August ICIRST 19 (Madurai, India) (1) 1

International Conference on Innovative Research in
Science and Technology

(ICIRST-19)
Madurai, India
30th -31st August, 2019
Institute For Engineering Research and Publication (IFERP)

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Publisher: IFERP Explore
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Editorial:
We cordially invite you to attend the International Conference on Innovative Research in

Science and Technology (ICIRST-19) which will be held at Madurai, India on
August 30th-31st, 2019. The main objective of ICIRST is to provide a platform for researchers,
engineers, academicians as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their
research results and development activities in relevant fields of Innovative Research in Science and
Technology. This conference will provide opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas and
experience face to face, to establish business or research relationship and to find global partners for
future collaboration.
These proceedings collect the up-to-date, comprehensive and worldwide state-of-art knowledge on
cutting edge development of academia as well as industries. All accepted papers were subjected to
strict peer-reviewing by a panel of expert referees. The papers have been selected for these
proceedings because of their quality and the relevance to the conference. We hope these proceedings
will not only provide the readers a broad overview of the latest research results but also will provide
the readers a valuable summary and reference in these fields.
The conference is supported by many universities, research institutes and colleges. Many professors
played an important role in the successful holding of the conference, so we would like to take this
opportunity to express our sincere gratitude and highest respects to them. They have worked very
hard in reviewing papers and making valuable suggestions for the authors to improve their work.
We also would like to express our gratitude to the external reviewers, for providing extra help in the
review process, and to the authors for contributing their research result to the conference.
Since June 2019, the Organizing Committees have received more than 60 manuscript papers, and
the papers cover all the aspects in Electronics, Computer Science, Information Technology, Science
Engineering and Technology and Management. Finally, after review, about 20 papers were included
to the proceedings of ICIRST-2019.
We would like to extend our appreciation to all participants in the conference for their great
contribution to the success of ICIRST-2019 We would like to thank the keynote and individual
speakers and all participating authors for their hard work and time. We also sincerely appreciate the
work by the technical program committee and all reviewers, whose contributions made this
conference possible. We would like to extend our thanks to all the referees for their constructive
comments on all papers; especially, we would like to thank to organizing committee for their hard
work.
Acknowledgement
IFERP is hosting the International Conference on Innovative Research in Science

and Technology this year in month of August. The main objective of ICIRST is to grant
the amazing opportunity to learn about groundbreaking developments in modern industry,
talk through difficult workplace scenarios with peers who experience the same pain
points, and experience enormous growth and development as a professional. There will
be no shortage of continuous networking opportunities and informational sessions. The
sessions serve as an excellent opportunity to soak up information from widely respected
experts. Connecting with fellow professionals and sharing the success stories of your firm
is an excellent way to build relations and become known as a thought leader.
I express my hearty gratitude to all my Colleagues, Staffs, Professors, Reviewers and

Members of organizing committee for their hearty and dedicated support to make this
conference successful. I am also thankful to all our delegates for their pain staking effort
to travel such a long distance to attain this conference.
Mr. Ankit Rath

Chief Scientific Officer (CSO)
Institute for Engineering Research and Publication (IFERP)
International Conference on Innovative
Research in Science and Technology
(ICIRST-19)
Madurai, India
30th-31st August, 2019
Keynote Speaker
Organized by

Dr.J.Karthikeyan
Principal & Professor-EEE
Mangayarkarasi College of Engineering
Paravai, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Message
It is indeed a matter of great pleasure to be a part of “International conference on Innovative Research in
Science and Technology (ICIRST-19),” and to interact with zealous scholars and tech-savvy engineers’
gathering at Madurai on August 30th -31st.
Today’s world is the outcome of quests for innovative technical and scientific inventions by the
intellectual efforts of modern humanities. Accelerating research in every field has guaranteed enhanced and
comfortable human life. However, at the same time, the environmental catastrophe should be accepted as the
annoying outcome of the uncontrolled industrial advances. Inspite of some exceptional and revolutionary
discoveries in engineering and technology, few challenges like global warming, carbon emanation and the
ecological deterioration are still in search of improved solutions.
Technological and scientific research and development seem to be the only resolution for the mankind
to deal with such challenges. It has become mandatory that the contemporary researchers and enthusiasts should
cooperatively discover solutions to these issues through abiding perseverance and determination. The theme of
ICIRST is indeed in line with the demand of next-gen innovative research and technologies, without the same
the solution of aforesaid challenges cannot match the expectations of the modern mankind.
The ideas and innovations in technologies need to be verified at universal level. International
conferences like ICIRST-19, provide supreme platform for peer investigators to discuss their innovative
concepts and offer the opportunity for joint efforts in order to obtain enhanced results.
I hope at ICIRST-19, students and researchers will acquire and exchange quality knowledge through
various sessions. My sincerest thanks to organizing committee and best wishes for the prolific and enthusiastic
conference.
Dr.J.Karthikeyan
ICIRST-19
International Conference on
Innovative Research in Science and
Technology
Madurai, India, 30th-31st August, 2019
Organizing Committee
Dr. S. Sevugarajan Dr. S. John alexis Cynthia J

PROFESSOR AND HOD PROFESSOR & HOD PROFESSOR AND HOD
Electronics and Communication Engineering Automobile Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering
AAA College of Engineering and Technology Kumaraguru College of Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology
Sivakasi, Tamilnadu Coimbatore, Tamilnadu Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu
Dr. E. Kaliappan Dr.T.Revathi B. Soundara

PROFESSOR AND HOD SR. PROFESSOR & HEAD PROFESSOR & HEAD
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Information Technology Civil Engineering
Easwari Engineering College (SRM Group) Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Bannari Amman Institute of Technology
Chennai,Tamil Nadu Sivakasi, Tamilnadu Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu
Dr.D.Selvathi Dr. C. Sujatha Dr. K.kavitha

SENIOR PROFESSOR PROFESSOR PROFESSOR
Electronics and Communication Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College SSM Institute of Engineering and Technology Velammal College of Engineering and
Sivakasi, Tamilnadu Dindigul, Tamil Nadu Technology,. Madurai, Tamilnadu
Dr. A. Muthiah Dr.G.L.Sathyamoorthy Dr. J.premalatha

PROFESSOR PROFESSOR PROFESSOR
Mechanical Engineering Civil Engineering Civil Engineering
P.S.R. Engineering College Kumaraguru College of Technology Kumaraguru College of Technology
Sivakasi, Tamilnadu Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu
Dr. P. Devaki Dr. D.sivakumar Dr.L.Latha
Computer Science and Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering Computer Science and Engineering
Kumaraguru College of Technology SRM Easwari Engineering College Kumaraguru College of Technology
Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu Chennai,Tamil Nad Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu
Dr.Ranithottungal R Dr. Tanmay basak Dr. D. Deepa

Electronics and Communication Engineering Chemical Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering
Kumaraguru College of Technology Indian Institute of Technology Madras Bannari Amman Institute of Technology
Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu Chennai,Tamil Nadu Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu
Dr. S. Poonkuntran Dr.S.Devi Mahalakshmi Dr. Mrunal deshpande

PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Velammal College of Engineering and Mepco Schlenk Engineering College SSN College of Engineering
Technology Sivakasi, Tamilnadu Chennai,Tamil Nadu
Madurai, Tamilnadu
Dr. S. Kavi priya Dr. S. Rajesh Dr.N. Bhalaji

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Information Technology Information Technology Information Technology
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Mepco Schlenk Engineering College SSN College of Engineering
Sivakasi, Tamilnadu Sivakasi, Tamilnadu Chennai,Tamil Nadu
Dr.K.Madheswari Dr.R.Gomathi Dr.M.Kalamani

Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering
SSN College of Engineering Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Bannari Amman Institute of Technology
Chennai,Tamil Nadu Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu
Dr. E Prakash Balakrishnaraja.R Dr. S. Babu

Mechanical Engineering, Biotechnology Mechanical Engineering
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Bannari Amman Institute of Technology PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Dr. M. Thirugnanasambandam Dr. R Vidhyapriya

PROFESSOR PROFESSOR
Mechanical Engineering Biomedical Engineering
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
CONTENTS
SL.NO TITLES AND AUTHORS PAGE NO
1. GPS and GSM Based Automatic Border Alert System for Fisherman
 R.Duraibabu
 R.Kesavarajan
 T.Hari Prasath
1-3
 S.Rajendran
2. Effect of Alkaline treatment on banana fiber reinforced Epoxide Composites

 G. Kirubakaran
 M. Aadithya
 C. Madankumar
4-8
 C. Senthamaraikannan
3. An Experimental Study of Al-6062, Stainless Steel, and Inconel-625 using

Machinability Analysis
 Pradeep Kumar Mishra
 Mandeep Singh 9-15
 Sasmita Nayak
 Dillip Mishra
4. Investigation of Tool wear rate (TWR) during the Electric discharge

machining (EDM) of Hybrid Al-6061 metal matrix composite
 Mandeep Singh
16-20
 Sthipragyan Maharana
 Pragyansu Maharana
 Dillip Mishra
5. Effects of grain size on surface roughness of thin pure Cooper sheets in metal
micro forming
 Mandeep Singh
 Anamul Hossian 21-25
 Dillip Mishra
6. Synergistic Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) With Various

Antibiotics as an Antimicrobial Activity
 Kavitha Varak 26-30
 Puppala Kavya Priya
7. Experimental Work on the Flexural Behaviour of Infilled Composite

Concrete Beams
 S.M.Leela Bharathi
 R.Mano Karthick
31-33
 R.Sathish Kumar
 U.Ajay Kumar
 A.Srithar
8. CAT Swarm Optimization Based Solid State Faultcurrent Limiter in

Distribution System
 M.Manisha
34-37
 V Rithi Andal Pooja
 Mrs.B.Noorul Hamitha
CONTENTS
9. Continuous Abstractive Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation
 Nithyashree M
 Dr. Sukumar T
38-42
 S. Kalavathi
 K. Kamal Kumar
10. Structural Determination of CI Engine Fuel Additives through Dielectric

Relaxation Studies
 Prathima A 43-47
 Thenappan T
11. Electrolyte Shock Treatment

 M.Susmitha
 M.Viswadharani
48-50
 A.Karthikeyan
 R.Ganesan
12. Construction of Multi-Storeyed Buildings in India With Environmental

Perspective
 Rajkumar R
 Kavya L 51-55
 Vishvaa R S
 Kamaleswari T
13. Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Intralayer Jute/Flax and

Sisal/Flax Polymer Epoxy Composites
 Dr.C.Senthamaraikannan
 Kirubakaran.G
 Ananda Karthick N 56-60
 GiriPrasath
 K.kabilan
 P.N.karthikbalaji
14. A Narrative Amalgam Algorithm for Job Shop Scheduling Problem

 Muthiah A
 S.Kalidass
61-63
 Muthusamy.K
 Sundarrajan.D
15. High-Utility Pattern Mining by Removing Recurrent Patterns

 M.S.Bhuvaneswari
 S.Kavitha 64-68
 N.Balaganesh
16. Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete Partially

Replaced with Seashells and Coconut Shells as Coarse Aggregates
 Nitin Panaskar 69-74
 Ravi Terkar
17. The Flood Mitigation System

 Mithun R
 Sruthi Nivaashini V
 Sahaya Shalmiya J 75-79
 Sangavisri I
 Likith Sai N
CONTENTS
18. Improving Efficiency of Grain Processing Industry Using Value Stream
Mapping (VSM) – A Case Study
 K. Ram Prasad 80-85
 M.Nishal
 Varun V V
19. Analysis and prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease using Machine Learning
Algorithms
 Srinitya G 86-88
 Daniel Madan Raja S
20. Empirical Analysis on Recycled PET Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly
Ash
 Velmurugan S 89
 Ashwathi R
CONTENTS
ICIRST-19
International Conference on
Innovative Research in Science
and Technology
Madurai, India
30th-31st August 2019
PAPERS
ICIRST-19
Organized by

ICIRST-19
Organized by

International Conference on Innovative Research in Science and Technology (ICIRST-19)
30th-31st August, 2019 - Madurai, India
GPS and GSM Based Automatic Border Alert

System for Fisherman
[1]
R.Duraibabu, [2] R.Kesavarajan, [3] T.Hari Prasath, [4] S.Rajendran
[1][2]
UG Student, [3][4]Assistant Professor
[1][2][3]
Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
[4]
Kalasalingam Academy of Research & Education, Tamil Nadu, India
[1]
rduraibabu14@gmail.com, [2] apkkesavarajan@gmail.com, [3] hariprasatheee@kamarajengg.edu.in,
[4]
rsrajendran2008@gmail.com
Abstract:
This paper describes about the border alerting for fishermen using GPS and engine control unit. In day-to-day life, we hear
about the many problems confronted by the Indian fishermen, were captured by the neighboring countries because of crossing the
border. The target of this system is utilized to encourage the fishermen to explore inside our sea nation border Using GPS (Global
Positioning System) and GSM (Global system for mobile communication), GSM sends the message to the coastal guard office. If
the boat nearer to the restricted zone the alarm will turn on and the sound keep on increasing and also speed of the engine will get
reduced. If the fishermen fails to ignore the warning and they move to reaches the restricted zone automatically engine gets off and
send through the message.
Keywords:
GPS, GSM, Microcontroller (At mega- 328)
with the help of the electronic fuel injector. and its low cost
1. INTRODUCTION marine. By this method, we can alert the fishermen and also
Sri Lanka and India coast nations are remote by their sea monitor them thereby avoiding banned activities such as
borders. In Tamilnadu about 20,000 vessels make spinning smuggling, intruders, etc. This is very much useful to save
in the Bay of Bengal. The main aim is to give a well the fisherman’s lives. And the thread reduce due to the sea
equitable user friendly environment for Indian Fisherman to pirates.
handle risky situation with the help of engine control. This S. Kiruthika et al [2] the paper titled as” A Wireless
paper comes with a steady solution for this problem and mode of protected defence mechanism to mariners using
protects the Indian fisherman from dangerous situation and GSM technology “In our system using only GPS to receive
being crossing the marine boundary and save their life and the information from the satellite and stored border
improve the safety of fisherman. The system is designed by locations to detect whether the boat has crossed the border
using GPS and GSM. A GPS route device is a device that or not. If so the mariner is alerted and the message is
specifically discovers natural area by getting data from GPS transmitted to nearby coast office through RF signals at
satellites. This device can track the GPS data every single VHF (30-300MHz) range which covers wide area.
time at whatever point the fisher man's cross the Indian Naveen Kumar.M et al [3] the paper titled as” border
border. It is a significant depression issue and encourages alert and smart tracking system with alarm uses DGPS and
trouble in the both people and also their economic GSM and this system uses DGPS to track the location of the
expenditures. boat and to activate an alarm which consists of a Piezo-
buzzer, when the border is move toward or crossed. Also, in
2. LITERATURE SURVEY addition, the DGPS information is sent to control office, and
also the information is sent to the family at regular time
D.Jim Isaac et al [1] the paper titled as “Advanced intervals that are in expectation about their family member's
border alert system using GPS and with intelligent Engine safety.
control unit “In our system using GPS and GSM, where
GPS is used to find the location of the boat. If the boat 3. METHODOLOGY
nearer to the boundary primarily it warning the fishermen
with the alarm and emits the location of the boat to the The GPS device will repetitively give the signal which
nearest coast office via GSM communication. When it determines the latitude and longitude and indicates the
further nears the marine boundary an interferer is sent to the position of the fishermen and which gets read and displayed
Engine Control Unit which controls the speed of the engine in the LCD. The hardware which interfaces with
microcontroller, LCD display, GSM modem and GPS
IFERP International Conference Madurai 1 ISBN: 978-93-89107-36-4

Receiver. GPS provides consistent positioning, navigation, 4. FLOWCHART

and timing services to users on a continuous basis in every
day and night.
Then GPS store the storage of the maritime position.
While comparing the previous maritime restricted position
and current position and result will be the latitude and
longitudinal degree of the boat’s location is determined If
the boat nearer to the restricted zone the alarm will turn on
and the sound keep on increasing and also speed of the
engine will get reduced by using pulse width modulation. In
its simplest pulse width modulation output signals are
constructed by comparing two signals. The signals are
restricted position (carrier signal) and current position
(modulation signal) pulse width modulation operating at a
low power frequency. While carrier frequency higher than
the modulation frequency, the alarm will keep on
increasing, if the other case carrier frequency lowers than
the modulation frequency, the alarm will keep on
decreasing.
Then the fishermen fails to ignore the warning and they
move to reaches the restricted zone automatically engine
gets off by means of relay and send through the message to
the coastal guard. A microcontroller is interfaced serially to
a GSM modem and GPS receiver. The block diagram of the
entire system is given.
5. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Fig-1: Block diagram of the system
A) GSM MODULE
GSM network operate in a number of different carrier
frequency and its frequency up to 900MHz or 1800MHz.
GSM module is utilized for transmission of message
looking for help. The GSM makes use of narrowband Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique for
transmitting signals. It cannot be utilized as a part of seas as
towers cannot be placed in middle of the ocean so it place in
coastal control office. Thus the coastal continuously receive
the GPS information from the GPS Address. The main aim
of this GSM system is to ensure continuous monitoring of
each boat and information given to the coastal office. When

boat crosses border, the stored message adjacent to with as solid state relays .Relays are used where it is necessary to
compared position and message sent to the desired authority control a circuit by a low-power signal where several
person by using GSM module. circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays
B) GPS were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers
they repeated the signal coming from one circuit and re-
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based
transmitted it on another circuit.
navigation system that provides location and time
information in all weather conditions.. The GPS detects the F) BUZZER
latitude and longitude of the boat’s position and sends the If the boat nearer to the restricted area the alarm will
data to the microcontroller. This capability allows finding keep on increasing by means of pulse width modulation. It
out whether the boat has crossed the restricted area or not. ranges from (0-255).
This gives the current position of the boat to the ATMEGA
328 Microcontroller in the Engine Control Unit. It compares CONCLUSION
the current position and stored restricted position if the boat In the recent times the capture of Indian fishermen
is at a distance of Three kilometer from the restricted area across Sri Lanka border has been increased. It is difficult for
and then processor to generate an alarm keep on increasing the fishermen to discover the borders and lost into other
and also reduced the speed of the engine, The latitudes and country’ borders. Our objective is to give wireless support
longitudes received from the microcontroller is compared to those fishermen and aside from to go out after them if
with the stored restricted area values and reaches the they are found missing. This project is a low cost efficient
restricted area, the engine will get off. method of wireless tracking. It also gives sufficient
information to both ship and coastal guardians of anyone
a=sin² (Δφ/2)+cosφ1 ⋅cosφ2 ⋅sin²(Δλ/2 crossing the border.
c=2⋅atan2(√a,√(1−a) )
d=R⋅c FUTURE SCOPE
dist = sin(deg2rad(lat1)) * sin(deg2rad(lat2)) +
cos(deg2rad(lat1)) * cos(deg2rad(lat2)) * The process of directing the fishermen can be enhanced
cos(deg2rad(θ)); by placing the engine control unit system in the coastal
φ is latitude, λ is longitude, R is earth’s radius (mean office. They remotely control the engine to restart the boat
radius= 6,371km) for the safety of fishermen.
C) ENGINE CONTROL UNIT
REFERENCE
The ECU consists of an AT mega 238, random access
memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), and an 1. Jim Isaac , the paper titled as “Advanced border alert
input/output interface. This unit is used to stop motor when system using GPS and with intelligent Engine control
it is reaches the restricted area. If it is nearer the restricted unit “International Journal of Electrical and
area, the motor speed reduced by using pulse width Computing Engineering (IJECE) Vol. 1, Issue. 4, June
modulation. The Electronic Control Unit (ECU) can control 2015
almost every operation in an engine together with explosion 2. S.Kiruthika, N.Rajasekaran the paper titled as” A
systems.. In electronic control unit operate at electronic fuel Wireless mode of protected defense mechanism to
injector with a solenoid valve to control the fuel supply in mariners using GSM technology” International Journal
the engine When the alarm is generated it is necessary to of Emerging Technology and Innovative Engineering
stop the engine from moving forward The fuel injector is Volume I, Issue 5, May 2015 (ISSN: 2394 – 6598)
fitted with a solenoid valve which is a electromagnetically 3. G.Sivagnanam , A.J.Midhun, N.Krishna, G.Maria
controlled mechanical valve. When the GPS position Samuel Reuben A.Anguraj5 “Coast guard alert and
matches the stored restricted value, the result of the value rescue system for international maritime line crossing
give to the fuel injector. So this in turn reduced the fuel of fisherman” “ at International Journal of Innovative
supply which stops the engine from moving forward. Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN:
D) POWER SUPPLY 2349-2163 Issue 2, Volume 2 (February 2015)
The power supply is provided DC motor and 4. NaveenKumar.M Ranjith.R The paper titled as”
microcontroller. The DC power supply with both positive Border alert and smart tracking system with alarm
and negative output voltages, a center-tapped transformer is using DGPS and GSM” International Journal of
used and Arduino operates at low power. Emerging Technology in Computer Science &
Electronics (IJETCSE) ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 8
E) RELAY Issue 1 – APRIL 2014.
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Where many
relays are used to an electromagnet to mechanically operate
a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such

Effect of Alkaline treatment on banana fiber

reinforced Epoxide Composites
[1]
G. Kirubakaran, [2] M. Aadithya, [3] C. Madankumar, [4] C. Senthamaraikannan
[2][3]
[1][2][3][4]
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, India
[1]
kirubakaran@svce.ac.in, [2] aadithyalrmk@gmail.com, [3] mathankumarchelladurai@gmail.com, [4] senthamarai@svce.ac.in
Abstract:
Bio composites are materials that are made up of natural fibres and a polymer as a matrix have been produces as an alternate
solution and material to synthetic fibres and environment concern that has risen due to the over production and usage of artificial
materials. Fibres are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous 'filaments' or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to
pieces of threads. It is one of the key components of composite material. The use of composite materials is increasing steadily in
field engineering and various other fields rapidly. The accessibility of fibres and simplicity of assembling have enticed scientists
worldwide to attempt by regional standards accessible inexpensive fibre and to learning their achievability of fortification
determinations and to what degree they fulfil the obliged particulars of great strengthened polymer composite aimed at structural
requisition. This Investigation describes the mechanical behaviour of banana fibre reinforced composite upon alkalisation with
NaOH & KOH solutions with the references to the tensile loading and flexural strength testing on the fibre and comparing with the
reference of untreated banana fibre properties. All the tests have been fulfilled in line with ASTM standards. Banana fibre is a
ligno-cellulosic fibre which is obtained from the pseudo-stem of Banana plant (Musa sapientum) and is one of the best fibres with
good relative mechanical properties such as its high strength, smaller elongation, light weight, and it is biodegradable and has no
negative effect on environment and thus can be categorized as eco-friendly fibre. Some of the advantages of using composites are
high tensile strength, Improved torsional stiffness and impact properties, Lower embedded energy, lesser noise production during
operation, lower vibration transmission than metals among others.
Keywords:
Banana fibre; alkalisation- NaOH & KOH; tensile strength; flexural strength; biodegradable; ASTM standards
particles a year. With added estimates of how much

1. INTRODUCTION microplastic might be inhaled, that number is more than
Composites are multifunctional material systems that 74,000. Additionally, bio composites can offer special
provide characteristics not obtainable from any discrete properties such as higher stiffness and strength. In
material. They are cohesive structures made by physically combination with biodegradable plastics, fully bio-based
combining two or more compatible materials, different in and biodegradable solutions are possible. These composites
composition and characteristics and sometimes on form. are generally thermosetting plastics. Thermosets are
Over the last thirty years, composite materials like plastics polymer materials which are liquid or malleable at low
and ceramics have been the dominant emerging materials. temperatures, but which change irreversibly to become hard
The volume and number of applications of composite at high temperatures.
materials have grown steadily, penetrating and conquering
new markets relentlessly. Composite have become an Table 1 Properties of banana Fibre
integral part of our day-today life and can be found Tenacity 29.98 g/denier
everywhere. Composites have been around for a long time Fineness 17.15
with the classic example of bricks made from straw and Moisture Regain 13.00%
mud. In general, the composite materials consist of matrix Elongation 6.54
reinforced with fibres. Bio-based polymers such as bio Alco-ben Extractives 1.70%
composites can offer more sustainable materials with a Total Cellulose 81.80%
lower environmental footprint and reduced carbon footprint. Alpha Cellulose 61.50%
They can also reduce or avoid microplastic emissions in the Residual Gum 41.90%
environment if used properly to its full potential. A new Lignin 15.00%
study in the journal Environmental Science and
Technology says it's possible that humans may be Natural fibres are classified according to their origin.
consuming anywhere from 39,000 to 52,000 microplastic They are vegetable, or cellulose-base, class includes such

important fibres as cotton and jute. The animal, or protein- allowed to cure for 24 hours Fig 5. The composite is taken
base, fibres include wool, mohair, and silk. An important out and inspected for imperfections and defects.
fibre in the mineral class is asbestos. Table 1 gives us the
properties of banana fibre. Epoxy resins are a family of
monomelic or oligomeric material that can be further
reacted to form thermoset polymers possessing a high
degree of chemical and solvent resistance, outstanding
adhesion to broad range of substrates, a low order of
shrinkage in cure, impact resistance, flexibility and good
electrical properties (J.L.Massingill Jr et al.,2007). The 50%
banana fibre and 50% epoxy resin composite Materials can
withstand the higher loads when compared to the other
combinations and used as an alternate material for
conventional fibre reinforced polymer composites (M.
Ramesh et al.,2014). The electrical properties as well as
mechanical properties of banana fibre reinforced polyester
composites were found to be dependent on the fibre content Fig 1 Banana mat soaking
as well as the fibre surface modification (L. A. Pothan et al.,
2007). The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of
banana-fibre-reinforced thermoplastic PP composites at
various fibre volume percentages were invested and the
properties were at a maximum and the thermal stability was
also quite high (Sanjay K et al., 2010). Chemical
modification improves the storage modulus of banana fibre
reinforced polyester composites. Finally, it can be
concluded that composites with better modulus and low
damping ideal for use as a substitute for building material
can be developed from banana Fibre and polyester resins by
the judicious control of the interphase chemistry (Laly A.
Pothan et al., 2005).
2. FABRICATION
2.1 Fabrication of NaOH treated specimen: Fig 2 Drying using Hot Air Oven
The specimens are fabricated by firstly soaking the
banana mat in 2% NaOH solution for increased bonding
2.2 Fabrication of KOH treated specimen:
capacity for about two hours. After that the mat is taken out
The specimens are fabricated by firstly soaking the
and is rinsed until traces of NaOH is removed completely
banana mat in 2% NaOH solution for increased bonding
using distilled water Fig 1. The rinsed mat is air dried
capacity for about two hours. After that the mat is taken out
overnight and heated in a Hot Air Oven for about 30
and is rinsed until traces of KOH is removed completely
minutes in 50 degrees Celsius Fig 2. After the fibre is
using distilled water Fig 1. The rinsed mat is air dried
completely dry, a dead weight is placed on top of the mats
overnight and heated in a Hot Air Oven for about 30
to remove any creases left behind during the drying process
minutes in 50 degrees Celsius Fig 2. After the fibre is
Fig 3. Before layering up, the mould is prepared with a
completely dry, a dead weight is placed on top of the mats
release agent to ensure that the part will not adhere to the
to remove any creases left behind during the drying process
mould. A mixture of epoxy resin and hardener is applied
Fig 3. Before layering up, the mould is prepared with a
over all the surface thoroughly. The mixture of epoxy resin
release agent to insure that the part will not adhere to the
and hardener is taken in a ratio 10:1. The fibre volume is
mould. A mixture of epoxy resin and hardener is applied
80%matrix + 20% fibre. Now the layers are stacked one
over all the surface thoroughly. A mixture of epoxy resin
after the other. New layers are stacked one above another
and hardener is taken in a ratio 10:1. The fibre volume is
and there by 3 layers are made as a whole Fig 4. Then a
80%matrix + 20% fibre. Now the layers are stacked one
polythene sheet is sprayed with a releasing agent and is
after the other. New layers are stacked one above another
placed over a laminate and a galvanized sheet and is placed
and there by 3 layers are made as a whole Fig 4. Then a
over the polythene sheet to get even surfaces without any
polythene sheet is sprayed with a releasing agent and is
wrinkles. Then the entire setup is placed in a compression
placed over a laminate and a galvanized sheet and is placed
moulding machine at 350 psi pressure is applied and is
over the polythene sheet to get even surfaces without any

wrinkles. Then the entire setup is placed in a compression mm × 15 mm × 70 mm. The specimen is held on Tinius
moulding machine at 350 psi pressure is applied and is Olsen's® model IT503 machine and the specimen is tested
allowed to cure for 24 hours Fig 5. The composite is taken at the speed rate of 1.2mm/min.
out and inspected for imperfections and defects.
Fig 6 Tensile test specimen
Fig 3 Dead weight placed over the dried mat
Fig 7 Flexural test specimen
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Fig 4 Layering of mat and epoxy resign
4.1 Tensile Test
From table 2, infer that the tensile properties of the
banana fibre treated with KOH is unparalleled, showing
exceptional tensile properties 39.66 MPa with NaOH
treatment coming close second at 36.60 MPa. The
maximum load however is different, where the NaOH
treatment is higher at 1720 N. It is conclude that the tensile
properties are overall better with the KOH treatment.
Table 2 Tensile test results

