Supreme Court: Lorenzo J. Liwag For Petitioner. Dominador Ad Castillo For Private Respondents
Supreme Court: Lorenzo J. Liwag For Petitioner. Dominador Ad Castillo For Private Respondents
Supreme Court: Lorenzo J. Liwag For Petitioner. Dominador Ad Castillo For Private Respondents
THIRD DIVISION
FELICIANO, J.:
The subject of the present Petition for Review is the 31 July 1986 Decision of the former
Intermediate Appellate Court in AC-G.R. CV No. 02248 (entitled, "Concepcion Roque,
plaintiff-appellee, vs. Ernesto Roque, Filomena Osmunda Cecilia Roque, Marcela Roque, Jose
Roque and Ruben Roque, defendants-appellants") which reversed and set aside on appeal the
decision of the Regional Trial Court of Malolos, Branch 9.
The controversy here involves a 312 square meter parcel of land situated in San Juan, Malolos,
Bulacan and designated as Lot No. 1549 of the Cadastral Survey of Malolos. The property was
registered originally in the name of Januario Avendaño, a bachelor who died intestate and
without issue on 22 October 1945.
On 21 September 1959, the intestate heirs of Januario Avendafio executed a document entitled
"Paghahati at Pagtagabuyan ng Mana sa Labas ng Hukuman." 1 Through this instrument,
extrajudicial partition of Lot No. 1549 was effected among the intestate heirs as follows:
Upon the instance of petitioner Concepcion Roque and allegedly of respondent Ernesto Roque,
Lot No. 1549 was surveyed on 20 September 1975. Consequent thereto, a Subdivision
Plan 5 was drawn up by the Geodetic Engineer Identifying and delineating a one-fourth (1/4)
portion (78 square meters) of the property as belonging to respondent Ernesto Roque and Victor
Roque (who had died on 14 April 1962), upon the one hand, and a three-fourths (3/4) portion
(234 square meters) of the same property as belonging to petitioner Concepion Roque, upon the
other hand. Petitioner claimed that preparation of the Subdivision Plan, which was approved on
3 November 1975 by the Land Registration Commission was a preliminary step leading
eventually to partition of Lot No. 1549, partition allegedly having been previously agreed
upon inter se by the co-owners. Respondents Ernesto Roque and the legal heirs of Victor
Roque, however, refused to acknowledge petitioner's claim of ownership of any portion of Lot
No. 1549 and rejected the plan to divide the land.
Patuluyan" dated 27 November 1961 on the ground "that the signatures appearing thereon are
not the authentic signatures of the supposed signatories ...." It was also alleged that petitioner
Concepcion Roque, far from being a co-owner of Lot No. 1549, "occupied a portion of the lot in
question by mere tolerance of the [defendants]." Respondents also refused to honor the
unnotarized Kasulatan and, additionally, denied having had any participation in the preparation
of the Subchvision Plan.
On 27 June 1983, the trial court (now Branch 9, Regional Trial Court of Malolos) rendered a
Decision, 9 the dispositive portion of which read:
1. Ordering the heirs of the late Victor Roque namely Filomena Osmunda his
spouse, his children, Cecilia Roque, Marcela Roque, Jose Roque and Ruben Roque
and their uncle and co-defendant Emesto Roque, to execute a deed of confirmation
of the sale made by Emesto and Victor Roque in favor of plaintiff Concepcion
Roque, entitled "Bilihan Lubos at Patuluyan," executed on November 27, 1961,
Exh. E, over the 3/4 portion of the subject property;
2. Ordering the partition of the parcel of land described in par. 3 of tie complaint
covered by Original Certificate of Title No. 1442 Bulacan issued in the name of
Januario Avendafio, in the proportion of 3/4 to pertain to Concepcion Roque, and
1/4 to pertain to Emesto Roque and his co- defendants, his sister-in-law, nephews
and nieces, in accordance with the approved subdivision plan (LRC Psd-230726).
SO ORDERED.
The respondents appealed from this decision alleging the following errors:
The lower court erred when it decided and ordered defendantsappellants to execute
a confirmation of the "Bilihan Lubos at Patuluyan," Exh. "E."
