
136-37.
107See Ryrie, Dispensationalism Today, pp. 133-34; idem, Dispensationalism, pp. 124-25; John F.
Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom, pp. 232-37; James M. Stifler, The Epistle to the Romans, p. 254.
108It is from this progressive unfolding of the dispensations or economies in God's earthly kingdom
program that the term "progressive dispensationalism" comes. See Craig A. Blaising, "The Extent and
Varieties of Dispensationalism," in Progressive Dispensationalism, p. 49.
109J. B. Lightfoot, Saint Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon, p. 166.

dispensationalists say yes and no. The church was revealed in the Old
Testament, not by that name but as a future stage in the earthly kingdom
of God. Nevertheless the equality of Gentiles and Jews in one body (2:15-
16) was new revelation.
". . . it [the mystery] was new and unknown in a relative

sense only, being in its essentials an important theme of
prophecy from the time of Abraham . . ."110
". . . a 'mystery' need not even have been unknown or

unappreciated previously, except perhaps relatively so
. . ."111
"A mystery may be hidden in the sense that its truth has not
yet been realized."112
The correct interpretation depends on a proper identification of the

mystery and an accurate understanding of the nature of the church.
The question of whether or not the Davidic (messianic) kingdom has

already begun relates to the answer. Traditional dispensationalists say that
it has not since the Davidic kingdom is an earthly kingdom and therefore
Christ will only begin to reign over it when He returns to earth.
dispensationalists say that the messianic kingdom has begun since Christ
is now enthroned in heaven.113
If the Davidic kingdom is an exclusively earthly reign of Messiah, then it

seems that the church is not just a segment of this kingdom. Messiah
would need to be present to reign over this kingdom.114 The church enters
into many blessings because of Christ's death, resurrection, and ascension,
not because He rules as the Davidic king from heaven now. Some of these
110Oswald T. Allis, Prophecy and the Church, p. 97. See W. Harold Mare, "Paul's Mystery in Ephesians
3," Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society 8:2 (Spring 1965):83.
111J. Barton Payne, The Imminent Appearing of Christ, p. 126. See J. Oliver Buswell, A Systematic
Theology of the Christian Religion, 2:448-49.
112Robert L. Saucy, The Case for Progressive Dispensationalism, p. 150. See his ch. 6, "The Church and
the Revelation of the Mysteries," for a fuller explanation of the progressive dispensational interpretation of
the mysteries.
113These groups, however, interpret the nature of the messianic kingdom differently. Some amillennialists
say the messianic kingdom is Christ's heavenly rule. Others say that it will be His earthly rule in the new
heavens and earth. Covenant premillennialists and progressive dispensationalists say that the messianic
kingdom is a two-stage rule. Christ now rules from heaven through the church, and in the future He will
return and reign on earth. Thus there is an "already" aspect, and there is also a "not yet" aspect to the
messianic kingdom.
114Unquestionably He exercises universal sovereignty presently, but this seems to be different from His
reign as David's heir over David's earthly kingdom.
blessings are identical to what believers will enjoy when Christ returns to
reign on the earth. This should not lead us to conclude that the church is
the first stage of Christ's messianic kingdom.
I believe that the mystery in view here is the equality of Jews and Gentiles
in the church (v. 6),115 but this is only one mystery concerning the church
that the New Testament reveals. Taken together all these mysteries present
the church as a distinct entity in God's plan and not just one aspect of the
messianic kingdom. Neither the church nor the present equal relationship
of Jews and Gentiles was revealed in the Old Testament, though Gentile
blessing was. God had revealed His purpose to bless Gentiles along with
Jews from Genesis 12:3 onward (cf. Isa. 2:1-4; 61:5-6).
Note that Paul said God revealed the mystery to His holy apostles and
prophets by the Spirit. He did not just reveal the church to Paul.
Ultradispensationalists claim that the church could not have begun before
Paul appeared on the scene since he was the apostle through whom
revelation concerning this mystery came.116
3:6 This is the content of the mystery (cf. 2:11-22). First, Gentiles and Jews
are fellow heirs of God's riches that He presently bestows on believers (cf.
2:19; 1:13-14; Gal. 3:29; 4:7). Second, they are fellow members of the
body of Christ, which is the church (Col. 1:18). Third, they are fellow
partakers of the promise concerning Christ in the gospel (i.e., that whoever
trusts in Him has everlasting life; John 3:16; et al.). The mystery is not that
Gentiles would enjoy salvation and enter into blessing along with Israel.
God revealed that in the Old Testament (Gen. 12:3; Isa. 42:6; et al.). It is
that God has joined Jews and Gentiles as equals in one new body (cf. 1
Cor. 12:13).
3:7 God graciously gave Paul the opportunity to serve Him by proclaiming the
gospel aided by God's supernatural enablement. "Minister" (Gr. diakonos,
deacon) emphasizes service, not servitude (cf. Gr. doulos, slave).
3:8 Paul considered himself the least worthy (lit. the "leaster") of all the saints
(1:1) to have received such a privilege. Rather than thinking God owed
him something Paul regarded God's entrusting him with the gospel as pure
grace, unmerited favor (cf. 2 Cor. 12:11).
"Perhaps he was deliberately playing on the meaning of his

name. For his Roman surname 'Paulus' is Latin for 'little' or
'small', and tradition says he was a little man. 'I am little,'
115So also Hoehner, Ephesians, pp. 432, 501.

116Cornelius R. Stam, Acts Dispensationally Considered, 2:17-19. For a brief discussion of
ultradispensationalism, see Ryrie, Dispensationalism Today, pp. 192-205; or idem, Dispensationalism, pp.
197-207.
he may be saying, 'little by name, little in stature, and

morally and spiritually littler than the littlest of all
Christians.'"117
The unfathomable riches of Christ are what Paul preached and what he
expounded in this epistle particularly (cf. Rom. 11:33).
3:9 The second part of Paul's ministry, besides preaching to the Gentiles, was
explaining the mystery of the church to everyone. Even though God had
not revealed the church earlier, it was in His plan from the beginning (1
Cor. 2:7; Rom. 16:25-26).
3:10 Paul ministered in these two ways so the manifold wisdom of God might
appear clearly to the angelic hosts (cf. 1:21; 6:12). "Manifold" (Gr.
polypoikilos) means variegated or made up of different kinds. Individual
redemption is not in view here but the church composed of people of
different types, namely, Jews and Gentiles.
"The church as a multi-racial, multi-cultural community is

like a beautiful tapestry. Its members come from a wide
range of colourful backgrounds. No other human
community resembles it. Its diversity and harmony are
unique."118
God's manifold wisdom is apparent in the church's manifold construction.

The angels marvel at God's wisdom as they observe Jews and Gentiles
united in one body.
". . . the church is to be an audio-visual display of God's

reconciling work. In this primary way she testifies to God's
grace and wisdom. So Paul encouraged living life in Christ
in such a way that reconciliation is the dominant feature of
church life."119
3:11 This plan was part of God's eternal purpose (1:11). God brought this part
of His plan to fruition through our Lord's earthly ministry. Specifically the
Jews' rejection of their Messiah resulted in the postponement of the
messianic (Davidic) kingdom and the beginning of the church.
"God's program today is not 'the headship of Israel' (Deut.

28:1-13), but the headship of Christ over His church."120
117Stott,
p. 119.
118Ibid.,
p. 123.
119Bock, "A Theology . . .," p. 315.
120Wiersbe, 2:29.
3:12 Jesus Christ's past work has an abiding present effect for believers today.
Because of His work we now enjoy the rights of address and access to
God. We can address God and approach Him confidently because our
Savior's work has brought us to God (cf. Heb. 3:6; 4:16; 10:19, 35; Eph.
2:8; Rom. 5:2).
"Forgiven sinners do not come to God hesitantly,

wondering about their likely reception. They rest not on
their own achievement but on what Christ has done for
them, and for that reason they come full of confidence."121
3:13 In this verse the apostle returned to the thought with which he began this
section (v. 1). God had entrusted Paul with the mystery of the church and
had given him a ministry of evangelizing the Gentiles. Therefore his
Ephesian readers should not view his present imprisonment as a tragedy
but simply as part of his ministry. His ministry was for them and for their
glory, so they should view his tribulations as part of God's good will for
him and for them.
"The mystery of Ephesians 3 is the equality of Jews and Gentiles in the

body of Christ. This equality and this body were not revealed in the Old
Testament. They were made known only after the coming of Christ by the
Spirit to the apostles and prophets including Paul but not excluding
others."122
Saucy, also a dispensationalist, interpreted the mystery in a slightly different way.
"Our examination of the mystery in Ephesians 3 leads us to a mediating

position between traditional dispensational and nondispensational views
[i.e., the progressive dispensational view]. The unity of Jews and Gentiles
in Christ is taking place in the church in partial fulfillment of Old
Testament promises. Messianic days have dawned, albeit in a way not
clearly anticipated in the prophecies. Rather than one grand age of
fulfillment under the messianic reign, the prophetic fulfillment has been
divided into two ages related to the two comings of Christ. In this first age
of fulfillment, the spiritual messianic salvation is already present in the
gospel. This gospel is broadly spoken of as the mystery, or the mystery of
Christ, or the mystery of the gospel. The specific spiritual unity of all
peoples entailed in this gospel is the content of the mystery of Ephesians
3."123
121Morris, p. 97.
122Ryrie, "The Mystery . . .," p. 31. This article contains an excellent explanation of the mystery from the
dispensational viewpoint as well as refutation of the amillennial, covenant premillennial, and
ultradispensational views.
123Saucy, "The Church . . .," p. 151. This is the progressive dispensational view.
Whereas the Old Testament predicted the unity of Jewish and Gentile believers, it did not
reveal their complete equality in Christ. On this point all dispensationalists and covenant
theologians agree.
3. Future comprehension 3:14-19
Paul had explained that Jews and Gentiles are one in Christ (2:15). Therefore he prayed
that they might experience the unity that was theirs spiritually in their relations with one
another. He turned from exposition to intercession (cf. John 13—17). Verses 14-19 are
also one sentence in the Greek text.
"In the first prayer [1:15-23], the emphasis is on enlightenment; but in this
prayer, the emphasis is on enablement. It is not so much a matter of
knowing as being—laying our hands on what God has for us and by faith
making it a vital part of our lives."124
3:14 "For this reason" goes back to verse 1 from which Paul departed in verses
2-13 to give more information about the mystery. Bowing the knees and
kneeling in prayer were postures that reflected an attitude of submission to
God. Kneeling was not the common posture for prayer. Usually people
stood when they prayed (cf. Mark 11:25; Luke 18:11, 13). Praying on
one's knees signified especially fervent praying (cf. Luke 22:41; Acts
7:60).125 "Before" suggests intimate face-to-face contact with the heavenly
Father (cf. Matt. 6:9).
3:15 Paul made a word play from the word "father" (v. 14, Gr. patera). A father
is the head of the typical family (Gr. patria). God is not only the Father of
the family in which Gentile and Jewish believers are one (i.e., the church),
but He is the prototype father. He is the ultimate Father over every other
family that has a father. Every human family exists as a family with a
father because of God's relationships as a Father.
3:16 In this prayer Paul requested one thing: that God would strengthen his
readers in the inner man. He asked that God would provide this power (Gr.
dynamis) according to his vast resources (cf. 1:18). The power comes to us
through the indwelling Holy Spirit (cf. Phil. 1:19) who strengthens our
inner man, namely, our innermost being (i.e., not just our muscles but our
entire person).
3:17 The result of this request is that Christ may be "at home" in the personality
of the believer. He indwells every Christian (1 Cor. 12:13) but is at home
in the lives of those believers who let Him be first in their attitudes and
activities (John 15:14). As the believer keeps trusting and obeying, Jesus
Christ can continue to occupy this place in his or her life. Paul was
124Wiersbe, 2:30-31.
125Morris, pp. 100-101.
praying that his readers would enjoy intimate fellowship with their Lord
(cf. 1 John 1:1-4).
The believer may grasp Christ's love because God has rooted the Christian
as a plant and grounded him or her as a building in love. Jesus Christ's
lordship over the life produces the love in view here.
Note another reference to the Trinity in verses 14-17: Father (v. 14), Spirit
(v. 16), and Son (v. 17; cf. 1:13-14, 17; 2:18, 22).
3:18 When believers accept Jesus Christ's revelation of the mystery of the
church, they are able to comprehend that God's love is broad enough to
embrace both Jews and Gentiles in the church. They can appreciate that it
is long enough to stretch from eternity to eternity. They can see that it is
high enough to raise both Jews and Gentiles into the heavenly places.
They can understand that it is deep enough to rescue both kinds of people
from sin's degradation and from Satan's grip.
3:19 Paul desired that his readers would apprehend the love of Christ fully. Yet
he acknowledged that full comprehension of that love is impossible
because it is greater than mortals can conceive.
"The four words seem intended to indicate, not so much the