S.N MATERI TENSILE MAXIMU STRAI
O AL STRENG M N
Fig 5 Compressing using Hot Press Moulding TH (MPa) LOAD
(N)
1 Untreated 23 1120 5.8
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Banana
The dimension of the rectangular specimen is 250mm in Laminates
length,25mm in breadth,3mm in width is held by the two 2 NaOH 36.60 1720 3.1
grippers of the INSTRON® 3382 machine and the pulling Treated
speed applied on the specimen is 5mm/min in order to 3 KOH 39.66 1460 4.28
measure the ultimate stress the specimen can withstand Treated
before its breaking point is known as tension test. The
flexural and Tensile test for this specimen is proceeded as
per the ASTM standard (D790 & D3039). For the tensile
test, the specimen size was 150 × 15 mm2 and gauge length
was 70 mm. Specimen dimension for flexural test was 100

CONCLUSION
In this study, mechanical properties were tested on the
three composites and from the results obtained, these
conclusions were drawn:
 The fabrication of banana fibre reinforced
composites with same ratio of epoxy and fibre
volume (80%matrix+20% fibre) is possible by
hand lay-up process.
 From the current experiments results, it has been
observed that alkalisation of the fibre laminates
gives better effect on the mechanical properties of
the composites like as tensile strength & flexural
strength.
 On comparing the tensile strength of untreated
banana fibre laminate with NaOH and KOH
Fig 8 Tensile test graph treated laminates, better and higher tensile strength
is show by KOH treated laminates and it is clear
4.2 Flexural Test by the bar chart.
The table 3 refers to the Flexural properties of the  Similarly comparing the Flexural strength of
banana fibres treated and untreated. From the table 3, untreated banana fibre laminate with NaOH &
ascertain that the properties of the banana fibre treated with KOH treated laminates, better properties are
KOH exhibit superior behaviour. The flexural strength that exhibited by KOH treated laminates.
the material withstood is 61.78 MPa and the Maximum load  From the experiment the results conclude that
is 43 N. The tests have been performed in line with the alkalisation of the fibre with 2%of KOH solution
ASTM standards and the results reflect the same. for 4 hours shows better mechanical properties.
Table 3 Tensile test results REFERENCE

S.N MATERI FLEXUR MAXIMU STRAIN
O AL AL M LOAD 1. M. Ramesh,T.Sri Ananda Atreya, U. S. Aswin, H.
STRENG (N) Eashwar, C. Deepa2014, Processing And Mechanical
TH (Mpa) Property Evaluation Of Banana Fiber Reinforced
1 Untreated 44.14 71 12.4 Polymer Composites, 12th Global Congress On
Banana Manufacturing And Management, Gcmm 2014
Laminates 2. L. A. Pothan, C. N. George, M. Jacob And S. Thomas
2 NaOH 61.28 43 12.2 19/2007, Effect Of Chemical Modification On The
Treated Mechanical And Electrical Properties Of Banana Fiber
3 KOH 61.78 43 18.83 Polyester Composites, Journal Of Composite
Treated Materials, Vol. 41,No.19/200723710021-
9983/07/192371–16$10.00/0doi:
10.1177/0021998307075456_ Sage Publications 2007.
3. Laly A. Pothan, Sabu Thomas, G. Groeninckx
Received 4 September 2005; Accepted 4 September
2005,The Role Of Fibre/Matrix Interactions On The
Dynamic Mechanical Properties Of Chemically
Modified Banana Fibre/Polyester Composites,
4. Laly A. Pothan, Tress Relaxation Behaviour Of
Banana Fibber-Reinforced Polyester Composites N. R.
Neelakantan Andbhaskarrao Department Of Chemical
Engineering,Iit Madras, India Sabuthomas*School Of
Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam, Kerala, India.
5. J.Santhosh, N.Balanarasimman, R.Chandrasekar,
S.Raja Study Of Properties Of Banana Fiber
Fig 9 Tensile test graph Reinforced Composites

6. Phys. Chem. C2007, 111, 7527-7531 A.Alavudeenm.

Thiruchitrambalam, N.Venkateshwaran and A.
Athijayamani Department Of Mechanical
Engineering, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College Of
Engineering, Krishnankoil- 626190, Tamilnadu,
India Review Of Natural Fiber Reinforcedwoven
Composite
7. M. Jannah, M.Mariatti*Anda. Abubakar School Of
Materials And Mineral Resources Engineering,
Engineering Campus Universitiy Saints Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia H. P. S.
Abdulkhalil School Of Industrial Technology,
University Saints Malaysia11800 Penang, Malaysia
Effect Of Chemical Surface Modifications On The
Properties Of Woven Banana-Reinforced Unsaturated
Polyester Composites.
8. Hetal Shah, B.Srinivasulu And Subhas Shit Central
Institute Of Plastic Engineering And Technology, Plot
No 630, Phase Iv, Gidc, Vatva, Ahmedabad-382445,
India Corresponding Author E-Mail:-
Vasuludr@Gmail.Com The Effect Of Surface
Treatment On The Properties Of Woven Banana
Fabric Based Unsaturated Polyester Resin Composites.
9. J.L.Massingill Jr. R.S.Bauer* Applied Polymer
Science: 21st Century Epoxy Resins, Coatings
Research Institute, Eastern Michigan University,
Ypsilanti, Mi 48197, Available Online 2 September
2007,
Https://Www.Sciencedirect.Com/Science/Article/Pii/B
9780080434179500234?Via%3dihub.

An Experimental Study of Al-6062, Stainless Steel,

and Inconel-625 using Machinability Analysis
[1]
Pradeep Kumar Mishra, [2] Mandeep Singh, [3] Sasmita Nayak, [4] Dillip Mishra
[1][3]
College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
[2][4]
University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
[1]
pradeepkumarm190@gmail.com
Abstract:
Electro-discharge machining (EDM) is a popular non-conventional machining process used to machine extreme hard
materials, making complex shapes in dies and moulds, machining sharp edges and corners that cannot be machined by other
processes. In addition, making prototype parts, drilling curved holes, milling can also be done by EDM. In this paper, Aluminum
alloy (Al 6061), stainless steel (SS-304) and Inconel 625 are studied and compared with other for distinguishing the output results
and to find the effect of peak current on them. The machinability of EDM in terms of material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear
rate (TWR/EWR) and surface roughness (Ra) are evaluated. A copper tool is used to conduct the experiment. Further, wire-EDM
is used to cut transverse section of work-pieces to again test and to show the smoothness of material. The energy dispersive analysis
of X-rays (EDAX) is a microanalysis tool for elemental analysis, and which is used in this study for the measurement of base metal
surfaces and machined surfaces. Thereafter, surface irregularities like surface cracks, globule of debris, poke marks are compared
with different materials. To measure the distinctness of the material, surface crack density (SCD) is calculated for each material
with different parameters and comparison is done. Finally, MRR, TWR, Ra and SCD with respect to peak current has been
measured.
Keywords:
Electro-discharge machining (EDM), Machinability analysis, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX), surface crack
density (SCD), material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (TWR/EWR)
Over the past few years, EDM has been referred to as

1. INTRODUCTION one of the breakthrough technology towards the movement
Electro discharge machining (EDM) is invented by an of traditional machining to electric based machining to
English scientist Joseph Priestly in 1770. Though, EDM has enhance the accuracy and faster the process. In addition,
not been used till the late 1943 due to incomplete EDM have been replaced the various operations which was
developmental stage. Then, Russian scientist has done by conventional method of drilling, milling and
established the complete model of EDM with the grinding. Moreover, it is the ability to machine the several
application of erosion technique which can be controlled shape with hard component which are very precise. There
and utilized for machining process [1]. In an initial attempt, are many hard materials like ceramics, composites, heat
EDM has been used for shape the metal in manufacturing resistant steels, and carbides, which are not practically
industry. Thereafter, EDM methods were moved to a machined with other types of machine. Thus, EDM plays a
machine tool [2]. key role in the field of manufacturing industry and the
In the modern area of manufacturing process, a various application areas are aerospace, nuclear energy sector,
non-conventional sources namely sound, mechanical, medical, sports and automobile [4].
electrical, photonics, and electrons. Due to rapid Numerous studies have attempted to explain the EDM
development of industrialization, machine materials are technique with considering the several electrical parameters
becomes harder, which is very difficult to machine. As there such as voltage, current, duty cycle, pulse and it relates to
are many industries require hard materials such as the MRR, TWR, and surface roughness (SR). In [5],
aerospace, power plant engineering and other civil investigates the MRR with different pulse through EDM
structures to increase the robustness of the material and and the material used in this study is Al-6061. The
system as well [3]. Novel improvements in the area of microstructure and hardness deviation of AL-6061 has been
material science has a great impact and remarkably changes studied in [6], which is necessity for further cleaning of
the scenario of metallic materials to have a better manufacturing phases. In [7], the feasibility study and the
mechanical and thermal characteristics, and good electrical application of optimization in rotary EDM has been carried
conductivity property to easily machined by spark attrition. out to inspect the machinability of Al-203/6061 material by
means of the Taguchi procedure. The micro-EDM has been

proposed in [8], where the process can be facilitate very

rapid manner with a thin gap. A machinability and
traditional based heat treated material using EDM procedure Electrde
has been portrayed [9]. In [10], Al-6061 has been tested Voltage Dielectric
fluid
through die-sinking EDM mechanism with the variation of V

Spark
current magnitude to estimate the influence on surface Work-piece
morphology. On the other hand, there are various

application oriented study has been introduced in [11,12]. Fig.1 EDM process diagram Fig.2 Flushing diagram
Recently, wire-EDM has been introduced to measure the Furthermore, to explain in-depth in the process of EDM,
MRR, SR, recast surface, hardness and metallurgical the input electric current plays a vital role. When the
variations [13,14]. A number of authors have considered the electric resistance is reduce to very low, then the current
soft computing techniques to optimize the parameters of density increases significantly, which increases the
EDM to enhance the performance index of metals [15, 16]. ionization ad it creates an influential magnetic field. At that
Thus far, a number of studies have highlighted factors that moment, a high-pressure is established among the work-
are associated with EDM and the measurement indexes. piece and tool. As a consequence, high heat is reached, and
This paper is organized is as follows. In an initial with this some portion of metal is melted and depleted. This
attempt, the brief introduction of background study and process is known as material removal [19].
literature review is narrated. Thereafter, a clear Generally, two types of EDM, namely Die-sinking, and
understanding of EDM and its indexes is presented. Further, wired-EDM (W-EDM). In Die-sinking EDM, a die shaped
a proposed methodology is demonstrated. The results and conductive metal has been used as electrode to produce the
implication finding is portrayed. Finally, last section gives electric arc. Alternatively, in wire-EDM, a conductive metal
the conclusion of the study. wire has been used as electrode. However, Die-sinking
EDM is suffers from accuracy point of view. To enhance
2. EDM the accuracy profile of metal W-EDM can be used.
It is an electro-thermal machining procedure, where There are various essential parameters of EDM such as
electrical power has been utilized to produce the electrical spark on and off time, arc gap, duty cycle, voltage, overcut,
spark. Due to electric spark, the material removal process is and discharge current. Using these parameters, the amount
carrying out. The application of this process is principally to of voltage and peak current can be controlled to material
machine the hard materials. Further, it can also be used to removal rate and refine the work-piece. In addition,
shape the materials in small sets and/or job-shop base. More dielectric fluid provides the oxygen-free working
importantly, the work-piece must be an electrically environment to avoid the electrical breakdown. Thereafter,
conductive to machine the material shape by EDM [17]. flushing procedure can be applied to clean the metal
particles effectively [20]. The experimental setup of
A. EDM PRINCIPLE flushing procedure with nozzle is depicted in Fig.2.
During this principle, the removal of metal property
3. EXPERIMENTAL TEST
from the work-piece is the main concern. This can be done
by high-speed periodic spark between the work-piece and In this section, a detail experimental set-up, selection of
tool. The Fig.1 shows the diagram of work-piece, electrode, work-piece and tool selection is discussed. In an initial
and spark within a dielectric fluid by the application of attempt, the EDM model i.e. EMS-5535 which is die-
electric voltage. The relationship between tool and work- sinking based with constant gap type and positive polarity
piece is cathode and anode respectively. When the voltage material have been utilized to perform the experimental test.
applies in the system, a high-spark is discharged in the gap The parameter of the dielectric fluids are taken as 0.83, and
within a 10 μs. Thereafter, the acceleration takes place 102°C for specific gravity and flash point respectively.
between electron and electron, which becomes conductive. Further, the electrode is used in this study is negative-
At that instant, collision takes place and creates a channel of polarity based. The EDM set-up machine is shown in Fig.3.
plasma. In Fig.2, displays the flushing diagram of
machining. The gap between work, and tool is usually
0.025mm and it is adjusted by servo system. Moreover, the
work-piece, and tool are immersed in a dielectric fluid. As
far as dielectric fluid is concerned, generally such type,
silicon oil, kerosene, and liquid paraffin [18].
Fig.3 EDM set-up Fig.4 W-EDM machine

The work-pieces are chosen for this experiment are, SS- After machining with W-EDM, the work-pieces are
304, Al 6061, Inconel 625. The dimensions of SS-304 are shown in Fig.6. Fig.7 presents the surface roughness tester
101x 41x 5 mm3, 100x41x5 mm3, 100x42x5 mm3.The to measure the roughness of the work-piece and the values
dimensions of Al 6061 are 61x52x3 mm3, 60x52x3 mm3, are presented in Table-4.
61x52x3 mm3.The dimensions of Inconel 625 are 51x51x5
mm3, 51x49x5 mm3, 51x51x5 mm3. Copper (99%) is
chosen as electrode with dia 16 mm and length of 110.8
mm. Initial weight of copper was 264.8 gram.
The work-piece have been taken as positive polarity
throughout the experiment is shown in Fig.5.
Fig.7 Taylor-Hobson Talysurf “Surtonic-25”
After W-EDM operation, the small work-pieces were

observed for irregularities in under scanning electron
(SEM). For comparison purpose, all SEM micrographs are
taken at 500X magnification.
The surface crack density was measured. The SCD are
measured by dividing the total crack length with the image
area. It is a relative measurement, all the images to be taken
a) Al-6061 b) Inconel-625 c) SS-304 at a particular magnification. Also, EDAX (EDS) of
machining surface were compared against the base metal to
Fig.5 Work-piece before machining check the foreign atoms adhering to the machined surface.
There are various control and fixed parameters to 4. RESULTS

process the work-piece such as peak current (IP), pulse
In this section, the experimental results is demonstrated
(Ton), voltage (V), spark gap, flushing pressure, and duty
and MRR, TWR, Ra and SCD are measured. The MRR vs
cycle (D) and which is in the range of 6A-10A, 300μs, 25V,
peak current is plotted in Fig.8.a with three different work-
50μm, 2.1bar, and 85% correspondingly.
pieces. It shows that, MRR increases with rise in peak
The observation table of experimental study is presented
current, which is a better machinability characteristics of
in table-1, Table-2, and Table-3 for Al-6061, SS-304, and
work-piece. In addition, the effect of peak current on TWR
INCONEL-625 respectively.
is presented in Table-5.
After machining the diagonal segment of each specimen,
a further test has been conducted through W-EDM, is
displayed in Fig.4. The average roughness values are
measured by Taylor’s Hobson (surtronic 25) tester. It is
battery powered, portable and self-contained instrument for
measurement of surface texture. The gauge length is
selected as 0.25 mm.
a) b)
Fig.8. a) MRR vs peak current, b) Surface roughness vs peak
current
6A TWR = No Significant Wear

Al 6061 8A TWR=1.321 x 10-4 (cc/min)
6A TWR = 2.021 X 10-4 (cc/min)
Inconel 625 8A TWR = No Significant Wear
6A TWR = 1.421 X 10-4 (cc/min)
a) Al-6061 b) Inconel-625 c) SS-304 SS-304 8A TWR = 2.234 X 10-4 (cc/min)
Fig.6 Work-piece after machining 10A TWR = No Significant Wear

It is clear that tool wear is very less during the

experiment. Lower tool wear signifies better machinability.
Further, effect of peak current on average surface roughness
is presented in Fig. 5.b.
5. EDAX ANALYSIS
(a) (b)
In this analysis, composition of the base metal is
compared with machined surface. This technique is a non-
mortal and the samples of interest can be studied with
limited or no trial preparation.
(c) (d)
Fig.11. a) EDS of Inconel-625 base metal, b) EDS of
Inconel-625 on machined surface at 6A current, c) EDS
of Inconel-625 machined surface at 8A current, d) EDS
(a) (b) of Inconel-625 machined surface at 10A current.
It is evident that there is no significant increase in

carbon and oxygen percentage in machining surface for
Inconel 625 in Fig.11 (a-d).
(c) (d)
Fig.9. a) EDS of Al 6061 base metal, b) EDS of Al
6061 on machined surface at 6A current, c) EDS of Al
6061 on machined surface at 8A current, d) EDS of Al
6061 on machined surface at 10A current.
With the analysis of Fig.9 by EDAX, there is increase in

carbon enrichment and oxygen enrichment with increase in
peak current for Al 6061.
(a) (b)
Fig.12: SEM micrographs
(c) (d)
Fig.10. a) EDS of SS-304 base metal, b) EDS of SS-
304 on machined surface at 6A current, c) EDS of SS-
304 on machined surface at 8A current, d) EDS of SS-
304 machined surface at 10A current.
From the Fig.10 (a-d), it is concluded that, carbon and

oxygen enrichment increases in machining surface for SS-
304.
Fig.13: SEM micrographs revealing surface

irregularities

It is observed that, there is no surface crack in case of Al It is concluded that with increase in peak current,
6061.Width of surface crack is more in case of SS-304 and surface crack density increases for both SS-304 and Inconel
width of surface crack is less in case of Inconel 625 as 625 in Fig.14.
compared to SS-304 in Fig.12.
Table-6: calculation of SCD
B. SCD calculation
Sample Total Total SCDX10-3
It is the ratio of total crack length and the total image crack image area (µm/µm2)
area. To calculate the SCD, the SEM micrographs were first length(µm) (µm2)
converted into ―.pdf‖ format and then opened with PDF SS-304 (6A) 431.51 47158.9 9.15
Xchange Viewer software. The scale was set accordingly SS-304 (8A) 506.82 47286.13 10.7
and SCD was then calculated. Fig.13 shows the SCD of SS- SS-304 (10A) 790.29 47150.26 16.7
304 machined at 6A. All the measurements indicated are in Inconel-625 826.35 47317.25 17.4
μm. The total crack length for the image is (6A)
Inconel-625 889.55 46918.41 18.9
(10.85+29.45+47.93+42.2+55.07+117.84+36.74+59.64+ (8A)
31.79) = 431.51 μm. Inconel- 944.74 46918.41 20.1
This value when divided by the image area 625(10A)
(247.19x190.78) sq. μm gives the value of SCD = 9.15 X
10-3. Similarly, SCD of other samples were calculated and CONCLUSION
a graph was plotted to reveal the variation of SCD with
respect to peak current. This study presents the behavior of Al-6061, Inconel-
625 and SS-304 by EDM with copper as the tool. The
experiments were conducted to check the variations of
output parameters like MRR, TWR, Ra, and SCD with
respect to the peak current. The peak current was varied at
three levels i.e. at 6, 8 and 10 Amperes and all other
parameters were preserved constant. The following
conclusions were made: a) MRR, TWR, SCD, and Ra
during the process increases with rise in peak current, b)
crack length and crack width also increases with increase in
peak current, c) SEM micrograph reveals the globules of
debris, poke mark, surface cracks for all work surfaces, Al
6061 do not show any surface crack because it is ductile in
Fig.14. SCD vs peak current nature.
Table-1 Experiment observations For Al 6061
Machining Machining Depth of

Work-piece Electrode
time in min cut
Sl Weight Weight Weight Weight D.O.C
Setting parameters Tm
no. before after before after (mm)
1 IP =6A, Ton=300μs,D= 85% 26.4 25.9 264.5 264.5 12.27 1
2 IP =8A, Ton=300μs,D= 85% 26.4 25.8 264.5 264.4 7.57 1
3 IP =10A, Ton=300μs,D= 85% 26.0 25.5 264.4 264.4 5.25 1
Table-2 Experiment observations For SS-304

time in min cut
1 IP =6A, Ton=300μs,D= 85% 187.1 186.0 264.7 264.6 60.10 0.7
2 IP =8A, Ton=300μs,D= 85% 176.6 175.5 264.6 264.5 25.53 0.7
3 IP =10A, Ton=300μs,D= 85% 176.8 175.8 264.5 264.5 12.16 0.7

Table-3 Experiment observations For Inconel 625

time in min cut
1 IP =6A, Ton=300μs, D= 85% 105.6 103.8 264.8 264.7 70.02 1
2 IP =8A, Ton=300μs, D= 85% 101.7 99.9 264.7 264.7 27.45 1
3 IP =10A, Ton=300μs, D= 85% 106.1 104.3 264.7 264.7 19.45 1
Table 4 Average surface roughness (Ra) values
SS- SS- SS- Al- Al- Al-

SAMPLES INCONEL- INCONEL- INCONEL-
304 304 304 6061 6061 6061
Ra values 625 (6A) 625 (8A) 625 (10A)
(6A) (8A) (10A) (6A) (8A) (10A)
1 3.98 3.02 3.24 4.16 3.98 4.96 2.28 3.4 2.5
2 2.94 4.2 3.34 4.0 5.86 5.5 3.34 2.84 4.4
3 2.2 4.78 2.84 3.22 4.96 4.02 3.26 3.46 3.36
4 2.02 3.76 3.14 3.8 3.94 4.4 2.8 3.62 3.02
Capacitor (mRC) relaxation circuit for machining high-

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258, 2006.

Investigation of Tool wear rate (TWR) during the

Electric discharge machining (EDM) of Hybrid
Al-6061 metal matrix composite
[1]
Pradeep Kumar Mishra, [2] Mandeep Singh, [3] Sthipragyan Maharana, [4] Pragyansu Maharana,
[5]
Dillip Mishra
[1]
[2][3][4][5]
[1]
Mandeepsingh@student.uts.edu.au
Abstract:
Hybrid Aluminum metal matrix composites have become leading materials due to their excellent engineering characteristics
and applications. In this experimental work, Al6061 based hybrid metal matrix composite is fabricated by stir casting process,
where the ‘SiCp’ and ‘Grp’ are used as reinforcements. Due to the abrasive nature of reinforcements, the hardness of fabricated
samples is increased, which was very much difficult to machine by traditional methods. Therefore, in this study an effective
machining process (EDM - Electric Discharge Machining) is used for machining the developed metal matrix composite. This paper
investigates the significant effect of EDM machining parameters like pulse-on time (T-on), pulse-off time (T-off), voltage (V) and
current (I) on a response variable (TWR- tool wear rate). For machining, the fabricated samples, three different electrodes
materials; Steel-304, Brass and Copper with a Ø12mm each were used. The design matrix is developed by Taguchi L 27 approach in
Minitab software. The ANOVA technique is used to check the signification of the model. The SEM (Scanning electron microscope)
and EDS (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer) were done to study the surface characteristics and elements analysis, respectively
of the machined electrodes.
Keywords:
Al-MMC (Aluminum metal matrix composite), EDM (Electric discharge machining), Stir casting, SEM (Scanning electron
microscope), EDS (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer)
MMC material the Al 6061 is used as the matrix phase,

1. INTRODUCTION where the SiCp and Grp are reinforced into different
MMC (metal matrix composite) are one of the most compositions with the same configurations. To develop this
advanced human-made materials, which are made up by hybrid MMC samples, the stir casting method is used [4]. In
mixing of at least two distinct metals [1]. A MMC mainly this experimental study, we machined the developed sample
consist two phases (a) matrix phase (b) reinforcement with EDM (Electric Discharge Machine). EDM is one of
phase, where matrix phase (consist a metallic alloy) is the the non-conventional machining processes; it is used in
basic part of a MMC that is reinforced with ceramic phase modern manufacturing industries due to their effectiveness
in the formation of particles, fibers (short, long, aligned, and and economical approach [6].
continues) and platelets [2]. MMCs are used in various Three different material rods (copper, brass and steel
industries and structural application due to their superior 304) each with 12mm Ø are used as electrodes. To perform
sets of mechanical, thermal and environmental properties. A the EDM operations, a design matrix is developed in
MMC has very light in weight, low coefficient of thermal Minitab software by using the DOE approach. Here is our
expansion and thermal resistance, good damping capacity; it main emphasis on calculating and examining the TWR
is good to wear resistances and good in corrosion resistance (Tool wear rate) of three different electrodes and investigate
[2]. By adding the reinforcement into various forms and the process parameters, which mostly affect our response
configurations (short, long, aligned, continues and (TWR).
discontinues) the strength and stiffness of prepared MMC 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
samples can be modified. When at least two different
reinforcements are added into the metallic matrix phase to A. Fabrication of Al-based hybrid MMC
fabricate a MMC, then that composite material is called a It was a big challenge to prepare a metal matrix
hybrid metal matrix Composite [3]. Here in this research composite with uniform distribution of reinforcement phase
work, we fabricated a hybrid MMC. To fabricate this hybrid and without any microstructure defects [8]. As per our

requirements, the reinforcement phase is added into the machining the SEM was done at equal magnification level
matrix phase within various sizes and shapes (short, long, (as shown in Fig.4).
aligned, continue and discontinues) [2]. However, in this
study, the configuration of both SiCp and Grp are same,
they both reinforced via 200 mesh size with an average size
of 75µm. The SiCp and Grp are reinforced into Aluminum
6061 in the following composition, shown in Table.1.
Table.1. The weight percentage of reinforcement of

Al6061
Al MMC-1 Grp SiCp
87% 3% 10%
Fig.3. SEM images Al MMC (SiCp10% and Grp3%)
To prepare the composite, we used stir-casting process,
which is one of the types of liquid state processes [4]. In stir
casting process the Al 6061 alloy is kept in graphite
crucible inside the electric vertical muffle furnace. The high
temperature (850°C) of muffle furnace quickly melted the
aluminum alloy. The SiCp and Grp were preheated at 800°C
temperature into another electric muffle furnace, to improve
the wet-ability of reinforcements [8]. After melting the Al
6061, it is cooled down to come into a semi-solid state
where the preheated particles of Sic and Gr are reinforced
into the labelled compositions. A graphite stirrer is used for
carrying the mechanical stirring during the mixing of
reinforcements. After the proper mixing, the molten metal
was poured into preheated cast iron mould, and then the it is
left at environmental temperature for cooled down, after the
solidification we got our required casted composite (as
shown in Fig.1). For machining, the developed composite
sample three different materials (Copper, Brass and Steel Fig.4. SEM images (before machining) of three
304) rods are selected as electrodes (each has a Ø of electrodes, a)Steel-304, b) Brass and c) Copper
12mm), as shown in Fig.2.
C. Experimental planning
Final experiments design matrix is developed by using the
design of experiments in Minitab software. Taguchi L27
(3^5) technique is applied to optimize the significant
parameters of EDM, where the response (TWR in g/sec) is
directly affected. The series of experiments are planned
with four process parameters and three levels (as shown in
Table.2). Table.2. Selected parameters and their levels.
Fig.1. Fig.2.
Fig.1. The developed Al MMC (SiCp10% and Grp3%) Machining Levels
sample. parameters
Fig.2. Three different electrodes (Before machining), a) 1 2 3
Steel-304, b) Brass and c) Copper Pulse-on
30 60 90
time
B. Testing of developed sample and electrodes
Pulse-off
To confirm and check the uniform distribution of 30 60 90
time
reinforcements (SiCp and Grp) and examined the
Voltage 10 12 14
microstructure of developed samples, the scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was done (as shown in Fig.3). Same as Current 6 7 8
it, to study out the microstructure of electrodes before Steel Brass
Tool Copper (1)
(-1) 0

The design matrix developed by Taguchi L27 (3^5) Table.4. EDM machine specifications
approach is shown in Table.3. The designed experiments S645 CMAX/Oscar Max
Model/Machine name
were performed on Oscar Max Die-Sinking EDM machine (Taiwan made)
(Taiwan made) shown in Fig.5. 1500 mm(L), 940 mm(W),
Work Tank
520 mm(H)
Table.3. Design matrix Work Table 1000 mm(L), 600 mm(W)
Table Travel (X)/(Y) 600mm/450mm
Servo Travel 400 mm
Distance Between Platen
300 mm-700 mm
and table
Max. Electrode Weight 250 Kg
Max. Workpiece Weight 2000 Kg
Max. Current 180 A
Max. MRR 1500 mm3/min
Weight 3600 Kg
D. The calculation for TWR (Tool Wear Rate).
To determine the TWR, we calculated the weight difference
of tool electrodes (before and after the machining) and over
the machining time. The Equation.1 is used to calculate the
TWR.
( )
( ) (1)
Where, Tbm–Electrode weight before machining (gm),
Tam – Electrode Weight after machining (gm),
MT – Machining Time of each trail (sec).
To quantify the weight of tool/electrode a weighing

machine (model PGB 200) with a maximum capacity of
200gm and readability of 0.001gm is used, as shown in
Fig.6.
The specifications of Oscar max machine are shown in
Table.4. During the EDM process, both W/p and electrodes 3. TAGUCHI L27 (3^5) ORTHOGONAL ARRAY
are immersed in the dielectric fluid. A commercial-grade Analysis of the S/N ratio on TWR
EDM oil (density=0.76) was utilized as dielectric fluid.
Taguchi, the factorial design is used in this study to
generate the design matrix with less complexity [8]. In this
study, the orthogonal array L27 (3^5) is used. Equation.2 was
used to find out the S/N ratio. Table.5 shows the
experimental results and their corresponding S/N ratios for
the lower tool wear rate
( )
(TWR) = ( ) (2)
Fig.5. Oscar max EDM machine
Fig.6. Electronic weighing machine.

