Seminar Report ON:: Role of Phasor Measurement Unit in Power System
Seminar Report ON:: Role of Phasor Measurement Unit in Power System
Seminar Report ON:: Role of Phasor Measurement Unit in Power System
ON:
ROLE OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT IN POWER SYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY:
Phasor
Phasor is a quantity with magnitude and phase (with respect to a reference) that is used to represent a sinusoidal
signal (figure below). Here the phase or phase angle is the distance between the signal‟s sinusoidal peak and a
specified reference and is expressed using an angular measure. Here, the reference is a fixed point in time (such as
time = 0). The phasor magnitude is related to the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal.
2. SYNCHROPHASOR DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT:
Synchrophasor is a term used to describe a phasor which has been estimated at an instant known as the time tag of
the synchrophasor. In order to obtain simultaneous measurement of phasors across a wide area of the power
system, it is necessary to synchronize these time tags, so that all phasor measurements belonging to the same time
tag are truly simultaneous. Consider the marker t = 0 in Fig. 1 is the time tag of the measurement. The PMU must
then provide the phasor given by (2) using the sampled data of the input signal. Note that there are antialiasing
filters present in the input to the PMU, which produce a phase delay depending upon the filter characteristic.
Furthermore, this delay will be a function of the signal frequency. The task of the PMU is to compensate for this
delay because the sampled data are taken after the antialiasing delay is introduced by the filter. This is illustrated in
Fig. 2. The synchronization is achieved by using a sampling clock which is phase-locked to the one-pulse-per-second
signal provided by a GPS receiver. The receiver may be built in the PMU, or may be installed in the substation and
the synchronizing pulse distributed to the PMU and to any other device which requires it. The time tags are at
intervals that are multiples of a period of the nominal power system frequency. It should also be noted that the
normal output of the PMU is the positive sequence voltage and current phasors. In many instances the PMUs are
also able to provide phasors for individual phase voltages and currents (Revision of IEEE Std 1344, 1995).
The interconnection between Eastern Denmark and Southern Sweden is comprised of a double 400-kV line and a
double 132-kV line. Messina and Vittal (2007) presented an approach based on the empirical mode decomposition
(EMD) technique and proper orthogonal decomposition is proposed to examine dynamic trends and phase
relationships between key system signals from measured data. Drawing on the EMD approach, and the method of
snapshots, a technique based on the notion of proper orthogonal modes, is used to express an ensemble of
measured data as a linear combination of basic functions or modes. Kamwa et al. (2007) proposed a technique for
partitioning a large power system into a number of coherent electric areas for possible application to dynamic
vulnerability assessment. The coherency concept and a fuzzy clustering algorithm grouping of buses are combined to
achieve this goal. The clusters are obtained by selecting representative buses from the data set in such a way that
the total fuzzy dissimilarity within each cluster is minimized. The initialization problem of the conventional Fuzzy c-
means algorithm, which usually leads to multiple solutions, is suitably tackled by incorporating the maximum-
dissimilarity based sequential PMUs placement technique. During 2005 and 2006, the WECC performed three major
tests of western system dynamics. These tests used a WAMS based primarily on PMUs to determine response to
events including the insertion of the 1400-MW Chief Joseph braking resistor, probing signals, and ambient events.
Test security was reinforced through real-time analysis of wide-area effects, and high-quality data provided dynamic
profiles for inter-area modes across the entire western interconnection. The tests established that low-level
optimized pseudo-random+-20-MW probing with the Pacific DC Intertie (PDCI) roughly doubles the apparent noise
that is natural to the power system, providing sharp dynamic information with negligible interference to system
operations. Such probing is an effective alternative to use of the 1400-MW Chief Joseph dynamic brake, and it is
under consideration as a standard means for assessing dynamic security (John et al., 2009). A power system
frequency monitoring network (FNET) was first proposed in 2001 and was established in 2004. As a pioneering
WAMS, it serves the entire North American power grid through advanced situational awareness techniques, such as
real-time event alerts, accurate event location estimation, animated event visualization, and post event analysis.
Several papers published in the past several years discussed the FNET structure and its functionality. This paper
presents some of the latest implementations of FNET’s applications, which add significant capacities to this system
for observing power system problems (Zhang et al., 2010).
5.CONSIDERATIONS…
5.1OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF PMU IN POWER SYSTEM NETWORKS
Voltage stability has been considered as an important threat to power researchers and utilities since last few
decades. With placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) at few selected locations, it may be quite possible to
monitor voltage stability of power system network. This paper proposes optimal placement of PMUs considering
impact of voltage stability based critical contingencies. Contingencies have been ranked based on voltage stability
margin (the distance between the base case operating point and nose point). Variations in voltage stability margin
caused by changing load patterns have also been considered while deciding critical contingencies. PMUs have been
placed in the system based on results of binary integer linear programming run under system intact case and voltage
stability based critical contingency cases. Effectiveness of proposed PMUs placement approach has been established
by comparing nose curves obtained using PMUs measurements and pseudo-measurements under increased
demands, with offline estimation of nose curves based on the results of continuation power flow. Case studies have
been performed on a standard IEEE 14-bus system and practical 246-bus Northern Regional Power Grid (NRPG)
system representing power network of nine states of India, with the help of Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT)
software.
.
8.PMU IN POWER SYSTEM
9.CONCLUSION
An important tool for Energy Management Systems (EMS) is state estimation.
Based on measurements taken throughout the network, state estimation gives
an es- timation of the state variables of the power system while checking that
these estimates are consistent with the mea- surements. Traditionally, input
measurements have been provided by the SCADA system (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition). A disadvantage is that the measurements are not
synchronised, which means that state estimation is not very precise during
dynamic phenomena in the network. With the advent of real-time Phasor
Measurement Units (PMU’s), synchronised phasor measurements are possible
which allows monitoring of dynamic phenomena. In this pa- per, the effect of
the asynchronicity of measurements on the accuracy of the state estimation is
analysed. Also, the pos- sibility of using PMUs for state estimation and the
effect of using PMU measurements as well as SCADA measurements is
explored.
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July 2nd, Bucharest, Romania.
Aminifar F., Lucas C., Khodaei A., and Fotuhi-Firuzabad M., 2009 “Optimal Placement of Phasor
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