IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Related content

- Proposing An Effective Route For
A Study of Flood Evacuation Center Using GIS Transporting Solid Waste Using Gis
Approach
and Remote Sensing Technique Noor Yasmin Zainun, Ku Nor Syazana Ku
Samsu and Munzilah Md Rohani

- Real-time Web GIS to monitor marine

To cite this article: A A Mustaffa et al 2016 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 136 012078 water quality using wave glider
Siti Maneesa Amiruddin

- Agriculture land suitability analysis

evaluation based multi criteria and GIS
approach
View the article online for updates and enhancements. Goma Bedawi Ahmed, Abdul Rashid M.
Shariff, Siva Kumar Balasundram et al.

This content was downloaded from IP address 122.54.141.240 on 31/08/2019 at 14:41

Soft Soil Engineering International Conference 2015 (SEIC2015) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (2016) 012078 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012078

A Study of Flood Evacuation Center Using GIS and Remote

Sensing Technique

A A Mustaffa1, M F Rosli1, M S Abustan1, R Adib1, M I Rosli1, K Masiri2 and B

Saifullizan1
1
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat Johor, MALAYSIA.
2
Center for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu
Pahat Johor, MALAYSIA.

E-mail: Mustafa@uthm.edu.my

Abstract. This research demonstrated the use of Remote Sensing technique and GIS to
determine the suitability of an evacuation center. This study was conducted in Batu Pahat areas
that always hit by a series of flood. The data of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was obtained
by ASTER database that has been used to delineate extract contour line and elevation. Landsat
8 image was used for classification purposes such as land use map. Remote Sensing
incorporate with GIS techniques was used to determined the suitability location of the
evacuation center from contour map of flood affected areas in Batu Pahat. GIS will calculate
the elevation of the area and information about the country of the area, the road access and
percentage of the affected area. The flood affected area map may provide the suitability of the
flood evacuation center during the several levels of flood. The suitability of evacuation centers
can be determined based on several criteria and the existing data of the evacuation center will
be analysed. From the analysis among 16 evacuation center listed, there are only 8 evacuation
center suitable for the usage during emergency situation. The suitability analysis was based on
the location and the road access of the evacuation center toward the flood affected area. There
are 10 new locations with suitable criteria of evacuation center proposed on the study area to
facilitate the process of rescue and evacuating flood victims to much safer and suitable
locations. The results of this study will help in decision making processes and indirectly will
help organization such as fire-fighter and the Department of Social Welfare in their work.
Thus, this study can contribute more towards the society.

Keywords: Remote sensing, evacuation center, GIS, flood affected area.

1. Introduction
Flood is a natural disaster that could bring damage to the properties, infrastructures, animals, plants
and even human lives. Flood is the most significant natural hazard in Malaysia in terms of the affects
towards the population, frequency of the occurrences, areas damaged, the flood duration itself and its
social and economic damage. Having 189 river basins throughout Malaysia, including Sabah and
Sarawak, the rivers and their corridors of flood plains fulfill a variety of functions both for human use
and for the natural ecosystem. These are fundamental parts of the natural, economic, and social
system. In another perspectives, despite their numerous contribution for our daily lives, rivers itself
might be the largest threat to its entire corridor areas [1].

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
Soft Soil Engineering International Conference 2015 (SEIC2015) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (2016) 012078 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012078

The issue of flood especially involving the emergency response solution can be approached
from the aspect of the evacuation center itself by the determinations of the effectiveness of every
evacuation centers and this requires multiple solutions especially in using GIS and Remote Sensing
technique. GIS was the technological developments which began to develop and start to be used in
Malaysia in recent years. It was widely used in many sectors, especially those who required a lot of
data management. There are various definitions and purposes of GIS applications, but based on the
field this study, GIS is defined as a database system that is based on computer which were designed to
support the acquisition, storage, analysis and display of data or information depending on the selected
location [2]. Through GIS, the information needed can be obtained quickly and accurately as well
having the benefits of the ability to connect spatial data and attribute data in order to make a more
effective GIS data for analysis purposes [3]. Remote Sensing are defined as the process of sensing the
Earth's surface from space by using the characteristics of electromagnetic waves emitted, reflected or
disclosed by the detected objects, for the purpose of improving natural resource management, land use
and environmental protection [4].
Flood is a natural phenomenon where the land is covered by water that overflow by the inland
water bodies or the tidal waters. There are several definitions of floods that we can take into accounts
so that it can help us to see the overall picture of how flood occurs. Flooding is a natural disaster
caused by factors applicable climatology or climatic factors such as temperature state, a sprinkling of
rain, evaporation, wind movement and the state of the natural earth [5]. Meanwhile, another theoretical
explanation that commonly used to highlight the flood situation usually caused either by the
continuous rain that causes greater quantity than usual or overflow of river water to the river bank or
both happen at once [6].