Table.5. Average tool wear rate and S/N ratio Table.5. ANOVA for TWR
Level On Off Current Voltage Tool
time time
1 72.9 73.07 74.53 78.32 78.28
2 74.53 74.65 75.1 73.26 60.6
3 77.79 77.5 75.59 73.63 86.34
Delta 4.89 4.42 1.07 5.06 25.74
Rank 3 4 5 2 1
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Mechanism of Tool Wear
In EDM operation, high thermal energy is applied to
generate a spark for eroding the workpiece, during the
process, the electrode (tool) is also dissolved. The main
advantage of EDM is its capability to machine the hard
material within the desired size and shapes. Here our main
emphasis is to calculate the tool wear rate of three used
different material electrodes, shown in Fig.8. Fig.9 (a-c)
shows the SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of
tool electrodes after the electric discharge machining of Al
MMCs.
From SEM images of used electrodes, it was analyzed that
the cracks and craters are produced in all three electrodes
after the EDM operations. The EDS operation was done to
verify the element analysis of used electrodes. The EDS
analysis is shown in the following images Fig.10 (a-c).
Fig.7. The main effect of TWR Fig.8.

Fig.8. Pictorial view of used electrodes, a) Steel-304, b)
Brass and c) Copper
From S/N graph (Fig.7) the combination of optimal

parameters for minimum tool wear rate is a pulse on time
(30), pulse off time (30), current (6), voltage (12) and tool
(brass).
B. Analysis of the S/N ratio on TWR
The ANOVA (Analysis of variance) is employed to check
out the second-order mathematical model of the above
equation. Table 6 shows the ANOVA with rank by each
Fig.9. SEM images of electrodes after EDM,
parameter while machining of Al-HMMC. The percentage
a) Steel-304, b) Brass and c) Copper.
contribution by each parameter shows the significant
parameters that affect the TWR while machining of MMC.

REFERENCE
1. Amresh kumar, Gaurav saini, H.S Bains and Alakesh
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Fig.10. EDS spectral analysis, a) Steel-304, b) Brass and materials research and technology, no of pages-11.
c) Copper 5. E.kilickap, O.cakis, M.akray and A.inan, 2005, “Study
of tool wear and surface roughness in machining of
The tool wear rate (TWR) percentage of three different homogeised SiC-p reinforced aluminum metal matrix
electrodes is represented in the following Table.7. composite”. Materials processing technology, p.p-862-
867.
Table.7. Tool wear rate percentage. 6. C.velmurugan, R.subramanian, S.thriugnanam and
Electrode TWR percentage (%) B.anandavel, 2011, “Experimental investigation on
(code) machining characteristics of Al6061 hybrid metal matrix
Steel-304 (-1) 55% composite processed by EDM”. International journal of
Brass (0) 25% engineering, science and technology, Vol-3, p.p-87-101.
Copper (1) 80% 7. Kompan chomsamuts and J.somkiat, 2012,
“Optimization parameters of tool life material using the
taguchi approach and response surface methodology”.
CONCLUSION International journal computer science, Vol-9, ISSN:
1694-0814.
In this experimental work, EDM was conducted on the 8. R.K gangram bhandare and P.M sonawane, 2013,
Al-based hybrid MMC sample (fabricated by Stir casting “Prepration of aluminum metal matrix composite using
process), by using three different electrodes (Steel-304, stir casting method”. International journal of
Brass and Copper) of Ø12mm each. The final design matrix engineering and advanced technology, Vol-3, ISSN:
was developed by using the Design of experiment (Taguchi 2249-8958.
L27) technique in Minitab software. Here our focus was to 9. V.balaji, N.sateesh and M.M hussain, 2015,
investigate the signification/impact of selected parameters “Manufacturing of Aluminum metal matrix composite
and their levels/ranges where our response variable (TWR) (Al 7075-SiC) by stir casting technology”. Materials
is mostly affected. The desirability approach was employed today, p.p-3403-3408.
to calculate optimization. The mean S/N ratio graphs and 10. R.V barenji, H.H pourasl and V.M khojastehnezhed,
ANOVA was generated for analyzing the effect of process 2016, “Electric discharge machining of AISI D6 tool
parameters. From the analysis, the following conclusion steel prediction and modeling of the material removal
was conducted. rate and tool wear ratio”, PRE:6341.
(1) In this experimental study, it was examined that the 11. Umesh.K garg, M.P kaur and V.K garg, 2008, “Removal
Copper-based electrode has a high tool wear rate (80%) as of Nickel from aqueous solution by adsorption on
compared to other electrodes (Steel-304 and Brass). agriculture waste biomass using a response surface
(2) The „voltage‟ and „pulse-on time‟ both are the methodology approach”. Bioresources technology, p.p-
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wear rate of all the three different material electrodes.
(3) The TWR is minimum at a high level of „pulse-off
time‟, and on the other side, the „current‟ has a constant
effect on TWR.

Effects of grain size on surface roughness of thin

pure Cooper sheets in metal micro forming
[1]
Mandeep Singh, [2]Anamul Hossian, [3] Pradeep Kumar Mishra, [4] Dillip Mishra
[3]
[1][2][4]
[1]
Mandeepsingh@student.uts.edu.au
Abstract:
Size effect is a superior occurrence in micro forming process. Once the deformation process is scale down to micro scale, the
presences of geometry size and single grain size start to play a significance role on the material deformation behaviour. In this
work, size effect on surface roughness is inspected in the form of the coupled effect of workpiece geometry and grain size: the ratio
of material thickness (T) to average grain size (D) by the micro tensile test of pure copper foil. Tensile tests were carried out on the
foil with constant thickness and width, while to achieve different grain sizes, the foil were annealed for different time. The surface
roughness of all tensile tested copper samples is tested on the 3D laser-scanning microscope. The identified analysis provides a basis
for further vital exploration to understand the influence of size effects in metal micro forming.
Keywords:
Size effects, Copper samples, Tensile test, Micro-forming
deformation process scales down to micro scale, the

1. INTRODUCTION characteristics of single grain involved in the deformed
In the recent years, the micro metallic parts have been region start playing a major character in the material
attained more attention due to their wide applications and deformation behaviours [10]. In this paper, the effect of
superior characteristics [1]. The metal micro forming is a different grain sizes on the surface roughness of very thin
superlative micro-scale deformation process to fabricate the copper sheets (t=50 μm) has been investigated by
submillimeter range metallic parts with multi facilitation conducting micro tensile tests
[7]. Metal micro forming is a prominent field where size 2. MATERIAL
effects play a significant role. In metal micro forming, all
the process problems and material behaviour problems, Nonferrous metals are broadly used in electrical devices
which becomes complicated with further steps in in terms of micro parts due to their high electrical
miniaturization, are only highlighted with concerning the conductivity and good ductility. The outstanding wear
size effects [1,10]. The relationships between the resistance and bearing properties enhance the applications
dimensions, microstructure, and surface geometry in treated of nonferrous metals. The most commonly used wrought
workpieces as well as in tools are different in macro and forms are strips, rods, and tubes. In this study, a pure copper
micro-scale forming, which caused the formation of ‘size (99.9 %) foil is selected as the investigational material. The
effect’ phenomenon [1,9]. Therefore, the study of schematic and actual copper tensile sample is shown in
deformation behavior characteristics of different materials Fig.1 (a-b).
foils is very important to understand the influence of size
effects in metal micro forming. 3. HEAT TREATMENT AND POLISHING
In metal micro forming technology, a great deal of To obtain different average grain sizes in the selected
research on size effects on material deformation behaviours material and to achieve different thickness to grain size
of thin films have been studied extensively in the previous effect ratios, annealing process was carried out. The micro
researches [5], but the micro-scales investigation for thin tensile samples were annealed in a well-sealed vacuum tube
films are typically at least. In the metal micro forming, the annealing furnace (Fig.2 (a)). Because the samples are very
surface roughness is one of the problem caused by non- small, besides vacuum condition during heat treatment, the
uniform deformation of metal foils. In addition, the increase Ar air protection was also adopted to avoid oxidation. After
in surface roughness of the metal foils occurs during plastic annealing, samples for micro tensile test were etched using
deformation and it is one of the main factor affecting the a solution of 5ml saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate,
ductile fracture behaviour of metal foils [14]. Thus, it 45mL water, 20g potassium metabisulfite for 10 seconds.
becomes significant to clarify the mechanism of surface
roughness in metal micro forming process. As the

(a)
(b)
Fig.2. (a) Vacuum tube annealing furnace,
(b) Grinder and polish machine
(b)
Fig.1. (a) Diagram of micro tensile samples 4. 3D LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE
(b) Real copper specimen
An electric stage, and a large area of the strained foil
The most difficult job was to get a high diamond finish surface can be observed by using different lens to enlarging
on copper samples for determining the average grain size. the pictures automatically. To measure the average grain
The normal size Alpha aluminium powder (0.5 and 0.3 size after polishing, the average grain intercept method
microns) used to polish the copper samples. To achieve a (AGI) is used. In AGI technique, randomly positioned line
good shine in soft cooper material the Alpha aluminium segments are drawn on the micrograph and then counting
powder was constantly rubbed on samples after grinding. the number of times each line segment intersects a grain
boundary and quantify the grain size in a given material
Table.1. Sample preparation procedure for [12].
microstructural analysis
Procedure Surface Solution
Grinding 9 μm Largo Water
(2 min) cloth
Polishing 3 μm Mol Alpha or Gamma
(1 min) cloth aluminium powder
(0.5 microns)
Polishing OP-chem Alpha aluminium
(20 sec) powder (0.3 microns)
All the samples were mounted on grinder and polish

machine, as shown in Fig.2 (b). The grinding and polishing
Fig.3. 3-D laser scanning microscope
procedures for metallography are presented in Table.1.
This 3D laser confocal microscope is also used to the
precisely measures shape and surface roughness at the
submicron level. All the microstructure and grain size of the
prepared specimens before the tensile test are in shown in
Table.2.
5. EFFECT OF T/D ON TENSILE TEST AND
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
The impact of grain size comparative to the sample
thickness becomes very important, specifically when the
sample is actually thin, and then the T/D effect is analysed
with flow curves. To carry out the uniaxial micro tensile test
on materials with different grain size effect ratios, a set of
(a) METEX universal tensile testing machine with a maximum

capacity of 1KN (as shown in Figure.4 (a)) is used. The true

stress-strain curves of the copper samples with different
grain sizes are shown in Fig.4 (b). The true stress-strain
graph represents the required stress to origin the further
plastic flow in the material. In the previous studies the
selected ratios (T/D >1, T/D =1 and T/D <1) are only used
to investigate the flow stress in thin foils not for the surface
roughness. However, in this work all, these three ratios are
studied to understand the occurrence of the surface
roughness and the crystal orientation between the grains
that effects it most. Therefore, in the three nominated
different ratios of T/D the different surface texture images
were attained with the help of 3D laser microscope. The (a)
height profile and surface texture of the tensile-tested
samples are shown in the following Fig.5 and Fig.6,
respectively. It is observed that the surface roughness of
deformed sample increases significantly with the decrease
of T/D, because the surface grains are less constrained and
easier to deform on the free surface with small ratio of T/D.
Further, Fig.5 (a-c) shows the height profiles of tensile
tested samples all the copper samples are tested on the 3D
laser-scanning microscope. From Fig.7, it can be clearly
observed that the surface roughness increases with the
decrease of T/D ratio. Because, in T/D<1 the average grain
size is greater than sample thickness, which means the (b)
grains involved in the tensile samples are incomplete.
Consequently, due to the lack of grain boundaries it
becomes very easy to initiate the surface irregularities.
(c)
(a) Fig.5. Hight profiles of (a) T/D = 0.78

(b) T/D = 1.04
(c) T/D = 2.38
(b)
Fig.4. (a) METEX universal testing machine
(b) True stress-strain curves

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Material Copper Copper Copper
Temperature 600 600 600
Time 10 min 20 min 30 min
Thickness 50 μm 50 μm 50 μm
Average grain 21 μm 48 μm 56 μm
size
T/D 2.38 1.04 0.78
Microstructure
Table.2. Microstructure and grain size of the specimen
(c)
Fig.6. 3D Surface texture of (a) T/D = 0.78,
(a)
(b) T/D = 1.04,
(c) T/D = 2.38
18
16
14
12
Ra (μm)
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3
(b)
T/D
Fig.7. Surface roughness vs T/D

6. CONCLUSION 12. J.H. Deng, M.W. Fu, W.L. Chan, Size effect on material
surface deformation behavior in micro-forming process,
In this article, the influence of the size effects on 2011.
selected material surface roughness are investigated. To 13. M.W. Fu, W.L. Chan, Geometry and grain size effects
confirm the effect of T/D ratios, the surface roughness on the fracture behavior of sheet metal in micro-scale
analysis has been conducted with tensile tests for pure plastic deformation, Materials & Design 32(10) (2011)
copper foils. From this study, it is found that in deformed 4738-4746.
samples the surface roughness is expressively increased 14. W.L. Chan, M.W. Fu, B. Yang, Experimental studies of
with the decline in T/D ratio. In other words, we can say the size effect affected microscale plastic deformation in
that the surface roughness increases with the increase of micro upsetting process, 2012.
grain size. The reported results from this study also help to 15. D. Anand, D.R. Kumar, Effect of Thickness and Grain
define the hardening behaviour of grains in polycrystalline Size on Flow Stress of Very Thin Brass Sheets, Procedia
material. This investigation provide vital evidence to the Materials Science 6 (2014) 154-160
effect of surface roughening on the ductile fracture
behaviour..
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Synergistic Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles

(SeNPs) With Various Antibiotics as an
Antimicrobial Activity
[1]
Kavitha Varak, [2] Puppala Kavya Priya
[1][2]
Keshav Memorial Institute of Commerce and Sciences, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
[1]
kavithavarak@gmail.com
Abstract:
Nanoparticles (NPs) are advantageous in treating bacterial infections. Scientists found that Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs),
owing to their unique structure and properties, may be more effective than antibiotics as they have a larger surface area and
therefore can be more in contact with the external environment. The antibacterial effect of selenium may be due to the fact that at
a particular concentration nano-selenium interacts with the bacterial cell surface and penetrates into the cell, thus causing damage.
Some studies in recent years have suggested the use of combination of antibiotics+SeNPs, the synergistic effect of which often
surpasses their individual’s inhibitory activity. In our work we performed synergetic effect of SeNPs and 3 commercial antibiotics.
We found that the Nanoparticles enhanced the reaction rates of antibiotics in a synergistic mode as well as in its own way on
different kinds of pathogens
various types of cancers including prostate cancer [9], [10]

1. INTRODUCTION lung cancer [11]and esophageal and gastric-cardiac cancers.
Over the last decade, there has been a remarkable global Currently, studies indicating the ability of the selenium
focus on conventional as well as biogenic metallic compounds to inhibit bacterial growth and formation of
Nanoparticles as innovative tools for combating the high bacterial biofilms are also available [12]. Scientists found
rates of antimicrobial resistance [1], [2]. Resurgent interest that SeNPs, owing to their unique structure and properties,
in NPs has been stimulated by the appearance of drug- may be more effective than antibiotics as they have a larger
resistant bacteria and the increasing rate of hospital surface area and therefore can be more in contact with the
infection outbreaks. external environment [13]. The antibacterial effect of
NPs in particular have demonstrated broad-spectrum selenium may be due to the fact that at a particular
antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and concentration nano-selenium interacts with the bacterial cell
Gram-negative bacteria. The NPs have a direct contact with surface and penetrates into the cell, thus causing damage.
the bacterial cell wall, without penetrating the cell, which Selenium compounds are effectively used as anti-fungal
would be less prone to promoting resistance in bacteria than agents in shampoos for the treatment of the dry scalp [13].
antibiotics [3]. Due to their excellent antimicrobial Many vast range of microbes are used to study the
resistance properties, NPs have been widely used in many antimicrobial effect of SeNPs few of such microbes we used
fields. In fact, the application of NPs in fighting bacteria has are E.coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus,
decreased bacterial infection [4]. Salmonella, Bacillus subtilis, Candida, zygomycota etc. The
Several NPs have been documented for antimicrobial pathogenic microorganisms used for the present study were
activity [5], as the bacteria are less likely to develop E.coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus &
resistance to nanoparticles, the nanoparticles (NPs) are Salmonella.
increasingly used to target bacteria as an alternative to Some studies in recent years have suggested the use of
antibiotics [6], [7], [8]. combination of antibiotics, the synergistic effect of which
More recent option from the perspective of often surpasses their individual’s inhibitory activity [14],
nanotechnologies and bacterial infections are Selenium [15]. In our work we performed the inhibitory activity of
Nanoparticles (SeNPs). SeNPs were investigated for various SeNPs on 5 different pathogens, inhibitory activity of
medical applications and as a potential material for antibiotics on 5 different pathogens. Then the zone of
orthopedic implants [9], [10], as anti cancer agent, Selenium inhibition of SeNPs was compared to that of Antibiotics
has been investigated for various medical applications such inhibitory Zone. In the final stage we performed the
as anticancer applications. Selenium as a dietary synergetic effect of SeNPs+commercial antibiotics the
supplement has been demonstrated to reduce the risks of pathogenic microbes and measured their synergistic
activity.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus, Salmonella are showing

+ve results, E.coli shows –ve result. While Gelatin
A) Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Hydrolysis Pseudomonas, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus,
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was synthesised Salmonella are showing +ve results, E.coli shows –ve
according to Sheng-YiZhang et al; protocol [16] with little result.
modifications.
B) Collection of Pathogenic Sample Table:1-Diameter of Inhibition Zone (mm) of
The samples were collected from various places and difeerent concentartions of SeNps against various
organizations. The pus sample was collected Hospitals, pathogens
Hyderabad. The water sample was collected from Musi S. Patho SeNPs Antibiotics
River, Moosrambagh, Hyderbad. The soil sample was No gen
collected from Purana Pul bridge, Hyderabad. 50µl 100µl 150µl Pe Str Te
C) Inoculation and Isolation Pathogenic Samples (5µg (10µg (15µg nc ept tr
The samples were isolated and inoculated based on the ) ) ) illi om ac
protocols of Gopal Reddy et al., [17]. n yci yc
The identification of Microorganisms were done by n lin
staining techniques and by biochemical tests. After the 1. Pseud 25 31 39 10 30 _
isolation and identification of various organisms, the omon mm mm Mm m mm
antibiotic sensitivity test and selenium nanopartical as m
inhibitory tests by diffusion methods were performed. And 2. B. 40 46 50 10 25 _
also the synergistic effect of SeNPs of different Subtil mm mm Mm m mm
concentration with various antibiotics was done.The plates is m
were incubated at 37oC for 24 hrs. The inhibition zone 3. E. 30 40 43 10 30 30
diameters of them were measured and the Synergistic effect coli mm mm Mm m mm m
was calculated by the following equation. m m
Synergistic effect = (B-A)/A × 100 4. Staph 35 35 40 7 25 30
Where, yloco mm mm Mm m mm m
‘A’ is Zone of inhibition for antibiotics ccus m m
‘B’ is Zone of inhibition for the antibioitic + SeNPs 5. Salmo 30 35 50 10 26 30
nella mm mm Mm m mm m
3. RESULTS m m
The pathogenic organisms which were collected from
Table: 1, Interprets the result of diameter of the
various sources were identified as Pseudomonas, Bacillus,
inhibition zone in mm of all pathogens. The highest
E.coli, Staphylococcus based on morphological and
antimicrobial activity of 150µl SeNPs was seen in Bacillus
biochemical tests. Their morphological characters, showed
brown greenish colour, slightly yellow colour, pink colour subtilis, salmonella followed by E.coli, Staphylococcus,
colonies colonies, Golden yellow colour, pale yellow colour pseudomonas. The increasing level of SeNPs concentration
lead to inncrease in diameter of inhibition zone, i.e., when
colonies on agar medium. In gram staining they were
SeNPs concentation were increased from(5µg to 15µg, the
observed as rod shaped pink colour, rod shaped purple
diameter of inhibition zones were also increased (Fig1,2).
colour, Cocci shaped pink colour colonies, Cocci shaped
purple colour, rod shaped pink colour confirming Gram-ve,
Gram+ve, Gram-ve,, Gram+ve Gram –ve for Pseudomonas, Diameter of inhibition Zone of various antibiotics
Bacilli, E.coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella respectively.
35
The result of various Biochemical test infer that the 30
Zone of inhibition (mm)
25
sugar fermentation was observed by gas bubble formation 20
15
in durhams tubes in all the pathogens, giving +ve result. 10
5
While indole test the Bacillus, E.coli formation of dark red 0
Bacillu
Pseud Staph
colour layer indicates +ve results and light pink colour layer s Salmo
omon E.coli ylococ
indicates –ve results in Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, as
subtili
cus
nella
Salmonella. The Methyl Red test indicates bright red colour s
in all the pathogens, giving +ve results. While Voges- Pencillin 10 10 10 7 10
Proskauer test the Bacillus and Staphylococcus showing Streptomycin 30 25 30 25 26
pink colour layer that indicates +ve results, while Tetracyclin 0 0 30 30 30
Pseudomonas, E.coli, Salmonella indicates –ve results.
While Hydrogen sulphide test all pathogens are showing – Figure:1 Diameter of Inhibition Zone of various
ve results. While Citrate utilization tests Pseudomonas, antibiotics

Diameter of inhibition Zone of SeNPs of Antib

different concentration 2
iotics
60
Streptococcus
50
40 SeNP
30 1
s
20
10
0
Pseudo Bacillus Staphyl Salmon Antib
E.coli 2
monas subtilis ococcus ella iotics
50µl 25 40 30 35 30
100µl 31 46 40 35 35 pseudomonas
150µl 39 50 43 40 50
Figure:2 Diameter of Inhibition Zone Of SeNPs of SeNP

1
different ncentration s
In the present study three antibiotics (Pencillin,

Streptomycin, Tetracyclin) were used as control gainst Antib
2
SeNPs to compare their inhibitory activity against iotics
pathogenic bacteria. Penicillin showed 10mm zone of Salmonella
inhibition for pseudomonas, e.coli, Bacillus subtilis,
Salmonella and 7mm for Staphylococcus. while SeNP
streptomycin showed highest zone of Inhibition 30mm for 1
s
Pseudomonas and E.coli, Salmonella showed 26mm,
Bacillus, Staphylococcus showed 25mm zone of inhibition.
Tetracyclin showed highest zone of Inhibition (30mm) for Antib
2
E.coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella while Psedomonas, iotics
Bascillus Zone of Inhibition was not observed. over all the
highest zone of inhibiton of antibiotics was less compared
to that of SeNPs (Fig 3). After the individual sensitivity tests of antibiotics and
SeNPs on pathogens, the further experment was done on
Figure 3: Minimum inhibitory Zone of Intiation of combined sinsitivity of both antibiotics+SeNPs on
SeNPs and Antibiotics on Pathogens pathogens (fig 4).
S. Ant Zone of Inhibition (ug)
No imico 5 10 15
bial
Agen
t
Bacillus
SeNP
1
s
Figure:4 Synergistic effect of SeNPs+Antibiotics
showing Zone of Inhibition of all pathogens.
Antib
2
iotics
The combination of SeNPs with different antibiotics was
E.coli investigated against five pathogenic bacteria using the disc
diffusion method. The diameter of the inhibition zone in
SeNP mm around the different antibiotic disks with SeNPs was
1
s determined as shown in (Table:2). The highest increased
fold area was found for Tetracycline in presence of SeNPs
150µl against Pseudomonas (83%). The highest fold area
was observed against Bacillus subtilius (167%), followed
by E.coli (140%), Staphylococcus (66%), Salmonella

(66%). It was found that the Nanoparticles enhanced the 4. DISCUSSION

reaction rates of antibiotics in a synergistic mode as well as
in its own way on different kinds of pathogens (Fig 5, 6). Determination of the inhibition zone of SeNPs at
different concentration:-According to Bahig El-Deeb et
Table:2 Diameter of Inhibition Zone (mm) of al., [14], the highest antimicrobial activity of 100 μl SeNPs
synergistic effect of SeNPs with various antibiotics was seen in the order of S. aureus and B. cereus (29mm)
Pathoge Antibioti Diameter of Inhibition Zone followed by MRSA (27 mm), S. agalactiae (25 mm) and E.
ns cs SeN Antibi Se + Fold coli (13 mm). However, apart from E. coli, SeNPs did not
Ps otics Ab area show a significant effect on all bacterial growth of Gram
(mm (mm) (m increa negative bacteria. The increases of SeNPs concentration
) m) sing lead to increase of diameter of inhibition zone, when the
% SeNPs concentrations were increased from 100μl (10μg) to
150μl (15μg), the diameter of inhibition zones were
Pseudo Tetracycl 43 30 55 83
monas in increased. Similar results were observed in our study.
According to our study, the highest antimicrobial
Bacillus Streptom 39 30 80 167
activity of 150µl SeNPs was seen in Bacillus subtilis,
subtilis ycin
salmonella followed by E.coli, Staphylococcus, and
E.coli Streptom 50 25 60 140
pseudomonas. The increase of SeNPs concentration lead to
ycin
increase in diameter of inhibition zone, when the SeNPs
Staphyl Tetracycl 50 30 50 66
concentration were increased from 50µl (5µg) to 100µl
ococcus in (10µg) to 150µl (15µg), the diameter of inhibition zones
Salmone Tetracycl 40 30 50 66% were increased.
lla in In the study [14], they used six antibiotics to compare
their inhibitory activity when combined with SeNPs against
Figure:5 Diameter of Inhibition Zone (mm) of pathogenic bacteria. They found that the SeNPs have
synergistic effect of SeNPs with various antibiotics greater Zone of Inhibition when compared to individual
Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) of synergistic effect antibiotic the similar results were observed in our study.
of SeNPs with various antibiotics Overall it was found that our results were similar to
[14], where the synergistic effect of antibiotic+SeNPs
100
showed highest Inhibitory Zone when compared to

individual Minimum Zone of Inhibition (MIZ) of antibiotic
50 and SeNPs respectively.
CONCLUSION
0 Staphyl
Pseudo Bacillus Salmon In the present study, all tested combination of SeNPs +
E.coli ococcu
monas subtilis ella Antibiotics showed higher synergistic inhibition against the
s
growth of the pathogenic bacteria, compared to individual
Se + Ab 55 80 60 50 50
inhibition. This combinatorial approach may serve as
adjunct to the existing therapies and may help to retrain the
Figure:6 Synergistic effect of SeNPs with various escalating nosocomial threats.
Antibiotics
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Synergitic effect of seNPs with various Antibiotics
Ms. Kavitha Varak, the author acknowledges the
150% support from Keshav Memorial Institute of Commerce and
Sciences, Naryanaguda, Hyderabad.
fold area increase %
100%
REFERENCE
50% 1. Beyth N, Houri-Haddad Y, Domb A, Khan W, Hazan
R. Alternative antimicrobial approach: nano-
0% antimicrobial materials. Evid Based Complement
Pseudo Staphyl Salmon Alternat Med. (2015); 2015:246012.
E.coli
monas ococcus ella
#REF! 83% 140% 66% 66%