thoroughness of the comprehension as the vastness of the
thing to be comprehended."126
"No matter how much we know of the love of Christ, there

is always more to know."127
The ultimate goal of Paul's request was that his readers might be so full of
the knowledge of Christ's love and appreciation for God that they might
allow Christ to control them fully (4:13).
"These four requests are more like four parts to a telescope. One request
leads into the next one, and so on."128
"I like to think of the apostle's petition as a staircase by which he climbs

higher and higher in his aspiration for his readers. His prayer-staircase has
four steps, whose key words are 'strength', 'love', 'knowledge' and
'fullness'."129
126Abbott, p. 99.
127Morris, p. 107.
128Wiersbe, 2:31.
129Stott, p. 134.
C. DOXOLOGY 3:20-21
"The doxology is plainly the climax of the first half of Ephesians; it may
be regarded as the climax of the whole letter, which rises to a spiritual
peak at this point and then concentrates on practical outworkings."130
". . . doctrine leads to doxology as well as to duty."131
The basis for Paul's confidence that God is able to do far beyond what he had prayed for
or could even imagine was God's bringing Jews and Gentiles together in one body. With
God's provision of love, both groups could function harmoniously together in the church.
Glory would come to God in the church for uniting these two previously irreconcilable
groups and for enabling them to love and to work together as fellow members of the same
body. This praise will continue forever.
This is one of the clearest passages in the New Testament that sets forth the eternal
subordination of the Son to the Father (cf. John 17:24; 1 Cor. 15:24, 28; Phil. 2:9-11).132
III. THE CHRISTIAN'S CONDUCT 4:1—6:20

Practical application (chs. 4—6) now follows doctrinal instruction (chs. 1—3).
"Now the apostle moves on from the new society to the new standards
which are expected of it. So he turns from exposition to exhortation, from
what God has done (in the indicative), to what we must be and do (in the
imperative), from doctrine to duty, . . . from mind-stretching theology to
its down-to-earth, concrete implications in everyday living."133
A. SPIRITUAL WALK 4:1—6:9

Paul had explained the unity of Jewish and Gentile believers in the church and had
prayed for the realization of that unity in experience (2:11—3:21). He now told how to
attain a spiritual walk, namely, a life that manifests the Holy Spirit's control.
"The key word in this last half of the book is walk (Eph. 4:1, 17; 5:2, 8,
15), while the key idea in the first half is wealth."134
1. Walking in unity 4:1-16

The apostle began by stressing the importance of walking (or living) in unity. This is one
of two classic New Testament passages on unity, the other being John 17. God will not
enforce unity in answer to prayer. Believers have a responsibility to obey Him as well.
130Wood, pp. 52-53.

131Stott, p. 45.
132See John V. Dahms, "The Subordination of the Son," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
37:3 (September 1994):351-64.
133Stott, p. 146.
134Wiersbe, 2:34.
"Instruction, intercession and exhortation constitute a formidable trio of

weapons in any Christian teacher's armoury."135
Charity, unity, diversity, and maturity are the key concepts in this section.
The basis of unity 4:1-6

4:1 "Therefore" or "then" refers to what Paul had said in chapters 1—3. To
walk worthily or in balance means to harmonize one's conduct with his or
her calling. Calling here refers to God's calling to live in unity as Jews and
Gentiles in the church (2:13-16). To walk worthily then would involve
behaving in a united way, living in unity with Jewish brethren if one is a
Gentile or vice versa in the church. By referring to himself as the Lord's
prisoner again (3:1), Paul reminded his readers of his authority to urge
them to live this way. He was in prison because he had followed God's
will faithfully.
4:2 Three virtues contribute to unity in the church. Humility is a proper

assessment of oneself in God's program. A humble Jew or Gentile would
regard his ethnic counterpart as equal with himself, not as inferior or
superior to himself. Gentleness is the opposite of self-assertion. A gentle
person is one whose emotions are under control.
". . . meekness is a virtue of the strong, those who could

exert force to get their own way but choose not to."136
Meekness is "the absence of the disposition to assert

personal rights, either in the presence of God or of men."137
Patience is endurance even under affliction. When wronged, the patient

person does not retaliate (cf. Gal. 5:22; Col. 1:11; 3:12; 2 Tim. 4:2).
Believers should practice all these virtues with loving forbearance toward
one another.
4:3 Christians must preserve the unity between believers that God has created
in the church. Paul viewed peace as what keeps potential factions together.
He had in mind peace between all kinds of diverse groups in the church,
the most basic being Jews and Gentiles.
4:4 Seven elements of unity follow that unite believers in the church.
Believers should remember them when tempted to break unity. Again all
three members of the Trinity are in view and play a part in this process.
135Stott,p. 146.
136Morris, p. 114.
137G. G. Findlay, The Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians, p. 265.
"Paul now gives the basis [for unity] by explaining in more

detail how elements of the Christian faith revolve around
the three persons of the Trinity. Unity is stressed by the
sevenfold used of 'one' (eis, mia, en)."138
The one body is the church, the universal body of believers in the present
age (1:23; 2:16; 3:6). The one Spirit is the Holy Spirit who indwells the
church as a whole and every individual believer in the church (2:22; 1 Cor.
12:13). The one hope is the hope of the future that each Christian has and
the whole church has (cf. 1 Pet. 1:3; 3:15). This hope began when God
called us to salvation (1:4, 18; 2:7; 4:1). These identifications seem clear
from their occurrences elsewhere in the epistle.
4:5 The one Lord is Jesus Christ, the Head of the church (1:22-23; Col. 1:18).
The one faith is probably the faith that each Christian and the whole
church has in Christ rather than Christianity viewed as a faith (cf. Col.
2:7). This identification unites faith with Christ in the context (2:8).
The one baptism may be the baptism that unites all believers in the body
of Christ. This is Spirit baptism, which water baptism symbolizes. Both
kinds of baptism were probably in Paul's mind.139 However baptism falls
in the second triad of elements that relate to Christ rather than to the first
that relate to the Spirit in this verse. Therefore it probably refers to water
rather than to Spirit baptism. Another possibility is that it refers
metaphorically to the believer's baptism into Christ's death. In this case the
"one baptism" would refer to the internal reality of having been baptized
into (identified with) the "one Lord" by means of the "one faith."140
4:6 "All" refers to all believers. God is the Father of all believers, who are His
children. He is over them in the sense of being their sovereign. He lives
through them and manifests Himself in them.
Evidently Paul began this list of seven elements of unity with the Spirit's work because he
had been speaking of the unity of the Spirit (v. 3). He then proceeded to discuss the gifts
of the Spirit (vv. 7-13; cf. 1 Cor. 12:4-6).
"The unity of the church is due to charis, God's grace having reconciled us
to himself; but the diversity of the church is due to charismata, God's gifts
distributed to church members."141

139Morris, p. 119.
141Stott, pp. 155-56.
The preservation of unity 4:7-16
Having described the basis of Christian unity Paul next explained the means by which we
can preserve it, namely, with the gifts that the Spirit gives.
4:7 Whereas each believer has received grace (unmerited favor and divine
enablement) from God (3:2), God does not give each Christian the same
measure of grace. Paul spoke of God's gift of grace here as ability to serve
God. Though Jews and Gentiles both receive enabling grace from God,
God gives this ability to different individuals differently (cf. v. 11; Rom.
12:4-6; 1 Cor. 12:4-6).142
"Gifts are not toys to play with. They are tools to build
with. And if they are not used in love, they become
weapons to fight with . . . (1 Cor. 12—14)."143
4:8 Paul's paraphrase of Psalm 68:18 confirms his statement that God gives
gifts to people. A military victor has the right to give gifts to those
identified with him. Christ, the victor over sinful people, has the right to
give those people to the church as gifts.144 In Romans 12 and 1
Corinthians 12 Paul spoke of gifts given to people (cf. v. 7), but here he
spoke of people given to the church as gifts.
"Some have alleged that Paul erred in his citation from

Psalm 68:18 on at least two counts: (1) he altered the verb
of the psalm from 'received' to 'gave,' thus reversing its
meaning, and (2) he gave an interpretation to the Old
Testament passage that is unwarranted. With regard to the
first point, the origin of the reading 'gave' is not to be found
in Ephesians 4:8. Rather, this is a variant reading for Psalm
68:18 that has an ancient pedigree, as may be seen by its
presence in both the Aramaic Targum and the Syriac
Peshitta. However, Paul was not necessarily quoting with
one of these sources in mind; the reading probably had a
history not limited to its appearance in these particular
sources. It was apparently a variant reading that was well
known, especially within Jewish rabbinic circles.
Furthermore, Paul must be permitted some latitude in his
citation. His purpose was not to provide a formal and exact
representation of the Old Testament phraseology, but rather
142For defense of the view that spiritual gifts are ministries rather than abilities, see Kenneth Berding,
"Confusing Word and Concept in 'Spiritual Gifts': Have We Forgotten James Barr's Exhortations?" Journal
of the Evangelical Theological Society 43:1 (March 2000):37-51.
143Wiersbe, 2:37.
144Who the captives were seems to have been of less interest to Paul than the fact that Christ won a great
victory (ibid., pp. 123-24).
to expound and apply the passage to the work of Christ as

Lord of the church. That the apostle used a variant reading
of the psalm should not in itself be overly surprising.
"Regarding the second point, it seems clear that Paul used

an analogical patterning of Old Testament teaching within
the New Testament context. This was common among New
Testament writers. Such a practice does not obviate the Old
Testament contextual setting, nor does it purport to provide
the only fulfillment of the Old Testament passage. When
Matthew, for example, related Hosea 11:1 ('Out of Egypt
have I called My son') to the flight of the holy family, he
did not thereby deny that Hosea 11:1 refers to the Exodus
of the Israelites from Egypt. He simply drew an analogy
between the two events. Likewise in Ephesians 4:8 the
application of Psalm 68:18 to Jesus as the bestower of gifts
for ministry within the church does not eliminate or
contradict the Old Testament application of the words to
the victorious Israelite King. In keeping with common
Midrash pesher techniques, but in a way that avoids the
excesses to which the method was pushed by some
nonbiblical writers, Paul made a valid application of
Christological significance to the Old Testament passage.
On the one hand, according to Psalm 68:18, God ascended
Zion as a victorious king worthy of being the recipient of
gifts of homage. On the other hand, according to Ephesians
4:8, Jesus also ascended to the heavenly Zion as the
victorious Lord who lovingly bestowed on His church the
gifts of ministry essential to her future well-being. The one
passage provides the pattern for the other."145
A slightly different interpretation follows.
". . . Paul apparently followed the Jewish interpretation of

the day (the Targum), which paraphrased this verse as
follows: 'You did ascend to the firmament, O Prophet
Moses! You led captivity captive; you taught the words of
the Law; you gave [not 'received,' as in the Heb.] gifts to
the sons of men.' (This interpretation saw Moses as God's
representative.) Paul followed this Jewish exegesis because
it explained that the conqueror distributed the gifts to His
loyal subjects. The apostle applied that idea to Christ's
victory over the forces of evil and His granting spiritual
gifts (cf. Eph. 4:11) to those on His side. By this analogy
145Richard A. Taylor, "The Use of Psalm 68:18 in Ephesians 4:8 in Light of the Ancient Versions,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 148:591 (July-September 1991):335-36.
(based more on the Jewish interpretation of the psalm than

on the exact Heb. wording) Paul emphasized the greatness
of believers' spiritual victory in Christ."146
4:9 In verses 9-11 Paul commented on the meaning of "ascended" and "gave"
in his citation.
For Christ to have ascended to heaven He first had to descend to "the