2. Evacuation Center
Evacuation is a risk management strategy that may be used to mitigate the effects of an emergency on
a community. It involves the movement of people to a safer location and their return. For an
evacuation to be effective it must be appropriately planned and implemented [7]. Evacuation Centers
will be defined by the relevant jurisdictional emergency management plan, and established (activated)
by responsible authority on advice of the agency controlling or coordinating the emergency. It is
acknowledged that terminology is different in each state and territory [8].
Planning for an evacuation center needs to address many public health concerns. These include
the physical amenities and space required for well-being, minimizing of the risk of communicable
disease outbreaks, and the need to promote the health of evacuees to prevent the acute exacerbation of
chronic diseases [9]. An Evacuation Center is established to provide shelter to people who are directly
affected by an emergency situation and for a people that do not have anywhere else to go to. For
example they have been evacuated from their homes or cannot access their homes because of the
incident. Evacuation Centers are usually established in halls or school gymnasiums to provide basic
shelter. As the accommodation is fairly basic, it is recommended that people seek shelter with family
or friends or private accommodation if they are able to [10]

3. Methodology
Data collection is one of the important phases in designing a GIS system. Primary data consist of the
data from the remote sensing images. The data was obtained from the satellite image and composed
into the form of value image data. The primary data of digital elevation model (DEM) is a data which
is a type of elevation representation of the terrain surface. The data is in form of raster that contain
value that represent each elevation point on the earth surface. Secondary data is the data that consist on
the study area data such as placement location, the land used and the population data to support the
primary data. The secondary data will provide support to any limitation in the primary data. Then,
interview data will be provide consist of the data that from the conversation or interview with the
department of welfare. The purpose of this interview was to determine the worst area levels of flood in
Batu Pahat.

2
Soft Soil Engineering International Conference 2015 (SEIC2015) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (2016) 012078 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012078

In the process of mapping, DEM data that obtained from the ASTER database is used in the
process of contour extraction. Contour extraction process is a process that extracts the elevation value
in DEM data to create elevation value or generate the contour of the study area and this process is
conducted by using ArcGIS software. From ArcGIS the contour interval is set to 2 meter high
according to the flood occurrences in the study area. The contour data is then analyse for each of it
elevation value to contour map of the study area. For 2 meter, 4 meter and 6 meter high to determine
the flood water level area. DEM data also had been used to determine the watershed of the study area.
To produce a watershed of the study area, stream network of the area is needed for generate multiple
basin in Batu Pahat area. From the basin and watershed delineated, the process of incorporating the
value of curve number based on different types of land use can be done. After the watershed is
produced the slope generation is processed from the DEM data to determining the peak discharge of
the study area.
To determine the road access of each place in Batu Pahat the topographic map was used in the
process of digitization to produce a road vector. Batu Pahat map act as a base map to digitize the road
vector by using ArcGIS software. The road map is needed to be positioned in the process of geocoding
that is the process that placed the map into the correct position and scale for the use of the next
process. All the geocoding process will use the topographic map as the reference to get the exact
position.
The satellite data used in this study is the Landsat 8 image. Landsat 8 image is used in making
the land use image of classification. Before the process take place, the Landsat 8 image is needed to be
placed into the correct position in the process of geocoding. The process of classification is to register
the difference land use type into specific classes such as urban, forestry, vegetation, water body and
open area. The land use map produce in the process of classification will help in differentiate the land
use type for the study area.
All maps from different sources undergone different analysis. Flood map analysis is used to
determine the level of flood of the study area. Flood map is produce by the process of contour
selection of the contour and elevation value of the study area. Flood affected area analysis is the
analysis of area that affected with the certain level of flood. Flood evacuation center analysis is the
analysis of the suitability regarding the location of the evacuation. The effectiveness analysis is to
determine the effectiveness of the evacuation center itself to support the flood victims according to the
population of the area. The new location of evacuation center analysis is to determine the new location
of evacuation center that can be used for the time of emergency. Figure-1. Show the flowchart of
methodology.