2. Gupta A, Landis RF, Rotello VM. Nanoparticle-based Technology and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2018)vol 45,
antimicrobials: surface functionality is critical. No 1,pp 135-170.
F1000Res. (2016);5 F1000 Faculty Rev-364. 15. Stan Laura-Melinda, The Necessity to Exploit the
3. Knetsch MLW, Koole LH. New strategies in the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential, LAP
development of antimicrobial coatings: the example of LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken,
increasing usage of silver and silver nanoparticles. Germany, (2011), p. 6
Polymers Basel.(2011);3:340–366. 16. Sheng-YiZhang, Juan Zhang, Hong-YanWang, Hong-
4. Linlin Wang, Chen Hu, Longquan Shao. The YuanChen. "Synthesis of selenium nanoparticles in the
antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present presence of polysaccharides". (2004). 58, Issue
situation and prospects for the future. International 21:2590-2594
Journal of Nanomedicine (2017):12 1227-1249. 17. M.Gopal reddy, M.N.Reddy, D.V.R.Saigopal, K.V.
5. Dizaj SM, Lotfipour F, Barzegar-Jalali M, Zarrintan Mallaiah. Laboratory experiments in Microbiology.
MH, Adibkia K. Antimicrobial activity of the metals Book, Himalaya Publishing House. (2005).
and metal oxide nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng C Mater
Biol Appl. (2014);44:278–284.
6. Zhang L, Pornpattananangku D, Hu CM, Huang CM.
Development of nanoparticles for antimicrobial drug
delivery. Curr Med Chem. (2010);17(6):585–594.
7. Ranghar S. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems:
promising approaches against infections. Braz Arch
Biol Techn. (2012);57:209–222
8. Pelgrift RY, Friedman AJ. Nanotechnology as a
therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Adv
Drug Deliv Rev. (2013);65(13–14):1803–1815.
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for preventing biofilm formation on polycarbonate
medical devices. Journal of Biomedical Materials
Research Part A, (2012). 100A(12): p. 3205-3210
10. Rayman MP. Selenium in cancer prevention: a review
of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proc Nutr
Soc. (2005);64(4):527–542.
11. Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, et al. Decreased
incidence of prostate cancer with selenium
supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer
prevention trial. Br J Urol. (1998);81(5):730–734.
12. Clark LC, Combs GF, Jr, Turnbull BW, et al. Effects
of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in
patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized
controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer
Study Group. JAMA. (1996);276(24):1957–1963.
13. Onica, kundu, srivastava. Selenium nanoparticles may
act like antimicrobial agents.THE HINDU. (2019).
14. Bahig Ei-Deeb, Abdullah Al-Talhi,Nasser
Mosatafa,Rawan Abou-assy. Biological synthesis and
structural characterization of Selenium Nanoparticles
and Assessment of Their Antimicrobial Properties.
American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering,

Experimental Work on the Flexural Behaviour of

Infilled Composite Concrete Beams
[1]
S.M.Leela Bharathi, [2] R.Mano Karthick, [3] R.Sathish Kumar, [4] U.Ajay Kumar, [5] A.Srithar
[1]
Assistant Professor, [2][3][4][5] UG student
[1][2][3][4][5]
Department of Civil Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract:
Recent researchers of civil engineering mainly focus in the field on replacement of concrete by the help of light weight
materials in order to achieve the light weight concrete structures with improved strength and durability simultaneously. In the
design part of conventional Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) beams as per IS 456-2000, the concrete is used to take care of
compression alone not tension. The tensile stresses developed on the beam are purely carried out by reinforcement. Hence the
fibres which are subjected to only tensile stresses require some infill material to hold the reinforcement along with the beam but
not for the purpose of load carrying since the centre of gravity (CG) of the tensile force is acting at the centre of main
reinforcement. In this experimental work an attempt is made to partially replace the concrete present in the tension fibres of
normal Reinforced Cement Concrete beams with the help of brick masonry and the bending behavior of such light weight
materials Infilled Composite concrete Beams (ICB) is studied by comparing the performance of normal RCC beams. From the test
results it is noted that the ICB beams having the maximum deflection of 16.67 mm under the moment of 2.3 kNm which is 2.3 %
lesser than the normal RCC beam. By comparing the rate analysis it is noted that the total amount of ICB beams are 11% lesser
than the normal RCC beams.
Key words:
Tensile stress, light weight concrete structures, Infilled Composite concrete Beam, Reinforced Cement Concrete beams,
tension fibres, Centre of Gravity
1. INTRODUCTION
Based on the results from the previous research work
conducted by many researchers [4] it is to be noted that the
strength of an infilled beam was about 80% of the
conventional reinforced concrete beams. And it was
observed that 30% saving in the materials in the economical
aspect. The main objective of this project work is to study
the behaviour of brick light weight material infilled
composite concrete (ICB beams) beam experimentally by
comparing the flexural behaviour of infill beam with normal
Reinforced Concrete beams (RCC beams).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Figure 1 Standard consistency of cement
a) CEMENT Observation:
300 gm of cement is taken. Initially a trial percentage of Cement Used = OPC 53
water (p) is added with cement to make cement paste. This Weight of sample taken = 300gm
paste is filled in the mould of Vicat apparatus. The surface % of water added = 0.85 % of p
is made smooth and level. The plunger in the Vicat Standard Consistency = 33 %
apparatus is released on the cement paste sample and the The final setting time of cement = 540 min
scale reading is noted down. As explained in the Table 1
calculation is done and it is found that the standard Table 1 Standard Consistency of cement
consistency of the cement is 33%. By using this standard Sl Weight W1 Weight Water
consistency percentage the Initial and Final setting time of No (Kg) W2 (Kg) absorption
cement has been calculated from the same Vicat apparatus. in %
1 3.680 4.005 8.83

B) AGGREGATES The bricks are weight again and recorded as W 2. From

As per IS 2720 (part 1–sec2): 1980 a sample of about 1 the observation as shown in the Table 2, the percentage of
kg for 10 mm to 4.75 mm or 500g if finer than 4.75 mm is water absorbed by the brick = 8.83
taken. From the Sieve analysis experiment as shown in the
Figure 2a it is noted that the specific gravity of fine Table 2 Water Absorption of Bricks
aggregate is 1.98. The specific gravity of fine aggregate Wt of % of water Quantity of Depth of
noted is 1.98. Similarly for Coarse Aggregate (CA) it is sample in add water taken penetration
calculated as 1.34. The Sieve analysis of Fine aggregate (g) (ml) of plunger
(FA) has been done and from the test the particle size (mm)
distribution curve has been drawn as mentioned in Top Bot
Figure.2b.
300 25 75 22 28
27 81 17 33
29 87 21 29
31 93 37 13
33 101 43 7
3. DESIGN OF BEAM
From IS 10262-2009, the mix design of M40 grade
concrete has been done and the mix ratio calculated as
1:1.8:1.6 using 0.4 water cement ratio. The beam is
designed as a singly reinforced beam as per IS 456-2000.
Figure 2a Sieve Analysis of FA The detailing of the beam is shown in Figure 4.
 Effective depth (d)
= Total depth -clear cover –dia of stirrups –half the
Particle size distribution of FA dia. of main bar
= 150-25-8-(10/2)
Percentage passing
= 112 mm
 Depth below NA (from the centre of main bar)
d-xu = 112-40
= 72 mm
IS Sieve size
Figure 2b Sieve Analysis of FA
C) BRICK
Five bricks are taken for testing and the bricks are put in
an oven at a temperature of 1050C for drying.) Bricks are
weighed in a digital weighing machine and it is record as
W1. The bricks are kept in water for 24 hours as shown in
the Figure 3. Then they are taken out of water and wiped
with a damp cloth for 3 minutes.
Figure 4 Detailing of ICB beams

(All dimensions are in mm)
As per IS 456 the depth of concrete in the tension zone

(below the NA in this case) is only for holding the
reinforcement since the concrete tensile strength is
Figure 3 Water Absorption of Bricks neglected. Hence in the 72 mm concrete depth (below NA)
some portions are infilled with light weight brick materials

and the change in bending effect has been studied

experimentally. Depth of Infilled zone = 40 mm (@ 15 mm Table 3 Bending test results
from NA) Maximum Maximum Deflection Max.
Load in in mm Moment
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Beam kN Right Middle Left in kNm
After 28 days curing the beams are white washed and RCC 10 16.2 17.1 16.1 2.3
prepared for flexural test. The beams are marked at the one ICB 10 11.1 16.7 12.2 2.3
third of span for load application and at each 1 cm interval
5. CONCLUSION
the beams are marked to identify the cracks.
By replacing the concrete by using brick as an infilled
material below the neutral axis (40 mm), the flexural
behaviour of ICB has been studied by comparing the
bending behaviour of normal RCC beam. From the test
results it is noted that the ICB beams having the maximum
deflection of 16.67 mm under the maximum moment of 2.3
kNm which is 2.3 % lesser than the normal RCC beam and
the behaviour of both RCC and ICB beams are almost
similar. By comparing the rate analysis it is clear that the
total amount of ICB beams are 11% lesser than the normal
RCC beams..
Figure 5 Bending test on Beam REFERENCE

1. S.k. Dudey , Rakesh Patel , K.K. Pathak, Analysis of
infilled Beams Using Method Of Initial Functions And
Comparision With FEM, International Journal 17,
pp.158-164, (2014)
Load in kN
2. P.M. Pradhan, P.L. Pradhan, R.K.Maskey, A Review

On Partial Infilled Frames Under Lateral Load, Journal
of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 8, No.1,
pp-142-152.( 2012)
3. Ning, Dehu Yu, Chunwei Zhang, Shan Jiang Pushover
Analysis On Infill Effects On The Faiure Pattern Of
Reinforced Concrete Frames, Applied Science, Vol
Deflection in mm
no. 7, Pg no 428, (2017)
Figure 6 Bending test comparison between RCC and 4. Rakesh Patel, S.K. Dubey, K.K. Pathak, Infilled
ICB reinforced concrete beams for sustainable
construction, J. Civil Eng. Architect, 7 (11) pp.1369-
The spacing of the beams has been arranged and the 1374, (2013)
deflectometers are fixed at the one third of the span and 5. Rakesh Patel, S.K. Dubey, K.K. Pathak, Analysis of
middle portion. The loading plate is arranged in such a way RC brick filled composite beams using MIF, Procedia
that the two point loads are applied at the spacing of L/3
distance of the span as shown in the Figure 5. A load Eng. 51, (2013)
measuring dial gauge has been placed under the hydraulic 6. Rakesh Patel, S.K. Dubey, K.K. Pathak, Effect of
jack. The least count of the deflectometer is 0.01mm. The elastic properties on the behaviour of beams, Int. J.
load is applied and for each 1 kN application of load the Struct. Eng. 5 (1) (2014)
corresponding deflection has been noted down. By 7. IS: 456, Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of
comparing the results of RCC and ICB beams (as shown in Practice, (2000)
Table 3) it is clear that the behaviour of both beams is not
8. IS:10262, Mix design of plain cement concrete, (2009)
significantly varied. The ICB beam behaved almost like
RCC beam and in the failure load of 10 kN ICB beam has
the maximum deflection of 16.7 mm which is 2.3% lesser
than normal RCC beams.

CAT Swarm Optimization Based Solid State

Faultcurrent Limiter in Distribution System
[1]
M.Manisha, [2] V Rithi Andal Pooja, [3] Mrs.B.Noorul Hamitha
[1][2]
UG student, [3] Assistant Professor,
[1][2][3]
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj Colloge of Engineering and Technology, Chittoor, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract:
This project proposes a modified bridge type flux-coupling non-superconducting fault current limiter (BSFC-NSFCL) for
suppressing the fault current. A flux-coupling reactor and a bidirectional bridge switch are combined to perform the functions of
steady-state line current sharing and fault current suppression. The proposed system is addressing a new and modern optimization
tool such as cat swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm. It is generated by observing the behaviors of cats, and composed of two sub-
models, i.e., tracing mode and seeking mode, which model upon the behaviors of cats. The modified CSO based BSFC-NSFCL
mainly utilizes the magnetic flux cancellation effect to make the limiter behave as a short circuit on the circuit during normal
operation. Hence, there is almost no impact on the power system when the limiter is used. When a fault event occurs, the bridge
switch turns off immediately, and then the magnetic flux cancellation effect disappears. Thus, the impedance of primary coil inserts
into the circuit to restrict the fault current phenomena. Once the fault is removed, the bridge switch turns on again, and the BSFC-
NSFCL recovers to the normal operation.
1. INTRODUCTION
In today circumstances ,rapid development of power
network cause the fault current of the system increased The operation principle of the BSFC-NSFCL can be
greatly. The levels of fault current in many places have divided into two states, depicted as follows.
often exceeded the withstand capacity of existing power
system equipment. As implication to this matter; security, 1) Normal state:
stability ,and reliability of power system will be negatively During this state, the line current separately flows
affected. Thus, limiting the fault current of the power through the primary and secondary windings of the flux-
system to a safe level can greatly reduce the risk of failure coupling reactor. The circuit diagram of this state is
to the power system equipment due to high fault current demonstrated as Figs. 3(a) and 3(b), respectively. During
flowing through the system. Because of that, there is no this state, the IGBT turns on, and the diode strings D1 and
surprise to fault current limiting technology has become a D4 and D2 and D3 conduct, alternatively. Therefore, the
hotspot of fault protection research since this technology bridge switch allows the secondary current to flow through
can limit the fault curren to alow level. In power system the secondary winding of the flux-coupling reactor bi-
design view, limiting the fault current to alow level can directionally. Since the primary and secondary coils of the
reduce the design capacity of some electrical equipment in BSFC-NSFCL are wound in an opposite and concentric
the power system. This will lead to the reduction to the arrangement, it is magnetically coupled in this state, and the
investment cost for high capacity circuitbreakers and fluxes resulted from the primary and secondary coils
construction of new transmission line. Consequently, from counteract each other. Thus, the voltage across the flux-
both technical and economical points of view, fault current coupling reactor is nearly zero. The turns of the flux-
limiting technology for reducing short circuit current is coupling reactor’s primary side is less than its secondary
needed. side so that it can ensure that less line current flows through
the bridge switch. The turn’s ratio Np/Ns is 1/n, where Np
2. FAULT CURRENT LIMITER and Ns are the number of turns in the flux-coupling
reactor’s primary and secondary coils, respectively. This
design purpose is mainly to achieve the current sharing
function so that the power loss of the bridge switch can be
Where iLp,rms and iLs,rms are the rms values of the
reduced. Moreover, if the bridge switch fails, the flux-
flux-coupling reactor’s primary and secondary steady-state
coupling reactor will still remain in the circuit and acts as a
currents, respectively, iLs,peak is the maximum value of the
reactor. As long as the impedance of the flux-coupling
flux-couplingreactor’s secondary steady-state current, RP
reactor’s primary coil is designed to be capable to limit the
and RS are given.
fault current to the expected value and to make the load

voltage maintain an acceptable level, there is almost no

reliability issue for installing the BSFC-NSFCL in the
distribution power network. During this state, the voltage
across the BSFC-NSFCL is small enough to be negligible,
so there is almost no influence on the circuit when the
BSFC-NSFCL is installed.
2) Fault state
When a fault event occurs at the downstream of the
BSFC-NSFCL, the current detection and control circuit
detects the fault current and then turns off the bridge switch.
The secondary side of the flux-coupling reactor is open-
circuited, and the fault current will totally flow through the
primary side of the flux-coupling reactor. Since the primary
inductance of the flux-coupling reactor can restrain the fault
current to the expected fault current value. After the fault is
cleared, the BSFC-NSFCL will fast recover to the normal
state and be ready for the next short-circuit fault occurrence.
3. NATURAL PROCESS OF THE CAT SWARM
OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM
Despite spending most of their time in resting, cats have
high alertness and curiosity about their surroundings and
moving objects in their environment. This behavior helps
cats in finding preys and hunting them down. Compared to
the time dedicated to their resting, they spend too little time
on chasing preys to conserve their energy.
Inspired by this hunting pattern, Chu and Tsai (2007)
developed CSO with two modes: “seeking mode” for when
cats are resting and “tracing mode” for when they are
chasing their prey. In CSO, a population of cats are created
and randomly distributed in the M-dimensional solution 4. SEEKING MODE (RESTING)
space, with each cat representing a solution. This population
is divided into two subgroups. The cats in the first subgroup During this mode the cat is resting while keeping an eye
are resting and keeping an eye on their surroundings (i.e., on its environment. In case of sensing a prey or danger, the
seeking mode), while the cats in the second subgroup start cat decides its next move. If the cat decides to move, it does
moving around and chasing their preys (i.e., tracing mode). that slowly and cautiously. Just like while resting, in the
The mixture of these two modes helps CSO to move toward seeking mode the cat observes into the M-dimensional
the global solution in the M-dimensional solution space. solution space in order to decide its next move. In this
Since the cats spend too little time in the tracing mode, the situation, the cat is aware of its own situation, its
number of the cats in the tracing subgroup should be small. environment, and the choices it can make for its movement.
This number is defined by using the mixture ratio (MR) These are represented in the CSO algorithm by using four
which has a small value. After sorting the cats into these parameters: seeking memory pool (SMP), seeking range of
two modes, new positions and fitness functions will be the selected dimension (SRD), counts of dimension to
available, from which the cat with the best solution will be change (CDC), and self-position consideration (SPC). SMP
saved in the memory. These steps are repeated until the is the number of the copies made of each cat in the seeking
stopping criteria are satisfied. process. SRD is the maximum difference between the new
and old values in the dimension selected for mutation. CDC
tells how many dimensions will be mutated. All these
parameters define the seeking process of the algorithm. SPC
is the Boolean variable which indicates the current position
of the cat as a candidate position for movement. SPC cannot
affect the value of SMP

in which
Xc - current position;
Xcn - new position; and
R - a random number, which varies between 0 and 1.
Where,
Pi probability of current candidate cati;
FSi fitness value of the cati; Figure 5.9 3L-L fault voltage and current
FSmax maximum value of fitness function;
FSmin minimum value of fitness function; and The fault current limitation is analyzed on both load side
FSb = FSmax for minimization problems and and source side and with and without BSFC-NSFCL block.
FSb = FSmin for maximization problems. The current waveforms in the source side with fault on two
cases are with and without BSFC-NSFCL is represents in
5. TRACING MODE (MOVEMENT) the following figures 4.7 and 4.8 respectively.
The tracing mode simulates the cat chasing a prey. After
finding a prey while resting (seeking mode), the cat decides
its movement speed and direction based on the prey’s
position and speed. In CSO, the velocity of cat k in
dimension d is given by
in which
Xk,d,new new position of cat k in dimension d; and
Xk,d,old current position of cat k in dimension d.
6. SIMULINK RESULTS Figure 5.10 Source side current with Fault & without
BSFC-NSFCL
Figure 5.8 generated gate Pulse for IGBT
The Gate pulse generated for the IGBTs in the BSFC- Figure 5.11 Source side voltage & current with Fault
NSFCL is shown in the following figure. The Plot &BSFC-NSFCL block
represents that the L-G fault is injected between the time
intervals 0.002 to 0.004s. T. The injected 3L-L fault current The above waveforms demonstrates the importance of
and voltage are measured with the help V-I measurement BSFC-NSFCL on the power system very clearly. The
block and the corresponding waveforms are shown in the source current and voltage are still stable during the fault
following figure 4.6 occurrence time period [0.002 to 0.004s]. By this way the
BSFC-NSFCL supports the source side stability at critical
scenarios.

The voltage and current waveforms on the load side 3. Kalsi.S, Applications of High Temperature
with fault on two cases ie. with and without BSFC-NSFCL Superconductors to Electric Power Equipment, New
is represents in the following figures 4.9 and 4.10 York: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2011, pp. 173–217.
respectively. 4. Nazari-Heris.M, Nourmohamadi.H, Abapour .M and
Sabahi .M “Multilevel nonsuperconducting fault current
limiter: analysis and practical feasibility,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electorn., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 6059–6068, Aug.
2017.
5. Quaia.S and Tosato.F, “Reducing voltage sags through
fault current limitation,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.
16, no. 1, pp. 12–17, Jan. 2001.
6. Radmanesh,.H Fathi, S,H and GharehpetianG.B,
“Bridge-type solid-state fault current limiter based on
AC/DC reactor,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 31, no. 1,
pp. 200–209, Feb. 2016.
Figure 5.13 Load voltage & current with Fault &BSFC-

NSFCL block
The above waveforms demonstrates the importance of

BSFC-NSFCL on the power system very clearly. The
source current and voltage are still stable during the fault
occurrence time period [0.002 to 0.004s]. By this way the
BSFC-NSFCL supports the source side stability at critical
scenarios.
7. CONCLUSION
In this work, a flux-coupling reactor and a bidirectional
bridge switch are combined to perform the functions of
steady-state line current sharing and fault current
suppression. The proposed system is addressing a new and
modern optimization tool such as cat swarm optimization
(CSO) algorithm. It is generated by observing the behaviors
of cats, and composed of two sub-models, i.e., tracing mode
and seeking mode, which model upon the behaviors of cats.
The modified CSO based BSFC-NSFCL mainly utilizes the
magnetic flux cancellation effect to make the limiter behave
as a short circuit on the circuit during normal operation.
Hence, there is almost no impact on the power system when
the limiter is used.
REFERENCE
1. Abapou .M and Hagh M.T, “Nonsuperconducting fault
current limiter with controlling the magnitudes of fault
currents,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 3,
pp. 613–619, Mar. 2009.
2. Jafar. M, Naderi S.B, Tarafdar Hag.M, Abapour.M,
and Hossein S.H “Voltage sag compensation of point of
common coupling (PCC) using fault current Limiter,”
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 2638–2646,
Oct. 2011.

Continuous Abstractive Recall-Oriented

Understudy for Gisting Evaluation
[1]
Nithyashree M, [2] Dr. Sukumar T, [3] S. Kalavathi, [4] K. Kamal Kumar
[1][2][3]
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
[4]
Assistant System Engineer, TCS
[1]
nithyamanohar18@gmail.com, sukumart@svce.ac.in, [3] kalavathi@svce.ac.in, [4] roshkamal1204@gmail.com
[2]
Abstract:
Summarization of scientific papers is a unique way of text summarization which allows us to use abstracts as human created
labels for our dataset as they are written by the authors. This enables us to train our models using the collected data. In this work,
we overview different approaches to text summarization and compare their results with different evaluation metrics. We
demonstrate the downsides of ROUGE, the most commonly used summarization metric and introduce our own metric called
CAROUGE, which gives more accurate scores for abstractive summaries. We also present our new dataset of 2000 scientific papers
collected from arXiv. All experiments, described in this paper are performed on the data from our dataset, except for the final
stage of our project where we involve 5 human judges to do a manual summarization of several papers from the dataset.
Keywords:
Scientific text summarization, ROUGE, seq2seq, NLP, word embeddings
1. INTRODUCTION 2. RELATED WORK

Automatic text summarization is the process of creating Das et al. made a survey of the most successful text
brief and precise content while preserving the actual summarization techniques as of the year 2007 [2]. Similar
meaning [1]. survey was made 10 years later by Allahyari et al [1].
ROUGE - the most widely used metric for text
A. Extractive vs Abstract summarization summarization was presented by Chin-Yew Lin in July
Extractive text summarization identifies and extracts 2004 [7]. The metric developed by us is greatly influenced
important words, phrases, or sentences from a document by the work of is author. Great overview of existing
and clusters them as a summary. The summary thus evaluation metrics was also done in [2] and [1].
produced is a subset of the words from original summary Fedus, Goodfellow, and Dai [3] wrote an amazing paper
[5]. Most work in the field of text summarization has been about their application of generative adversarial networks to
done around extractive summarization. Generally, it the problem of filling the gaps in text. However, as we show
produces better results in terms of the amount of in section IV, this approach cannot be easily applied to our
information preserved in a short summary. problem.
Abstractive text summarization allows us to write
summaries that are similar to summaries written by human. 3. DATA COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
Generally speaking, abstractive models perform worse than Through the open policy of arXiv we were able to
extractive ones. They are hard to train and often deviate too collect our own dataset of scientific papers from stat.ML
much from the original text. And since they try to describe category.
the meaning of a text using different words, they don’t Structure of the data
preserve much information [19]. Nevertheless, abstractive Each paper on arXiv has a unique identifier (for
summarization is closer to what humans do when they write example: 1801.01587). It can be used to extract any data
text summaries. Hence it is one of the promising AI topics. that is available and relevant to that paper, including its
metadata and full text as a PDF.
B. Scientific text summarization Our dataset contains 2000 documents (papers). Each one
The problem of summarizing scientific texts is very of them is represented by a row with the following
different from general-purpose text summarization. Every properties:
scientific paper starts with an abstract, which is the
1. arXiv’s unique identifier
summary of a document created by its human-author. This
allows us to create a human-labeled dataset of scientific 2. title
papers just by separating abstracts from the text body. 3. abstract datasets

4. body of the paper not much information about neural networks usage in
For our problem a set of 2000 papers from one scientific text summarization [14].
category is enough [15]. For example, DUC (Document Generative adversarial networks (GAN) are another
Understanding Conference) dataset which is among the promising approach for text summarization. Until recent
most commonly used datasets in the field of text years they were considered in applicable to the discrete
summarization has 30 sets with approximately 10 problems of natural language processing (NLP). The latest
documents each. papers introduce novel approaches to overcoming these
issues by combining GANs with reinforcement learning.
Cleaning the text Applying generative adversarial networks to the problems
We collected our data as PDF files and parsed them to of NLP is considered to be a complicated task because
extract the raw text. This produced a huge amount of GANs are only defined for continuous data, and all NLP is
uninterruptable UTF-8 characters from mathematical based on discrete values like words, characters, or bytes.
expressions after removing those extra characters. We However, in their latest paper Fedus, Goodfellow, and Dai
wanted to remove everything that is not known English [3] overcome this problem by using reinforcement learning
word, but that would filter out words like "GAN", to train the generator while the discriminator is still trained
"backprop" etc. as most standard corpora of words such as via maximum likelihood and stochastic gradient descent,
nltk.corpus, doesn’t include specialized scientific and use it to fill the gaps in the text. This is an amazing
terminology. So, we filtered the words using manually result that can become an inspiration for others to develop
created rules based on features like word length and GAN-based solutions for the problems of text
frequency of vowels[18]. This leaves some noise behind, summarization [16]. Nevertheless, summarization is way
but it will not affect our models. more complex than the problem of filling the gaps, and
therefore, to our knowledge, there are no successful
4. MODELS FOR TEXT SUMMARIZATION examples of applying adversarial networks to problems
similar to ours. We ourselves have tried this new approach,
Three main classes of models that are used for text
but failed to produce good results.
summarization tasks include statistical frequency
computation models (TFIDF etc.), graph methods 5. EVALUATION METRICS
(TextRank, LexRank etc.) and machine learning approach.
Evaluating a summary is a difficult task because there is
A. Statistical methods no such thing as a single summary that would be ideal for a
These methods are based on the assumption that the given document. In most cases even human evaluators
importance of a word or sentence in a text depends on the cannot decide which of the given summaries is better [2].
total number of times it appears in the document. This Unlike other NLP problems, such as translation or parsing,
means that this classical approach ignores context and when it comes to text summarization, we cannot clearly
lexical features of the text. Furthermore, they are able to define what makes a summary good or bad. Therefore, we
perform only extractive summarization. must make assumptions about the space of good summaries.
1. Assume that a good summary would be close to some
B. Graph models ideal summary manually created by humans.
We can build a graph of each document where words or 2. Assume that the goodness of summary can be
sentences are nodes and the edges are the connections measured as the amount of important information it
between each pair of nodes. The weights on these edges contains (this assumption can be inferred from the
represent the similarity between words or sentences in the definition of text summarization).
whole text [17]. While proving to have better results than In the following sections we describe one commonly
simple frequency-based methods, graph models are still used summarization metric that is based on the first
bounded by the absence of lexical understanding and ability assumption and propose our own metric that is based on
to perform extractive summary only. second one (we will show that the proposed metric can be
formulated in a different way to work with the first
C. Machine learning approach assumption).
In the last years, lots of attention was focused on
learning how to apply neural networks to NLP tasks, A. ROUGE
including text summarization. Using encoder-decoder The most widely used score for evaluating text
models it is now possible to produce abstract summaries. In summarizations is ROUGE (Recall-Oriented Understudy
[10] the off-the-shelf attentional encoder-decoder RNN that for Gisting Evaluation) introduced by Chin-Yew Linin
was originally developed for machine translation was 2004[7].
applied to summarization and out-performed state-of-the-art
systems on two different English corpora. However, there is

 r  Rn  r  , n  s  document frequency) which would assign the highest scores

ROUGE  N  s              (1)
 r  Rn  r  , n  r  to the words (n-grams) which are very frequent in the given
document and very infrequent in other documents.
Here Φn(d) is a binary vector representing the n-grams
Another way of choosing important words would be to
contained in document d, s is the generated summary and r
follow the assumption of ROUGE, according to which a
is the human-created summary. In simple terms, ROUGE-N
good summary should be as close as possible to the human-
is a fraction q/k, where q is the number of n-grams that are
created summaries. This means that we will compare
present in both s and r, and k is the total number of n-grams
generated summaries to the corresponding paper abstract
in r.
(which are in fact author-created summaries).
ROUGE works well for extractive text summarization.
Using the same example as in the section 5.1 we can see
But if we need to evaluate the generated summary which
that CAROUGE score of a decent abstractive summary will
contain different words from the ones that occurred in
be greater than 0.
paper, the score will always be small because, even though
r = "The great paper"
the new words can be close to the expected ones, two
s = "A wonderful article"
summaries don’t overlap in terms of word equality.
ROUGE(s) = 0
For example, if the human-created summary is "The
CAROUGE(s) = 0.8956
great paper" and our model produces "A wonderful article",
ROUGE score will be 0, even though the summary is 6. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS
perfect.
We have tried different methods of text summarization,
B. CAROUGE both extractive (TextRank, RAKE) and abstractive
We propose a metric that uses word embeddings to (Seq2Seq, Seq- GAN).
evaluate summaries based on their semantic distance to the
space of good summaries. Our assumption is that a good A. RAKE
summary of a document contains words that are Rapid Automatic Keyword Extraction algorithm
semantically close to the most important words or n-grams (RAKE) [11] is a keyword extraction algorithm which tries
in that document [20]. to determine key phrases in a body of text by analyzing the
Let s be the generated summary. If |s| is the number of frequency of word appearance and its co-occurrence with
words in summary s, then m = |s|−n +1 is the number of n- other words in the text. Its main advantages include time
grams in this summary. Let s1, s2,...,sm be all n-grams of efficiency, operating on individual documents. It can be
summary s and let c1,c2,. . .,ck be the k most important n- easily applied to new domains and multiple types of
grams in the document. As we will show in section 5.2.1, documents. RAKE is very sensitive to unclean data, as it
there are many ways of measuring the importance of n relies on word frequency.
grams in a document. The definition of n-gram importance
is closely related to the two base assumptions that were Table. 1. Example of an abstract generated
mentioned at the beginning of section 5. The metric we Title The Multivariate Generalized von Mises
propose is in fact a continuous version of ROUGE-N[13]. distribution: Inference and applications
Instead of testing the equality of n-grams in the compared Real Previously proposed multivariate circular
summaries we use the continuous measure of semantic abstract distributions are shown to be special cases of
distance between those n-grams. this construction. Second, we introduce a new
For each n-gram in the generated summary we calculate probabilistic model for circular regression
the embedding-based score as its distance to the closest which was inspired from Gaussian Processes,
important n-gram in the document. and a method for probabilistic principal
1  min j || si  c j || component analysis with circular hidden
CAROUGE  N  si              (2)
k variables
Now we define the score of the whole summary as the Generated many data modelling problems since higher
average score of its words abstract order generalized von mises distributions
1 n
n
1  min j s j  c j model circular variables using distributional
CAROUGE  N  s   i 1            (3) assumptions probabilistic principal component
k analysis ppca proposed resulting distribution
Measuring word importance inherits desirable characteristics paper makes
Deciding which words or sentences are important in a three technical contributions multivariate
piece of text is part of the extractive summarization generalized
problem. There- fore, one way to choose k important words
would be to use part of a simple extractive model. For
example, we could use tf-idf (term frequency-inverse