II
The lower court erred when it decided and ordered the defendantsappellant,s to
deliver unto the plaintiff [a] 3/4 share of the land in question.
III
4
The lower court erred in deciding this case in favor of the plaintiff-appellee, based
on an unnotarized and forged signature of defendantappellant Ernesto Roque.
IV
The lower court erred in giving credence to the testimony of the plaintiff-appellee
Concepcion Roque despite [its] gross inconsistencies. 10
Acting on the appeal (docketed as A.C.-G.R. CV No. 02248), the Intermediate Appellate Court,
in a Decision 11dated 31 July 1986, reversed the judgment of the trial court and dismissed both
the petitioner's complaint and the respondents' appeal. A Motion for Reconsideration of
petitioner Concepcion Roque was denied.
The present Petition for Review was filed with this Court on 18 September 1986. In a resolution
dated 27 July 1987, we gave due course to the Petition and required the parties to submit their
respective Memoranda.
1. On the matter of dismissal of petitioner's complaint, the Intermediate Appellate Court stated
in its decision:
While the action filed by the plaintiff is for partition, the defendantz, after denying
plaintiff's assertion of co-ownership, asserted that they are the exclusive and sole
owners of the 314 portion of the parcel of land claimed by the plaintiff.
Upon the issue thusjoined by the pleadings, it is obvious that the case has become
one ofownership of the disputed portion of the subject lot.
It is well settled that an action for partition will not prosper as such from the
moment an alleged co-owner asserts an adverse title. The action that may be
brought by an aggrieved co-owner is accion reivindicatoria or action for recovery
of title and possession (Jardin vs. Hallasgo, 11 7 SCRA 532, 536, 537; Paner vs.
Gaspar, 3 CA Rep. 155, 158). (Emphasis supplied)
Viewed in the light of the facts of the present case, the Intermediate Appellate Court's decision
appears to imply that from the moment respondents (defendants below) alleged absolute and
exclusive ownership of the whole of Lot No. 1549 in their Answer, the trial court should have
immediately ordered the dismissal of the action for partition and petitioner (plaintiff below), if
she so desired, should have refiled the case but this time as an accion reinvindicatoria. Taking
this analysis a step further should the reivindicatory action prosper — i.e., a co-ownership
relation is found to have existed between the parties — a second action for partition would still
have to be instituted in order to effect division of the property among the co-owners.
We do not agree with the above view. An action for partition-which is typically brought by a
person claiming to be co-owner of a specified property against a defendant or defendants whom
5
the plaintiff recognizes to be co-owners — may be seen to present simultaneously two principal
issues. First, there is the issue of whether the plaintiff is indeed a co-owner of the property
sought to be partitioned. Second, assuming that the plaintiff successfully hurdles the first issue,
there is the secondary issue of how the property is to be divided between plaintiff and
defendant(s) — i.e., what portion should go to which co-owner.
Should the trial court find that the defendants do not dispute the status of the plaintiff as co-
owner, the court can forthwith proceed to the actual partitioning of the property involved. In
case the defendants assert in their Answer exclusive title in themselves adversely to the
plaintiff, the court should not dismiss the plaintiffs action for partition but, on the contrary and
in the exercise of its general jurisdiction, resolve the question of whether the plaintiff is co-
owner or not. Should the trial court find that the plaintiff was unable to sustain his claimed
status as co-owner, or that the defendants are or have become the sole and exclusive owners of
the property involved, the court will necessarily have to dismiss the action for partition. This
result would be reached, not because the wrong action was commenced by the plaintiff, but
rather because the plaintiff having been unable to show co-ownership rights in himself, no basis
exists for requiring the defendants to submit to partition the property at stake. If, upon the other
hand, the court after trial should find the eidstence of co-ownership among the parties litigant,
the court may and should order the partition of the property in the same action. Judgment for
one or the other party being on the merits, the losing party (respondents in this case) may then
appeal the same. In either case, however, it is quite unnecessary to require the plaintiff to file
another action, separate and independent from that for partition originally instituted.