lower parts of the earth." This is probably a reference to Jesus' grave
(genitive of possession)147 rather than to the earth (genitive of
apposition)148 or to hades (genitive of comparison)149 in view of the
context. In His death Jesus Christ gained the victory over sin, and He
redeemed those whom He would give as gifts to the church.
4:10 Paul identified the descended Christ with the ascended Christ who now is
in position to rule over all (cf. 1:23). He fills all things with His fullness
(cf. Col. 1:18; 2:9; Prov. 30:4).
4:11 This verse explains "gave" (v. 8) and begins a sentence that runs through
verse 16 in the Greek text.
After Jesus Christ ascended, He gave gifts to the church that enabled it to
function. This order of events is in harmony with the revelation that the
church is a new entity that came into existence after Jesus' ascension.150
Christ gave gifted people to the church as gifts to the church. He gave
some individuals to be apostles in the church. "Apostle" means someone
sent as an authoritative delegate. Twelve men plus Paul were official
apostles who had seen the risen Christ and had received personal
appointment from Him (Acts 1:21-22; 1 Cor. 15:8-9; Gal. 1:1; 2:6-9).
However there were other men who, while not apostles in this limited
sense, functioned as apostles. The New Testament writers called them
apostles too (1 Cor. 15:7; Gal. 1:19; Acts 14:4, 14; 1 Cor. 9:6; Rom. 16:7;
cf. 1 Thess. 1:1; 2:7; 1 Cor. 4:6, 9). The duty of the apostles was to
establish the church and the churches (2:20; 3:5).151
New Testament prophets (Gr. prophetes, one who speaks forth) provided
edification, exhortation, and comfort to the church (1 Cor. 14:3). Some of
them conveyed new authoritative revelation to the church (2:20; 3:5; Acts
146Allen P. Ross, "Psalms," in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament, p. 843.
147Hoehner, "Ephesians," p. 634; Simpson, p. 92.
148John Eadie, Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians, pp. 293-95; Abbott, pp. 115-16; A. T. Lincoln,
Ephesians, pp. 242-48; W. Hall Harris III, "The Ascent and Descent of Christ in Ephesians 4:9-10,"
Bibliotheca Sacra 151:602 (April-June 1994):198-214.
149Richard C. H. Lenski, The Interpretation of St. Paul's Epistles to the Galatians to the Ephesians and to
the Philippians, pp. 521-22.
150See Fruchtenbaum, p. 117.
151The word apostolos also describes any servant who is sent by his master on any mission (John 13:16).
11:28; 21:10-11). Much of this is the revelation that we have in the New
Testament books. Most of the prophets, however, simply "spoke forth"
truth that God had previously revealed (cf. Acts 13:1; 1 Cor. 11:5; 14:26-
33).152
"Christians today do not get their spiritual knowledge

immediately from the Holy Spirit, but mediately through
the spirit teaching the Word."153
Evangelists preached the gospel and served as modern missionaries both at

home and abroad (Acts 21:8; 8:6-40; 2 Tim. 4:5). Paul did not identify
these people as foundational to the church as he did the apostles and
prophets (2:20). Nevertheless their ministry was and is essential. They
equipped people to minister (vv. 12-13) at least by leading them to faith in
Christ.
We might better translate the Greek phrase rendered "pastors and

teachers" as "pastor-teachers." The Greek construction suggests that one
kind rather than two kinds of people is in view. The Greek article
translated "the" occurs only before "pastor." Moreover the Greek
conjunction translated "and" between "pastors" and "teachers" is different
from the one used elsewhere in the verse (kai rather than de). However,
the Greek construction may describe two types of gifted people whose
ministries are among settled congregations in contrast to the itinerant
ministries of the apostles, prophets, and evangelists. Probably the phrase
describes the overseers of local churches who pastor and teach (cf. 1 Tim.
3:2; Titus 1:9; 1 Pet. 5:1-3).
". . . because the nouns ["pastor" and "teacher"] are plural,

it is extremely unlikely that they refer to the same group,
but only that the apostle Paul is linking them closely
together. It is better to regard the pastors as a subset of
teachers. In other words, all pastors are teachers, but not all
teachers are pastors."154
4:12 The purpose of all these gifted leaders is to prepare the rest of the saints to
minister and so build up the body of Christ, namely, the church.
"Equipping" (Gr. katartismon) means preparing, mending, or restoring
people to their proper use (Gal. 6:1; cf. Matt. 4:21; 2 Cor. 13:11; Heb.
13:21). The role of these leaders is to minister the Word to the saints in the
church so the saints can minister the Word in the world. All the saints
152See John E. Johnson, "The Old Testament Offices as Paradigm for Pastoral Identity," Bibliotheca Sacra
152:606 (April-June 1995):182-200.
153Wiersbe, 2:37.
should participate in service, not just the leaders.155 Every Christian has a
gift or gifts with which he or she can serve (4:7; 1 Pet. 4:10).
4:13 The end in view is completeness in Christ. As each believer exercises the
gifts (abilities God has given him or her, v. 7), three things happen. First,
the body enjoys unity (vv. 3-6). Second, it becomes more spiritually
mature (v. 15). Third, it becomes more Christ-like (cf. 1:23; 3:19). Unity
of the faith (cf. v. 5), full knowledge (cf. 1:17), and maturity constitute the
three-fold goal in view. This equals the fullness of Christ.
"God is not trying to produce successful Christian business

people who can impress the world with their money and
influence. He is not trying to fashion successful church
leaders who can influence people with their organizational
and administrative skills. Nor is He trying to fashion great
orators who can move people with persuasive words. He
wants to reproduce in His followers the character of His
son—His love, His kindness, His compassion, His holiness,
His humility, His unselfishness, His servant attitude, His
willingness to suffer wrongfully, His ability to forgive, and
so much more that characterized His life on earth."156
4:14 One result of gifted people equipping the saints to serve the Lord and
others is that believers may be stable in their faith. Infants are easily
swayed and confused, as waves blown by the wind. False teachers create
such winds by their teaching and seek to trick people into following them.
4:15 Another result is that believers should maintain truth in love in both
speech and conduct. Paul contrasted the deception of heresy with the
integrity of the gospel.
"This fundamental concern for the truth is the secret of

maturity in the church."157
The church that stresses both the truth and love will produce spiritually
mature Christ-like believers.
Loving, effective confrontation involves speaking the truth in love. The

truth may be as medicine to the person who needs it, but love is the sugar
155See T. David Gordon, "'Equipping' Ministry in Ephesians 4," Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society 37:1 (March 1994):69-78, for a caution against viewing only the leaders as doing equipping
ministry.
156Richard L. Strauss, "Like Christ: An Exposition of Ephesians 4:13," Bibliotheca Sacra 143:571 (July-
September 1986):264.
157Wood, p. 59.
that added to the medicine makes it palatable. Remember Mary Poppins'

prescription: "A spoonful of sugar makes the medicine go down."
4:16 Jesus Christ is both the One into whom we grow (v. 15) and the One out
of whom we grow as a whole church. The whole body grows as each part
carries out its proper function. All parts of the body alluded to in this verse
are Christians except the Head, Jesus Christ.158
The church then is a diverse body composed of many different people who must give
attention to preserving their unity (vv. 7-16). Paul's emphasis was on body growth more
than on individual growth in this passage. Each believer contributes to body growth as he
or she exercises his or her particular gifts (abilities) in the service of Christ.
2. Walking in holiness 4:17-32
In the first part of this chapter Paul stressed the importance of living in unity in the
church. He turned next to the importance of living in holiness.
"The Bible was written to be obeyed, and not simply studied, and this is
why the words 'therefore' and 'wherefore' are repeated so often in the
second half of Ephesians (4:1, 17, 25; 5:1, 7, 14, 17, 24)."159
The old man 4:17-19
The apostle began by reminding his readers how not to walk, namely, as they used to
walk before their conversion to Christianity.
4:17 The "therefore" in this verse is coordinate with the one in verse 1. Here we
have more instruction concerning walking worthily. Paul's exhortation that
follows repeats Jesus' teaching on the importance of holiness. Christians
should not conduct themselves as Gentiles who do not know the Lord.
Those unbelievers do not typically have a useful aim or goal in life, the
idea behind "the futility of their mind [thinking]."
"What is immediately noteworthy is the apostle's emphasis

on the intellectual factor in everybody's way of life [cf.
Rom. 12:2]. . . . Scripture bears an unwavering testimony to
the power of ignorance and error to corrupt, and the power
of truth to liberate, ennoble and refine."160
4:18 Here Paul traced the attitude of typical unsaved Gentiles to its source.
Lack of worthy purpose rests on unclear understanding (cf. Rom. 1:21; 2
158See Ronald Y. K. Fung, "The Nature of the Ministry according to Paul," Evangelical Quarterly 54
(1982):139-44.
159Wiersbe, 2:39.
160Stott, p. 175.
Cor. 4:4). This in turn results from separation from the life that comes
from God (cf. 2:12). Separation arises from natural ignorance of God (cf.
1 Pet. 1:14). That in turn rests on insensitivity to God and His ways (cf.
Rom. 1).
4:19 As a result of this condition, unsaved Gentiles typically give themselves

over to lives of sensual self-indulgence (cf. Rom. 1:24-28). The Greek
word aselgeia, translated "sensuality," contains the idea of wanton
violence.161 Greediness (pleonexia) refers to an increasing desire for more.
The new man 4:20-32

Paul turned from how not to walk to the positive responsibility Christians have to live in
holiness.
4:20 In contrast to unsaved Gentiles, Christians' minds are no longer dark, they
are no longer aliens from God, and their hearts are no longer hard and
impure. They did not learn to follow Christ by the natural mental
processes that customarily lead to the degradation of unsaved Gentiles.
They learned to follow Him as His disciples from the gospel.
"Usually we learn subjects, not persons; but the Christian's

choicest lesson-book is his loveworthy Lord."162
4:21 "If indeed" (NASB) means "surely" (NIV, cf. 3:2). The Ephesian believers
had received teaching about Christ and had learned to live in the sphere of
His will. This is the truth in Jesus that is in view. Whenever Paul used the
name of Jesus in Ephesians, as here, he drew attention to the death and
resurrection of the Savior. He did so here to remind his readers of the
essence of the gospel message as an incentive to live for Christ.
4:22 Here is what the Ephesian Christians had heard. Christians should put their
former unsaved manner of life aside. The old self (or man) is the person
the Christian was before his or her regeneration. That person was
experiencing progressive corruption because of desires that appeal to the
physical senses. Lusts are deceitful because they promise real joy but fail
to deliver it.
4:23 This verse is not primarily a command. The verb is not an imperative but
an infinitive in the Greek text. The verse is a description of what has
already happened in the life of every believer (cf. Col. 3:9-10). However
the verse does make an appeal to the reader even though its main point is
revelation.163
161Morris,p. 137.
162Simpson, p. 104.
163Bock, "'The New . . .,'" pp. 162-63, took the infinitive as having imperative force. See also idem, "A
Theology . . .," p. 316, n. 10.
Rather than being futile, darkened, and ignorant (vv. 18-19) the Christian
has taken on a new attitude (cf. Rom. 6:2-10; 2 Cor. 5:17). This renewing
is an ongoing process in the life of the Christian (i.e., progressive
sanctification). The verb is passive, which emphasizes that it is God at
work in us (cf. Rom. 12:2).
4:24 Paul identified our responsibility in this verse. We are to put on the new
self as a garment. The new self (or man) is the person the Christian is after
he or she experiences regeneration. We put on the new man as we pursue
the things of Christ rather than the desires of the flesh. God has created the
new self (the Christian) in regeneration after the image of our spiritual
parent, God Himself. Righteousness and holiness mark our new life rather
than sensuality, impurity, and greed (vv. 18-19). Moreover it is a life
based on the truth rather than on ignorance (v. 18).164
4:25 As the practice of the old man follows his condition (vv. 17-19), so the
practice of the new man (vv. 25-32) should follow his condition (vv. 20-
24). In verses 25-32 we find five exhortations to Christians regarding our
conduct. Each one has three parts: a negative command, a positive
command, and the reason for the positive command.
The first exhortation is to stop deceiving. Deception is a mask that false

teachers (v. 14) and the old man (v. 22) wear. Instead the Christian should
speak truth, namely, what is in harmony with reality (cf. Col. 3:8-9; Zech.
8:16). The reason is the Christian belongs to and must function honestly in
a group, the church. Truthful speech is essential to unity in the body.
Obviously it is important for other reasons also.
"Lying may be an accepted weapon in the warfare waged

by the worldly, but it has no place in the life of the
Christian."165
"A lie is a stab into the very vitals of the Body of Christ."166
4:26 The second exhortation is to avoid sinning when angry and to deal with
sin quickly if it does accompany anger (cf. Ps. 4:4). Anger is not sinful in
itself (cf. John 2:13-16). There is such a thing as righteous indignation (cf.
5:6; Mark 3:5).167 Still it is easy to lose control of our anger, to let it
control us instead of controlling it. Anger becomes sinful when it is
inappropriate. The way to deal with sinful anger is to confess it as sin (1
164For a good explanation of proper Christian self-esteem, see Don Matzat, Christ-Esteem.
165Morris, p. 142.
166John A. Mackay, God's Order: The Ephesian Letter and this Present Time, p. 213.
167See Daniel B. Wallace, "Orgizesthe in Ephesians 4:26: Command or Condition?" Criswell Theological
Review 3 (1989):352-72.
John 1:9). If apologies to other people are necessary, we should offer them
quickly as well. Letting the sun go down on one's wrath is a figure of
speech that emphasizes the need to deal with sin soon (cf. Deut. 24:13-15).
That we need not take it literally should be clear since the sun does not
literally set on one's anger since anger is not a physical object.
4:27 It is important to deal with anger appropriately because if we do not do so