B. TextRank Predicted summary great popcorn!!

In this research we used a basic model TextRank as a Actual summary great unk american popcorn
baseline for comparison. This is a graph method, influenced
by Page Rank algorithm which represents the documents as 7. EVALUATING RESULTS
a connected graph [9]. We trained TextRank separately for In the table below you can see the results of our
each body of the paper and produced an extractive abstract- experiments represented by mean scores of several models
length summary. Scores were calculated on the basis of that were used to generate abstracts for same 2000 papers
ROUGE score [20]. Unlike RAKE which operates n-grams, from our dataset given their text bodies.
TextRank generates summaries using whole sentences. For
that reason, the generated summaries are more readable. Table 3. Evaluating summarization algorithms
Model ROUGE-1 ROUGE-2 CAROUGE-1
C. Seq2Seq
RAKE 0.08 0.02 0.82
We have used deep LSTM seq2seq model with attention
TextRank 0.18 0.04 0.89
for a task of text summarization. Seq2seq have proven to
provide state-of-art result in tasks of sequence generation.
At this point it is tough to produce an abstract from the text We have also involved some human mediators and
of a paper, so we started with a simpler task of generating a asked them to come up with titles for 5 papers from our
title from the text of an abstract as input model takes paper dataset, given their abstracts.
abstract converted to the vectorized representation using
word embeddings. The input sequence is limited by 600 Table. 4. Evaluating human judges
words. All abstracts that is bigger than limit is omitted. All Model ROUGE-1 ROUGE-2 CAROUGE-1
smaller abstracts are padded with SOS word that represents Human 0.77 0.43 0.98
the end of a sequence. Model outputs sequence derived
from the probability distribution. Each output word samples CONCLUSIONS
from this distribution having input sequence and previously We have discussed different approaches to scientific text
generated samples. Output sequence is limited by 30 words. summarization and evaluated them with both ROUGE and
First SOS word represents the end of a generated summary. CAROUGE (Continuous Abstractive ROUGE) - a new
After some training our model was able to generate metric proposed by us that uses word embeddings to
meaningful titles for most abstracts. Take a look at this produce more accurate scores of abstractive summaries.
example: As we have seen in section 7, both ROUGE and
Abstract this is great popcorn and i too have the whirly CAROUGE metrics give very high scores to human-created
pop. the unk packs work wonderfully. i have not found it summaries, and much lower scores for the summaries
too salty or the packages leak. i have found the recent price produced by algorithms. However, considering the fact that
of $35 too expensive and have purchased direct from great ROUGE assumes human-judgement to be perfect, the score
american for half the price. of 0.77 is way too low. As we explained in section 5.1, this
happens because human judgement is abstractive by its
Table 2. Example of an abstract generated by TextRank nature, and ROUGE score words best on extractive
Title Churn Prediction in Mobile Social Games: summaries. This problem is fixed by our metric, which
Towards a Complete Assessment Using gives the score of 0.98 on the same data.
Survival Ensembles
Real for each player, we predict the probability of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
abstract churning as function of time, which permits to
We would like to express our gratitude to
distinguish various levels of loyalty profiles ...
Ms.K.Girthana and Mr.S.Swamynathan for helping us with
Our results show that churn prediction by
their valuable pieces of advice. Also, we are very grateful to
survival ensembles significantly improves the
Ms.M.Sujatha, Ms.Shreenidhi M, Mr.Babu Manohar,
accuracy and robustness of traditional analyses,
Mr.Sanjay Kumar and Mr.Roshan K for providing their
like Cox regression
manually created summaries for some papers from our
dataset.
Generated Conditional inference survival ensembles are
abstract constructed based on unbiased trees avoiding REFERENCE
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model contains for each player a survival
Saeid Safaei, Elizabeth D. Trippe, Juan B. Gutierrez,
function indicating the probability of churn as a
and Krys Kochut. Text summarization techniques: A
function of time since the registration in the
brief survey, International Journal of Advanced
game.

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Structural Determination of CI Engine Fuel

Additives through Dielectric Relaxation Studies
[1]
Prathima A, [2] Thenappan T
[1]
Guest Faculty, Sethupathy Govt Arts College,Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu, India
[2]
Professor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India
[1]
aprathima1305@gmail.com, [2] fearlessphy2019@gmail.com
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to investigate the molecular interaction between corrosion inhibitors and oxygenates molecules
through dielectric relaxation studies. It makes one to understand the fuel additives its structure. Fuel additives is a chemical
substance, added to fuel ,in concentration typically of less than 1% to impart or enchance needed properties or to overwhelm
objectionable properties. They include octane enhancers, antiknock compounds and oxygenates, as well as corrosion inhibitors,
detergents, and dyes. It alters the rate at which fuel burns, reduce harmful emissions, prevent premature detonation, stop
corrosion, and prevent the formation of deposits in the fuel system and combustion chambers. In view of this, amine and alcohol
mixtures most important one. because of amine can be used as a antioxidants,corrosion inhibitors and also be used to control the
deposits in engine. Antioxidants are the molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecule and used as fuel additives when
creating fuel blends. Alcohol can be used as oxygenates. They are used to reduce the carbon monoxide emissions creating when
burning fuel.Therefore it is seemed important to examine the molecular interaction studies on those additives. Dielectric relaxation
studies are of great help in the assignment of the molecular structure or configurations, particularly those of organic compounds
and also helps to detect the formation and composition of complexes in them. The molecular complex formation can be investigated
by studying the dielectric relaxation parameter values such as static permittivity (ε 0), Permittivity at optical frequency (ε∞),
dielectric constant at microwave frequency (ε'),dielectric loss (ε") at microwave frequency, density () and the coefficient of
viscosity () for the system,1-butanol in (benzene + tert.butylamine) and 1-propanol in (benzene + tert.butylamine) taken for the
investigation at three different temperatures 303K, 313K and 323K are reported. Using these parameters values of most probable
relaxation time (0), relaxation time corresponding to group rotation (1) which is otherwise known as intramolecular relaxation
time, relaxation time due to overall rotation of the molecule (2) and distribution of relaxation time () are obtained using Higasi
model and the values are also reported. The hetero interaction through hydrogen bonding between the molecules of corrosion
inhibitors and oxygenates have been identified by the dielectric relaxation process.
Keywords:
Multifunctional fuel additive, hetero interaction, oxygenates, corrosion inhibitor
ethanol [3]. Tert-butylamine are generally considered to

1. INTRODUCTION better than secondary or primary amines as fuel antioxidants
Additives are chemical agents added to oils, fuels, and [4] as well as deposit control additives and corrosion
coolants to impart specific beneficial properties to the inhibitor [2].The present work was aimed to get better
finished products. It creates new fluid properties, enhance understanding of the nature of molecular interaction pr
properties already present and reduce the rate at which based on the study of the temperature dependent dielectric
undesirable changes take place in a fluid during service. relaxation in multifunctional additive mixtures of 1) 1-
Some additives have multi-functional properties. butanol in (benzene +tert-butylamine) and 2) 1-Propanol in
Multifunctional diesel additive packages are frequently (benzene +tert-butylamine) at microwave frequencies.
more complex and may combine deposit control additive 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
with cetane number improver, Oxygenates, antifoam
additive, corrosion inhibitor, antioxidants, metal Compounds used in the present study were of AR grade
deactivators and demulsifier [1].Oxygenates – are fuels and were all procured from SRL, India. The static
infused with oxygen. They are used to reduce the carbon permittivity o at 1 KHz was measured using a digital
monoxide emissions creating when burning fuel. VLCR-7 meter supplied by M/S Vasavi electronics, India,
Oxygenates can be based on either alcohol or ethers [2]. after calibrating it for standard liquids like carbon
Literature survey shows that Butanol is a feasible tetrachloride, benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene. The
alternative to ethanol due to its higher energy density, being permittivity at optical frequency  was obtained by
less prone to water contamination, less corrosive, better squaring the refractive Index for sodium D-line, which was
blending stability and higher cetane number with respect to measured with the help of an Abbe‟s refractometer. The

uncertainties in static permittivity, refractive index and wave ratio obtained by using a short circuited movable
density were 0.0005, 0.0002 and 0.0001 g/cc plunger. The uncertainties in the measurement of ε' and ε"
respectively. All measurements were made at 3031K, are 1% and 5% respectively. The relaxation time for various
3131K, and 3231K using a water circulating thermostat solutions was also obtained in term of two Debye relaxation
arrangement. For density measurement, a 10ml specific mechanisms with the help of the following equation for
gravity bottle was employed. Its volume at the given dilute solution of weight fractionw2
temperature was determined using pure water. Density a"
1 
measurements of each sample were made at the required the  (a  a )
'
1
losses due to evaporation of the sample were 1  A  B2
2
 2(1 )
a  a' 0   
minimized. The viscosities of the mixtures were measured 2  0 " 
2

by using Ostwald‟s viscometer. ε' and ε" were measured by a  C 
using a standard liquid cell supplied by M/s. SISCO Ltd., where

Allahabad, in conjunction with a X- band microwave set up,
A  a" ( a0  a )
at 9.75GHz and temperature 303K,313K and 323K
B  ( a0  a ' )( a '  a )  a ''
2
respectively. It is shown in fig 1.The constant temperature

C  ( a '  a ) 2  a ''
2
was maintained by water – circulating thermostat supplied

by Ragga Industries, Chennai, India. The fluctuation in
temperature was ± 0.1K. Where, 1 is a sort of intramolecular relaxation time , 2
is dielectric relaxation time for overall rotation of the whole
molecule , o is the most probable relaxation time,  is the
angular frequency, 1 and 2 depending on both the weight
factor of such mechanism at a given concentration and
temperature.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The values of static permittivity (ε0),Permittivity at
optical frequency (ε∞), dielectric constant at microwave
frequency (ε'),dielectric loss (ε") at microwave frequency,
density () and the coefficient of viscosity () of
multifunctional additive mixtures 1) 1-butanol in (Benzene
Fig 1.Microwave X – Band Test Bench tert-butylamine) and 2) 1-propanol + in (Benzene tert-
butylamine) are reported in table - 1 at different
1.Power supply 2.Reflex Klystron K – 27 3.Tuner temperatures 303K,313K and 323K.The table-1 shows that
4.Ferrite isolator 5.Frequency meter 6.Attenuator at equimolar concentration, the ε0m value is higher than in
7.Slotted line carriage 8.Crystal detector 9. H-Plane bend pure liquids in benzene. This implies larger relaxation times
10.Teflon window 11.Liquid cell 12.Constant temperature for mixtures at equimolar concentrations [10].They have
jacket13.Micrometer head 14.Plunger reported that larger relaxation time of the solution is due to
the longer size of the molecules and suggested that it is due
3. THEORY to the intermolecular association exists between solute and
The dielectric relaxation time () was calculated using solvent molecules. Values of „‟ obtained by Higasi method
Higasi‟s method [5-9]. Assuming ε0, ε' , ε" and ε vary are reported in table -2.Value of „‟in the above studied
linearly with weight fraction w2 of the solute. We have: systems at all the three different temperatures is finite. This
shows the existence of more than one relaxation processes,
 0  1  w2 a0 ;  '  1  w2a' ; due to the mechanism of group rotation (1) and overall
molecular rotation (2). Value of „ is found to decrease
 "  a"w2 :    1  a w2 ;    1  a w2 with rise of temperature. This may be due to the fact that at
The following expression were used for obtaining ε' and high temperature, molecular rotations of solute molecules
ε" become faster and uniform in the solution [11]. Kalaivani et
   
2 2   2  d  al. [12] have pointed out that for rigid molecules the
   0   0 
'  "  2   g 3 0    distribution parameter would be larger. They have also
 c   d   d   dn  pointed out that in amine-nitrile mixtures in benzene, the
association between unlike molecules is maximum for 1:1
Where, d is the wavelength in the dielectric medium, molar ratio [12]. From table 3, it can be seen that the most
g , the wave guide wavelength, 0 , the free space wave probable relaxation time (0) value for the mixtures is
length, d, the cut off wavelength and 1/ is the standing greater than the corresponding value of the pure liquids.

This trend exists in both the systems taken for investigation intramolecular interactions. Value of 1 decreases with rise
at all the studied temperatures. This implies the of temperature. This may be due to the hindrance offered
enchancement of the cluster size. Mixing of two liquids due to the thermal agitations. In the mixtures containing 1-
results in the formation of bigger molecular size which propanol, 1 value is greater than in mixtures containing 1-
enhances the relaxation time (0).The hetero interaction butanol. Variation of 1 with X2 for different systems at
between alcohol and amine molecules is such as to form three temperatures are given in figures from 2-3. Value of
linear multimer. This shows the existence of strong hetero 2 reflects the overall size of the molecules. 2 value shows a
interaction through H-bonding between dissimilar non-linear variation with the concentration of alcohol. In all
molecules. In all systems value of 0 decreases with rise of the mixtures the maximum value of 2 occurs at equimolar
temperatures. It indicates that, decrease of 0 with increase concentration of alcohol. This shows that at these
of temperature may be explained as due to the reduced size concentrations, the aggregates have a large size.
of the clusters or due to viscous effect or by both. The
relaxation time due to group rotation (1) gives information
in both the systems indicates that the existence
Table.1 Values of εm, ε∞, ε', ε",  and  at different temperatures
Temp. Concentration of 1-Butanol in  x 10-2

(K)
ε0 ε∞ ε' ε"  g/cc
(Benzene+Tert.Butylamine) Pa-s
0 2.6960 2.1860 2.5063 0.1843 0.8411 1.5270
303 0.33 2.7500 2.1798 2.4890 0.1849 0.8484 1.5740
0.50 2.8310 2.1674 2.4554 0.1842 0.8528 1.5890
0.67 2.7770 2.1641 2.4803 0.1870 0.8603 1.5830
1 2.7230 2.1518 2.4836 0.1792 0.8680 1.5730
0 2.6690 2.1768 2.5070 0.1821 0.8032 1.2090
0.33 2.6960 2.1742 2.4897 0.1838 0.8130 1.2540
313 0.50 2.7770 2.1556 2.4565 0.1832 0.8169 1.2770
0.67 2.7500 2.1442 2.4812 0.1864 0.8210 1.2720
1 2.6960 2.1412 2.4847 0.1781 0.8277 1.2470
0 2.6420 2.1677 2.5078 0.1801 0.7872 1.0420
0.33 2.6690 2.1615 2.4910 0.1824 0.7934 1.0760
323 0.50 2.7500 2.1494 2.4574 0.1823 0.7954 1.0930
0.67 2.7230 2.1383 2.4823 0.1853 0.7962 1.0850
1 2.6690 2.1366 2.4875 0.1774 0.8015 1.0630
Concentration of n-Propanol
 x 10-2
Temp. in (Benzene+ Tert. ε0 ε∞ ε' ε"  g/cc
Pa-s
(K) Butylamine)
0 2.6960 2.1860 2.5063 0.1843 0.8411 1.5270
0.33 2.7770 2.1851 2.4763 0.1862 0.85 1.5470
303 0.50 2.9120 2.1798 2.4375 0.1871 0.8659 1.5880
0.67 2.8310 2.1706 2.4621 0.1876 0.8639 1.5770
1 2.7770 2.1624 2.4783 0.1854 0.8716 1.5850
0 2.6690 2.1768 2.5070 0.1821 0.8032 1.2090
0.33 2.7230 2.1753 2.4774 0.1853 0.8181 1.2420
313 0.50 2.8580 2.1665 2.4384 0.1862 0.8217 1.2530
0.67 2.7770 2.1603 2.4630 0.1865 0.824 1.2620
1 2.7500 2.1474 2.4820 0.1845 0.8295 1.2520
0 2.6420 2.1677 2.5078 0.1801 0.7872 1.0420
0.33 2.6960 2.1647 2.4789 0.1845 0.7967 1.0590
323 0.50 2.8310 2.1556 2.4391 0.1849 0.7996 1.0700
0.67 2.7500 2.1474 2.4641 0.1852 0.8017 1.0800
1 2.7230 2.1383 2.4840 0.1830 0.8024 1.0660

Table.2 Values of ,0 ,1, and 2 at different temperatures
 0 (ps) 1 (ps) 2 (ps)

System 303K 313K 323K 303K 313K 323K 303K 313K 323K 303K 313K 323K
1-Butanol 0 0.16 0.12 0.09 11.82 10.50 9.45 10.21 9.62 9.08 16.97 14.67 12.28
in 0.33 0.24 0.18 0.16 15.14 12.35 10.75 10.63 10.18 9.51 23.27 18.50 16.08
(Benzene+ 0.50 0.32 0.30 0.29 24.15 18.78 16.36 11.44 10.67 10.19 33.61 28.83 26.46
Tert. 0.67 0.28 0.28 0.26 16.66 13.93 12.24 10.49 9.63 9.24 26.15 23.77 21.41
Butylamine) 1 0.25 0.24 0.19 12.91 11.21 9.91 9.55 9.02 8.06 22.01 19.56 16.86
1-Propanol 0 0.16 0.13 0.09 11.82 10.50 9.45 10.21 9.62 9.08 16.97 14.67 12.28
in 0.33 0.26 0.22 0.20 18.34 14.55 12.61 11.42 10.75 10.11 26.62 21.85 19.39
(Benzene+ 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.33 36.43 28.96 25.15 13.12 12.09 11.13 41.81 37.15 34.94
Tert- 0.67 0.31 0.29 0.28 23.13 18.20 15.53 11.50 10.79 10.06 32.41 27.75 25.44
Butylamine) 1 0.28 0.27 0.26 16.79 13.97 12.04 10.42 9.61 9.08 26.56 23.94 21.53
hinders vaporization, favoring the formation of large

diameter droplets and causing incomplete combustion due
to the high penetration of the fuel jet, hindering cold starts
and increasing the emission of unburned hydrocarbons
(HCs) and particulate matter (PM). But at high temperature
the size of the molecules reduced. It shows that shortened
ignition delay and improved the combustion process [14]. It
can be concluded that the addition of oxygenates and
corrosion inhibitor had reduced the Hydrocarbon(HC),
Particulate Matter (PM), Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions
to a significant with bringing much change in the
performance [15].
CONCLUSION
Fig.2 Variation of 1 with X2
1. The hetero interaction between the molecules of
alcohol and amine have been identified by the dielectric
relaxation process.
2. Combustion quality depends upon the structure of the
fuel and its additive molecules.
3. Most of the oxygenated additive mixtures showed
improved combustion phases, decrease in cylinder
temperature due to high latent heat of evaporation.
4. Multifunctional fuel additives in fuel blends decreases
the ignition delay, improved premixed combustion duration
and combustion stability.
REFERENCE
Fig.3. Variation of 1 with X2 1. Technical Committee Of Petroleum Additive
Manufacturers in Europe. (2013).Fuel Additives:
As concentration of alcohol increases, number of
Use and Benefits, september2013/ATC Document
alcohol molecules also increases. This may be the reason
for the enhancement of hetero association. Beyond 113,from https://www.atc-
equimolar concentration self-association among like europe.org/public/Doc113%202013-10-01.pdf.
molecules may lead to the reduction in size which may be 2. P.Sreenivasulu,B.Durga Prasad,G. Naga Malleswar
the reason for the decrease of 2 values. 1 and 2 values for Rao, and S.Sudhakar Babu, “Importance and role of
all the mixtures at all the studied temperatures have a non- additives for estimating performance and emissions in
linear variation with concentration of alcohol. This non- CI engines using alcohol as fuels- A study,” Int. J.
linear variation confirms the solute-solute interaction [13].
Innov. Res. in Sci, vol.2, pp.3827-3836, August 2013.
It was concluded that high viscosities provide larger droplet
diameters and high penetration of the fuel jet. It leads

3. Ekarong Sukjit,”Synergistic effects of alcohol-based N,N-dimethylacetamide in the benzene solutions using

renewable fuels: Fuel properties and Emissions,” microwave absorption data. Ind. J. Pure and Appl.
Ph.D.Thesis., School of Mechanical Engineering, The Phy, vol.41, pp.630-633, August 2003.
University of Birmingham,2013. 14. Renato Cataluña and Rosangela da Silva, “Effect of
4. Banavali, Rajiv, and Bharati Chheda,”Chemical basis Cetane Number on Specific Fuel Consumption and
of diesel fuel stabilization by tertiary alkyl primary Particulate Matter and Unburned Hydrocarbon
amines,” Amer. Chem. Soc, vol.215, pp.1-7 (abstract), Emissions from Diesel Engines,” Journal of
1998. Combustion,vol 2012, Article ID 738940.
5. N.Srinivasan,S.Kumar and S.Krishnan,”Solvent effect 15. Harish Sivasubramanian,” Effect of Ignition Delay
on linear correlation factor and dielectric relaxation (ID) on performance,emission and combustion
time of butyl alcohol,”Ind.J.Pure and characteristicsof 2-Methyl Furan-Unleaded gasoline
blendsin a MPFI SI engine,”vol.57,499-507,2018.
Appl.Phys,vol.41,pp.876 – 878, November 2003.
6. T.Kalaivani and S. Krishnan,”Dielectric relaxation
studies of ternary liquid mixtures of aniline and
substituted anilines with acrylonitrile in the microwave
region,” Ind.J.Pure and Appl.Phys, vol.47, pp.383 –
385, May 2009.
7. Ritu Jain,Nidhi Bhargava,K.S.Sharma and
D.Bhatnagar,”Microwave dielectric measurements of
binary mixtures of nicotinamide and 1-propanol in
benzene solutions at a constant temperature,”
Ind.J.Pure and Appl.Phys,vol.49,pp.401 – 405, June
2011.
8. T.Ganesh, M.Maria Sylvester,S. Bhuvaneswari,
P.Jeevanantham and S.Kumar,”Microwave Dielectric
behaviour of ketones in solution state at a constant
temperature”IOSR J. Appl. Phy,vol.6,pp.59-63,March
–April 2014.
9. M.S.Manjunath and J.Sannappa,”Molecular
association of amides with 1-propanol in non-polar
solvent : Dielectric study,”Int.J. Pure and Appl
Phy,vol.4, pp.71-76,2008.
10. S.N.Helambe, Ajay Chaudhari, and
S.C.Mehrotra,”Temperature dependent dielectric study
of n-nitrides‟ in methanol using time domain
reflectometery,”J.Mol.Liq,vol.84, pp.235-244, 2000.
11. K.Ibrahim and R.Chandramohan,” Dielectric
Relaxation Studies of Ternary Mixtures of N- Butyl
Iodide with Isovaleric Acid in Benzene in the
Microwave Region.,” Int. J. Innov. Res. in Sci, Eng
and Tech,vol.4,pp.12778-12781,December 2015.
12. T.Kalaivani,S.Kumar and S.Krishnan,”Dielectric
relaxation studies of ternary liquid mixtures of aniline
and substituted anilines with acetonitrile in the
microwave region,” Ind. J. Pure and Appl
Phy,vol.43,pp.542-544, July 2005.
13. Vir Singh Rangra, and D.R.Sharma,”Dielectric
relaxation studies of binary mixtures of acetone and

Electrolyte Shock Treatment

[1]
M.Susmitha, [2] M.Viswadharani, [3] A.Karthikeyan, [4] R.Ganesan
[1][2]
[1][2][3][4]
Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology
[1]
susmikarthi99@gmail.com, [2] viswadharani99@gmail.com, [3] karthikeyaneee@kamarajengg.edu.in,
[4]
rganesaneee@kamarajengg.edu.in
Abstract:
This project deals to remove the bacteria in our skin by using electron movement with the help of electrolyte solution. There
are different methods available for removing bacteria in our skin, especially for diabetes patient. The different methods are
electrode neutrotheraphy and electrolyte imbalance method. Compare to another method is efficient to remove the bacteria. The
advantages of this method are sublimation coating and protect our skin also.
Keywords:
Electrode, Electrolyte solution, Current controller
through the rectifier circuit. In this rectifier rectify the AC

1. INTRODUCTION voltage to DC voltage and the current can be controlled by
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) involve microbial the system. In this current can be controlled by 2mA to 3A.
invasion of the skin and underlying soft tissues. They have In this regulated current passes through the battery type
variable presentations, etiologies and severities. The vessel. In this vessel have to electrode and electrolyte
challenge of SSTIs is to efficiently differentiate those cases solution. The current passes through the electrode. The
that require immediate attention and intervention, whether electrolyte solution can be ionized done with this process.
medical or surgical, from those that are less severe. From this ironized solution can be easily removed by the
Approximately 7% to 10% of hospitalized patients are harmful bacteria
affected by SSTIs, and they are very common in
The emergency care setting: The skin has an extremely
diverse ecology of organisms that may produce infection.
The clinical manifestations of SSTIs are the culmination of
a two-step process involving invasion and the interaction of
bacteria with host defenses. The cardinal signs of SSTIs
Involve the features of the inflammatory response, with
other manifestations such as fever, rapid progression
Of lesions and blue: The diagnosis of SSTIs is difficult
because they may commonly masquerade as other clinical
syndromes. To improve the management of SSTIs, the POWER SUPPLY:
Provides the voltage needed to control the current
development of a severity stratification approach to
controller to electrodes in electrolyte filled solution
determine site of care and appropriate empirical treatment is
advantageous. The selection of antimicrobial therapy is
predicated on knowledge of the potential pathogens, the Transformer:
instrument of entry, disease severity and clinical In the system we used in step down type transformer in
that transformer will reduce the voltage in 230volt 5amps to
complications. For uncomplicated mild to moderate
24volt 3amps ac supply.
infections, the oral route suffices, whereas for complicated,
severe infections, intravenous administration of antibiotics
is warranted. Recognition of the potential for resistant Advantages
pathogens causing SSTIs can assist in guiding appropriate 1. It will destroy the harm full bacteria
selection of antibiotic therapy. 2. It will clean the cloths and skin
3. It will cure the diapaties patients skin damage
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM problem
The 230volt AC supply step down by using the

transformer to 24volt. In this 24volt 3A current passes

3. DESIGN DETAILS be delivered to a load with the purpose of protecting the

circuit generating or transmitting the current from harmful
CURRENT LIMITER: effects due to a short-circuit or similar problem in the load.
Current limiting is the practice in electrical or electronic The current have been limited and controlled by 3Amps.
circuits of imposing an upper limit on the current that may The current have been regulated by 2mA-10mA.
ELECTROLYTE: Transformer:
An electrolyte is a substance that produces an A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers
electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar electrical energy between two or more circuits through
solvent, such as water. The dissolved electrolyte separates electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of
into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in
the solvent. Electrically, such a solution is neutral. If an turn induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or
electric potential is applied to such a solution, the cations of "voltage" in a second coil. Power can be transferred
the solution are drawn to the electrode that has an between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a
abundance of electrons, while the anions are drawn to the metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law
electrode that has a deficit of electrons. The movement of of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect.
anions and cations in opposite directions within the solution Transformers are used to increase or decrease the
amounts to a current. This includes most soluble salts, alternating voltages in electric power applications.
acids, and bases. Some gases, such as hydrogen chloride, Since the invention of the first constant-potential
under conditions of high temperature or low pressure can transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for
also function as electrolytes. Electrolyte solutions can also the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating
result from the dissolution of some biological (e.g., DNA, current electrical energy.[3] A wide range of transformer
polypeptides) and synthetic polymers (e.g., polystyrene designs is encountered in electronic and electric power
sulfonate), termed "polyelectrolytes", which contain applications. Transformers range in size from RF
charged functional groups. A substance that dissociates into transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume to units
ions in solution acquires the capacity to conduct electricity. interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons.
Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and
phosphate are examples of electrolytes, informally known
as "lytes."
In medicine electrolyte replacement is needed when a
patient has prolonged vomiting or diarrhoea, and as a
response to strenuous athletic activity. Commercial
electrolyte solutions are available, particularly for sick
children (oral rehydration solutions) and athletes (sports
drinks). Electrolyte monitoring is important in the treatment
of anorexia and bulimia.
Fig. 5 transformer

ELECTRODE: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make
contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a In the system's output of electrolyte solution were
semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or sprayed by diabetes patient skin area In the diabetes patient
air).Configuration of the electrode skin damaged problem to avoid the removing of the body
An electrode in an electrochemical cell is referred to as organ.
either an anode or a cathode. The anode is now defined as
the electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation
occurs (indicated by a minus symbol, "−"), and the cathode
as the electrode at which electrons enter the cell and
reduction occurs (indicated by a plus symbol, "+"). Each
electrode may become either the anode or the cathode
depending on the direction of current through the cell. A
bipolar electrode is an electrode that functions as the anode
of one cell and the cathode of another cell.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
The 230volt ac supply step down by using the

transformer to 24 Volt. In this 24volt 3A current passes
through the rectifier circuit. In this rectifier rectify the ac
voltage to dc voltage and the current can be controlled by
the system by using current controller. In this current can
be controlled to 2mA to 3A. In this regulated current passes
through the battery type vessel. In this vessel have to two
electrode and electrolyte solution. The current passes
through the electrode to electrolyte solution. The electrolyte
solution can be ionization done by this process. In this
ironized solution can be easily removed by the harmful
bacteria in damaged skin or cloth.
Working:
Inside the system will take the 230V, 5A supply is
reduced to 24V,3A AC by using step down transformer
supply will pass through the current controller. In the
current controller will control the current and voltage by
using various. In the current controller will control the
2mA to 10mA. In the controlled current will flow through
the electrolyte solution dipped electrode. In the electrode
will ionize the solution. After ionization the electrolyte
solution was sprayed to damaged skin. In the solution
cleared the bacteria in damaged skin.