Functionally, an action for partition may be seen to be at once an action for declaration of
coownership and for segregation and conveyance of a determinate portion of the property
involved. This is the import of our jurisprudence on the matter. 12 and is sustained by the public
policy which abhors multiplicity of actions.
The question of prescription also needs to be addressed in this connection. It is sometimes said
that "the action for partition of the thing owned in common (actio communi dividendo or actio
familiae erciscundae) does not prescribe." 13 This statement bears some refinement. In the
words of Article 494 of the Civil Code, "each co-owner may demand at any time the partition of
the thing owned in common, insofar as his share is concemed." No matter how long the co-
ownership has lasted, a co-owner can always opt out of the co-ownership, and provided the
defendant co-owners or co-heirs have theretofore expressly or impliedly recognized the co-
ownership, they cannot set up as a defense the prescription of the action for partition. But if the
defendants show that they had previously asserted title in themselves adversely to the plaintiff
and for the requisite period of time, the plaintiffs right to require recognition of his status as a
co-owner will have been lost by prescription and the court cannot issue an order requiring
partition. This is precisely what happened in Jardin v. Hallasgo, 117 SCRA 532 (1982), which
the respondent appellate court cited to support its position quoted above.
The case of Jardin involved, among others, two (2) parcels of land which were inherited in
1920 by the brothers Catalino jardin and Galo Jardin together with their half-brother, Sixto
6
Hallasgo. The three (3) held these lands in co-ownership until Sixto later (the date was not
specified) repudiated the coownership and occupied and possessed both parcels of land,
claiming the same exclusively as his own. Sometime in 1973, the heirs of Catalino and Galo
instituted an action for partition of the two (2) properties against Sixto's heirs, who had refused
to surrender any portion of the same to the former. The trial court, assuming that prescription
had started to run in that case even before the Civil Code took effect, held that the action for
partition filed by the heirs of Catalino and Galo had already prescribed. On appeal, this Court
affirmed the trial court on this point in the following terms:
Article 494 of the Civil Code provides that "no co-owner shall be obliged to
remain in the co- ownership" and that "each co-owner may demand at any time the
partition of the thing owned in common, insofar as his share is concerned." It also
provides that 'no prescription shall run in favor of a co-owner or co-heir against his
co-owners or co-heirs so long as he expressly or impliedly recognizes the co-
ownership.
While the action for the partition of the thing owned in common (actio communi
dividendo or actio familiae erciscundae) does not prescribe, the co-ownership does
not last forever since it may be repudiated by a co-owner [i.e., Sixto]. In such a
case, the action for partition does not lie. What may be brought by the aggrieved
co-owner [i.e., the heirs of Catalino and Galo] is an accion reivindicatoria or
action for recovery of title and possession. That action may be barred by
prescription.
(Emphasis supplied)
In the light of the foregoing discussion, it will be seen that the underscored portion of the
Court's opinion in Jardin is actually obiter. For there, the Court simply held the action for
partition by the heirs of Catalino and Galo had prescribed and did not require such heirs to start
a new action (which would have been quite pointless); on the other hand, the Court remanded
the case to the lower court for further proceedings in respect of the recovery of a 350 square
meter lot which the evidence showed was owned by the plaintiffs but wrongfully included by
Sixto in the cadastral survey of his share of the adjoining lot.
7
In Jardin, the claim of co-ownership asserted by the heirs of Catalino and Galo was effectively
refuted by the heirs of Sixto, who not only claimed for themselves absolute and exclusive
ownership of the disputed properties but were also in actual and adverse possesion thereof for a
substantial length of time. The Court found, further, that the action for partition initially
available to the heirs of Catalino and Galo had, as a result of the preceding circumstance,
already prescribed.