Satan will have an opportunity to lead us into further sin.
"Horace was right when he said, 'Anger is momentary

insanity.' . . .
"'Anyone can become angry,' wrote Aristotle. 'But to be

angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right
time, for the right purpose, and in the right way—this is not
easy.'"168
4:28 The third exhortation is to refrain from stealing but to work so we will
have something to share with the needy. Paul did not mention other
benefits of work here such as providing for one's own needs and doing
something useful. He emphasized the most noble of motives here. Stealing
(Gr. klepton) covers all forms of misappropriation. This verse is a
reaffirmation of the teaching of the seventh commandment (Exod. 20:15;
Deut. 5:19).
4:29 The fourth exhortation is to speak good things as well as to do good things
(v. 28). Anything that injures others or causes dissension in the body is
unwholesome (Gr. sapros, rotten, defiling). Christians should use words to
build up people rather than to tear them down. Words can give grace
(help) in the sense that they communicate encouragement and direction
and thus help the hearer to do right.
"It is said that a man once came to Mohammed and asked

how he could make amends for falsely accusing a friend.
Mohammed told him to put a feather on every doorstep in
the village. Next day he told the man to collect them. 'But
that is impossible,' said the man, 'the wind has scattered
them beyond recall!' The prophet replied, 'So is it with your
reckless words.'"169
4:30 "And" connects this verse with the former one. We can grieve (bring
sorrow or pain to) the Holy Spirit by our speech. It is inappropriate for us
to do so because it is He who is our seal (1:13-14; cf. 2 Cor. 1:21-22; 5:5).
He is the pledge of God's final redemption of us that will happen at our
168Wiersbe, 2:41.
169Morris, p. 146.
resurrection (Phil. 3:20-21). Grieving the Holy Spirit amounts to rejecting

a priceless gift from God.170
4:31 The fifth exhortation is to get rid of five vices and to adopt three virtues.
Bitterness is the opposite of sweetness and kindness (cf. Col. 3:19). It
harbors resentment and keeps score of wrongs (1 Cor. 13:5). Wrath or rage
flows from bitterness and refers to outbursts of uncontrolled passionate
frustration. Anger is inappropriate noisy assertiveness and abuse. Clamor
or brawling describes shouting. Slander refers to words that hurt another
person. Malice is bad feelings and is the source of the other four vices.
This verse may seem to contradict verse 26. There Paul permitted anger,
but here he seems to condemn it (cf. James 1:19-20). Two explanations are
possible. First, we may view the command in verse 26 as governing angry
behavior even though anger is never God's will (v. 31). Similarly God
gave instructions concerning whom divorced Israelites could remarry even
though divorce was never God's will (Deut. 24:1-4; Mal. 2:16). A second
possibility is that verse 26 means anger is proper in certain circumstances,
but we should normally avoid it. This seems to me to be a better
explanation. Jesus Himself was angry occasionally (cf. Mark 3:5). Anger
does not produce the righteous life that God desires, so as a rule we should
avoid it (James 1:20).
4:32 We are kind when we say or do what is suitable or fitting to a need with a
sweet and generous disposition. We are tender-hearted or compassionate
when we feel affection for someone else. We are forgiving when we let
offenses and grievances go freely and graciously. The reason we should be
forgiving that underlies all the commands in this verse is that God has
forgiven us freely in Jesus Christ.
Demonstrating an attitude of constant forgiveness will greatly enrich a

marriage. It enables us to develop transparency and oneness with our
mates. To resolve conflict there must be a willingness to forgive. We need
to seek forgiveness when we wrong our mate and to communicate
understanding to that person. Try restating how your mate feels to him or
her and ask for forgiveness. Say, "I was wrong; I'm sorry; will you forgive
me?" It is important to be specific in this process.
3. Walking in love 5:1-6
In addition to calling his readers to walk in unity (4:1) and holiness (4:17), Paul urged
them to walk in love (5:2). He first advocated positive love (vv. 1-2) and then negatively
warned to abstain from evil (vv. 3-6).
170See Lewis Sperry Chafer, He That Is Spiritual, pp. 82-104, for further explanation of grieving the Spirit.
5:1 "Therefore" does not introduce a conclusion to what has preceded, but it
gives a reason for what follows. It is only normal and natural for children
to imitate their parents. So too should the children of God imitate their
heavenly Father (cf. Matt. 5:48; Luke 6:36). We are to imitate God's
gracious attitude and generous actions toward us.
5:2 This verse explains how we are to imitate God, namely, by loving. The
measure and model of our love should be Christ's love for us. He loved us
to the extent of dying for us. His self-sacrifice was pleasing and acceptable
to God as a sweet aroma. Jesus' death was both an offering of worship to
God, as the burnt and meal offerings in Judaism, and a sacrifice of
expiation, as the sin and trespass offerings. We also express our love most
when we lay down our lives for those we love, particularly God (1 John
3:16).
5:3 The self-centered practices introduced here (lust) are the opposite of love.
Self-indulgence is the opposite of self-sacrifice. There should be no hint of
these perversions of love in the believer's life. Sexual immorality was
common among unsaved Gentiles, but it is totally inappropriate for saints.
Impurity is a broader term that includes all types of uncleanness (cf. 4:19).
Greed is the lust for more and is essentially idolatry (v. 5). Here the greed
in view is probably the coveting of someone else's body for selfish
gratification.
5:4 Paul proceeded from immorality to vulgarity. The Christian's speech

should also demonstrate love (cf. 4:29). Filthiness or obscenity refers to
dirty speech. Silly or foolish talk (lit. stupid words) probably describes
talk that just wastes time, not necessarily "small talk." Coarse jesting does
not mean joking necessarily but vulgar joking that relies on clever word
plays such as double entendres. This type of speech is inappropriate for
saints who should be full of thanksgiving since we have received so much.
Thanksgiving is also edifying.
"All God's gifts, including sex, are subjects for

thanksgiving, rather than for joking. To joke about them is
bound to degrade them; to thank God for them is the way to
preserve their worth as the blessings of a loving
Creator."171
5:5 Paul warned his readers against improper conduct by reminding them that
people who practice such things sacrifice an inheritance in the kingdom to
come, namely, the millennial kingdom (cf. 1 Cor. 6:9-10; Gal. 5:21).172
The AV, NKJV, and NIV have "any inheritance," and the NASB has "an
171Stott,p. 193.
172J.Dwight Pentecost, Thy Kingdom Come, p. 283, took this and similar passages as referring to "the
present form of the kingdom" and salvation. I think it involves both present and future blessings.
inheritance," but the Greek text omits the article: "does not have
inheritance." Since Paul had already said that all believers have an
inheritance in Christ (1:3-14), he was evidently contrasting unbelievers
with believers (cf. v. 6; 1 Cor. 6:9-11; Gal. 5:21; Matt. 19:16; Mark 10:17;
Luke 18:18).
Interpreters who take this verse as evidence that a truly saved person
cannot and will not practice these vices overlook the fact that some
genuine believers live carnal lives (cf. 1 Cor. 3:1-4).173
5:6 This verse further stresses the urgency of living lives of love rather than
selfishness. The empty words in view would be words teaching that living
a moral Christian life is unimportant. They are empty because they are
void of content, containing no truth. If the wrath of God is presently
coming on the sons of disobedience (cf. 2:2), certainly His own sons can
expect His discipline when they practice the same things. Since God is
holy He deals with sin wherever He finds it, in unbelievers and in
believers alike.
4. Walking in light 5:7-14
The resumptive inferential particle translated "Therefore" marks the beginning of a new
paragraph in Paul's thought (cf. 4:1, 17; 5:1, 15). He related three commands concerning
walking (living) in the light in these verses and added reasons and explanations to
motivate and to assist his readers.
5:7 It is inconsistent for the objects of God's love (v. 2) to become fellow
partakers (3:6) with the objects of God's wrath (v. 6) by joining in selfish,
immoral, impure conduct. This verse contains the first command.
5:8 The reason Christians should not partake with unbelievers in their evil
deeds is that we were formerly darkness (cf. 4:17-19) but are now light
having trusted Jesus Christ (2:1-3; 3:17-24; cf. Matt. 5:14; Col. 12:1-13).
The second command is to walk as children of light. Obviously it is
possible for the children of light not to walk (live) as children of light.
Otherwise the command would be unnecessary.
5:9 The fruit of the light is those qualities that characterize God's life (i.e., the
fruit that the Spirit produces). The three qualities mentioned here are the
opposite of the fruit of darkness (4:18-19). If the child of light does not
walk in the light, he will not bear much of the fruit of the light (cf. John
15:1-6). He might even be outwardly indistinguishable from a child of
darkness (cf. Matt. 13:24-30).
173For further study, see Zane C. Hodges, The Gospel Under Siege, pp. 109-20; idem, Grace in Eclipse, pp.
76-77; and Charles C. Ryrie, So Great Salvation, pp. 59-65.
5:10 As the child of light walks as a child of light (v. 8b), he will continually
try to discover what the will of God is so he can do it and please God.
5:11 Children of light should also abstain from joining the sons of disobedience
in their deeds but should rather reprove believers who do them because
these deeds are unfruitful (cf. v. 9).174 This is Paul's third command in this
section. It is the deeds of unbelievers that Christians must shun, not the
unbelievers who do them. We reprove the deeds of believers who practice
such evil deeds as we bring the light (v. 9) next to them. This exposes
them for what they are.
5:12 Believers should not even discuss the secret dark deeds of believers in
normal conversation. Discussing these things will just draw attention to
them and may make them attractive to the carnal minded. It is better to
keep what they do in the dark in the dark.
5:13 On the other hand, when light shines on evil deeds, other people see them
for what they are, namely, evil. This verse is not contradicting the
previous one. Paul was assuring his readers that God will bring evil to the
light one day and show it to be what it is. He Himself will bring all evil to
the light eventually. Everything that becomes visible "is light" in the sense
that it becomes obvious, but it also becomes good.
"This may mean that Christians who lead a righteous life

thereby restrain and reform evildoers, yes, and even convert
them."175
5:14 Since God will bring all things into the light (v. 13), it is important that
believers wake up and rise from the deadness of their former unsaved
lifestyles. If they do, Christ will shine on them in blessing, as the sun
warms what its rays touch. The source from which Paul quoted seems to
have been an early Christian poem or hymn based on Isaiah 60:1.176
5. Walking in wisdom 5:15—6:9
Paul introduced a new thought with the repetition of "Therefore" and "walk" for the fifth
time. We can walk (live) wisely by letting the Holy Spirit control our lives.
"For Paul, the Christian faith was not an abstract exercise in theological
discourse. Instead it called for a different way to relate to others."177

175Stott,
p. 200. See also Foulkes, p. 148.
176Wood, p. 71.
177Bock, "A Theology . . .," p. 317.
The basic admonition 5:15-21

