PHYS101L LabReport11

III.
Analysis
Mirrors are polished surfaces that reflect light. The most common types of
mirrors are flat, concave and convex. Concave and convex mirrors are curved
mirrors with the former curving in from the edges and the latter curving out from the
edges. In other words, a concave mirror is like looking at the inside of a ball that has
been cut in half. Turn that half over and you have a convex surface. You can learn
about the properties of convex mirrors through experimentation.
To experiment with convex mirrors, it is important to understand how they
reflect light. Convex mirrors are also known as diverging mirrors because they
scatter the light that comes into them. Rays that come into the mirror straight are
reflected out at an angle that is equal to the curvature angle of the mirror. Rays that
come in at the angle of curvature are reflected parallel to the axis of the mirror. All
of this means that reflected images are smaller and take in more area than a flat
mirror, the reason that convex mirrors are used for store security.
You can explore the properties of convex mirrors by comparing them to
concave mirrors. Use a concave mirror to reflect a light source onto a wall or light-
colored surface. Try inserting your finger over part of the mirror. Repeat the process
with a convex mirror. Only one of the mirrors, the concave mirror, will show your
finger as it enters the reflected light source. The reason is because the focal point, or
point where the rays from the mirror converge, is in front of the concave mirror,
creating a real image, but behind the convex mirror, creating a virtual image.
The focal point of a concave mirror can be measured directly, but since the focal
point of a convex mirror is behind it, you have to get more creative. You can find
the focal point of a convex mirror by measuring the angle at which light reflects from
it. Fix a laser pointer so that it is perfectly level. Place a convex mirror in front of
the beam and measure the angle at which it reflects. If you project that angle back
through the mirror to the midpoint, you have found the focal point of the mirror.
Using a spherical convex mirror, you can explore how convex mirrors reflect
the world. Place the mirror against a wall with a corner. Move around the room
looking at the mirror. In some places, you should be able to see around the corner in
the mirror, even though you cannot see around the corner from where you stand.
Experiment with where you can see this effect. Where do you need to stand relative
to what you are looking at? Think about both distance and angle to the mirror.
A spherical mirror is a mirror which has the shape of a piece cut out of a
spherical surface. There are two types of spherical mirrors: concave, and convex.
These are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. A concave (left) and a convex (right) mirror

Let us now introduce a few key concepts which are needed to study image
formation by a concave spherical mirror. As illustrated in Figure 2, the normal to the
center of the mirror is called the principal axis. The mirror is assumed to be
rotationally symmetric about this axis. Hence, we can represent a three-dimensional
mirror in a two-dimensional diagram, without loss of generality. The point at which
the principal axis touches the surface of the mirror is called the vertex. The point, on
the principal axis, which is equidistant from all points on the reflecting surface of
the mirror, is called the center of curvature. The distance along the principal axis
from point C to point V is called the radius of curvature of the mirror, and is denoted
R. It is found experimentally that rays striking a concave mirror parallel to its
principal axis, and not too far away from this axis, are reflected by the mirror such
that they all pass through the same point F on the principal axis. This point, which
is lies between the center of curvature and the vertex, is called the focal point, or
focus, of the mirror. The distance along the principal axis from the focus to the vertex
is called the focal length of the mirror, and is denoted f.
Figure 2. Image formation by a concave mirror

In our study of concave mirrors, we are going to assume that all light-rays
which strike a mirror parallel to its principal axis (e.g., all rays emanating from a
distant object) are brought to a focus at the same point F. While in convex mirror
rays diverge upon reflection. So, when you direct a beam of light on a convex mirror,
the mirror will allow the initially parallel rays that make up the beam to diverge after
striking the reflective surface.as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Image formation in convex mirror

Light always reflect according to the law of reflections, regardless of whether
the reflection came from. Using the reflection laws, it allows us to determine the
image location (location where all reflected light appear to diverge from) for an
object. However, to locate this, there is a need to know how light reflects of a mirror.
For us, to locate the image of an object for concave mirror, we need to determined
first the tracing path of light using the law of reflection. On the other hand, a simpler
method must also be applied, in which it relies on two rules of reflection for concave
mirror. Earlier, I have mentioned about the incident ray travelling to the principal
axis on the way to the mirror and passing through the focal point upon reflection,
this is defined as the first rule of reflection. On the other hand, the second rule refers
to any incident ray passing though the focal point on the way to the mirror, then
travels parallel to the principal axis upon reflection (refer to figure 4).
Figure 4. Two Rules of Reflection

Aside from that, concave mirrors also have different image characteristics, in
which it is divided into 5 cases (figure 5), The first one was the object located beyond
C. In the case, when the object is located at a location beyond the center of curvature,
the image it proven to be always located anywhere between the center of the
curvature and the focal point. Moreover, the image is said to be an inverted image.
Meaning, if the object is right side up, then the image is upside down, reducing the
size of the image and having less than 1 magnification. Case 2, refer to the object
located at C. In this case, when the object is located at the center of the curvature,
the image is also being located at the center of the curvature. Image will also be
inverted but the dimensions are equal to the object dimension, having the
magnification equal to 1. The interesting part on this case was the image is said to
be real image. Case 3, on the other hand, is the object located between C and F. Here,
when the object is located in front of the center of curvature, the image will be
located beyond the center of the curvature, yet the image will also be inverted. In
this case, the image increases in size. Case 4 talks about when the object is located
at F, or the focal point. In this case, there is no image is formed and the light rays
from the same point on the object will reflect off the mirror and neither converge nor
diverge. This rays then travels parallel to each other. Lastly, case 4 is when the object
is located in front of the Focal. The image on this case will always be located
somewhere on the opposite side of the mirror, thus, the image will be an upright
image and magnified.
Figure 5. Image Characteristic of Spherical Mirror