An entirely different situation, however, obtains in the case at bar. First of all, petitioner
Concepcion Roque-the co-owner seeking partition — has been and is presently in open and
continuous possession of a three-fourths (3/4) portion of the property owned in common. The
Court notes in this respect the finding of the trial court that petitioner, following execution of
the "Bilihan Lubos at Pattlluyan" on 27 November 1961, had been in "continuous occupancyof
the 3/4 portion of the lot ... up to the present, and whereon plaintifrs house and that of her son
are erected. " 14Respondents do not dispute this finding of fact, although they would claim that
petitioner's possession is merely tolerated by them. Second, prior to filing in 1977 of the
Complaint in Civil Case No. 5236-M, neither of the parties involved had asserted or manifested
a claim of absolute and exclusive ownership over the whole of Lot No. 1549 adverse to that of
any of the other co-owners: in other words, co-ownership of the property had continued to be
recognized by all the owners. Consequently, the action for partition could not have and, as a
matter of fact, had not yet prescribed at the time of institution by Concepcion of the action
below.
2. Coming now to the matter regarding dismissal of the respondents'appeal, the Intermediate
Appellate Court held that inasmuch as the attack on the validity of the "Bilihan Lubos at
Patuluyan" was predicated on fraud and no action for annulment of the document had been
brought by respondents within the four (4) year prescriptive period provided under Article 1391
of the Civil Code, such action had already prescribed.
We find it unnecessary to deal here with the issue of prescription discussed by the respondent
court in its assailed decision. The facts on record clearly show that petitioner Concepcion
Roque had been in actual, open and continuous possession of a three-fourths (3/4) portion of
Lot No. 1549 ever since execution of the "Bilihan Lubos at Patuluyan" in November of 1961.
The Court notes that it was only in their Answer with Compulsory Counterclaim filed with the
trial court in December of 1977 — more than sixteen (16) years later — that respondents first
questioned the genuineness and authenticity of the "Bilihan Lubos at Patuluyan." Not once
during those sixteen (16) years did respondents contest petitioner's occupation of a three-fourths
(3/4) portion of Lot No. 1549. Furthermore, if indeed it is true that respondents, as they claim,
are the absolute owners of the whole of Lot No. 1549, it is most unusual that respondents would
have allowed or tolerated such prolonged occupation by petitioner of a major portion (3/4) of
the land while they, upon the other hand, contented themselves with occupation of only a fourth
thereof. This latter circumstance, coupled with the passage of a very substantial length of time
during which petitioner all the while remained undisturbed and uninterrupted in her occupation
and possession, places respondents here in laches: respondents may no longer dispute the
8
existence of the co-ownership between petitioner and themselves nor the validity of petitioner's
claim of a threefourths (3/4) interest in Lot No. 1549, as they are deemed, by their unreasonably
long inaction, to have acquiesced in the coow,aership. 15 In this respect, we affirm the decision
of the respondent appellate court presently under review.
WHEREFORE, the Decision of the Intermediate Appellate Court dated 31 July 1986 in A.C.-
G.R. CV No. 02248 is SET ASIDE with respect to that portion which orders the dismissal of
the Complaint in Civil Case No. 5236-M, but is AFFIRMED with respect to that portion which
orders the dismissal of the respondents'appeal in A.C.-G.R. CV No. 02248. The Decision of
Branch 9 of the Regional Trial Court of Malolos dated 27 June 1983 in Civil Case No. 5236-M
is hereby REINSTATED. No pronouncement as to costs.
SO ORDERED.
Footnotes
2 Ernesto Roque and Victor Roque are the children of Fidelina Avendaño, a sister
of Januario Avendaño.
3 CFI Records, p. 8.
4 Id., p. 99.
5 Id., p. 100.
11 Rollo, pp 12-17.
9
12 See Fabrica vs. Court of Appeals, 146 SCRA 250 (1986); Garbo vs. Court of
Appeals, 129 SCRA 616 (1984); Cease vs. Court of Appeals, 93 SCRA 483
(1979); Valdez vs. Bagaso, 82 SCRA 22 (1978); and Miranda vs. Court of
Appeals, 71 SCRA 295 (1976). See also Larena de Villanueva vs. Capistrano, 49
Phil. 460 (1926); and Aft-ica vs. Africa, 42 Phil. 934 (1921).
14 CFI
15 See Lola vs. Court of Appeals, 145 SCRA 439 (1986); Guerrero vs. Court of
Appeals, 126 SCRA 109 (1983); and Alarcon vs. Bidin, 120 SCRA 390 (1983).