Paul began this section with a basic admonition (vv. 15-21). Then he applied this
instruction to various groups of Christians (5:22—6:9).
5:15 The word order and usage in the Greek text suggest that "careful" modifies
"walk" rather than "be." We could translate the clause "See to it that you
walk (live) carefully." Careful living is essential to being wise (skillful)
and to pleasing the Lord (v. 10). The wise person is one who views and
sees things the way God does.
5:16 We live wisely when we use every opportunity to please and glorify the
Lord. Every day and every hour provide opportunities, and we should
seize them for these purposes. This is important because we live in days
that evil influences and evil individuals dominate.
5:17 The unwise (v. 15) simply lack wisdom, but the foolish (v. 17) behave
contrary to what they know to be right. To be wise we must comprehend
intellectually (Gr. syniete, understand) what God's will is. Only after we
do that can we please God (v. 10). The Lord's will should be the
Christian's primary blueprint since He is the Head of the body. God's will
includes allowing Him to control (fill) us, being thankful always, and
being subject to one another, as the following verses clarify. Wise people
not only make the most of their time (v. 16), but they also seek to discover
and do God's will.
5:18 Specifically we should not let wine control us but God's Holy Spirit. Both
forces are internal. "Be filled" is a passive command. It amounts to letting
the Holy Spirit who indwells us control us completely. The wine that fills
a person controls every area of his life as long as that person consumes it.
Drunkenness results in incorrigible behavior. Likewise the believer who
allows the Spirit to influence and direct his thinking and behavior will
experience His control as long as he maintains that relationship to the
Spirit (cf. Luke 1:15; Acts 2:12-21). Another translation of the command
is, "Be being kept filled by the Spirit."178 It is our ongoing responsibility
(present tense). This is obligatory for every Christian, not optional.
"The baptism of the Spirit means that I belong to Christ's

body. The filling of the Spirit means that my body belongs
to Christ."179
178See Chafer, He That . . ., pp. 39-81. See also Randall Gleason, "B. B. Warfield and Lewis S. Chafer on
Sanctification," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 40:2 (June 1997):241-56; Andreas J.
Köstenberger, "What Does It Mean to Be Filled with the Spirit? A Biblical Investigation," Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 40:2 (June 1997):229-40; and Eldon Woodcock, "The Filling of the Holy
Spirit," Bibliotheca Sacra 157:625 (January-March 2000):68-87.
179Wiersbe, 2:48. He also noted some helpful contrasts between being drunk with wine and being filled
with the Spirit on 2:49.
5:19 Paul referred to four of the many results of Spirit filling. He set them forth
as participles, but they virtually amount to imperatives in their force. All
four deal with praise, and all are public rather than private activities.
"Psalms" refers to the Old Testament psalms that the Christians as well as
the Jews used in their worship. Hymns were songs that eulogized some
person or god in Greek culture and the true God in Christian worship (v.
14). Spiritual songs is a general term that probably covers all other kinds
of vocal praise. When God controls us, we are joyful.180
In addition to communicating with one another using the means already

described, Christians should also use these means to communicate with
the Lord. Praise should spring from the heart, not just the lips. "Singing"
refers to vocal praise, and "making melody with your heart" implies
inaudible praise.
5:20 Third, we should thank God the Father for all things (cf. Col. 3:17; 1
Thess. 5:18). Christians can engage in thanksgiving even when they are
not offering praise corporately. Praying in the name of Jesus Christ means
praying because of His merits and work and in harmony with His will (cf.
John 14:13-14; 15:16; 16:23-24; 1 John 5:14-15). It is possible to be
thankful in all things when we recognize that God is at work in our lives
for His glory and our good (Rom. 8:28). When God controls us, we are
thankful.
5:21 The fourth result of fullness with (control by) the Spirit is willingness to
submit to other people, specifically believers. The opposite would be
dominating others and exalting oneself over them. This attitude is only
reasonable and carries over from reverence for (fear of) Christ. When God
controls us, we have submissive (supportive) spirits.
"What is beyond question is that the three paragraphs

which follow are given as examples of Christian
submission, and that the emphasis throughout is on
submission."181
Having explained the basic admonition to be filled with the Spirit (vv. 15-21) Paul next
applied the implication of this exhortation to various groups of Christians. He addressed
six groups: wives and husbands (5:22-33), children and parents (6:1-4), and slaves and
masters (6:5-9). In each of the three pairings, the first partner is responsible to be
submissive or obedient (5:22; 6:1, 5). However the second partner is also to show a
submissive spirit. All are to relate to one another as unto the Lord. This is one of several
180See Steven R. Guthrie, "Singing, in the Body and in the Spirit," Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society 46:4 (December 2003):633-46.
181Stott, p. 215.
"house-rule" lists in the New Testament (cf. Eph. 5:22—6:9; 1 Tim. 2:8-15; 6:1-2; Titus
2:1-10; 1 Pet. 2:18—3:7).182
"Too much so-called 'holiness teaching' emphasizes a personal

relationship to Jesus Christ without any attempt to indicate its
consequences in terms of relationships with the people we live and work
with. In contrast to such holiness-in-a-vacuum, which magnifies
experiences and minimizes ethics, the apostles spelled out Christian duty
in the concrete situations of everyday life and work."183
When God controls us, we experience harmony in the home and in the workplace.
The duty of wives 5:22-24
"After centuries of Christian teaching, we scarcely appreciate the

revolutionary nature of Paul's views on family life set forth in this passage.
Among the Jews of his day, as also among the Romans and the Greeks,
women were seen as secondary citizens with few or no rights. The pious
male Jew daily said a prayer in which he thanked God for not making him
a woman. And he could divorce his wife by simply writing 'a bill of
divorcement' (which must include the provision that she was then free to
marry whomever she wanted). The wife had no such right."184
5:22 Paul addressed wives first. Christian wives are to be subject (v. 21) to their
own husbands as an expression of their submission to the Lord Jesus. Paul
did not say they were to be subject to their own husbands in proportion as
they are submissive to the Lord. In submitting to her husband, the wife is
obeying the Lord who has commanded her to do so. In this section Paul
was speaking of relationships in marriage, as the context clarifies (vv. 22-
33). He was not saying all women are to be subject to all men, nor was he
saying that women are inferior to men (cf. 1 Pet. 3:7).
People often misunderstand submission. It does not indicate inferiority or

involve losing one's identity and becoming a non-person. Some women
fear that submission will lead to abuse and or a feeling of being used.
Submission does not mean blind obedience or passivity. It means giving
oneself up to someone else.
"Equality of worth is not identity of role."185
182The writings of some Apostolic Fathers also contain such lists. Luther referred to these sections as
Haustafel, and some scholars still use this technical term when referring to these lists. See the excursus in
Hoehner, Ephesians, pp. 720-29; and Timothy G. Gombis, "A Radically New Humanity: The Function of
the Haustafel in Ephesians," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 48:2 (June 2005):317-30.
183Stott, p. 214.
184Morris, pp. 180-81.
185J. H. Yoder, The Politics of Jesus, p. 177, n. 23.
We live in an ordered universe in which there is authority and submission

to authority everywhere (cf. Rom. 13:1). Authority and submission
relationships are therefore natural and necessary to maintain order. God
has authority over man (James 4:5). Man has authority over nature (Gen.
1:28). Husbands have authority over their wives (Eph. 5:22). Parents have
authority over their children (Eph. 6:1). Governors have authority over
those they govern (1 Pet. 2:13-14). Employers have authority over their
employees (1 Pet. 2:18). Spiritual leaders have authority over those they
lead spiritually (1 Pet. 5:2).
Submission means organizing voluntarily to fill out a pattern that

constitutes a complete whole. The word "support" is a good synonym for
the biblical concept of "submit." A wife submits to her husband when she
voluntarily organizes herself so she can complete her husband. A good
example of this is her cooperating with him when they run a three-legged
race. They have to work together to succeed. Submission is essential to
achieve oneness in marriage.186
Submission involves four responsibilities. It begins with an attitude of

entrusting oneself to God. The focus of life must be on Jesus Christ. The
ability to submit comes from Him (cf. 1 Pet. 2:24). He is similar to the
cables that enable a suspension bridge to carry out its purpose. Second,
submission requires respectful behavior (cf. 1 Pet. 3:1-2). This rules out
nagging. Nagging is similar to having a duck nibble you to death. Third,
submission means developing a godly character (cf. 1 Pet. 3:3-5). Fourth,
submission involves doing what is right (cf. 1 Pet. 3:6). Submission
should not involve participating in conduct that is contrary to Scripture.
Every Christian's primary responsibility is to do God's will.187
5:23 The reason for the wife's willing submission is that God has placed wives
in a position of authority under their husbands (cf. 1 Cor. 11:12). Likewise
He has chosen to place Jesus Christ in authority over the church. Jesus
Christ is the Savior of the church and similarly the husband is the deliverer
of his wife. The husband's headship involves loving, serving, caring for,
and leading his wife. These are all things that Jesus Christ does for the
church.
"To speak in terms of functional equality for husband and

wife erroneously removes the complementary quality of the
relationship and invalidates the comparison to Christ and
the church, who are not functionally equal."188
186Family Life Conference, pp. 104-6.

187SeeStott, pp. 218-19.
188Bock, "A Theology . . .," pp. 317-18.
Leadership should involve a recognition that God has placed the husband
in a position of responsibility. The husband occupies his role by divine
placement. Assuming this role does not mean that the husband must
execute all of his responsibilities perfectly, since that would be impossible.
It does mean that he is accountable to God for his wife and children. Even
though Eve ate the fruit first, God approached Adam first to question him
about what he and Eve had done (Gen. 3:9). The husband's leadership
makes the wife's submission reasonable. It requires taking the initiative,
integrity, and serving the wife (i.e., lightening the load of those who
follow; cf. Matt. 11:28-30; Mark 10:42-45). Leadership also involves
managing the home, not dominating it. A good manager creates an
environment in which each person can achieve his or her maximum
potential. A responsible father also keeps his children under control (1
Tim. 3:4). Leading is one of the husband's primary responsibilities in
marriage.189
"Those who are busy undermining the chastity of wedlock

to-day are the worst enemies of the commonweal [the
public good]. Its inviolability is not a question to be settled
on grounds of expediency. The corner-stone of society is at
stake in the matter."190
5:24 This verse continues the comparison. Submission is the proper response to
sovereignly designated authority in the church-Christ relationship and in
the wife-husband relationship.191 "In everything" means in everything
within the wife-husband relationship, the context within which the apostle
was speaking. Paul probably did not mean in absolutely everything since
the wife has a higher responsibility to obey the Lord. When she encounters
conflicting authorities, the Lord, through His Word, telling her to do one
thing and her husband telling her to do a contradictory thing, she should
obey the Lord.192
"The Scripture is the guide for faith and life in the Christian
home. A husband's authority in the home is derivative: as a
servant of God, his authority comes from God. He is,
therefore, subject to Scripture in all that he does, and has no
freedom to guide his family in ways which contradict it.
Should he clearly do so, individual members must follow
189Family Life . . ., pp. 118-19.

190Simpson, p. 128.
191See Wayne Grudem, "Does kephale ('Head') Mean 'Source' or 'Authority Over' in Greek Literature? A
survey of 2,336 Examples," Trinity Journal 6NS (1985):38-59; idem. "The Meaning of kephale: A
Response to Recent Studies," Trinity Journal 11NS (1990):3-72; idem, "The Meaning of kephale ('head'):
An Evaluation of New Evidence, Real and Alleged," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 44:1
(March 2001):25-65.
192See Eadie, p. 413.
God before man. The example of Sapphira's willing sin and

personal accountability makes this clear (Acts 5:9)."193
What about a Christian wife whose unsaved husband beats or otherwise

abuses her? Is she to be submissive to him in everything? Peter addressed
such a situation in 1 Peter 3:1-3 and commanded wives in those situations
to "be submissive." He did not add "in everything." I would counsel such a
woman to maintain a submissive attitude but to take measures to protect
herself from danger. In commanding submission neither Paul nor Peter
was saying wives must submit to situations in which they are in danger.
They wanted them to submit to their husbands as God's appointed head
over them.
"The final addition in every thing might seem more than

can be accepted as God's purpose by this present generation
with its stress on emancipation of womanhood, and the
place of woman outside the home in every sphere of life
that man occupies. Has not a woman equal rights with a
man to self-determination? May not a married woman
make herself a career as well as her husband? The answer
that the New Testament would give is that she may do so,
provided that it does not mean the sacrifice of the divine
pattern for home life, for family relationships and for the
whole Christian community. She may fulfill any function
and any responsibility in society, but if she has accepted
before God the responsibility of marriage and of a family
these must be her first concern, and this is expressed here in
terms of her relationship to her husband as head of the
home."194
The duty of husbands 5:25-33
5:25 In the Greco-Roman world in which Paul lived, people recognized that
wives had responsibilities to their husbands but not vice versa.195 Paul
summarized the wife's duty as submission and the husband's duty as love.
The word he used for love (agapate) means much more than sexual
passion (eros) or even family affection (philia). It means seeking the
highest good for another person (cf. 2:4). Husbands are to love their wives
in the same way that Christ loved the church. The extent to which He went
for her welfare was giving Himself up in death to provide salvation for her
(cf. v. 2; Phil. 2:5-11). He gave up His rights yet maintained His
responsibilities. The biblical concept of authority spells responsibility, not
tyranny.
193JamesB. Hurley, Man and Woman in Biblical Perspective, pp. 150-51.