Construction of Multi-Storeyed Buildings in India

With Environmental Perspective
[1]
Rajkumar R, [2] Kavya L, [3] Vishvaa R S, [4] Kamaleswari T
[1]
Associate Professor (Senior Grade), [2][3][4] Undergraduate Student
[1][2][3][4]
Department of Civil Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai, India
[1]
rajkumarr@ssn.edu.in
Abstract:
Economic development and anthropogenic activities directed towards satisfying humans ever increasing desires have led to
over exploitation of the natural resource base and generation of contaminants and hazardous waste. The construction of Multi-
storeyed building either for residential or for commercial purposes without proper care of environmental protection and energy
consumption is a negative approach to the objective planning of sustainable development. These Multi-storeyed buildings and their
energy consumption has created so much pressure on the environment.
Keywords:
Multi-Storey, Building, Impacts, Effects
reserved and self-centred. Due to this, lot of suicide cases

1. INTRODUCTION have been reported.
Man has demonstrated ability to build tremendous Aesthetic and Human Interest: If a good architecture
structures. The construction of a remarkable feat, but the is incorporated in the Multi-storeyed building, then
Multi-storeyed or High rise Structures has struck a popular aesthetic and scenic view of the area is increased and even
chord by default rather than by design. It is presumed to tourists come and see the architecture of these buildings.
compensate for high Land cost and thus maintain economic Also if surrounding of these building is developed along
balance .In reality it induces ever mounting land prices that with beautiful lawns and gardens, then beauty of these
the urban dweller is familiar with the consequences of buildings is increased and it gives a scenic sense.
intolerable congestion. Socio Economic Impact: It has been rightly said that
Cultural Effect: The residents of a multi-storey man is a social animal. Therefore social environment plays
building cannot preserve their ethnic culture. The culture of an important role in the life of a man. Construction of
these apartments and shopping complex tend to mix among Multi-storeyed buildings has affected the social
each other. Also if persons of different nationals and environment. It has resulted in the development of slums.
different states are resident of these apartments, then mixing The lifestyle of people living in flats is getting changed and
of language, religion, tradition, behaviour, dressing style they do not even care about the health and hygiene of those
and other factors which are day to day activity takes place. people who are staying in small houses by the side of their
If the Multi-storey building has come up in ethnic minority skyline buildings.
areas, then the culture of surrounding areas also tend to 2. FACTORS AFFECTING CONSTRUCTION OF
change and culture of ethnic minority is affected by these MULTI-STOREYED BUILDINGS
development
Health and Safety: As discussed above, factors which Economic factor: As we know that construction of
affect the health of people are air pollution, water pollution, Multi-storeyed building increases the cost of surrounding
noise pollution, indoor air quality deterioration and solid land to an extent which is unaffordable for an average man.
waste management. Whereas for safety consideration, the This leads to generation of slums. These slums are
Multi-storey building must have fire safety and crime safety horizontal and create massive ecological imbalance. Most
measures so that resident of these buildings feels a sense of of slum colonies are devoid of metalled road, public water
security. supply, sewerage and other civic amenities. Due to these
Psychological effects of Multi-storeyed buildings: problems, ponding of water takes place in slums which
Most of the times , people staying in multi-storeyed leads to the outbreak of various diseases among people. For
apartments become poor tempered due to the effect of example Mumbai has the highest number of slums which
compact and congested environment. People also become covers almost 6% of the Mumbai city.
alcoholic and they have a fear for crowd. They become

Social factor: People staying in multi-storeyed to be exposed to hazardous levels of contamination. Chloro-
buildings always remain inside their flats. They hardly fluro carbon from air conditioning can create
know what is going around them and this often leads to breathlessness, eye sight problems and restlessness.
criminal activities. Also it is unsafe for children and older Other indoor pollutants in multi-storeyed buildings are
people as they face the trouble of failure of lifts due to as follows
frequent power cuts.  Asbestos and other fibrous aerosols (Acoustic
Human factor: This is rather difficult to quantify and insulation, decoration, vinyl floor and cement
assess since the stresses caused by high density living and produce).
fast paced life cannot be measured.  Formaldehyde (Particle board, panelling, plywood,
Indoor Air Quality: It is also an important factor to be carpets, ceiling tile and other construction material).
paid attention in a multi-storeyed building. Many times the  Inhalable particulate matter (smoking, fire places)
air that we breathe indoors is more polluted than the air  Diffusion from soil, ground water, brick, building
outside. CO and NO are produced by the various volatile material, concrete and tiles.
organics emitted from house hold cleaning products. Many
pollutants such as cigarette smoke or radon gas if emitted
outdoors have plenty of dilution air so that people tend not
Table 1: Potential environmental impacts resulting from the construction stage

Construction Phase Construction practice Potential environmental impacts
Preconstruction Site inventory vehicular traffic Short term and nominal dust, sediment and tree
injury
Test pits Tree root injury, sediment
Temporary controls storm water Short term and nominal vegetation, water quality
Erosion and sediment dust Vegetation, water quality negligible if properly
Site work Clearing and demolition done term
Short
Clearing Decrease in the areas of protective trees, shrub and
ground covers, stripping of top soil, increased soil
erosion, sedimentation and storm water run-off
Demolition Increased dust, noise, solid wastes
Temporary facilities
Shops and storage sheds Increased surface areas impervious to water,
infiltration, increased water run-off, petroleum
products
Accessed roads and parking lots Generation of dust on unpaved areas
Utility trenches and backfills Increased visual impacts, soil erosion and
sedimentation for short periods
Sanitary facilities Increased visual impacts, solid wastes
Concrete batch plants Increased visual impacts, disposal of waste water,
increased dust and noise
Earth work Long term
Excavation Stripping, soil stockpiling and site grading
Grading Increased erosion and sedimentation
Trenching Soil compaction
Site drainage
Foundation drainage Decrease in the volume of underground water for
short and long term periods, increased stream flow
volumes and velocities downstream damages
Permanent facilities
Transmission lines and heavy traffic Long term
areas
Parking lots Storm water run –off, petroleum products
Water pumps for lifting of water Noise, visual impacts

Dish antenna Visual impacts

Solid waste handling equipment Visual impacts, odours, bacteria, viruses, noise
Project closeout
Removal of temporary offices and Short term
shops
Demolition Noises, solid waste, dust
Relocation Storm water run-off, traffic blockages, soil
compaction
Site restoration
Finish grading Sediment, dust soil compaction
Top soiling Erosion sediment
Cleaning Water quality, oils, phosphates and other nutrients
Noise Pollution: Noise pollution is nothing but five days without water but only five minutes without air
generation of unwanted sound. These sounds are very and this proves the importance of air in our life. Dust and
common in apartment culture. In case of advanced level of sulphur dioxide are two major pollutants resulting from
living standards, people are using radio television, tape vehicular activities. Dust affects the people living in lower
recorders, mike etc, very frequently. The operation of these stories whereas sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide affect
instruments has little concern about the annoyance caused people living in upper stories. Sulphur dioxide enters in our
to neighbours not even the sick and ailing. Infrasound body along with the air we breathe. It attacks the lungs and
produced in manmade environment either by working other parts of the respiratory system. Carbon monoxide
machines, air conditioning operation may cause blood emission is also caused by vehicular activities. Hourly
vessels to contract, our skin to become pale and damage our atmospheric concentration of carbon monoxide often reflect
nervous system. Air conditioners are a constant source of at city driving pattern. As more number of people stay in a
least 40 to 50 % decibels which also creates noise pollution multi-storey building much vehicular activity will be there
and irritates the people in these buildings. and this causes pollution. Carbon monoxide and lead a
Water Pollution: As we approach the end of the product of petrol driven vehicle interferes with blood ability
century problems, both water quantity and water quality are to carry oxygen to the cells of the body. With the blood
returning to forefront. The traditional confidence in the stream carrying less oxygen, the brain function is affected
quality of drinking water has been seriously taken as we and the heart rate increases in an attempt to offset the
find potential carcinogens in ground water. The people of oxygen deficit. Oxides of nitrogen are also one of the major
multi-storeyed buildings have to face the problems of water air pollutants. Almost all nitrogen oxide emissions are in the
supply. Due to the construction of tall buildings, the form of Nitrogen oxide which has no known adverse health
population density has increased abruptly. Large amount of effect at concentration s found in the atmosphere. Nitrous
water should be supplied to those densely populated areas oxide can oxidize to Nitrogen dioxide which in turn may
which imparts extra burden on water treatment and react with hydrocarbons in the presence of sun light to from
distribution system. In order to supply huge amount of photochemical smog condition. The lack of horizontal
water to such areas, high discharge distribution pipe and dispersion and presence of direct sunlight provide suitable
high power meters and pumps are needed. Since the height environment for formation of smog. The multi-storey
of multi-storey buildings ranges to even 400 m, very big buildings reduce the horizontal dispersion which leads to
head is required to be maintained in the distribution pipes so the formation of smog in the presence of sunshine. Even
that water can reach at the top most floor. Sudden solid waste and sewerage of a densely populated area is also
drawdown in the ground water table is the result of such a source of air pollution.
activities which leads to damage of environment in many Solid waste Generation: Waste generation
ways. Due to Lowering of Ground water table, many plants encompasses those activated in which materials are
do not get sufficient water in their root zone. Cities are identified as no longer being of value and are either
facing acute water scarcity as more multi-storey buildings thrown away or gathered together for disposal . Most of the
come up. Due to high density living, lots of waste water is time, it has been seen that multi-storeyed buildings are
generated which comes from kitchen, bath and laundry erected after demolishing old structures. The demolition of
floor, drain waste and sanitary sewage. The disposal of such old structures itself results in a large quantity of solid
large quantities of sewage causes pollution of rivers. wastes. Digging of foundation also gives large amount of
Air Pollution: Pure air is vital for life on the earth. It is solid wastes. Further such wastes in the form of iron rods,
vital for man, animal, and vegetation alike. A normal wooden cuttings, brick bats ad so many other wastes. These
healthy person can live about five weeks without food and wastes are often classified as rubbish. The quantities

produced are difficult to estimate and variable in energy in steel industry. Further the energy intensive and
composition but it may include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks, pollutant mechanisms used in transporting these resources
and plaster, plumbing, heating and electrical parts. It has to the production places are few examples illustrating the
been observed that the characteristics of the population cost of development. Complete ecosystems contain a
influence the quantity and quality of solid wastes generated. sufficiently diverse set of living and non living components
For example the quantities of yard wastes generated on a to be entirely self-sustaining. Millions of trees are chopped
per capita basis are considerably greater in many of the down every year for erection of multi-storeyed buildings
wealthier neighbourhoods than in either parts of town, which spoil the whole ecosystem of that place. Some times
usually the residents of multi-storeyed building belong to for developing a plot indiscriminate filling up of banks and
post population, and they generate much more solid wastes ponds are done. Pond in itself is an ecosystem. Filling of
than others. ponds leads to drainage problem. As the construction work
At the collection sites of solid waste generated by the starts an inflation of labour class leads to further destruction
people residing in the multi-storey building become ideal of shrubs and grasses.
breeding places for disease causing organisms under warm The skyline of Indian towns is changing with a chain of
and moist conditions. The generation of these harmful Multi-storeyed buildings multiplying at a mind boggling
wastes and their transmission is not only health related speed, Sun setting can hardly be seen as squares of light
concern but also have aesthetic impact. start appearing in enormous structures all looking the same.
Ecological Disturbance: Right from the very first brick From Delhi to Cochin Indian cities have started to practise
of foundation is laid to the completion of the Multi-storey the Multi-storeyed culture. Even Kerala, where once only
building ecology is disturbed in many ways. Deforestation cottages existed through the coconut grooves is now going
and land levelling is the first step of construction. Cement , for Multi-storeyed apartments. Calcutta, the city of Palaces
steel, stone and wood are the major building materials used had gradually turned into concrete jungles with the erection
in every Multi-storey building, different kind of energy is of Multi-storey Buildings. In many cases, watery land and
increasingly exhausted in industries like cement steep hills, ponds are filled indiscriminately in gross violation of
forests and destroying the natural ecosystem for making municipal rules.
cement , coal, a scarce fossil fuel resource for generating
Fig 1: Network approach of impacts

The Chennai Metropolitan area new buildings come up

at the rate of 500 per year, according to C.H. Gopinath Rao,
renowned architect and former chairman of Institution of
Engineers, Tamil Nadu. In Kerala cities are facing the
problem of water scarcity as more Multi-storey buildings
come up. Private agencies which sponsor flats construct
huge water tank to which water is diverted from the
municipal water supply system. The resultant water scarcity
experienced by single storeyed houses already existing in
such areas has led to public protests. The Construction of
Multi-storeyed buildings is practised because the cost of the
land is extravagant and continuing this process without
restraint only adds fuel to the flames of urban congestion ,
blight and disintegration. This is briefly explained in the
flow chart above.
3. CONCLUSION
The strategy of carrying out a Multi-storey
review is intended as an aid to decision makers that is
developers, planners, engineers and architects. Though such
persons have tended to be sceptical of such an effort as
costly and time consuming, in the long run it may actually
save time and resources through an accounting of planning
gaps not initially perceived thus the impact of multi-
storeyed buildings are not always positive due to lot of
hidden disadvantages it has from environmental point
.These buildings are neither sustainable and not have so
much advantage that people should opt it for their
residential, commercial purposes. This paper makes small
attempt to highlight the impact of multi-storeyed building.
A full accounting of impacts is needed to check the
sustainability of these projects.
REFERENCE
1. Bruel. P.V. and clessen, H.P., „Infrasonic
measurements “, Techinical Review. No .3, 1973 , pp
23-24.
2. Canter. L,N., “Environmental Impact Assessment”,
Mc Graw Hill Book Company, New York, 1977,
PP38-40.
3. Heinke, G.W. “Population and Economic Growth”,
Environmental Science and Engineering , Pretice Hall
Inc, Englewood, 1989, PP- 32-40.
4. Joglekar, M.N.,”Sustainable development Planning”,
Journal of Indian Architect and Builders, Dec 1992,
PP67-71.
5. Rucheiman.L, “Impact Review of High Rise
Buildings”, Journal of Urban Planning and
Development , July, 1977, pp 83-87
6. Soma Basu, “Delhi Bursting at the seams”, Survey of
the environment, 1995, The Hindu.

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid

Intralayer Jute/Flax and Sisal/Flax Polymer Epoxy
Composites
[1]
Dr.C.Senthamaraikannan, [2] Kirubakaran.G, [3] Ananda Karthick N, [4] GiriPrasath, [5] K.kabilan,
[6]
P.N.karthikbalaji
[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Department of Mechanical engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Chennai, India
Abstract:
This paper aims to find mechanical properties of intra-ply jute/flax and sisal/flax epoxy composites. Laminas were fabricated
following the hand lay-up technique in intraply woven methods. Results are presented regarding the tensile, flexural behaviour of
fabricated laminates. The testing specimens were prepared from the composite laminate for the determination of Tensile strength,
Flexural strength according to the ASTM standard guidelines ASTM D638, ASTM D790, and ASTM D-256 respectively. The
experimental results reveal that the mechanical properties of intraply jute/flax and sisal/flax epoxy composite. A greater stress
uptake in the intraply jute/flax and flax/sisal composites was obtained by the interlocking structure between the fiber yarns.
Keywords:
Intralayer, Jute, Flax, Sisal, Epoxy, Hybrid Woven, Epoxy
many investigations. G. Yuvaraj (2) et al proved that

1. INTRODUCTION composite with equal fibre ratio of glass and sisal (50:50)
Natural fibers have significant cost advantages when has improved the mechanical properties than composite
compared with synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon, nylon, with minimum percentage of sisal fiber. M.
etc. Among the different types of natural fibres, bast fibres Thiruchitrambalam (3) et al compared mechanical
(flax, hemp, jute and ramie) derived from plants are most properties of banana/kenaf hybrid composites with respect
commonly used in different applications such as to SLS and alkali treatment. In this work they conclude the
automotive, marine and construction, because of their SLS treatment had provided better mechanical properties
attractive properties in terms of weight (low density) and that the alkali treated. Verma et al. (4) and Mohan et al. (5)
performance (high specific strength and modulus). It also have investigated the mechanical properties of jute/glass
has higher strength and modulus upon comparing with hybrid composites in both polyester resin and epoxy resin.
plastic and is a good replacement for conventional fibers in Mechanical properties of natural fibers are based on fiber
many applications. Natural fibers have excellent beneficial alkali treatments, fiber matrix ratio, fiber loadings. Jochen
properties when used as reinforcement for composites. They Gassan (6) et al found fibre treatment and increased fibre
are low-density materials, yielding relatively light weight content decrease the rate of damage development in the
composite with high specific Properties. Composites composites. M.Ramesh (7) et al found that the incorporation
consists of two or more different reinforcing materials of sisal fiber with GFRP provide superior properties than
bound in the same matrix called as hybrid composites. For the jute fiber reinforced GFRP composites in tensile
achieve better mechanical properties, hybrid composites are properties and jute fiber reinforced GFRP composites
investigated. Past few decades many investigations made on performed better in flexural properties. Winfield (8)
hybrid polymer composites. Also by fillers and nano analyzed the use of jute-reinforced plastics to low cost
materials are used N. Venkateshwaran(1) et al this work, housing. In his study jute fabric is directly used as
alkali (NaOH) of various concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2%, reinforcement. Arifuzzaman Khan et al. [9] developed
5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) was used to treat the fiber surface environmental friendly jute fabric composites and
and the effect of these concentrations on the mechanical and investigated the influence of woven structure on the
visco-elastic behaviour of the composites were carried out. mechanical properties of the composite. In these
From the experimental investigation, it is found that 1% composites, it was observed that mechanical strength and
NaOH treated fiber reinforced composites behaves modulus in the warp direction are higher when compared to
superiorly than other treated and untreated fiber composite. the weft direction. Apart from this, plain-woven jute fabric
Hybrid synthetic and natural fiber composites also found in composites in the warp and weft directions exhibited
superior mechanical properties to those of non-woven jute

fabric composites. Currently in India, 90 million tons of fly method for improving the mechanical properties is to add
ash is being generated annually, dumped in 65,000 acres of fillers or nano particles while fabricating natural fiber
ash ponds. This huge quantity produces challenging polymer composites. Mohan et al (13) determined,
problems, like health hazards and environmental issues. Fly increasing the Wt. % of MWCNT and also varying the
ash comprises of fine particles of silica, alumina, calcium stacking sequence of the fiber layers can enhance the
and magnesium oxides. Seung Goo Leo (10) et al improved mechanical properties of the natural fiber hybrid
and modified the flax fibers by ethylene plasma treatment composites. V. Jute(Fig.1) stem has very high volume of
and acetylation. Plasma treatment with ethylene results cellulose that can be procured within 4-6 months, and hence
about the higher thermal resistance and larger interfacial it also can save the forest and meet cellulose and wood
strength in flax/PHB biocomposies that the chemical requirement of the world. Sisal Fiber (Fig.2) is one of the
modification by acetic anhydride without the damage to flax most widely used natural fiber and is very easily cultivated.
fibers. Hybrid composite materials are widely used in the It is obtain from sisal plant. The plant, known formally as
field of engineering applications due to their strength-to- Agave sisal Ana.
weight ratio, low cost, and ease of manufacturing. Hybrid
composites are preferred to achieve a blend of properties
such as ductility, stiffness, and strength which cannot be
achieved by single fiber reinforced
composites. Hybridization allow designers to tailor the
composite properties to the exact needs of the structure for
various consideration. The purpose of hybridization is also
to obtain a new material obtaining the advantages of its
constituents, and overcoming some of their disadvantages.
Table.1 Mechanical Properties of Jute, Sisal and Flax

Fiber
Quantity JUTE SIAL FLAX Figure.4 Weaving of Jute/Flax Fiber
Flax fiber is extracted from the bast beneath the surface

of the stem of the flax plant. Flax fiber (Fig.3) is soft,
Materials lustrous, and flexible; bundles of fiber have the appearance
of blonde hair, hence the description "flaxen" hair. From the
results the following three major conclusions were drawn.
Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3
The tensile strength of the composite has decreased by 10.4
%, This is because of the air entrapment caused by the nano
Young’s particles. A.B. Maslinda (15) et al found tensile and
modulus 26.5 22 22 flexural strength of the intralayer kenaf/jute and kenaf/hemp
(GPa) laminates were superior to those of the individual kenaf,
hemp, jute woven composites due to the different load
Tensile
distributed to the warp and weft fiber directions. Finally in
Strength 393 458 458
this paper, the intra woven jute/flax and intra woven
(MPa)
sisal/flax natural fiber mechanical properties are
investigated based on the research gap purpose.
Elongation
1.5-1.8 1.5-1.8 1.5-1.8
(%) 2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Density 2.1 Alkaline Treatment:

1470 1450 1450 The Natural fibers are derived from lignocelluloses,
(Kg/m³)
they are hydrophilic in nature and hence they become weak
at the interface between matrix and fiber. The main
R Yahaya et al (11) evaluated that the hybridization disadvantage encountered is including sisal fiber and jute
affects in intermediate mechanical properties of composites into a polymer matrix is the lack of good interfacial
compared to the highest Kevlar/epoxy properties and the adhesion between the two components, which results in
lowest properties of kenaf/epoxy composite. Alessandro poor properties in the final product. Due to poor adhesion
Pegoretti et al (12) studied the impact data clearly show that mechanical properties of the natural fiber composite are low
hybrid intraply composites reached higher ductility index and hence it becomes important to improve the adhesion
value when compared to those of interply hybrids. Another either by physical or chemical methods. Fiber matrix

interfacial adhesion can be improved with many chemical

modification of the fiber. One of the familiar and effective
chemical modification applied to sisal fibre is an alkaline
treatment based on sodium hydroxide.
Fig.7 Jute/Flax Laminate
Fig.5. Fiber mat soaked in NaOH Solution
2.2 Matrix:
The resin used in this work epoxy which is obtained
from Bharath Resins, Thirumullaivoyal. Epoxy-Br 111 and
Hardner-Hy951. The curing reaction for epoxy resin will
start immediately upon addition of suitable catalyst and
accelerator. The epoxy resin used in this work is normally
preaccelerated. Once die catalyst is added, the curing
Fig.8 Sisal/Flax Laminate
reaction starts immediately at the room temperature.
3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
2.3 Manufacturing of Laminates:
First weight of four layers of respective (sisal,flax & 3.1 TENSILE TEST:
Jute) fiber cut to dimension 300 x 300 mm. According to The woven and interwoven hybrid composites were
the volume fraction (VF), the required volume of matrix is subjected to a tensile test, under untreated and treated
calculated. The ratio of epoxy resin (BR 111) and the conditions, to determine their tensile strength.
hardener (HY 951) are assigned as 10:1 respectively. Then Furthermore, the two fibers with difference properties
this resin and hardener are mixed in a beaker continuously created a complex load-sharing property, between the
for 5 minutes to make homogenous mixture. The pot life of longitudinal and transverse directions, when they were
the mixture is 20 and 30 minutes. Dam of size 300 x 300 weaved together. This resulted in a greater stress uptake by
mm is placed over a polythene sheet. Releasing agent the interwoven hybrid composites, which were observed to
(Silicone spray) is applied all over the sheet and on the break at higher failure strains, in comparison with the
edges of the dam. Matrix is applied over the sheet using individually woven composites. The proper stress transfer
paint brush. Then the first jute fiber layer is placed neatly from them matrix to the fibers contributed to a lower crack
without any slack over. Then the jute fiber is rolled by a propagation rate, which resulted in the higher ductility of
hand roller to ensure the uniform flow of the resin the interwoven hybrid composites. The tensile strength of
throughout the layer. interwoven jute/sisal(JS) and interwoven flax/sisal(FS).
Fig.6 Applying Epoxy on the fiber Fig.9 Tensile test & Flexural Test-Jute/Sial

3.2 FLEXURAL TEST:

The flexural strength describe the ability of composites
to withstand a bending load and deformation before
reaching their breaking point.
Table summarizes the results obtained from the flexural
test. As a result of hybridization, excellent flexural
properties were achieved. A flexural performance was
recorded for the interwoven hybrid composites, at the
untreated and treated conditions.
The increments of the flexural strength show that the
interwoven hybrid composites were stronger and more
rigid, in comparison with the individually woven
Fig.10 Tensile test & Flexural Test-Flax/Sisal composites.
Table.2 Tensile Strength Properties of Jute/Sisal and Table.3 Flexural Strength Properties of Jute/Sisal and
Flax/Sisal Inter woven type Hybrid Natural fiber: Flax/Sisal Inter woven type Hybrid Natural fiber:
Property Condition J/S F/S Property Condition J/S F/S
48* 55* 134* 96*
Untreated Untreated
Tensile 10# 14# Flexural 23# 118#
strength (Mpa) 71* 76* strength (Mpa) 139* 126*
Treated Treated
15# 18# 36# 54#
*Sisal-warp direction, #Jute & Flax Weft Direction.
*Sisal – warp direction, #Jute & Flax Weft Direction.
160
140
Flexural Strength(MPa)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Jute/Sisal* Jute*/Sisal Flax/Sisal* Flax*/Sisal
Fig 13 Untreated Inter woven Fiber
80
160
70
140
Tensile Strength(MPa)
60
Flexural Strength (MPa)
120
50
100
40
80
30
60
20
40
10
20
0
Jute/Sisal* Jute*/Sisal Flax/Sisal* Flax*/Sisal 0
Jute/Sisal* Jute*/Sisal Flax/Sisal* Flax*/Sisal
Fig 12 Treated Inter woven Fiber
Fig 14 Treated Inter woven Fiber

CONCLUSIONS properties of woven jute fabric reinforced poly(l-lactic

acid) composites. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci 2013.
The tensile, Flexural and impact mechanical properties 10. Seung Goo Leo, Sung-Seen Choi, Won ho Park,
of intraply hybrid composites, based on Epoxy, have been Donghwan cho, 2003, Characterization of surface
investigated. The interwoven jute/sisal, flax/sisal and modified flax fibers and their biocomposites with
jute/flax composites, and its effect on their mechanical PHB. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & KGaA,
properties, were investigated following. The conclusions Weinheim. Macromol. Symp, 197, PP:89—99.
from the experiment as follow: 11. R Yahaya, SM Sapuan, M Jawaid, Z Leman and ES
1. The tensile strength of the interwoven jute/flax and Zainudin Mechanical performance of woven kenaf-
flax/sisal hybrid composites were superior to those of the Kevlar hybrid composites. Journal of Reinforced
remaining interwoven composites due to the different load Plastics and Composites 0(0), PP: 1–13.
sharing properties. 12. Alessandro Pegoretti, Elena Fabbri, Claudio Migliaresi
2. A greater stress uptake in the interwoven jute/flax and and Francesco Pilati, 2004 ―Intraply and interply
flax/sisal hybrid composites was obtained by the hybrid composites based on E-glass and poly(vinyl
interlocking structure between the fiber yarns; therefore, a alcohol) woven fabrics: tensile and impact properties‖
larger load was required to break the structure. From this Polym Int 53:1290–1297.
combinations, Maximum flexural strength was achieved in 13. K. Mohan & T. Rajmohan, 2017, Fabrication and
the jute/sisal treated interwoven hybrid composites. Characterization of MWCNT Filled Hybrid Natural
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Composites of glass/modified jute fabric and
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6. Jochen Gassan Andrzej K.Bledzki, 1999, Possibilities
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7. M.Ramesh K.Palanikumar K. Hemachandra Reddy,
2013, Comparative Evaluation on Properties of Hybrid
Glass Fiber- Sisal/Jute Reinforced Epoxy Composites.
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A Narrative Amalgam Algorithm for Job Shop

Scheduling Problem
[1]
Muthiah A, [2] S.Kalidass, [3] Muthusamy.K, [4] Sundarrajan.D
[1][2]
Professor, [3][4] Assistant Professor
[1][2][3][4]
Mechanical Engineering, P.S.R. Engineering College. Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India
[1]
amuthiah68@gmail.com
Abstract:
Job Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) is vital one of valid purpose of numerous sorts of production. Every job comprises of a
sequence of processes to be practiced in a predetermined order, on particular machines, and amid a continuous period. An effective
amalgam algorithm based on (LO) and (FFO) is planned for tackling the smallest value of makespan in JSSP. The point is to
discover a distribution for every process and to characterize the succession of processes to reduce the makespan. In this proposed
few yardstick problems are utilized to discover the makespan in JSSP. From investigational results demonstrated that the hybrid
optimization accomplishes optimal value and minimum completion time compared to individual algorithms FF and LO.
Keywords:
JSSP, Makespan, hybrid, Firefly Optimization, Lion Optimization
1. INTRODUCTION 3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Scheduling is the distribution of common assets after JSSP is an incredibly significant realistic problem in the
instance to challenging actions [1]. It has a lot of writing in two fields of manufacture engineering and combinatorial
the processes explore field [2]. Beginning the perspective of optimization. It comprises of scheduling to reduce the
scheduling, the assets and everyday jobs are regularly makespan To solve such a JSSP, a amalgam algorithm, to
alluded to as machines and jobs and the ordinarily utilized be specific FF-LOA, in light of FireFly and Ant Lion
execution assess is the finishing the times of jobs [3]. JSSP Optimization. The proposed hybrid algorithm (FF-LOA) is
be a standout amongst the vital fields in manufacturing a decent system for such benchmark scheduling problems.
optimization where an arrangement of n jobs must prepare At long last, the impact of constraints on the proposed
on a set of m indicated machines [4]. Every job comprises algorithm is analyzed and talked about with respect to how
of a particular arrangement of processes, which must be to choose the parameters. The test result affirmed its
handled by a particular order [5]. The problem, known to be training and adequacy. The results demonstrate that the
emphatically NP-hard, is to succession processes on the planned amalgam algorithm is well-organized and
machines so the greatest completion time general jobs successful gizmo for JSSP.
(Cmax) are reduced [6]. For its unequivocally NP-hard
nature, numerous proficient optimization strategies are 4. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
created to get almost ideal arrangements [7]. In addition, A good schedule is one that limits the total amount of
many research consequences of the JSSP demonstrate that it time machines are inactive. The Minimum of fitness is
is hard to get a sufficient arrangement just by single inquiry thought to be the best fitness and the fitness equivalent to
plot [8]. Motivated by these points of view, a narrative the solution is said to be the optimal solution for the
amalgam algorithm for JSSP in light of lion with firefly makespan time minimization process. To assess the fitness
optimization algorithm. function of each subjectively delivered the optimization
2. OBJECTIVES fitness a function is as:
 To reduce the makespan time and maximal machine Fi  min( N (t)) …………………. (1)
workload in JSSP process.
 To develop the schedule of the proposed approach N(t)  min(Ti1, j ,Ti, j1)Ti, j …………………. (2)
amalgam optimization algorithm is utilized.
Where, N (t) is the makespan time, T is the processing time,
i is the job order and j is the machine order.