The second type of mirror is called as the convex mirror, in which it has a reflective
surface that curves outward. This type of mirror has a point where all the light that
hits it appears to focus or the focal point and the distance between the front of the
mirror to the focal point refer to the focal length. In further explanation, this type of
mirror is a spherical reflecting surface in which its bulging side faces the source of
light (others often call it as an eye fish mirror while physics refer to it as a diverging
mirror). Diverging mirror is the term based on the mirror’s behavior of making rays
diverge upon reflection. Meaning, when parallel right rays hit a convex mirror they
reflect outwards and travel directly away form an imaginary focal point. Each
individual ray is still reflecting at the same angel as it hits the small part of the surface
(figure 6). It also has a wider field of view thanother reflective surfaces such as plane
mirrors or concave mirrors.
Figure 6. Reflection of Light on Convex Mirror

Convex mirror also has a different characteristic differ from concave mirror,
Unlike in the concave mirrors, convex mirror always produce image that share these
characteristics. And the location of the object does not affect the characteristic of the
image, it is also easily predictable. In this case convex mirrors, the image is located
behind the convex mirror, virtual, upright and the size decreased (figure 7).
Figure 7. Image Characteristics of Convex Mirror

In this experiment, the objective of it was to calculate the focal length of a
concave mirror using the mirror equation and a concave mirror was used to locate
real image and using the different mirror equation, we have to compute for the focal
length of the mirror. The mirror equation relates the object distance 𝑠, the image
distance s’ as well as the focal length f. This equation can be expressed as:
1 1 1
= + Equation 1
𝑓 𝑠 𝑠′
The magnification M is the comparison of the image size and the object size.
ℎ1
𝑀= Equation 2
ℎ𝑜
The magnification M is also the ratio of the image distance and the object
distance.
𝑠′
𝑀=− Equation 3
𝑠
The negative sign is for the orientation of the image. If the magnification is
positive, the image is erected while when the magnification is negative the image is
said to be inverted.
In the first part of the experiment named as the object distance greater than
the image distance, we must measure the objects distance and the image distance.
For the second part, which is entitled as the image distance greater than the object
distance. In this part, the candle is between the screen and the concave mirror. Lastly,
for the last part of the experiment, entitled as the object distance equal to the image
distance, we must adjust the distance of the concave mirror until as sharp image is
formed on the screen. For all the part of the experiment, equation 1 must be used to
compute for the focal length.
Based on the data gathered, the focal length can be determined using the
equation 1. Using this equation, we can say that the focal length is equal to the image
distance since object distance is at infinity. Moreover, there is also a relationship
between on how the image is produced when it is reflected in the mirror. It is based
on where the object is located, referring to the image characteristics of a concave
mirror. The relationship between the image distance and the object’s distance is
inversely proportional. Meaning, as the object distance increases, the image distance
should increase in order to attain the constant value of the focal length.
IV. Conclusion
Spherical mirror is helpful for our regular daily existences, it tends to be
utilized in numerous things, for example, for shaving mirror, reflector, head reflect,
and even in autos. It can likewise be utilized as trap mirrors to amplify one specific
part and to diminish the other piece of the article. In this examination, our center was
chiefly about the sunken mirror. After doing the test, the perception on the created
picture depended on what is written in the research center manual, however after
investigating on how the picture is delivered, we can say that the created picture
depended on the picture qualities of an inward mirror. Trial is made out of three
sections, wherein section A is finished up as to be founded working on this issue 1,
section B depends on case 3 while part C depends looking into it 2.
In view of the information assembled, when an item is more noteworthy than
the picture removes, the picture will be altered. In any case, looking at the picture
measure and the article estimate, the picture measurements are littler than the item
measurement. While, when the picture is separate is more prominent than the item
removes, the created picture will likewise be altered, and the picture measurements
are bigger than the article measurement, yet the delivered picture is a genuine
picture. Ultimately, when the article separate is equivalent to the picture remove, the
picture will likewise be transformed, having an equivalent measurement,
additionally delivering a genuine picture. Acquiring insignificant rate contrasts
inferring that the we have played out the try different things with negligible blunders.
With this, we can say that the relationship between the object distance and the image
distance is inversely proportional.

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III.

Figure 1. A concave (left) and a convex (right) mirror

Figure 2. Image formation by a concave mirror

Figure 3. Image formation in convex mirror

Figure 4. Two Rules of Reflection

Figure 5. Image Characteristic of Spherical Mirror

Figure 6. Reflection of Light on Convex Mirror

Figure 7. Image Characteristics of Convex Mirror

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