194Foulkes,pp. 156-57.
195Wood, p. 76.
Love requires an attitude of unconditional acceptance of an imperfect

person not based on her performance but on her intrinsic worth as God's
gift to her husband. The verbalization of this acceptance is part of loving.
Love also requires sacrificial action. It involves doing something,
specifically placing the wife's needs before his own, such as doing
something for her that she hates to do. It also involves self-denial, such as
giving up something he would enjoy doing to do something she would like
to do. This kind of love arises out of a commitment of the will, not just
passing feelings.
Different people feel loved as a result of receiving different expressions of

love. Giving words of affirmation effectively communicates love to some
people, giving quality time does to others, giving gifts, giving acts of
service, and giving physical touches communicate love to others.196 The
husband who wishes to make his wife feel loved should discover which of
these expressions of love best communicate his love to his wife.
5:26 The purpose Jesus Christ had in mind when He sacrificed Himself for His
bride, the church, was to set her apart (sanctify, make her holy) for
Himself as His own forever (cf. Heb. 2:11; 10:10, 14; 13:12). Logically
cleansing comes before setting apart, but in reality these things occur
simultaneously when a person trusts in Christ. The cleansing here is
spiritual rather than physical. The Word of God cleanses us in the sense
that when we believe the gospel it washes our sins away as water washes
dirt away (cf. Titus 3:5; 1 Cor. 6:11). Thus washing is a metaphor of
redemption.197
5:27 What was Jesus Christ's ultimate purpose in giving Himself for the church
(v. 25)? It was to present her to Himself in all her glory finally, namely,
without any blemishes, effects of sin (wrinkles), or anything that would
diminish her glory. Positively God will eventually present the church to
His Son as exclusively His and spotless (cf. 1:4). This will happen at the
Rapture when all Christians will experience full sanctification (i.e.,
glorification) and will join our Lord forever (cf. 2 Cor. 11:2).
"Spots are caused by defilement on the outside, while

wrinkles are caused by decay on the inside."198
5:28 This verse and the following two verses apply the truth just stated in
verses 25-27. Since in marriage two people become one flesh (Gen. 2:24),
in a figurative sense a man's wife becomes part of his own body.
196SeeGary D. Chapman, The Five Love Languages, for fuller development of this insight.
198Wiersbe, 2:51.
Consequently the husband should love and treat her as he does his own
body (cf. Lev. 19:18).
"As he does not think about loving himself because it is

natural, so also, should the husbend's love of his wife be
something that is as natural as loving himself."199
5:29-30 The truth that no normal person hates his own body is clear because
everyone who is of sound mind maintains his physical body. The idea that
we all need to learn to love ourselves, which some psychologists stress, is
foreign to the apostles' thought here. Christ also feeds and cares for His
body, the church. The implication is that husbands should likewise care
for their wives since the wife is a "member" of his body.
Nourishing involves providing security. Cherishing involves protecting by

watching out for and caring for. Here are some basic needs that most
wives feel. They need to feel wanted, to have their husbands acknowledge
their equality, to feel secure, and to feel fulfilled. They also need to enjoy
sex without feeling like an object, to bear and love children with their
husbands, and to enjoy companionship with their husbands.
5:31 Adam acknowledged that Eve was part of himself: "bone of my bones, and
flesh of my flesh" (Gen. 2:23). When a man and a woman unite in
marriage, they become part of one another in as close a unity as the one
that existed before God separated Eve physically from Adam. The
Scriptures regard this tie as more fundamental than any other tie that
unites any other two human beings including parent and child.200 It is
because of this high view of marriage that Christianity has traditionally
taken a strong stand for the indissolubility of the marriage bond and
against polygamy, adultery, and divorce.
"This statement from the creation story is the most

profound and fundamental statement in the whole of
Scripture concerning God's plan for marriage."201
5:32 The mystery in view is the truth previously hidden but now brought to
light. The relationship that exists between a husband and his wife is the
same as the one that exists between Christ and His church. The church has
as close a tie to Christ spiritually as a wife has to her husband spiritually.
Paul revealed that Genesis 2:24 contains a more profound truth than
people previously realized. The mystery is great because it has far-
reaching implications.

200Idem,"Ephesians," p. 641.
201Foulkes, p. 161.
One of the purposes of marriage is to model Jesus Christ's relationship

with the church. He leads, loves, and serves the church. The church
reverently submits and is subject to Him. When husbands and wives fulfill
these responsibilities to one another, their marriage models the
relationship between Christ and His bride.
5:33 Even if Paul's original readers did not grasp the significance of Christ's
intimate relationship to the church fully, every individual Christian
husband was responsible to love his wife as himself. Likewise every
Christian wife should respect (phobetai, fear, reverence) her husband (vv.
21-22). Paul did not instruct wives to love their husbands because
submission is the primary expression of love that God requires. If the
husband loves his wife as Christ loved the church, the wife will love her
husband.
Respecting means voluntarily lifting up another person for special

consideration, treatment, and obedience. It involves having consideration
for his responsibilities and needs and praying for him. Words of
encouragement that have a positive focus and build him up show respect
for a husband as does doing things that please him. Probably most men
have a poor self-image.202 A man must have the respect of his wife to feel
successful as a man.
The duty of children 6:1-3
The next basic human relationship that needs affecting by the filling of the Spirit (5:15-
21) is that of children and parents.
6:1 Children express their submission by obeying their parents (plural). "In the
Lord" modifies "obey," not "parents." Children should not obey their
parents if their parents tell them to disobey the Lord.203 Obedience is right
in the sense that it is in harmony with God's will for children (cf. Col.
3:20). Children should obey their parents as long as they are children
living under their parents' authority. When a child becomes an adult, he or
she no longer has to obey parents but should continue to honor them.204
"So long as they are regarded in their culture as children or

minors, they should continue to obey their parents."205
6:2 Even though as Christians we are no longer under the Mosaic Law (Rom.
7:6; 10:4; et. al.), Paul quoted the fifth commandment (Exod. 20:12; Deut.
5:16) to stress the importance of children obeying their parents. He
202See Walter Trobisch, All a Man Can Be & What a Woman Should Know.
203Morris, p. 190.
204Ibid.
205Stott, p. 243.
restated this command as part of the Law of Christ. Honoring (v. 2) is a

larger concept than obeying (v. 1). It involves a proper attitude as well as
appropriate behavior.206
The first commandment in the Decalogue with a promise was really the
second commandment. Evidently Paul meant that for children the fifth
was the primary commandment, and it contained a promise.
6:3 When he restated the promise connected with obeying the fifth
commandment, Paul changed it. God promised obedient Jewish children
long life in the Promised Land (Exod. 20:12; Deut. 5:16). Since He has not
promised Christians a particular piece of land Paul stated the more general
promise that lay behind the specific promise, namely, longer physical life
on earth. Normally children who obey their parents end up avoiding many
perils that would shorten their lives.
The duty of fathers 6:4
Paul addressed fathers because they are God's ordained family heads on whom the
primary responsibility for child training rests. When a father is absent in a family, the
mother usually assumes this responsibility. In Greco-Roman society the father's authority
over his children was absolute.
"This idea would have been revolutionary in its day; in the first-century
Roman Empire, fathers could do pretty much what they liked in their
families. They could even sentence family members to death . . ."207
Christianity introduced consideration for the feelings of the children into parental
responsibility.
Essentially this command forbids making unreasonable demands on children in the

everyday course of family life. "Provoke" (Gr. parorgizete) means to exasperate (cf.
Rom. 10:19; Col. 3:21). This kind of provocation can enflame the child's anger
unnecessarily (cf. 4:31). Studies indicate that the factor that causes rage in teenagers
more than any other is having to face life without adequate direction from their parents.
Instead fathers should provide for the physical and spiritual needs of their children (cf.
5:29). "Discipline" or "training" refers to directing and correcting the child (cf. 2 Tim.
3:16; Heb. 12:8). "Instruction" denotes correction by word of mouth including advice and
encouragement (cf. 1 Cor. 10:11; Titus 3:10). Fathers are to do all this with the Lord at
the center of the relationship and training.
"Responsible authority does not wield power; it serves with it."208
206See Mollie Ann Frye, "How to Honor Your Parents When They've Hurt You," Psychology for Living
28:6 (June 1986):12-14.
207Morris, p. 191. Cf. Gen. 22:1-14; 38:24; Deut. 21:18-21.
208Bock, "A Theology . . .," p. 318.
". . . too many parents nowadays foster the latent mischief by a policy of
laissez faire, pampering their pert urchins like pet monkeys whose
escapades furnish a fund of amusement as irresponsible freaks of no
serious import. Such unbridled young scamps, for lack of correction,
develop too often into headstrong, peevish, self-seeking characters,
menaces to the community where they dwell, and the blame rests with
their supine and duty-shirking seniors."209
The duty of slaves 6:5-8
The third group that Paul addressed was slaves and masters (cf. 1 Cor. 7:17-24). Most
slaves served in the home in Paul's day, so this section fits in well with what precedes
about other household relationships. Some students of Roman history have estimated that
about one-third of the population in the Roman Empire at this time was slaves,
approximately 60 million individuals.210 Many of these people were Christians. Most
ancient Greeks and Romans regarded slaves as little more than living tools.211
"Aristotle lays it down that there can never be friendship between master
and slave, for master and slave have nothing in common; 'for a slave is a
living tool, just as a tool is an inanimate slave.' A slave was nothing better,
and had no more rights, than a tool. Varro, writing on agriculture, divided
agricultural instruments into three classes—the articulate, the inarticulate
and the mute. The articulate comprises the slaves; the inarticulate the
cattle; and the mute the vehicles. The slave is no better than a beast who
happens to be able to talk. Cato gives advice to a man taking over a farm.
He must go over it and throw out everything that is past its work; and old
slaves too must be thrown out on the scrap heap to starve. When a slave is
ill it is sheer extravagance to issue him with normal rations. The old and
sick slave is only a broken and inefficient tool."212
6:5 Paul contrasted masters according to the flesh with the Master of the
human spirit, namely, Jesus Christ. Christian slaves owed their earthly
masters obedience. Obedience demonstrated their submission to Christ (cf.
5:22).
Seven qualifications describe proper obedience. Service was to be

respectful (with fear, reverence; cf. 5:33). Second, it was to be with
"trembling" or "fear," that is, with care that the slave not make a mistake.
Third, it was to be sincere, without hypocrisy or duplicity. Fourth, service
should be as to the Lord.
209Simpson, p. 136. See also Wiersbe, 2:54-55.