5. PROPOSED HYBRID MODEL (FF-LOA) result, the hybrid optimization reaches the minimum
completion time. The optimal value gets in LA04 (10*5)
A amalgam optimization algorithm is planned for the benchmark problem.
problem of verdict the lowest makespan in the JSS
condition. The JSSP can redress and the performance will
develop to an amazing by completing the planned amalgam
FF-LOA.
Computational results of Job shop scheduling
demonstrated that the amalgam algorithm provides an
optimal solution when contrasted and the individual
outcomes. The accompanying fig1 demonstrates the
amalgam approach for the FF-LOA procedures.
Fig 2: convergence graph for FT10
Fig 2 depicts the convergence graph for benchmark

problem FT10 based on increasing iterations. If the iteration
value increases the fitness will be changed randomly for all
the three approaches. The minimum fitness value attains
Fig 1: Flowchart for our hybrid approach after reaching the 170th iteration and the optimal value gets
in hybrid optimization only when compared to FF-LOA.
Table 1: Makespan time designed for different
Problems
Fig 3: convergence graph for LA01
Fig 3 shows the convergence graph for benchmark

problem LA01. The fitness value is reduced while
6. RESULT AND ANALYSIS increasing iterations. The minimum fitness value reaches in
The proposed JSSP with optimization method for hybrid algorithm compared to LOA and firefly algorithm. In
minimizing the completion time is finished by using LA01 the minimum makespan time as 658.
MATLAB. The following FT10 (10*10), LA01 (10*5), In LA02, the least makespan time as 652 in Antlion, 653
LA02 (10*5), LA03 (10*5), LA04 (10*5), LA15 (20*5), in Firefly and 649 in the hybrid algorithm. Based on this
and LA30 (20*10) different standard dilemmas make use of result, hybrid approach reaches the optimal value compared
getting the lowest time. than individual algorithms. Fig 4 shows the convergence
Table 1 depicts the makespan time for seven benchmark graph for LA02. This graph illustrates the fitness value for
problems and finds the minimum makespan value by every optimization techniques
comparing three types of optimization techniques. For the
comparison of optimization techniques to the experimental

and process plan flexibility", Journal of Applied

Mathematical Modelling, Vol.34, No.6, pp.1539-1548,
2011.
6. Pal, S.K., Rai, C.S. and Singh, A.P., "Comparative
study of firefly algorithm and particle swarm
optimization for noisy non-linear optimization
problems", International Journal of intelligent systems
and applications, Vol.4, No.10, p.50, 2012.
7. Babers, R., Hassanien, A.E. and Ghali, N.I.," A nature-
inspired metaheuristic Lion Optimization Algorithm
for community detection", In Computer Engineering
Conference (ICENCO), 2015 11th International, pp.
217-222, 2015.
Fig 4: convergence graph for LA02 8. Yang, X.S. and He, X., "Firefly algorithm: recent
advances and applications", International Journal of
7. CONCLUSION Swarm Intelligence, Vol.1, No.1, pp.36-50, 2013.
In this paper explored diverse benchmark problems 9. Wang, B., Wang, X., Lan, F. and Pan, Q., "A hybrid
specifically machines assess in JSSP by utilizing different local-search algorithm for robust job-shop scheduling
optimization strategies. The execution of the proposed under scenarios", Journal of Applied Soft Computing,
hybrid model (FF-LOA) was analyzed by comparing with Vol.62, pp.259-271, 2018.
separate algorithm LOA and FF. The outcome reasoned that 10. Giglio,D.,Paolucci, M. and Roshani, A., "Integrated lot
the hybrid LOA-FF move toward for work arrangement sizing and energy-efficient job shop scheduling
method is fit for judgment for excellent jobs to the benefits problem in manufacturing/ remanufacturing systems",
and achieving the least finishing time. The minimum Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.148, pp.624-641,
makespan accomplishes the benchmark problem as LA04 2017.
(10*5) i.e. 583 in hybrid FF-LOA. The amalgam can award 11. Yelghi, A. and Köse, C., “A modified firefly algorithm
better outcomes for limiting the traverse by taking care of for global minimum optimization", Journal of Applied
JSSP. Henceforth, this examination can be reached out to Soft Computing, Vol.62, pp.29-44, 2018.
incorporate different components introduce in a dynamic
domain, which will be profoundly useful to the assembling
business as the model will be illustrative of real-world
situations.
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High-Utility Pattern Mining by Removing

Recurrent Patterns
[1]
M.S.Bhuvaneswari, [2] S.Kavitha, [3] N.Balaganesh
[1][2][3]
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India
[1]
bhuvaneswari@mepcoeng.ac.in, [2] kavilaya9616@gmail.com, [3] balaganesh.nallathambi@gmail.com
Abstract:
High Utility Itemset Mining (HUIM) algorithm is implied uniquely to identify maximum utility for an itemset at a particular
time, yet it can’t be utilized to discover itemsets that produce high utility. Such high utility itemsets are discovered for the products
which may merchandise well for specific season but may not sell well for other time intervals. In this paper we have utilized the
LHUIMiner to locate the particular time interim at which the pattern has high utility . The PHUI Miner algorithm is used for
finding time interval where some products are sold with unusual profit. To remove the recurrent itemsets found within the same
time window we have proposed a new algorithm Closed High Utility Itemset mining algorithm. The Closed High Utility Itemset
Mining(CHUI) reduces the itemsets within specific time interval and reduces the processing time and memory usage.
Keywords:
Frequent Itemset Mining, High Utility Itemset, Peak High Utility Itemset, Closed High Utility Itemset
the usual such as selling schoolbags and notebooks during

1. INTRODUCTION reopening of school.
Frequent Itemset Mining(FIM) identifies all group of HUIM algorithm tolerate from long response times and
items that occur repeatedly within user defined threshold. even problem to execution due to large storage. The issues
FIM believes that all items in the database are essential and are solved by Closed High Utility Itemsets(CHUIs) Mining.
can occur just one time in each sequence. To overcome this The possibility of CHUI brief the idea of shut model from
HUIM a method to find high profit patterns, is utilized to FIM.A CHUI is laconic by providing lossless representation
locate the arrangement of things that produce high benefit result to the user.
or it is of high significance to the user. HUIM is commonly 2. RELATED WORK
considered as a more convoluted issue than FIM as the
utility measure utilized in HUIM isn’t hostile to montonic Frequent Itemset Mining(FIM) is a famous system for
contrasted with the support utilized in FIM. The standard discovering itemset which are over and over obtained by
FIM cannot be straight forwardly utilized in HUIM to customer[4]. Apriori algorithm examines the hunt gap of
upgrade the pursuit gap. HUIM Two Phase calculation[1] itemsets utilizing an expansiveness breadth-first search. The
ascertains an maximum limit on the utility measure to set of items is received by scanning the database and only
advance the hunt gap. The issue of HUIM isn't intended to repeated item are displayed to the user. Apriori does not
discover model that clarifies how the utility of itemsets take into consideration the whole search gap of frequent
temporaly changes. itemsets. The obstacle for using Apriori is that it several
To distinguish the itemsets which are beneficial in times reviews the database.
obscure timespans, another kind of model Local High profit The Elcat algorithm [5] is a FIM algorthim, to overcome
patterns Mining was proposed. It gives an approach to the problem in Apriori.The Elcat algorithm review the
discover itemsets that gives an utility which is more database once to make a column for each item denoting the
noteworthy than the client indicated limit, inside at least one transaction where it occurs. If an itemset has more than one
time interim having a most reduced time length. LHUI- item the columnar structure can be obtained without
Miner is an algorithm that expands the HUI-Miner scanning the database by connecting the column of two of
algorthim to mine local high utility itemsets. For instance to its subgroups. Elcat explore pursuit space of itemsets by
discover timeframes where client spends part of cash for the depth first search.
items. High Utility Itemset Mining(HUIM) finds out group of
Peak High Profit patterns PHUI [2] deals with items creating large profit in a transactional information [6].
identifying the timeline where an itemsets has utility higher To identify the relation between the items that yields high
the usual profit. For example to find time interval where profit and occur in multiple transaction, a Sequential rule
some items are sold together and produce profit more than algorithm HUSRM was proposed [7]. High utility
consecutive example mining[8] proposed a tight upper

bound on the utility of the itemsets to enhance the hunt

space challenge. CRoM was used for pruning the itemsets
before generation of appropriate patterns.
In [9] various least utility limit was utilized as opposed
to utilizing single utility as everything is unique and they
can't be treated likewise. To satisfy HUIM with numerous
minimimum utility limit (HUIM-MMU), another sorted
downward closure (SDC) property and least minimum
utility threshold (LMU) was proposed. Fig 1. System Design
The periodic high-utility itemsets mining [10] gain
knowledge of itemsets that are now and again purchased by A. Peak High Utility Itemset Mining(PHUIM)
buyer and yield a high profit. The objective of short-period The PHUIMiner algorithm proposed in [2] is used for
high-utility itemsets (SPHUI) is to distinguish designs that finding the peak high utility itemset. PHUI manages finding
are engaging both as far as time interim and utility. the time gap where a pattern has profit higher than the
The time decaying model [11], calculation decrease the standard benefit. The idea of focal moving normal hybrid is
utility of transactions under to allot greater weights to latest utilized to discover the beginning and ending timespan
data as against to those of oldest. The algorithm periodically where the benefit of itemsets is a lot higher than the
refresh the utility of the data in its data structure and cuts standard thing.
the nodes whose utility values is smaller than the Consider a transaction database as shown in Table 1. For
thresholds. Maintains a sensible storage by removing instance, (b, 1) specifies that the name of the item is b and 2
unwanted storage space. represents the number of the items sold. Timestamps
A discriminative algorithm called CDSPM (Conditional specifies the month during which the items were sold. Table
Discriminative Sequential Pattern Mining) was proposed by 2 is the utility table where Utility represents the profit of
to resolve the subgroup-induced recurrent issue. [13] selling the item(profit/unit).
proposed a technique for finding high utility itemsets from
the transaction database which includes items with negative Table 1 Transaction database
profit. [14] made use of the sequence tree for mining high TID Itemsets Timestamps
utility sequences. 1. (b,1), (c,2), (d,1), (e,1) M1
Utilized the stream rather than the static databases and 2. (a,4), (b,1), (c,3), (d,1), (e,1) M3
utilized a high normal utility pattern digging system for 3. (a, 4), (c,2), (d,1) M3
recognizing the examples of intrigue. 4. (c,2), (d,1), (e,1) M5
Top-k co-occurrence items were discovered from the 5. (a,5), (b,2), (d,1), (e,1) M6
sequential database [16] by directly examining the database 6. (a,3), (b,4), (c,1), (d,2) M7
in linear order to find the number of times an item has 7. (c,1), (d,5) M9
occurred. Using vertical approach mining(VAM) and
vertical with index approach mining(VIAM) the searching Table 2 Utility Table
gap in the database was reduced.
Item a b c d e
Episode mining and episode rule mining are used to
Utility 5 2 3 5 4
identify a episodes with larger event count and confidence
in a single sequence pattern [17]. [18] proposed a method to
mine sequential rules from more than one sequential Let D={d1,d2,....dn}be a set of items(itemset). Each
transaction(T) has a unique identifier(tid). The utility of an
dataset.
itemset D in transaction T (u(D,T)) is the sum of the utilities
3. SYSTEM DESIGN of all the items contained in D that appears in T. The utility
of itemsets u(D) is sum of the utilities of D in all the
The entire process involved in the system is shown in transactions in database. Remaining utilityof an itemset
Fig.1. The modules involved are i) Peak High Utility D(rem(D)) is defined as the sum of u(D) and the utilities of
Itemset Mining (PHUIM) ii) Closed High Profit Sequence the remaing items that occur in the transactions were D
Mining. The peak high utility itemset produced by PHUIM occurs.
is given as input to the CHUIM which in turn removes the Example 1: The utility of itemset {c,e} can be
recurrent itemsets within the same time window and calculated as follows:
produces closed high utility itemsets. {c,e} occurs in transaction t1,t2 and t4 , hence
u({c,e},)= (2* 3)+(1*4)+( 3*3)+(2*4)+(2*3)+(1*4) = 38
Example 2: The remaining utility of {c,e} can be

computed as

follows: closed high utility itemsets from the PHUI for each peak
u({c,e})= 35 window. If n peak itemsets are there within the timewindow
{c,e} occurs in transactions t1,t2,t4 [i, j] and m itemsets are there within the timewindow [k,l]
The utilities of items(b,d) other than c and e in then CHUIM is applied first to itemsets in time window[i,j]
t1=1*2+1*5=7 The utilities of items(a,b,d) other than c and then to itemsets in window[k,l]. If peak itemset has a
e in t2=4*5+1*2+1*5=27 superset within the same time window and the difference in
The utilities of items(d) other than c and e in t4=1*5=5 utility(profit) between them is above a threshold then the
rem({c,e}) = 38 +(7+27+5) superset is added to the list of closed high utility itemset. If
= 77 the difference is below a threshold then subset is added to
the list of closed high utility itemset. The CHUIM is applied
Extended Utility List(EUL) Structure: to all the peak windows and the closed high utility itemsets
It is used for storing the information about the itemset . in each peak window is obtained. The process is repeated
The database is scanned and EUL is constructed for each once again for the peak window until there is no change in
item in the dataset. The items are combined and EUL is the itemsets identified in the peak windows.
constructed for the newly formed itemset and the process is
repeated. The EUL can be utilized for identifying the PHUI
without scanning the database. The EUL of item a for the
util period(M3,M7)is given in Table 3.
Table 3 EUL(a)
Tid u(a,Tid) rem(a)
T2 20 20
T3 20 11
T5 25 13
T6 15 21
The algorithm for finding peak high utility itemset is

given below:
CHUIM is used for finding itemsets which yields more

utility at peak window. This reduces the number of
B. Closed High Utility Itemset Mining(CHUIM) redundant temsets and it turn reduces storage and
The peak high utility itemsets produced by PHUIM is processing time.
given as input to the CHUIM. It deals with identifying

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed Closed High utility Itemset Mining
Algorithm is tested on Kosarak and Retail dataset collected
from:
https://philippe-fournier-
viger.com/spmf/index.php?link=d atasets.php
The kosarak dataset consists of 33330 transactions and
the Retail dataset consists of 80915 transactions.
Fig 3a. IMinUtil vs ItemCount for Kosarak dataset
Fig 2a. IMinUtil vs RunTime for Kosarak dataset
Fig 3a. IMinUtil vs ItemCount for Retail dataset
The storage space (MB) utilized by the itemsets

generated by PHUIM and CHUIM is given in Table 4. The
memory consumed by the closed high utility itemset is less
compared to peak high utility itemsets.
Table 4 Memory Usage

DataSet Memory Usage(MB)
Fig 2b. IMinUtil vs RunTime for Retail dataset PHUI CHUI
Retail 320 115
Fig 2a, 2b shows the runtime for different lMinUtil Kosarak 80 30
values in Kosarak ans Retail dataset.The runtime to find
CHUI is more compared to that of the PHUI as it has to CONCLUSION
compute PHUI then CHUI. To discover the pinnacle high utility itemset with
Fig 3a and 3b represents the number of itemsets pinnacle window PHUIMiner algorithm is utilized. As there
generated for different lMinUtil values in Kosarak and may be repetitions in the itemset generated CHUIM
Retail datasets.As the lMinUtil value increases the number algorithm is used to find the closed high utility itemset
of itemsets decreased. within same peak window. Closed High Utility Itemsets
Mining(CHUIM) utilize the Eul structure which decides the
entire arrangement of CHUIs in the entire database without
creating any applicants. CHUIs is laconic and produces
lossless reprenstation to the user.

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Experimental Investigation on Strength

Characteristics of Concrete Partially Replaced with
Seashells and Coconut Shells as Coarse Aggregates
[1]
Rajkumar R, [2] Priyadharshini K.P, [3] Kamaleswari T, [4] Kavya L, [5] Vishvaa R.S
[1]
Associate Professor (Senior Grade), [2] Student Alumni, [3][4][5] Undergraduate Student
[1][2][3][4][5]
Department of Civil Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai, India
[1]
rajkumarr@ssn.edu.in
Abstract:
This study involves partially replacing seashells and coconut shells as coarse aggregates in varying proportions individually
and testing their properties like Compressive Strength and Tensile Strength. Various properties of the sea shells and coconut shells
were determined. The study involved preparation of 5 samples for each sea shell and coconut shell of varying proportion. The 28
day compressive strength and tensile strength were tested using the Compressive Strength test and Split Tensile test, and an
optimum percentage of replacement was determined. The 7 day compressive strength and split tensile strength were studied for the
optimum percentage replacement to determine the early strength developed. As a result of these tests, it was determined that 20%
replacement was the optimum replacement ratio for sea shells and 10% replacement was the optimum replacement ratio for
coconut shells. Graphs were plotted to compare the strength variations of both the shells and a detailed comparative analysis was
carried including cost analysis and analysis of variation in strengths.
Keywords:
Seashells, Coconut shells, Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength
materials like fly ash and blast furnace slag was suggested
1. INTRODUCTION for the cement. While sea shells, glass and ceramic material
Concrete has proved to be a versatile material in the were used as a replacement for fine aggregates and palm
construction of structures due to the possibility of moulding kernel shells, coconut shells and sea shells were used as a
it into virtually any shape and geometry. Utilizing this replacement for coarse aggregate.
formable nature of the material, concrete architecture has As a part of integrated solid waste management plan that
made rapid progress in the recent year. The basic includes recycle, reuse and recovery, the disposed solid
constituents of concrete are cement, water and aggregate waste representing unused resources, may be used as low
(and selected additives). Aggregates are usually described cost materials. Presently in India, about 960 MT of solid
as inert “filler” material of either fine (sand) or coarse wastes are being generated annually as by-products. It is
(stone) variety. Aggregate tends to represent a relatively reported that about 600 MT of wastes have been generated
high volume percentage of concrete. To minimize the cost in India from agricultural sources alone. The use of these
of the materials, alternatives have been used for the materials as the substitute material in concrete would reduce
conventional materials. Recent investigation of Indian sea the disposal problem now faced by thermal power plants
shells has indicated greater scope for their utilization as a and industrial plants, agricultural areas and at the same time
construction material. Greater utilization of seashells will achieving the required strength of concrete. Already many
lead to not only saving such construction material but also investigations have been going on the partial replacement of
assists in solving the problem of disposal of this waste coconut shells in place of coarse aggregate. In the present
product. In addition to sea shells, the concrete with ground investigation sea shells and coconut shells has been used
coconut shell was found to be more durable in terms of its individually as partial replacement of coarse aggregate.
resistance in water, acidic, alkaline and salty environment. Almost all over the world various measures aimed at
Coconut shell being a hard and not easily degradable reducing the use of primary aggregates and increasing reuse
material if it is crushed to size of sand can be a potential and recycling have been introduced. As a result, in
material to substitute sand. As modern engineering practices developing countries like India, the informal sector and
become more demanding, there is a corresponding need for secondary industries recycle 15–20% of solid wastes in
special types of materials with novel properties. For various building materials and components.
reducing the cost of concrete, greater use of pozzolanic

1.1 Coconut Shell By using the results obtained in the above mentioned
Coconut is the primary contributor to the nation's test, design mix for 0% is obtained as 1:1.57:2.58.As per
pollution problem as a solid waste in the form of shells, design mix, the concrete is prepared. The water cement ratio
which involves an annual production of approximately 3.18 was kept as 0.45.Cubes and cylinders were casted and cured
million tonnes. It also presents serious disposal problems and then the strength tests were conducted.
for a local environment, is an abundantly available
agricultural waste from local coconut industries. The 2.2 Compression Test
chemical composition of the coconut shell is similar to Compression test is carried out to find the compressive
wood. It contains 33.61% cellulose, 36.51% lignin, 29.27% strength of the concrete. The compression test is carried out
and ash at 0.61%. In developing countries, where abundant using a standard compression testing machine (CTM).
coconut shell waste is discharged, these wastes can be used Many standard codes recommend concrete sample cubes of
as potential material or replacement material in the size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm.The compressive strength
construction industry. of the cube is calculated and given by the following
equation:
Properties of Coconut Shell
Coconut shell has high strength and modulus properties.
High lignin content make the composites more weather Where,
resistant. It has low cellulose content due to which it P is the Failure load of the Cube (N)
absorbs less moisture as compare to other agricultural A is the loaded surface area of the cube (mm2)
waste. Coconut shells have good durability characteristics, The average value of the compressive strength of the
high toughness and abrasion resistant properties. Attempts three cubes is taken.
have been taken to utilize the coconut shells as coarse
aggregate and develop the new structural Light Weight 2.3 Split Tensile Test
Concrete (LWC). Tensile strength is the one of the important property of
concrete as it very much affects the effect of size of
1.2 Seashell cracking. The splitting tensile strength of the specimen can
A seashell also known simply as a shell is a hard, be calculated as follows:
protective outer layer created by an animal that lives in the
sea. The shells are empty because the animal has died and
the soft parts have been eaten by another animal or have Where,
decomposed. A seashell is usually the exoskeleton of an T is the splitting tensile strength (MPa)
invertebrate , and is typically composed of calcium P is the maximum applied load indicated by the testing
carbonate or chitin. Most shells that are found on beaches machine (N)
are the shells of marine mollusks. D is the Diameter of the specimen (mm)
L is the Length of the specimen (mm)
1.2.1 Properties of Seashells
It has high content of Calcium Carbonate so it 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
contributes to the strength properties in concrete. It makes
the concrete hard and a naturally available and non-bio The use of naturally occurring shells as partial
degradable material. replacement in course aggregates has been gaining
popularity over the years. Considering factors like low cost,
2. METHODOLOGY easy availability and an effective means of waste disposal,
the only point of contention was the strength factor of the
The following steps were carried out in the experiment. shells studied. This study shows that the strength increases
with increase in the proportion of sea shells up to certain
2.1 Initial Testing limit. Beyond that limit the strength decreases as the bond
formation becomes tougher owing to the slippery surface of
To arrive at mix design as per IS 10262 – 2009, the the sea shells. Its compatibility as a coarse aggregate in
following tests were carried out. Tests conducted on fine concrete increases and it reaches an optimum concentration
aggregates are Water Absorption Test (by IS 2386 Part III – and then decreases with increase in the proportion further.
1963), Sieve Analysis (by IS 2386 Part I – 1963) and The optimum proportion of sea shells was observed to
Specific Gravity Test (IS 2386 Part III – 1963). Tests be 20%. On the other hand, the strength in Coconut shells
conducted on coarse aggregate are Water Absorption Test concrete decreased. However it turned out to be an essential
and Specific Gravity test as per IS 2386. adoption when employed for low strength concrete
scenarios. Coconut Shell concrete is cost effective, light

weight and eco-friendly and suffices where high strength in the seashell concrete in comparison with the early strength
concrete is not required. developed in conventional concrete.
The optimum proportion of coconut shells was
observed to be 10%. Table 4.2 7 days average compressive test results for sea
shell concrete
4. COMPRESSION TEST RESULTS
Five cube specimens of size 150mm * 150 mm of grade
M25 were tested.
4.1 28 days compressive strength for sea shell concrete

The cube compressive strength results of M25 grade mix 4.3 28 days Compressive Strength for Coconut Shell
at 28days made with various proportions of seashells were Concrete.
noted. Table 4.1 depicts the compressive strength of The cube compressive strength results of M25 grade mix
seashell concrete with respect to 28days. Test results were at 28days made with various proportions of coconut shells
plotted in the form of graphs and shown in Fig 4.1. were noted. Table 4.3 depicts the compressive strength of
coconut shell concrete with respect to 28days. Test results
Table 4.1 28days Average Compressive test results for were plotted in the form of graphs and shown in Fig 4.2.
sea shell concrete
Table 4.3 28days Average Compressive test results for
coconut shell concrete
Fig. 4.1 Average Compressive Stress Analysis for

Seashells
Fig 4.2 Average Compressive Stress Analysis for
It is seen that compressive strength for M25 grade Coconut shell
concrete was gradually increases from 26.07 to 29.06 for
replacement of seashells up to 20%. After that compressive It is seen that compressive strength for coconut shell
strength decreases with increase in percentage of seashells. concrete were gradually decreases with increase in
So that the optimum proportion of seashell was found to be percentage of coconut shell, so that optimum mix
20%. percentage is reduced to 10% in case of coconut shells.
4.2 7 days Compressive Strength of Seashell Concrete 4.4 7 days compressive strength for coconut shell
Considering the 28 days compressive strength for Considering the 28 days compressive strength for
seashell concrete, we find that 20% sea shell replacement is coconut shell concrete, we find that 10% coconut shell
the optimum replacement ratio. Hence the 7 day strength is replacement is the optimum replacement ratio. Hence the 7
also checked for 20% replacement, to determine the early in day strength is also checked for 10% replacement, to
determine the early strength developed in the coconut shell

concrete in comparison with the early strength developed in 5.2 7 Days Tensile Strength for Seashell Concrete
conventional concrete. Considering the 28 days tensile strength for seashell
concrete, we find that 20% sea shell replacement is the
Table 4.4 7 day Average Compressive Test Results optimum replacement ratio. Hence the 7 days strength is
for Coconut Shell Concrete also checked for 20% replacement, to determine the early in
the seashell concrete in comparison with the early strength
developed in conventional concrete.
Table5.2 7 Day Average Tensile Test Results for Sea

Shell Concrete
5. SPLIT TENSILE TEST RESULTS
Five cylinder specimens of diameter = 150mm and
height = 100 mm of grade M25 were tested for the tensile
strength in the Universal Testing Machine. The specimens
had sea shell and coconut shell respectively in ratio of 0%,
10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. 5.3 28 Days Tensile Strength for Coconut Shell Concrete
The splitting tensile strength results of M25 grade mix at
28days made with various proportions of coconut shells
5.1 28 Days Tensile Strength for Seashell Concrete
The splitting tensile strength results of M25 grade mix at were noted. Table 5.3 depicts the tensile strength of coconut
the age of 28days made with various proportions of shell concrete with respect to 28days. Test results were
seashells were observed. Table 5.1 depicts the tensile plotted in the form of graphs and shown in Fig 5.2.
strength of seashell concrete at 28days. Test results were
plotted in the form of graphs and shown in Fig 5.1. Table 5.3 28 Average Tensile test results for Coconut
shell concrete
Table 5.1 28 Days Average Tensile Test Results for
Seashell Concrete
Fig 5.2 Average Tensile Stress Analysis for Coconut

Shell
Fig 5.1 Average Tensile Stress Analysis for Seashell
It is seen that tensile strength for coconut shell concrete
It is observed from the graph that the splitting tensile gradually decreases with increase in percentage of coconut
strength for M25 concrete was decreased initially and shell, so that optimum mix percentage is reduced to 10% in
increased at 20% replacement and again decreased with case of coconut shells.
increase in percentage of seashell, so that the Optimum
replacement of seashell was found to be 20% from the
graph.

