Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Tutorial problems on the course Signals & Networks(EE21101)
Instructors : Tapas Kumar Bhattacharya & Avishek Chatterjee

Signal basics & various operations on signals

1. Sketch the function x(t) = cos(10πt) u(t) u(2 − t)

2. A pulse x(t) is shown in Figure 1. (i) Draw the signal x(− 21 t + 2) explaining how you get it
and (ii) Also draw dtd {x(− 21 t + 2)}

2
x(t)

t
0
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

Figure 1

3. Find the even and od parts of the following signals

(a) sin(2t + π/2)

(b) 1 − 2t + 3t3
(c) sin(2t) + sin(2t) cos(2t) + cos(2t)
(d) ej2t

4. Check whether the following signals are even or odd. Also sketch them

(a) e4t
(b) u(t + 2) − u(t − 2)
(c) e−|t|

5. Sketch the following signals

(a) u(−t + 4)
(b) r(−t + 4)
(c) −2r(t − 2)

1
 (d) r(t)u(−t + 3)
(e) r(t) − 2r(t − 2) + r(t − 4)

6. The signal x(t) is as shown in Figure 2. Now get and sketch

(a) x(2t + 2)
(b) x( 21 t − 2)
(c) x(−t − 2)
(d) 3x(5t)
dx
(e) dt

x(t)
2

t
−1 0 +1

Figure 2

7. Express the signals shown in figures 3 in terms of singular functions.

8. A finite length discrete time signal is given to be :

x[n] = {−7 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7}

Obtain the signals (ii) x[2n], (iii) x[2n − 1] and (iv) x[ 21 n − 1] & sketch them. Highlighted
values corresponds to n = 0.

On system types and its properties

R 3t
1. For the y(t) = −∞
x(τ ) dτ , answer the following with explanation.

(a) Is the system linear or not?

(b) Does the system has memory or not?
(c) Is the system causal or not?

2
 x(t)
x(t)
1 2 2

1 2 t
−2 0 t 0 2 4 6
−1
(b)
−1
(a)
x(t)
2
x(t)

1 1
t t
0 2 3 4 0 3
1 2
(c) (d)

Figure 3

(d) Is the system time invariant or not?

(e) Is the system stable or not?
(f) Is the system time invertible or not?

2. An LTI system has impulse response h(t) = et . If the input to the system is x(t) = u(t + 1),
obtain its output.

3. Comment with explanation about the causality of the following system?

Z t−1
(a) y(t) = x(τ ) dτ
t−3
Z t+2
(b) y(t) = x(τ ) dτ
t−3
n
X
(c) y[n] = x[k]
k=−∞
n+3
X
(d) y[n] = x[k]
k=−∞

3
 4. Comment with reasons about linearity, shift invariance, stability and causality of the systems
(i) y[n] = a{x[n]} and (ii) y[n] = 8x[n − 4]

5. Are the following signals periodic? If it is periodic, calculate its fundamental period.

(a) x(t) = sin(17πt − π/3) + cos(19πt)

√
(b) x(t) = sin 3πt + cos(19πt + π/6)
(c) x(t) = sin( 2π
3
n) + cos( 2π
5
n)

6. For each of the following systems determine if the following properties hold. Briefly justify
your answer. (i) Linear,(ii) Time-invariant (iii) Causal and (iv) Stable.

(a) A system with input x[n], gives output as

n2
X π
y[n] = cos( k) x[k]
k=0
4

(b) A system with input x(t) gives output as

y(t) = cos(x(t − 1)) + x(t + 1)

7. The unit impulse response of a system is cos πt for −2 < t < 100 and 0 otherwise. Is the
system stable?

8. The unit step response of a LTI system is t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 and 0 elsewhere. What is the unit
impulse response h(t) of the system?

9. The input-output relation of a system is given by:

Z t
y(t) = e−jω(t−τ ) x(τ ) dτ
−∞

Obtain the impulse response h(t) and the eigen function of the system.

10. The impulse response of an LTI system is given by:


cos πt : −2 < t < 100
h(t) =
0 : otherwise

(a) Is the system stable? Justify your answer.