210Wood, p. 83.
211See the excursus on slavery in Paul's time in Hoehner, Ephesians, pp. 800—04.
212Barclay, p. 213.
6:6 Fifth, service was to be consistent, whether the master was watching or
not. Paul may have also had in mind doing work that the human master
could not check on. Sixth, it needed to arise from proper motives, not to
please men only but, what is more important, to please the Lord.
6:7 Seventh, the slave should have an attitude of good will toward his or her
master. He should serve for the master's welfare. Such good will "does not
wait to be compelled."213 This kind of service is to be done as to the Lord,
not as if to the Lord. The Lord is the One whom the slave really serves as
well as the earthly master.
6:8 Paul reminded faithful slaves that they would receive a reward from Jesus
Christ in the future whether their masters on earth acknowledged their
good service or not. This reward would come at the judgment seat of
Christ if not earlier.
"Like Jesus himself, Paul does not shrink from referring to

rewards."214
This principle applies to all who serve the Lord whether slave or free.
The duty of masters 6:9
Masters should seek to please the Lord in their dealings with their slaves even as slaves
should try to please Christ as they serve their masters. They should not threaten because
our heavenly Master does not threaten us. Threatening means warning that punishment
will come immediately (cf. Acts 4:17; 29; 9:1). The opposite of threatening is gracious,
just, and fair treatment (cf. Col. 4:1; James 5:4). Masters should also remember that their
Master in heaven will not show favoritism to them because of their social or economic
status. He will evaluate them by the same standard that they have used to judge others
(Matt. 7:1-5).
"This is a gentle reminder that earthly rank has no relevance in heaven."215
Stott identified and discussed three major reasons he believed the apostles did not urge
the abolition of slavery. First, Christians were an insignificant group in the Roman
Empire during the first century and were politically powerless. Second, it was fairly easy
to make the transition from slavery to freedom, and there was a growing tendency for
Romans to free their slaves and even establish them in a trade or profession. Third, by
this time the legal status of slaves was beginning to be eased and showed signs of further
improvement.216
213J.Armitage Robinson, St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, p. 211.

214Wood, p. 84.
215Morris, p. 198.
216Stott, pp. 254-59.
"The application of this passage to contemporary times must be done with

caution. Paul was writing specifically for a society where slavery was a
legal institution. However, there are certainly some principles from the
passage that can be applied to employee/employer relationships in the
present time. Primarily, Christian employees should serve their employers
with fear, diligence, integrity, and good will and Christian employers
should deal with their employees with integrity and goodwill, without
threats. Both Christian employees and Christian employers need also to
realize that they have a heavenly master to whom they are accountable for
their attitudes and conduct. Furthermore, the behavior of both parties
should be a testimony to the unbelievers with whom they work."217
As we review this section of duties, we need to remind ourselves that only a Spirit-filled
believer will be able to fulfill them (5:15-20). Essentially what Paul urged was humility
that expresses itself in submissiveness to others rather than arrogant self-assertiveness.
So ends Paul's commands concerning how the Christian is to walk (live; 4:1—6:9): in
unity, in holiness, in love, in light, and in wisdom.
B. SPIRITUAL WARFARE 6:10-20

That this section is distinct from the five that precede it is evident from two facts. Paul
introduced it differently, and the emphasis in it is on God's resources. Earlier Paul urged
the strengthening and growth of the body of Christ (4:12, 16). Now he explained the need
for this. The body is at war with a spiritual enemy. We do not just walk, but we also war.
"These two responsibilities (home and work on the one hand, and spiritual
combat on the other) are quite different from each other. Husband and
wife, parents and children, masters and servants are visible, tangible
human beings, while the 'principalities and powers' arrayed against us are
invisible, intangible demonic beings."218
"Sooner or later every believer discovers that the Christian life is a

battleground, not a playground, and that he faces an enemy who is much
stronger than he is—apart from the Lord."219
"The image of the cosmic struggle or confrontation with evil is frequent in

the book, but it hits its high point here (1:19-23; 2:1-7; 4:7-10; 5:7-14,
17)."220
217Hoehner, Ephesians, p. 816. See William J. Webb, Slaves, Women & Homosexuals, for a different
viewpoint. Webb did not believe these exhortations apply to employer employee relationships. Wayne
Grudem, "Should We Move Beyond the New Testament to a Better Ethic?" Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society 47:2 (June 2004):299-346, rejected Webb's "redemptive-movement hermeneutic"
because it nullifies in principle the moral authority of the entire New Testament. I agree with Grudem's
analysis.
218Stott, p. 213.
219Wiersbe, 2:56.
220Bock, "A Theology . . .," p. 318.
According to the Book of Acts, there was an unusual amount of demonic activity in
Ephesus, and Paul encountered it when he ministered there (cf. Acts 19:13-20). It was,
therefore, appropriate that he addressed this subject at some length in this letter to the
Ephesians.
6:10 "Finally" means "For the rest" and introduces what remains for the readers
to do. "Be strong" is a passive or middle imperative in the Greek text. It
probably meant both "allow the Lord to strengthen you" (passive) and
"strengthen yourself in the Lord" (middle; cf. 1 Sam. 30:6). It is the Lord
who provides the power in both cases. The theme of power introduced
earlier in this epistle recurs here (cf. 1:19-20; 2:1; 3:16-21). Three
different words for power in this verse, all of which appear in 1:19, remind
us that the Lord's might is available to us in our spiritual warfare.
"'The strength of his power' is a striking use of two words

for might. There is probably no great difference in meaning
here, but the combination puts emphasis on the importance
of the divine power at work in believers."221
This may be a figure of speech meaning powerful strength.222
6:11 To be strong in the Lord (v. 10) the Christian must "put on" (cf. 1 Thess.
5:8) the full armor that is God's. He supplies it for the believer (cf. Isa.
11:5; 59:17).
"Both commands are conspicuous examples of the balanced

teaching of Scripture. Some Christians are so self-confident
that they think they can manage by themselves without the
Lord's strength and armour. Others are so self-distrustful
that they imagine they have nothing to contribute to their
victory in spiritual warfare. Both are mistaken. Paul
expresses the proper combination of divine ennabling [sic]
and human co-operation."223
The purpose of accepting the equipment that God provides for waging
spiritual warfare is essentially to withstand all of Satan's attacks. In the
context of this epistle the aim of Satan in view primarily has been the
disunity of the body of Christ. However what Paul said here doubtless
applies to all of Satan's aims and attacks. These offensives come to us
from a very intelligent and experienced strategist, and they are frequently
deceptive (cf. 4:14).
221Morris, p. 201.
222A hendiadys is the expression of a single complex idea by joining two substantives with "and" rather
than by using an adjective and a substantive. Another example of this figure is "the sacrifice and service of
your faith" (Phil. 2:17), which means the sacrificial service of your faith.
223Stott, p. 266.
From other Scripture we know that Satan is behind all of our temptations
having received permission to assail us from God (e.g., Job 1—2). He uses
the world system and our flesh (sinful nature) as his tools. He also attacks
us directly himself and through his angelic emissaries. God has given us
specific instruction in Scripture about how to combat these attacks. We are
to resist the devil (1 Peter 5:8-9), flee the temptations of the world system
(the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life; 1 John 2:15-
17; 1 Tim. 6:11; 2 Tim. 2:22), and deny the flesh (Rom. 6:12-13; 7:18-24;
8:13). How do we know the source of a given temptation so we can
respond to it appropriately?
Satan has consistently aimed his personal attacks at getting people to

doubt, to deny, to disregard, and to disobey the revealed will of God (cf.
Gen. 3; Matt. 4). The world system seeks to get people to believe that they
do not need God but can get along very well without Him (1 John 2). The
flesh tempts us to think that we can find satisfaction, joy, and fulfillment
on the physical, material level of life alone (Rom. 7).224
"A thorough knowledge of the enemy and a healthy respect

for his prowess are a necessary preliminary to victory in
war. Similarly, if we underestimate our spiritual enemy, we
shall see no need for God's armour, we shall go out to the
battle unarmed, with no weapons but our own puny
strength, and we shall be quickly and ignominiously
defeated."225
6:12 If we want to obey God and resist the devil, we are in for a struggle. It is
not easy to become a mature Christian nor is it automatic. It takes diligent,
sustained effort. This is part of our human responsibility in progressive
sanctification.
This struggle does not take place on the physical level primarily, though
saying no to certain temptations may involve certain physical behavior. It
is essentially warfare on the spiritual level with an enemy that we cannot
see. This enemy is Satan and his hosts as well as the philosophies he
promotes that people implement.226
Some commentators believe that Paul described four different orders of

angelic beings here. Probably the four terms used of our spiritual enemies
in this verse do not identify four separate kinds of adversaries as much as
224See J. Dwight Pentecost, Your Adversary the Devil, and C. S. Lewis, The Screwtape Letters, for further
insight into the devil's strategies.
225Stott, p. 263.
226For a rebuttal of the view that the principalities and powers are only structures of thought, especially
embodied in the state and its institutions, see ibid., pp. 267-75.
they point out four characteristics of all of them. "Rulers" stresses their
authority and "powers" or "authorities" their strength. "World forces of
this darkness" or "powers of this dark world" point to their wide influence
in the world and forces "of wickedness" or "spiritual forces of evil" to
their evil character. They operate in the heavenly realms (1:3, 20; 2:6;
3:10). Presently Satan and his hosts have access to God in the sense that
they can communicate with Him but not in the sense that they can coexist
in fellowship with Him (cf. Job 1—2).
"Nowhere in the NT do we find a territorial view of

demons. Jesus never casts out a territorial demon or
attributes the resistance of Nazareth or Jerusalem to such
entities. Paul never refers to territorial spirits, nor does he
attribute power to them—despite the paganism of cities
where he established churches."227
"In the face of growing citizen militia groups, committed to

arming themselves in order to defend personal freedoms, it
seems ironic that the church has forgotten that she is
spiritually armed for an entirely different battle. As the
church, in response to various culture wars, increasingly
turns to numerous battles 'with flesh and blood' rather than
to the primary battle with 'the spiritual forces of wickedness
in the heavenly places' (Eph. 6:12), one must wonder if we
have forgotten the teaching of the New Testament itself."228
6:13 This verse summarizes what has just preceded. It does not describe the
Christian standing in victory after his or her conflict, as is clear from
verses 14-18. Probably Paul repeated himself here because of the urgency
of our taking up God's provisions in view of the serious struggle we face.
The evil day in view probably describes any day in the present evil age in
which the evil forces attack. A less likely possibility is that it is some day
yet future that is more evil than the rest, such as the day of the Lord. Every
day of temptation is an evil day in this sense for the Christian.
227Gerry Breshears, "The Body of Christ: Prophet, Priest, or King?" Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society 37:1 (March 1994):15. See also Robert A. Guelich, "Spiritual Warfare: Jesus, Paul and Peretti,"
Journal of Pentecostal Studies 13:1 (Spring 1991):33-64. The idea that certain demons have special
authority over specific territories comes from Daniel 10:13 where we read that the "prince [Heb. sar, head,
official, captain] of Persia" withstood Michael, one of the "chief princes [same Hebrew word]." It is
impossible to know whether all demons have territorial authority and whether all territories have demonic
heads because we do not have sufficient revelation. Clearly some demons have territorial assignments, but
it seems unwarranted to conclude that all of them do.
228John H. Armstrong, "How Shall We Wage Our Warfare?" in The Coming Evangelical Crisis, p. 227.
This is an excellent essay that refutes from Scripture many of the teachings of many modern deliverance
ministries.
6:14 This verse begins the eighth long sentence in this epistle, and it runs
through verse 20 (cf. 1:3-14, 15-23; 2:1-7; 3:1-13, 14-19; 4:1-7, 11-16).
The main verbs in this sentence are "stand" (v. 14) and "take" (v. 17).
They are imperatives denoting urgency (cf. vv. 11, 13). Four participles
follow in verses 14-16 that describe how to stand.
Isaiah described God as a soldier (cf. Isa. 11:5; 59:17; 52:7; 49:2). Paul
may have had these descriptions in mind, but he probably used this figure
to describe God's protection because armored Roman infantrymen were
commonplace throughout the empire. One was probably guarding Paul
when he wrote this epistle (cf. Act 28:16). Everyone knew what they
looked like.
Paul described the items that the Roman infantryman wore in the order in
which he would have put them on. He first put on, over his short tunic, a
belt that would hold both the breastplate and scabbard in place. The
"truth" could refer to both God's revealed truth that the Christian has
believed and the Christian's own truthfulness, specifically a lifestyle that
reflects the truth. Full truth is the only adequate basis for a defense against
Satan.
"A man of integrity, with a clear conscience, can face the

enemy without fear. The girdle also held the sword. Unless
we practice the truth, we cannot use the Word of truth.
Once a lie gets into the life of a believer, everything begins
to fall apart. For over a year, King David lied about his sin
with Bathsheba, and nothing went right."229
"People of that time did not normally wear a belt in the

house, but when they faced some vigorous action such as
running, or when a soldier was preparing for battle, they
raised their loose robes above the knees and fastened them
in place with a belt . . . Thus the 'girding' of the loins meant
preparation for physical activity or, as here, for engaging in
conflict."230
Likewise righteous conduct seems to be in view as well as the