3
Soft Soil Engineering International Conference 2015 (SEIC2015) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (2016) 012078 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012078

Figure 1. Flow chart of methodology.

4. Result and Discussion

Flood map is used to determine the level of flood of the study area. Flood map is produce by the
process of contour selection of the contour and elevation value of the study area. The contour consists
of the value of each elevation in the study area. Figure-2 show the flood map of Batu Pahat.

4.1 Flood Affected Area Analysis

Flood affected area analysis is the analysis of area that affected with the certain level of flood. This
analysis consist the use of overlaid land use map with contour and elevation value. Both data need to
be overlaid to show the relationship that can be produce by it. The land use map shows the
characteristic of the land use classes and the contour will develop the flood level. Table-1 shows that
the area coverage for the area affected by 2 metre flood from the mean sea level is 2.79% from the
total area of Batu Pahat. This shows that 52.243km2 area from 1872.56 km2 area of Batu Pahat had
been submerged by 2 metre flood.The area coverage for the area affected by 4 metre flood from the
mean sea level is 5.56% from the total area of Batu Pahat. This shows that 104.114 km2 areas from

4
Soft Soil Engineering International Conference 2015 (SEIC2015) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (2016) 012078 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012078

1872.56 km2 area of Batu Pahat had been submerge by 4 metre flood. The area coverage for the area
affected by 6 metre flood from the mean sea level is 11.18% from the total area of Batu Pahat.

Figure 2. Flood affected area of Batu Pahat.

Table 1. Flood affected area analysis.

Flood affected Percentage(%) Area affected
area level (m) (𝒌𝒎𝟐 )
2 2.79 52.243
4 5.56 104.114
6 11.18 209.49

This shows that 209.49km2 area from 1872.56km2 area of Batu Pahat had been submerge by 6 metre
flood.

4.2 Flood Evacuation Center Analysis

Based on Table-2, it shows the evacuation center is place at the suitable distance from the flood
affected area. Based from the interview data obtained from the Department of Public Welfare, one of
the criteria of evacuation center is the building itself should be in the location that are reachable and
safe from the flood affected area. Some of the evacuation center pass the criteria but there are certain
of it did not because of the position of the building itself was placed in the affected area of flood. In
this analysis we have determine that S. A. Tiga Serangkai, S. K.Tiga Serangkai and S. K. Bukit Kuari
is not suitable for selected evacuation center for 4 meter and 6 meter flood. Meanwhile S. K. Sri
Merlong and S. K. Kota Dalam are not suitable for selected evacuation center for 6 meter flood.
Meanwhile Balairaya Parit Lapis Laman, S. K. Parit Sulong, S. A. Sengkuang, S. K. Sri Laksana, S.
K. Sri Gading, S. K. Sungai Suloh, S. K. Sri Bengkal, S. A. Sri Binjai, S. K. Parit Lapis, S. K. Seri
Telok, and S. M. Tinggi is suitable for selected for evacuation center in term suitability of the location
in the study area. From this analysis it has been shown that the entire evacuation center listed is
suitable for 2 metre flood.

5
Soft Soil Engineering International Conference 2015 (SEIC2015) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (2016) 012078 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012078

Table 2. List of flood evacuation center affected.

No. Evacuation center Condition
1 (A) Balairaya Parit Lapis Laman Not affected
2 (B) S.K. Bukit Kuari Affected > 4 m
3 (C) S. K. Tiga Serangkai Affected > 4 m
4 (D) S. K. Parit Sulong Not affected
5 (E) S. A. Tiga Serangkai Affected > 4 m
6 (F) S. A. Sengkuang Not affected
7 (G) S. K. Sri Laksana Not affected
8 (H) S. K. Sri Gading Not affected
9 (I) S. K. Sri Merlong Affected > 6 m m)
10 (K) S. K. Sungai Suloh Not affected
11 (L) S. K. Sri Bengkal Not affected
12 (M) S. A. Sri Binjai Not affected
13 (N) S. K. Parit Lapis Not affected
14 (O) S. K. Seri Telok Not affected
15 (P) S. M. Tinggi Not affected
16 (Q) S. K. Kota Dalam Affected > 6 m