4
 (b) If the input is x(t) = u(−t), what is the output?
11. The impulse response of an LTI system is given by h[n] = cos(πn)u[n].
(a) Is the system stable? Justify your answer.
(b) If the input is x[n] = u[n], what is the output?
12. Evaluate the following integrals
R∞ 2
(a) −∞ e−t δ(t − 3)dt
R∞
(b) −∞ δ(t + 3)e−2t dt
R3
(c) 0 δ(t) sin(5πt)dt
R∞
(d) −∞ [δ(t) cos(2t) + δ(t − 2) sin(2t)]dt
R∞
(e) −∞ δ(4t)e−t dt
R∞
(f) −∞ δ(2t + 3)t2 dt
R∞
(g) −∞ δ(t2 + t − 6) cos(t)dt
R∞
(h) −∞ e−t ( dδ
dt
)dt

On differential equations
1. A 1 V d.c voltage source is connected to a series R − L − C with R = 3 Ω, L = 1H and C = 12
F at t = 0. Obtain the voltage across the capacitor v(t) and the current i(t) in the circuit for
t ≥ 0. Assume the initial conditions to be relaxed.
2. An 1 A d.c current sourcee is connected across the parralel combination of R = 18 Ω, L = 18 H
and C = 2 F at t = 0. Obtain the voltage across the capacitor v(t) and the current i(t)
through the inductor for t ≥ 0. Assume the initial conditions to be relaxed.
3. A system is described by the following differential equation
d2 y dy −
2
+ 4y = x(t) with boundary conditions: y(0−) = 2 and (0 ) = 1
dt dt
If x(t) = δ(t), find out the following
(i) Find out the values of y(0+ ) and dy
dt
(0+ )
(ii) Solve for y(t) for t ≥ 0+ .
(iii) Sketch y(t) indicating important time values and amplitude values.
For solving this problem, be in time domain (i.e., don’t use any transformation).

5
On difference equations
1. Solve the following difference equations.

(a) y[n] + 14 y[n − 1] − 81 y[n − 2] = δ[n]

(b) y[n + 1] + 2y[n] = n
(c) y[n + 2] + 4y[n] = 2n sin( π2 n)
(d) y[n + 1] − 2 cos α y[n] + y[n − 1] = 0
(e) y[n + 2] − 7y[n + 1] + 12y[n] = 3n2 + 2n + 2

2. Find out the impulse response h[n] of the following system:

5 1
y[n] − y[n − 1] + y[n − 2] = x[n]
6 6
Solve this problem in two ways (i) classically and (ii) by using DTFT.

Problems on Fourier Series

Continuous time FS
1. Is the signal x(t) = 6 sin 2t + 2 cos(4t + π/6) + 4 sin(6t − π/4) is periodic? If yes, find out
its fundamental period and fundamental angular frequency. Express x(t) in terms of complex
Fourier series and sketch |ck | and |φk |.

2. The complex Fourier coefficients of a certain real continuous periodic signal x(t) are C−2 =
2∠ π4 , C−1 = 1∠ − π4 and C0 = −3 write down the real time signal x(t) in trigonometric form.

3. (a) Find out the F.S coefficients of the periodic function v(t) shown in figures 4a and 4b.
(b) Sketch dv
dt
for both signals shown in figures 4a and 4b and find out its F.S coefficients.
From this coefficients obtain F.S coefficients of v(t) and compare the result obtained in
part (a).

4. (a) Obtain the F.S coefficients of the periodic signals x(t) shown in figures 5a and 5b.
(b) To simplify calculation, differentiate x(t) of figures 5a and 5b till you get impulse periodic
function. Get now the F.S coefficients of this periodic periodic impulse function and
predict from this the F.S coefficients of original x(t).

6
 v(t) T T
v(t)

+V +V
t T
t

−T/2 O T/2 T 3T/2 2T −T/4 O T/4 3T/4 3T/2

−3T/4

−V −V

T
T T

(a) Square wave as odd function (b) Square wave as even function

Figure 4: Square wave Odd & Even Representation

x(t)
x(t)
+1
T2/4

T/2 t2
t
o
T/4 3T/2 T
o
−T/2 T/2 t

−1
(b) Parabolic wave
(a) Triangular wave

Figure 5: Triangular & parabolic periodic functions.