righteousness of Christ that becomes ours at regeneration. The breastplate
covered the soldier's body from the neck to the thighs. It was usually
bronze or chain mail.231 It had a back piece, but it was the front part that
gave it its name.
229Wiersbe, 2:58.
230Morris,p. 205.
231Wood, p. 87.
6:15 Roman infantrymen wore tough sandals studded with sharp, thick nails on
the bottoms to increase traction.232 The gospel that has brought peace to
the Christian enables him or her to stand firmly against temptation.
Likewise the gospel is what enables us to move forward against our
enemies (cf. Isa. 52:7). The preparation of the gospel of peace probably
refers to the gospel the Christian soldier has believed that enables him to
stand his ground when attacked. We must be so familiar with the gospel
that we can share it with others (cf. 1 Pet. 3:15). That grip on the gospel
will enable us to hold our ground and even advance when tempted. The
gospel in view is the whole Christian message viewed as good news, not
just how to get saved.
". . . protection comes from reflecting the unity that the

gospel provides within the community ('shod your feet with
the preparation of the gospel,' 6:16 [sic, 6:15], looks back
to 2:11-22; it is not a reference to evangelism)."233
6:16 The Roman soldier's shield was wood covered with leather to make it
flame retardant. It was rectangular in shape and about two and one-half
feet wide by four feet long. With it the soldier could protect his whole
body.
"Before a battle in which flaming arrows might be shot at

them, the soldiers wet the leather covering with water to
extinguish the arrows. The Roman legionaries could close
ranks with these shields, the first row holding theirs edge to
edge in front, and the rows behind holding the shields
above their heads. In this formation they were practically
invulnerable to arrows, rocks, and even spears."234
The faith that provides such a defense for the Christian in his or her
spiritual warfare is two-fold. It is trust in all that God has revealed and
active application of that trust at the moment of spiritual attack.
The first three participles that explain how to stand fast are "having
girded" or "buckled" (v. 14), "having put on" or "in place" (v. 14), and
"having shod" or "fitted" (v. 15). The fourth participle is "taking up" or
"take up" (v. 16).
6:17 The second main verb in this long sentence (vv. 14-20) is "take" or, better,
"receive" or "accept" (Gr. dexasthe). In addition to standing firm, having
received and having already put on four pieces of armor, we also need to
receive and put on two more.
232Josephus,
The Wars . . ., 6:1:8.
233Bock,"A Theology . . .," p. 318.
Since Christians are to put this salvation on, the salvation or deliverance in
view seems to refer to the present and future deliverance we need when
under attack by Satan (cf. 1 Thess. 5:8). We have already received
salvation from condemnation. We receive this present salvation
(deliverance) as we receive all salvation, namely, by calling on God and
requesting it (cf. 1:15-23; Joel 2:32; Acts 2:21; Rom. 10:13).
This salvation is evidently similar to a helmet because deliverance

involves a mental choice, namely, trust in God rather than self, and
obedience to Him. Confidence in God becomes our salvation and so
protects our thinking when we are under attack.
The sword carried by the Roman infantryman (Gr. machaira) was short
and two-edged. Soldiers used it to thrust and to cut in hand-to-hand
combat. In Paul's description it is the soldier's only offensive weapon.
Infantrymen usually also carried a long spear, but Paul did not mention
that in his analogy. The word of God is similar to this short sword for the
Christian. "Word" (Gr. rhema) refers to the utterance of God rather than to
the written Word or the living Word of God (Gr. logos). It seems most
likely to refer to the words of Scripture that we use to counteract the
particular temptation we face. It is the appropriate Scripture spoken or put
to use by the Christian in a given instance of temptation that is in view
(e.g., Matt. 4:4, 6, 10).
"As Jesus used the words of Scripture to repulse the

tempter, so must the Christian the words the Spirit has
inspired to drive away Satan."235
The Holy Spirit both gives the word and empowers it as we use it. It is His
sword (cf. Isa. 49:2).
6:18 Prayer and alertness (two participles in the Greek text) describe how we
should "receive" present salvation and the word appropriate to our trial.
We should be in constant prayer in preparation for our spiritual battles and
as we engage our enemy (cf. Mark 14:34-38; Col. 4:2). The Spirit prays
for us (Rom. 8:26) and enables us to pray, as He enables us to do
everything else.
"Prayer" refers to our communication with God generally and "petition" to

our supplications specifically. The antecedent of "this" is the first clause of
the verse ("With all prayer and petition pray at all times in the Spirit"). In
addition to praying for our own needs we should also, as good soldiers,
keep alert to the needs of other fellow soldiers, namely, all the saints. We
must not fail them but pray for them persistently. The great need for
235John A. Allen, The Epistle to the Ephesians, p. 138. Compare Matt. 4:1-11.
prayer that exists is obvious in Paul's use of the word "all" four times in
this verse (cf. 1 Tim. 2:1).
"Prayer is an engine wieldable by every believer, mightier

than all the embattled artillery of hell."236
". . . nuclear wars cannot be won with rifles. Likewise,

satanic wars cannot be won by human energy."237
6:19-20 Paul sensed his own great need for the prayer support of his readers. It was
incongruous that an ambassador of Christ should be in chains. He was in
heavenly places, but he was also in earthly confinement. An encounter
with spiritual enemies awaited him when he would make his defense
before Caesar. Paul wanted utterance and boldness to characterize his
witness. Utterance probably refers to clarity of communication and
boldness to courage. He needed bold utterance, courageous clarity in all of
his ministry opportunities but especially in the defense he anticipated in
the imperial court (cf. Acts 28:30-31).238
"The word for 'boldness' is made up of two words meaning

'all' and 'speech.' It signifies the attitude when one is
completely at home and the words flow freely. Thus it may
mean 'outspokenness,' or 'frankness.' When a person is
speaking in this way, he or she is not in the least afraid, and
thus the expression comes to signify 'boldly.'"239
"Note that Paul did not ask them to pray for his comfort or
safety, but for the effectiveness of his witness and
ministry."240
The mystery of the gospel (i.e., the uniqueness of the church, 2:11—3:11)
needed defending in Rome because the Romans viewed Christianity as
simply a sect within Judaism (cf. Acts 18:12-17). The Jews saw it as a
heretical religion (cf. Acts 21:27-28).
236Simpson, p. 153.
237Hoehner, Ephesians, p. 859. Donna B. Reinhard, "Ephesians 6:10-18: A Call to Personal Piety or
Another Way of Describing Union with Christ?" Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 48:3
(September 2005):521-32, pointed out that in the flow of Paul's argument in Ephesians, we should
understand spiritual warfare as influencing life within the church, not just as a personal matter.
238There are nine references in Acts alone to various people witnessing boldly (Acts 4:13, 29, 31; 9:27, 29;
14:3; 18:26; 19:8; 13:46) plus others elsewhere in the New Testament. Cf. 2 Cor. 3:12.
239Morris, p. 211.
240Wiersbe, 2:60.
IV. CONCLUSION 6:21-24
Paul's anticipation of his defense before Nero brought him back to the present in his
thinking. His exposition of the mystery of the church to his readers had ended. He had
also explained their proper conduct in view of their calling. All that remained was to
share with them some personal information and to pray God's blessing on them.
6:21-22 Tychicus (lit. Chance) accompanied this letter to Ephesus and may have
carried it. What Paul wrote about Tychicus and his purpose in sending
Tychicus to Ephesus was almost identical with what he wrote in
Colossians 4:7-8. Tychicus' mission was to give the Ephesian Christians
further information about Paul and to comfort and encourage them (cf.
Acts 20:4; Col. 4:7; Titus 3:12; 2 Tim. 4:12).
6:23 Peace, love, and faith are all important communal virtues in the Christian
life. Peace was necessary because of the Jewish Gentile problems Paul
wrote Ephesians to ameliorate (2:14-16; 3:15, 19; 4:3). Mutual love is the
key to peace (1:15; 3:17-18; 4:2, 16). Mutual love rests on a common faith
(1:15; 3:17; cf. Gal. 5:6). The ultimate source of all three of these essential
qualities is God and Jesus Christ, united here in perfect equality.
6:24 As the apostle opened his epistle by referring to God's grace, so he ended
it (1:2). God's grace was the key to the creation of the church and the
calling of the Christian. It is also essential to the conduct of the Christian
(cf. 1:7; 2:5, 7-8; 3:2, 8; 4:7). Paul wished God's unmerited favor and
divine enablement on all who love Jesus Christ purely, without wrong
motives or secret disloyalties (cf. 1 Cor. 16:22). As God has poured out
His grace to us in all purity, so we should pour out our love to Him in
purity.
"Ephesians is ultimately about how God has powerfully equipped the

church to experience blessing in Christ, by creating a new community that
is able to honor God and resist the forces of evil. No longer does one's
Jewish or Gentile identity dominate. They are part of a new, reconciled
community, a reconciliation that involves not only God but also one
another. All enablement in this new sacred community is rooted in what
the exalted Christ has provided for His people. That is why believers can
have hope, since they have begun participation in a wealth of benefits
distributed from heaven. The church's members are citizens raised and
seated with Jesus in a heavenly citizenship, though they represent Him
now as light on the earth, fully enabled for the task. In all of this, God is
taking steps toward the ultimate summation of all things in Christ."241
241Bock, "A Theology . . .," p. 319.

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Notes on

Most conservative New Testament scholars

1See the chart in Harold W. Hoehner, Ephesians: An Exegetical Commentery, p. 20.

Copyright 2006 by Thomas L. Constable

A. Individual calling 1:3—2:10

1. The purpose: glory 1:3-14

B. Corporate calling 2:11-3:19

1. Present unity 2:11-22

4See my comments on 1:1.

III. The Christian's conduct 4:1—6:20

A. Spiritual walk 4:1—6:9

1. Walking in unity 4:1-16

B. Spiritual warfare 6:10-20

IV. Conclusion 6:21-24

"Ephesians, then, was unhesitatingly assigned to Paul from

local churches, probably in the province of Asia, for the recipients to

Perhaps Paul omitted personal names of Ephesian believers because he felt

It is quite possible that Paul intended Ephesians to be an encyclical letter.

"Thus our being in Christ means that the Lord Jesus

"That phrase in Christ strikes the keynote of the entire

"So if we want a concise summary of the good news which

II. THE CHRISTIAN'S CALLING 1:3—3:21

A. INDIVIDUAL CALLING 1:3—2:10

"The opening section of Ephesians (1:3—2:10), which describes the new

1. The purpose: glory 1:3-14

"Normally, after the greeting Paul gives an introductory thanksgiving for

The believer's position in Christ 1:3

16The NET Bible note on 1:3.

"The key thought of Ephesians is the gathering together of all things in

"Paul's letter to the Ephesians is as carefully structured as that great temple

The selection of the Father 1:4-6

"Now everybody finds the doctrine of election difficult.

God chose us "in Him" (Christ, v. 3) in the sense that He is our

"Though it is true that Christ is God's Elect One (Isa 42:1,

"Here is a vast host of people hurrying down the broad road

see, as the invitation goes forth, every minute or two some

30H. A. Ironside, In the Heavenlies, pp. 27-29.

"You do not get into God's family by adoption. You get

Some Calvinistic interpreters have concluded that since God

"We should not see predestination as a grim process

The sacrifice of the Son 1:7-12

NEW TESTAMENT WORDS FOR REDEMPTION35

35Adapted from The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, p. 153.

"Wisdom" (Gr. sophia) is what is highest and noblest, and "insight" or

1:10 The Greek word translated "administration" in the NASB (oikonomia),

Some translators who rendered the Greek word eklerothemen "obtained an

The seal of the Spirit 1:13-14

43Hoehner, "Ephesians," p. 619.

salvation (the "not yet" portion) will inevitably follow. An engagement

"The inheritance here is unmistakably heaven. It is an

The redemption in view here (Gr. apolytrosin) is a different aspect of our

"This beautiful phrase needs to be unpacked. The glory of

46Joseph C. Dillow, The Reign of the Servant Kings, p. 90.

of all themes. . . . False and true theology may be discriminated by a

2. The means: knowledge 1:15-23

"For a healthy Christian life today it is of the utmost importance to follow

"William Chillingworth said: 'The Bible, and the Bible

"Growth in knowledge is indispensable to growth in

"To know God personally is salvation (John 17:3). To