4.3 Road Access For The Evacuation Center

While, Figure-3 shows that all the evacuation selected have a road connected to it but the access of the
road depend on the flood level from mean sea level. Based on the figure when flood is on 2 meter
from the mean sea level, all the roads are able to access to the evacuation center and placed in a safe
from flood affected area. When the flood level rises for 4 meter there are certain roads that have been
affected and submerge by flood. From the analysis we found that S. A. Tiga Serangkai, S.K. Tiga
Serangkai, S. K. Sri Merlong, S. K. Sungai Suloh, and S. K. Bukit Kuari does not have a proper road
access for the process of delivering helps and needs of the victims. Most of the road within 1 km
radius area is submerge by 4 meter flood and there is no other road that can be access to the evacuation
center. For the 6 meter flood, the road that connected to the evacuation center such as S. K. Parit
Sulong, S. K. Sri Laksana, and S. K. Parit Lapis are unable to be access. Most of the road within 1 km
radius area is submerge by 6 meter flood and there is no other road that can be access to the
evacuation center. So the evacuation centers that have the suitability to be selected as the evacuation
center in term of road access for the three flood level is Balairaya Parit Lapis Laman, S. A.
Sengkuang, S. K. Sri Gading, S. K. Sri Bengkal, S. A. Sri Binjai, S. K Seri Telok, S. M. Tinggi, and S.
K. Kota Dalam. From this analysis the suitability of the evacuation center in term of road access is
determined. For the conclusion, there are nine evacuation centers that are not suitable to be evacuation
center and another seven of them suitable for being selected to be evacuation center.

6
Soft Soil Engineering International Conference 2015 (SEIC2015) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (2016) 012078 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012078

Figure 3. Road accesses for flood evacuation center on the flood map.

4.4 Evacuation Center Effectiveness Analysis

From the survey conducted by GEMA Terengganu the capacity that can be hold by the evacuation
center such as Multipurpose Hall and other bigger building is 800 to 1000 capacities, School or High
School is 300 to 500 capacities and for community center is 80 to 120 capacities. Multipurpose hall is
the best building for being selected as an evacuation center. Based on the population data for Simpang
Kiri, Lubok, Bagan, Perserai and Sungai Kluang, the total population of 64476 people are affected to
the flood so it is 64 evacuation centers to hold the capacity of it. As for the Seri Medan that has
average flood condition, 22501 populations of people should be hold by the evacuation center from the
county of Seri Medan and the county that have low condition of flood. From the analysis at least 10
evacuation center should be open for emergency use in the county that have low flood condition such
as Sri Gading, Linau, Minyak Beku, Kampung Bahru, Simpang Kanan, Chaah Baru, Tanjung
Semberong and Sungai Punggor and Seri Medan should open 2 evacuation center of its own.

7
Soft Soil Engineering International Conference 2015 (SEIC2015) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (2016) 012078 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012078

Table 2. List of purpose of evacuation center.

County Population Evacuation Cen.
Evacuation
A B Centre
C
Sri Gading 63903 3 1 2
Linau 8325 3 0 3
Minyak Beku 16,634 1 1 0
Kampung Bahru 11,627 1 0 1
Sg. Kluang 15,844 1 1 0
Seri Medan 22,501 4 4 0
Simpang Kanan 135,911 3 1 2
Bagan 7,440 0 0 0
Lubok 6,594 0 0 0
Perserai 9,143 0 0 0
Simpang Kiri 25,455 0 0 0
Chaah Baru 5,426 0 0 0
Tg. Semberong 34,456 0 0 0
Sg. Punggor 10,132 0 0 0
A – Existing, B – Non-suitable, C – Ready to used.

4.5 Propose of the New Location of Evacuation Center

This analysis was carried out to determine the new location of evacuation center that can be used
during emergency time. The new location was determined based on several criterias as evacuation
center that related with the effectiveness. It also had been determined by the suitability of the location
and the road access that connected to it. Table-3 shows the new location of the proposed evacuation
center on the map.