5. Can you establish the following results using the ideas of F.S? Hints: may be you use the
results of F.S of periodic sqare wave, triangular wave, parabolic wave etc.

1 1 1 π2
(a) + + · · · ∞ =
12 32 52 8
1 1 1 π2
(b) 2 + 2 + 2 · · · ∞ =
2 4 6 24
1 1 1 π2
(c) 2 + 2 + 2 · · · ∞ =
1 2 3 6

6. The signal v(t) shown in figure 6 is obtained using half-wave rectification from an input
sinusoidal a.c signal.

(a) Obtain the Fourier series coeeficients of v(t)

7
 v(t) Vm

t
o 3T/2 2T 5T/2
T/2 T

Figure 6

(b) Express v(t) into its odd and even parts and sketch them. Get the F.S coefficients of the
odd and the even parts separately and these two to get FS of x(t). Compare the result
with the result obtained in part (a).

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Discrete time FS
1. (a) The output of a discrete time system is given by y[n] = cos{ π4 x[n]}, when the input is
x[n]. What is the unit impulse response h[n] of the system? Sketch h[n].
2
(b) For the same system y[n] = cos{ π4 x[n]}, consider the input to be x[n] = n2 . Will the
output be a periodic sequence? If yes, obtain its fundamental period. If not explain with
reasons.

2. Find out the Fourier series coefficients of the periodic discrete time sequence shown in figure
7.
x[n]

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure 7

3. Find out the Fourier series coefficients of the periodic discrete time sequence shown in figure
8(a) and (b).
x[n]

2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 n
(a)

x[n]
2

1
−3 −2 −1 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 n
−1 −1 −1 −1

(b)
−2 −2

Figure 8

9
On convolution
Convolution in continuous time
1. Find out y(t) = x1 (t) ∗ x2 (t) where x1 (t) = u(t − 1) − u(t − 2) and x2 (t) = t[u(t − 3) − u(t − 5)].
Sketch x1 (t), x2 (t) and y(t). What is the area under the curve y(t)?

2. Obtain the convolution of the signals x(t) = t2 [u(t) − u(t − 3)] and h(t) = u(t) − u(t − 1) and
sketch it.

3. Find out the current response i(t) of an R − L series circuit when the excitation is u(t) using
the principle of convolution. First obtain Unit Impulse response h(t) and then proceed.

4. Find out the time response i(t) for same R − L circuit when it is is excited with a sinusoidal
voltage i.e., v(t) = Vmax sin ωt u(t).

Convolution in discrete time time

1. If x[n] = 2n u[−n] and h[n] = u[n], find out y[n] = x[n] ∗ h[n] and sketch y[n].

2. Suppose x1 [n] = {−2 1 − 1 1} and x2 [n] = {1 2 1 − 1}. Find out the sequence y[n] =
x1 [n] ∗ x2 [n]. Highlighted values corresponds to n = 0.

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Discrete time Fourier transform
1. A discrete time signal is given by:

2 :0≤n≤4
x[n] =
0 : otherwise

Obtain the DTFT of x[n].

2. Obtain the DTFT of the following DT signal.

x[n] = 0.5|n|

3. Obtain the DTFT of the following DT signal.


n : −3 ≤ n ≤ 3
x[n] =
0 : otherwise

4. Obtain the DTFT of the following DT signal.


|n| : −3 ≤ n ≤ 3
x[n] =
0 : otherwise

5. Suppose x1 [n] = x2 [n] = {2 2 2}. Obtain the convolution of x1 [n] ∗ x2 [n] using the concept of
DTFT. Highlighted value corresponds to n = 0.

6. DTFT of a signal is given to be X(Ω) = 15 (1 + 2 cos Ω). Obtain x[n].

11
Problems on Fourier Transform
Problems on Laplace Transform