Table 3. Location of proposed evacuation center.

County Type of Evacuation Center
Chaah Bahru Multipurpose hall
Tanjung Semberong SMK Dato’ Seth
Seri Medan Multipurpose hall
Linau Multipurpose hall
Sri Gading UTHM
SimpangKanan SMK Dato’ Bentara Luar
SimpangKanan SMK Tun Aminah
Minyak beku Multipurpose hall
Kampung Baharu SMK Tunku Mahmood
Sungai Punggor Multipurpose hall

5.0 Conclusion
This research had managed to improved several aspect on the evacuation center selection issues. In
order to find the best solution for the evacuation selection location issues, a method by using GIS and
Remote Sensing software have been created which is important contribution to the process of rescue
and selection of the location for evacuation center. The creation of the method in software has brought
new approach and technique for evacuation center site selection especially for fire fighter and
Department of Public Welfare and also can make the decision makers to speed up the decision making
process.
The evacuation site selection begins with the analysis of the flood map process which could
determine the level of flood from the contour and elevation value of the study area. From the flood
map the process continue with the analysis of the flood affected area analysis. This analysis

8
Soft Soil Engineering International Conference 2015 (SEIC2015) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (2016) 012078 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012078

determines the type of the land use affected by the flood with different level from the mean sea level.
There are several classes of land use type such as urban, vegetation, open, area and forestry the flood
affected the land use classes. All of this analysis is to determine the area of the flood effect and the
level of flood from mean sea level.
The processes continue to the location analysis of the evacuation center. The analysis
determined the suitability of the location and position of the evacuation center that exist in the study
area. The flood map used to helps in determination of the suitable and non-suitable evacuation center
from the map. The evacuation center that is expose to the flood will be classified a non-suitable
evacuation center and the spared from flood will be classified as suitable evacuation center. The
analysis continues to the road access analysis that is to determine the road access of the evacuation
center. The analysis had showed that the not all suitable evacuation center could have the proper road
access so the suitable evacuation center will be filter down and only the suitable evacuation center
with the proper road access will be selected to be used in time of emergency. All the analyses is to
determine the suitability of the existing evacuation center in the study area.
The process continues with the effectiveness of the evacuation center analysis. This analysis is
to determine the effectiveness of the evacuation center in providing a enough capacity of the
population in the area. The criteria are important to achieve the effective evacuation center for the
comfort of the flood victims.
From all the process, the new selection of evacuation center can be propose to provide the
suitable and effective type of evacuation center for the use of emergency time. It is needed that to
propose 1 evacuation center on each suitable county in the study area which have a good location that
a near to residential area, have high elevation, can hold enough capacity of people, and have a proper
road access for the use of delivering help.
From this study all the objective of determine the flood affected area and analysing the existing
and propose flood evacuation center are achieve. The result of the analysis shows the completion of
each objective and provided a data that can be used in the future studies.

Acknowledgements
The author would like to express gratitude to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, and
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for their support with grant Vot 1526.

References
[1] Jabatan Pengairan & Saliran Malaysia (2007) Flood and Drought Management in Malaysia.
Malaysia: Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment.
[2] Taher Buyong (1995), Prinsip-prinsip GIS. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Lecture notes
[3] Suhaimi Ahmad (1999). Aplikasi GIS Dalam Membantu Pengurusan Pelajar Asrama. UTM:
Tesis Sarjana Muda.
[4] United Nations (1986), Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space. United
Nation: 95th plenary meeting.
[5] Balek J. (1983), Hydrology and water resources in tropical regions. Developments in Water
Science.
[6] Balkema A. A. Rotterdam & Brookefield (1993), Hydrology and Water Management of Deltaic
Areas. Netherland: Center for Civil Engineering Research and Codes.
[7] Bradley (2013), Evacuation Planning, 3rd, Ed. Australia, Commonwealth of Australia
[8] Australian Red Cross, (2012). Evacuation Center Field Guide. Australia: Australian Red Cross
[9] North Bay Parry Sound District Health Unit NBPSDHU (2012), Evacuation Center Plan, United
States: North Bay Parry Sound District Health Unit.
[10] ADAS (2007). Impact of 2007 summer floods on agriculture, Battlegate Road Boxworth,
Cambridge: Australian Diver Accreditation Society.