5.4 7 Days Tensile Strength for Coconut shell Concrete Table 5.4 7 days average tensile test results for coconut
Considering the 28 days tensile strength for coconut
shell concrete, we find that 10% coconut shell replacement
is the optimum replacement ratio. Hence the 7 days strength
is also checked for 10% replacement, to determine the early
strength in the seashell concrete in comparison with the
early strength developed in conventional concrete. 6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
A detailed comparative analysis was carried out
including cost analysis and analysis of variation in strengths
for both Seashell and Coconut shell concrete.
Table 6.1 Comparison of Properties of Concrete with coconut shell and sea shell
shells with an average 28 day compressive stress of

24.29 N/mm2 and average tensile stress of 2.45 N/mm2
3. The possible reason for the lower strength in concrete
with partial replacement with coconut shell is the
lower density of coconut shells as compared to the
density of sea shells Hence, as the strength obtained
for sea shell is greater than that of conventional
concrete it can be used as a partial replacement for
heavy weight structures thus reducing the dependency
on blue stone metal, and also providing an efficient
Fig 6.1 Comparison of 28days Compressive strength method of marine waste disposal.
4. Coconut shell, though do not provide adequate
7. CONCLUSION strength help reduce the cost and weight of the
1. Based on the test results obtained, it was determined concrete and thus prove to be an efficient replacement
that 20 % was the optimum proportion for sea shells for light weight and unimportant low strength
with an average compressive stress of 29.06 N/mm2 structure.
and average tensile stress of 2.58 N/mm2 5. Usage of M – Sand also helps reduce the cost of the
2. Based on the test results obtained, it was determined structure without considerably affecting the strength of
that 10 % was the optimum proportion for coconut the structure as compared with concrete prepared using
river sand.

REFERENCES
1. Anwar, Abdullah, Sabih Ahmad, and Syed Aqeel
Ahmed. (2016). "Performance of Waste Coconut Shell
as Partial Replacement of Natural Coarse Aggregate in
concrete." International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research 7.8
2. Elliott Richardson, Alan, and Thomas Fuller (2013)
"Sea shells used as partial aggregate replacement in
concrete." Structural Survey 31.5: 347- 354.
3. Gunasekaran, K., P. S. Kumar, and M. Lakshmipathy.
(2011): "Mechanical and bond properties of coconut
shell concrete." Construction and building materials
25.1:92-
4. Kalyanapu Venkateswara Rao, (2015)
A.H.L.Swaroop, Dr.P.Kodanda Rama Rao and
Ch.NagaBharath, ―Study on strength properties of
coconut shell concrete‖, International journal civil
engineering and technology, vol.6, issue 3, pp 42-61.
5. Kanojia, Apeksha, and Sarvesh K. Jain. (2017)
"Performance of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in
concrete." Construction and Building Materials 140 :
150-156.
6. Yerramala, Amarnath, and C. Ramachandrudu. (2012)
"Properties of concrete with coconut shells as
aggregate replacement." International journal of
engineering inventions 6: 21-31.
7. Nagalakshmi, R. (2013) "Experimental study on
strength characteristics on M25 concrete with partial
replacement of cement with fly ash and coarse
aggregate with coconut shell." International journal of
scientific & engineering research 4.1: 4373-4381
8. Olivia, Monita, Annisa Arifandita Mifshella, and Lita
Darmayanti. (2015): "Mechanical properties of
seashell concrete." Procedia Engineering 125 760-764.
9. Osarenmwinda, J. O., and A. O. Awaro. (2009) "The
potential use of periwinkle shell as coarse aggregate
for concrete." Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 62.
Trans Tech Publications.

The Flood Mitigation System

[1]
Mithun R , [2] Sruthi Nivaashini V, [3] Sahaya Shalmiya J, [4] Sangavisri I , [5] Likith Sai N
[1][2][3][4][5]
UG student, Civil Engineering, PSG Institute of Technology And Applied Research, Coimbatore, India
[1]
mithunfrozenfire@gmail.com, [2] v.sruthi31@gmail.com, [3] shalmiya1@gmail.com, [4] sangavisri30@gmail.com,
[5]
likhithsai222@gmail.com,
Abstract:
El-Nino refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperature of ocean currents,which is accompanied by high air pressure in the
Western Pacific and low air pressure in the Eastern Pacific.Floods due to the El-Nino effects are widespread and seems to be
inevitable in the 21st century. Such negative impacts increase day by day. Every year there are loss of habitats and destruction of
human establishments mainly due to the unadvised actions of man. The aim of this project is to provide a Flood Mitigation System
(FMS) which can be implemented to any class of the society. It can be used to protect individual establishments like
schools,hospitals and malls or colony of houses. The main principle is to effectively distribute the flood water via channels that are
closed during normal conditions. The area that has been studied to better understand the effects of floods is the
Chembarambakkam Lake.During the South Indian Floods 2015,this lake was one of the greatest victims. The area affected by the
overflowing of the lakes include the places that come under the town and the village panchayat. This method of mitigation protects
the man-made property during floods and also reduces the risk of flooding. When the water is effectively distributed, the possibility
of stagnant water is also eliminated which reduces the chance of flooding.
Keywords:
Flood Mitigation System (FMS), Barrier walls, Channel, Chembarambakkam, Geotextile, Hydraulic Piston
flood water. Heavy rain in the month of December caused

1. INTRODUCTION due to the depression in Bay of Bengal is the major cause
Floods are the most common type of natural disasters for Chennai floods, Chennai city along with other districts
globally and have claimed around 53,000 lives only in the like Kancheepuram, Cuddalore and Tiruvallur recorded an
past decade.They are usually associated with an abundant average rainfall of 33-37 cm in the early days of December
flow of water submerging dry land. More than 500 lives 2015.The rains and the overflow of Adyar river and the
have perished from 8 November 2015 to 14 December 2015 delay in opening dams caused havoc. The aftermath of the
due to the submergence of bridges that have been caused by floods had a huge impact on the industrial and agricultural
floods.The major negative impact caused by floods is the sectors.The extent of devastation caused by floods depends
effect it has on human lives. Apart from drowning other on the type of terrain and vulnerability of the people living
health effects include hypothermia,physical injuries and in that particular region. This paper deals with the flood
other chronic diseases like psychiatric comorbities. People mitigation system for Chennai floods and highlights the
living in areas that are overcrowded and congested are more measures that can be implemented to reduce further
prone to disease outbreaks like enteric fever, Hepatitis A incidents.
and E. In addition to diseases, health facilities like hospitals 2. STUDY AREA
become inaccessible to people which increase the number
of deaths. Apart from loss of life and property, the other The Chembarambakkam lake is located at 13.01158°N
visible impacts are non-availability of clean drinking water, and 80.06063°E and extends to about 3800 acres.The study
disruption in transportation and communication. The area mainly focuses on the Chembarambakkam lake and
psychological consequences following a flood are usually surrounding areas. The lake and the 6 village panchayats
high due to loss of property and lives. The property loss due (Chembarambakkam, Kuthambakam, Narasingapuram,
to the Chennai floods have been estimated to have cost Kattrambakkam, Irungattukottai, Thirumudivakkam) and
around INR 15,000 crores. three town panchayats (Thirumalisai, Mangadu and
Chennai being a natural disaster zone received a rainfall Poonamalee) comprise of 22,415.33 acres. The scale
of over 33 cm over a 24-hour period from December 1- adopted for this study is 1:236 (1cm of the base equals 236
2(2015).When the causes for the flood was analysed, the acres of the actual ground area). The lake is primarily rain-
main reason that led to these floods was improper fed. The Adyar river originates from the lake. The full
urbanisation and implementation of the existing mitigation capacity of the tank is 3645 mcft while the outflow is 24
methods. The drastic decrease in number of water bodies cusecs. The full tank level is 85.40 ft and the lake has lost
due to exploitation of wetlands is a hurdle for drainage of more than 40% of its water holding capacity due to acute

sedimentation. The delay in opening the sluice gates is the Table 1.1
major cause for the havoc caused during the 2015 floods.
The inflow and outflow data of the dam in
Chembarambakkam on December1,2015 as shown in Table
1.0
Table 1.0
The inflow was restricted to 29,000 cusecs even though

the inflow was 31,000 cusecs in order to protect the
reservoir. The rainfall around the lake was 47.5 cm which
added to the water content. The outlet is situated at the
south part of the lake. The contours of the area were studied
from the Disaster Management Support (DMS) Division,
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC/ISRO),
Hyderabad, and it was observed that Thirumalisai,
Kuthambakkam, Narasingapuram, Kattrambakkam,
Irungattukottai are high lying areas (11,414.72 acres) that
are situated around the lake. The model clearly shows the
level difference between the different areas surrounding the
lake. The areas that are low lying (11,000.61 acres) are:
Mangadu, Poonamallee, Chembarambakkam,
Thirumudivakkam.
Fig 1.0: Schematic representation of the study area
The Chennai – Bangalore (NH-48) highway passes
- Village and town territories
through the high lying areas of the lake. There are other
radial roads like the Kundrathur- Sriperambuthur road. The - NH-48 (Chennai-Bangalore highway) -
25 years (1982- 2006) average rainfall data of Chennai,
Table 1.1, will help us analyse the importance of the Flood Kundrathur – Sriperambuthur road
Mitigation System to protect these areas. The high lying
areas around the lake are unaffected during the floods.
-Chennai outer ring road
Therefore, the FMS has been installed only in the low-lying
areas in the model. The village panchayat in the model - Adyar river
(yellow region) shows huts and small towns with outer
radial roads. Whereas, the high raised building is to the East Table 1.2
of the lake in the town panchayat zone. There are drain
holes within the compound walls that will collect the rain TERRITORIES
water that enters the compound and discharge them into the T1- Thirumalisai(1482.63 acres)
channel via a one-way pipe opening. T2-Poonamallee(1633.37 acres)
T3-Mangadu(1976.84 acres)
V1-Chembarambakkam(2421 acres)
V2-Narasingapuram(3706.58 acres)
V3-Kuthambakkam(1729.74 acres)
V4-Kattrambakkam(2128.36 acres)
V5 -Irungattukottai(2367.41 acres)
V6-Thirumudivakkam(1169.4 acres)

3. WORKING PRINCIPLE water is equally distributed so that the channel itself has an
efficient discharge rate.
a. Overview
Floods are caused due to stagnation of water. This
maybe due to overflowing of a waterbody or if water cannot
find a way to another location during continuous rainfall.
The drainage system of our current environment is
ineffective to flood water as the flow channel contains
several suspended impurities. The walls of the drainage
system can also be eroded that may clod the system and
may cause flooding in the system itself. When water finds
its way during heavy rains to different places and if it is
effectively distributed then the risk of flooding is lowered.
The objective of this model is to provide a closed channel
with geotextile membranes that operate only during floods.
The top surface of this channel is covered by a barrier wall
which lifts itself during floods to let the flood water flow Fig 1.1
into the channel. The lifted barrier therefore acts as an
external layer for a compound wall if present and as a
temporary compound wall where there isn’t one. The flood
water is transported from one place to another through the
closed channel. The channel may or may not connect to a
tributary or a rivulet that will carry the water away from the
flood plains. During normal conditions the barrier walls can
be used as a pavement or a sidewalk.
b. Components
Geotextile Barrier walls: These are usually laid above
the open channel and are used as a pavement during normal
conditions. They are hinged at the levee level (nearer to the Fig 1.2
compound wall). They are supported by hydraulic pistons
that are installed on the bed of the channel. The standard Sharp edges at turns should be avoided. The channels
height of the barrier wall is 2 metres. The material used to surround the building. The slope should be laid in such a
construct the barrier walls can be made up of recycled way that two small channels say east and west should empty
plastic with a water proof coating. Places where a road has into a main channel at the North/South part of the building.
to be laid above the channel, the barrier walls can be It can also be determined by studying the contour of the
reinforced to withstand the variable loads. However, these installation area. It can be designed in such a way that there
reinforcements should be avoided as much as possible as will be only two main outlets from each surrounding
the load bearing material is yet to be finalised. The walls channel. Further connections to a single main channel
can be lifted up to a height of 90 degrees. Tilted versions of should be avoided to prevent overflowing of flood water in
the walls (such as 70 degrees) can also be used during the channel. Example: - The east wing of the channel can
floods caused by rainfall, as the rainwater slides on the deposit its flood water to the north wing channel and the
barrier and flows into the channel. The position of the west wing channel can deposit to the south wing channel.
barrier walls during normal and working conditions are Top view of this example is shown in Fig 1.3
shown in Fig 1.1.There are drain holes present inside of the
compound that helps to get rid of the rain water that falls
into the compound. The water is drained into the channel
via a one-way pipe that has a suction mechanism. This way
the water on either side of the walls is distributed.
Channels: The channels can be laid up to a depth of 3
meters, depending on the history of flooding in that
particular region. It needs a gentle slope to minimize run off
from the bed surface. The sides of the wall can be
enveloped using a geotextile membrane as shown in Fig 1.2.
The channels may or may not discharge into a tributary. The
connections have to be made in such a way that the flood Fig 1.3

Installations: The angle of the barrier wall is preferred The working model gives us a complete understanding
to be 90 degrees due to certain advantages such as, the of the real time application of the FMS. Fig 1.7, Fig 1.8 and
corners of the walls meet in an interlocking manner and this Fig 1.9 show the exact working of all the components of the
serves as a leak proof barrier wall. Caution must be FMS.
observed when the barrier walls are installed at an angle
less than 90 degrees as the walls should be able to withstand
the force of the downpour of the rain. The installations can
be made in the shape of any closed figure (without curves)
around any building/buildings. Irregular shapes are often
the case due to the presence of colonies. Fig 1.4, Fig 1.5 and
Fig 1.6 will give a clear understanding of the various
methods the barriers and channels can be installed. Any
closed shape can be considered for the possibility of the
installation. Curved fabrications of the barrier wall should
be avoided as it is very difficult to be laid down as a flat
sidewalk during normal conditions.
Fig 1.7:-The yellow shaded barrier walls are closed

in the normal condition. In this case the barrier walls
can be used as a pavement and can also be reinforced in
places where a road has to be laid on top of it.
Fig 1.4:- Top view of a single residential
Fig 1.8 :- The yellow shaded barrier walls are

partially opened during red alert. The angle can vary
from 70 to 80 degrees
Fig 1.5:- Top view of a colony of building (Regular)
with FMS installed houses (Irregular) with FMS
installed
Fig 1.9:- The yellow shaded barrier walls are at 90

degrees and the Flood Mitigation System is fully
functional.

4. INNOVATIONS Mitigation System may not completely control floods but it

can make a difference in the risk level as it aims to equally
The proposed material for the barrier walls is recycled distribute the water. There are several other ways that can
plastics. They can be compressed to form a wall like be used to prevent flooding. However, FMS not only drains
structure that can be coated with a water proof layer. the flood water away but also gives us an opportunity to
Plastics are non-biodegradable and can be lethal when it is reduce the usage of plastics by constructing the barrier walls
not disposed properly. Using this to construct the barrier with recycles plastics. The barrier walls can be operated by
walls will help us reduce the threat that plastic poses. This a number of ways. The primitive Bascule bridge principles,
can also be taken as an initiative under the Swachh Bharat pulley systems, hydraulic pistons are a few methods in
Campaign. Thin sheets of rubber can also be used to make which the barrier walls can be lifted.
the corners of the barrier walls leak-proof. It is found that the FMS can easily be installed in any
The drain holes inside the compound walls that empty given location. If the proposed FMS is installed in the
into the channel can be fit with a motor that will help in the Chembarambakkam it will help save several establishments
suction process. The number of drain holes can vary from during further floods and will also help in improving the
place to place. The standard drain holes are installed at the drainage system of this region. It should be noted that along
corners of the compound walls and a gentle slope should be with the installation of the FMS we should also adopt green
provided for the easy flow of rainwater into the channel. habits such as planting trees which is nature’s system of
The open space below the barrier wall can be covered with flood mitigation.
a mesh like structure that is big enough to allow rock debris
to pass through but prevents dogs from falling into the REFERENCES
channel when the barrier is at 90 degrees. It should be noted
that the mesh work should not interfere with the mechanism 1. Flood Risk Management – A Strategic Approach: Paul
of the piston. Sayers, Li Yuanyuan, Gerry Galloway, Edmund
Penning – Rowsell, Shen Fuxin, Wen Kang, Chen
5. DISCUSSIONS Yiwei and Tom Le Quesne
2. Hydraulics and Effectiveness of Levees for Flood
The difference between a normal rain sewer and the Control: Ben Chie YEN, Professor of Civil
FMS channel is that it has a multi functionality which can Engineering, Univeristy of Illinois at Urbana-
be operated only during the red alert. The chances of Champaign
overflooding in the FMS channel is less since it can be in a 3. Hydraulic Structures Design for Flood Control in the
closed condition during normal rainfalls. They come into Nyabugogo Wetland, Rwanda: Omar Munyaneza,
place only when there is a danger of flooding. This optional Yves K. Nzeyimana and Umaru G. Wali
mechanism is unavailable in a standard rain sewer. This will 4. A Review of Risk Perceptions and Other Factors that
cause flooding in the rain sewer itself. Influence Flood Mitigation Behaviour:P.Bubeck, W. J.
The model that depicts the vicinity of the W Botzen and J. C. J. H. Aerts
Chembarambakkam lake mainly focuses on the installations 5. Design and construction of a bascule bridge:Sluszka,
and working of the Flood Mitigation System. The houses Peter / Kendall, Martin
that are present in the high lying areas are not placed to 6. Flood fatalities in Africa, from diagonosis to
scale as they represent the populated areas. There are mitigation: Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Alberto
merely used for demographic purposes. The mechanisms Montanari, Harry Lins, Demetris Koutsoyiannis,
are shown in such a way that it can be installed for a single LuigiaBrandimarte and Gunter Bloschl
residential building or a small colony of houses. The area 7. Flood Mitigation Strategies Adopted in Sri Lanka, A
within the barrier walls have been scaled down even further Review: Sivakumar SS
when compared to the surrounding regions to enable a clear 8. Strategies for Mitigation of Flood Risk in the Niger
view and understanding of the mechanism this system has Delta, Nigeria:Temi E. Ologunorisa
to offer. The buildings within this area has not been scale 9. Flooding and Mental Health, A Systematic Mapping
down to equal proportions in order to enable a clear view of Review: Ana Fernandez, John Black, Mairwen Jones,
the mechanism. Hence, the high raised buildings and the Leigh Wilson, Luis Salvador-Carulla, Thomas Astell –
colonies are further downscaled to ensure that the main Burt, Deborah Black: The University of Sydney
objective of the project is unharmed, i.e. to present a 10. Challenges for achieving sustainable flood risk
working representation of the FMS. management: Shah, Mohammad Aminur Rahman,
6. CONCLUSION Rahman, Anisur, Chowdhury, Sanaul: Griffith
University.
The 2015 floods in Chennai was due to continuous
rainfall for over 48 hours. Preventive measures were taken
but there proved to be quite ineffective. The Flood

Improving Efficiency of Grain Processing Industry

Using Value Stream Mapping (VSM)
– A Case Study
[1]
K. Ram Prasad, [2] M.Nishal, [3] Varun V V
[1][2]
Assistant Professor, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Tamil Nadu, India
[3]
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Tamil Nadu, India
[3]
varun.vv19@gmail.com
Abstract:
Lean manufacturing technology has been widely recognized for continuously improving productivity and also the quality of
the product. This paper deals with lean implementation in the grain processing industry. Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is one of
the key lean tools which can be used to identify opportunities for improvement in a production flow process. All the process
information related to the processing of grain is collected and a current state VSM is developed showing the current operating
status of the rice mill. Then the ‘5 whys’ method is employed and the root causes are determined using Fish bone diagram
(Ishikawa diagram). A total of five root causes are determined which form the major problems in the rice mill. These five causes
are then solved and a future value stream map is then developed showing the increase in overall efficiency of the process. This
study will serve as a guide for the implementation of future lean activities and the betterment of the rice mill when done on a large
scale.
Keywords:
Value Stream Mapping, Fishbone diagram, Cycle time
design a new and remodel existing facilities, and enhance

1. INTRODUCTION staff to better understand the patient experience, process
Firm’s efficiency and competitiveness are two important performances and staffing inter-relationships.
challenges in today’s global market that have motivated Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is considered one of the
many manufacturing firms to plan novel manufacturing most essential (Belekoukias et al., 2014), with Womack
management strategies [1]. (2006) considering it “the most important tool lean thinkers
Due to the challenges and competitiveness prevailing in will need to make sustainable progress in the war against
industries to meet for Quality and customer satisfaction, the muda”. VSM is a simple and visual process-based tool
companies are in need of process improvement in all which enables the documentation, visualization and
aspects of their operations. comprehension of material and in-formation flows in
Process improvement methodology such as Lean processes, in order to identify wastes and assist in their
manufacturing, Six Sigma, Value Stream Mapping, Total elimination (Nash and Poling, 2011). Over the last years,
Quality Management, and so on as has become popular the application of VSM has not only increased within
competitive tool, but its successes depends on the nature of manufacturing plants and supply chains (Forno et al., 2014)
organizations [2] and employees’ flexibility toward change. but also in process industries and the service sector (Jeyaraj
Several authors have identified the benefits of applying et al., 2013).Taking VSM as a basis, Lai et al. (2008)
these process improvement methodologies. For example, proposed a framework for combining life-cycle
[3] applied lean manufacturing to the design process in environmental input analysis, total cost analysis, and an
construction papers. The study indicated that lean efforts energy consumption analysis. Kurdve et al. (2011) used an
increased value adding activities in total work by 31%, adaptation of VSM, which they also called E-VSM, at
reduced unit production errors by 44% of and waiting times Volvo Penta Vara and Volvo Construction Equipment
58% in production cycle. [4,5] point out the benefits of Braås. Folinas et al. (2014) offered a systematic approach
applying six sigma for healthcare quality and in health care for measuring the environmental performance of a sup-ply
industry. The study found that Six Sigma has the potential chain in the agrifood sector based on VSM. Brown et al.
to significantly improve healthcare quality and process, (2014) examined in detail three case studies to demonstrate
including a decrease patients waiting time in the emergency the breadth of applicability of the Sustainability-VSM tool
room, optimize the scheduling time for equipment testing, and the aptness and limitations of the tool in assessing and
visualizing sustainability performance in different

manufacturing system configurations. Faulkner and business that are problem solving, information management
Badurdeen (2014) presented a comprehensive methodology and physical transformation [6]. Lean manufacturing
to develop Sustainable Value Stream Mapping by applied tools and approaches such as Just-In-Time (JIT),
identifying suitable metrics and methods to visually present Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), Cellular
them. Manufacturing and 5S [8]. Moreover, lean accounting, as a
Although, there are many different studies reports the coordinated approach, along with lean thinking provides
successful process improvement methodologies used to administrators with reliable, accurate and timely
enhance organizations and companies processes throughout information for decision-making. Hence implementation
the past decade, lean manufacturing is considered to be one and control, of the lean system as new approach becomes
of the most well-known methodologies approach for for strategic management approach
improving organizational performance because the The goal of this paper is to apply one of the most
methodology is simple to apply and also easy to monitor. significant lean manufacturing techniques called Value
Lean manufacturing is focused on continuous eliminating Stream Mapping (VSM) to improve the production line of a
non-value added activities and maximizing value added color industry as a case of study
activities through reducing costs and increase the quality of
an organization processes. Normally, non-value added 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
activities add costs to the process without enhancing the Jafri MohdRohania, SeyedMojibZahraee (2015) have
value. Non-value added activities can called as waste in Value stream mapping (VSM) was first found in Monden’s
lean manufacturing. Non-value added activities or waste 1993 “Toyota Production System” book about circulation
refer to any activity that does not add value to the process kanbans with symbols that resemble VSM. Since then VSM
and to activities that a customer would be unwilling to pay has been used in many sectors. Lean value stream mapping
for [14]. Waste can be categorized into seven areas: waste (VSM) is a commonly used method that has been applied
due to overproduction, unnecessary waiting, unnecessary successfully in many domains. Despite its success VSM
transportation, over processing, excess inventory, does have shortcomings when it is used to analyse complex
unnecessary movement, and defects. By eliminating waste processes where the value produced varies for different
in process makes operations significantly improve in low stakeholders and is largely intangible. Traditional VSM also
cost more efficiency. Several lean manufacturing tools and lacks a practical way of modelling elements that are present
techniques were applied such as visual control, 5S, value in multiple steps of the value stream and a systematic
stream mapping, and Kaizen. One popular tool for lean approach to generating different type of improvement ideas.
manufacturing methodology is called Kaizen. Kaizen came Teemu Toivonen et al, (2016) Lean fundamental
from Japanese word that consists of “Kai” and “Zen”. “Kai” principles was implemented to construct VSM for
means change whereas “Zen” means good or for the better. identification and elimination of wastes by using team
General, Kaizen means continuous improvement by formation, product selection, conceptual design, and time-
involving every employee from the top to the assembly line frame formulation through takt time calculation. Based on
who is part of the process. The main purpose of this paper is the future VSM, final results showed that by implementing
to explore the impact of applying lean manufacturing in a some lean thinking techniques, Production Lead-time (PLT)
case study of the company’s sheet metal stamping process. decreased from 8.5 days to 6 days, and the value added time
The beginning of the research is to study the current decreased from 68 minutes to 37 minutes.
situation in the company’s sheet metal stamping process Jafri Mohd Rohani & Seyed Mojib Zahraee, (2015)
through individual interviews of employees and observing Manufacturing data were collected from a cover glass
problems in the study area. The next section determines the manufacturer in China during December 2015. The purpose
most frequently occurring waste and determines causes of this study is to evaluate the performance of the current
using Pareto and the cause and effect diagram. The next facility design using E-VSM method, and present several
section observes how the implementation of lean strategies to reduce the energy consumption and production
manufacturing could bring value to the case study costs. Furthermore, a case study of cover glass
company’s process. Lastly, the conclusion that consider of manufacturing facility is presented to show that the
lean manufacturing implementation in the company implementation of environmentally lean strategies resulted
performance is presented. in the reduction of both the production costs and emissions.
There are five steps to implement lean thinking in a Yuchu Huang & Masayoshi Tomizuka, (2017) Lean
company: 1) define value from the perspective of the principles were adapted for the process sector for
customer, 2) determine the value streams, 3) Achieve Flow, application at a large integrated steel mill. Value stream
4) Schedule production using Pull, and 5) seek perfection mapping was the main tool used to identify the
through continuous improvement. Value stream includes all opportunities for various lean techniques. We also describe
the specific activities (both value-added and non-value- a simulation model that was developed to contrast the
added) needed to bring a particular product by “before” and “after” scenarios in detail, in order to illustrate
implementing three important management skills of any

to managers potential benefits such as reduced production condition of each process. When measuring work time to
lead-time and lower work-in-process inventory. prepare standardized work, work units to be measured vary
Fawaz A.Abdulmalek et al, (2007)VSM process depending on operations. In standardized work, it is
symbols are used to discuss lean implementation process in necessary to measure both manual and auto or machine
the production industry. The existing status of the selected time.
manufacturing industry is prepared with the help of VSM Value stream mapping (VSM) is an effective tool for the
symbols and improvement areas are identified. Some practice of lean manufacturing. VSM approached the entire
modifications in current state map are suggested and with process flow in a three-step methods in which first
these modifications a future state map is prepared. producing a diagram showing the actual material and
Bhim Singh et al,(2010)VSM is different than information flows or Current State on how the actual
conventional recording techniques, as it captures the process operates. This is created while walking down the
information at individual stations about station cycle time, production line. Secondly, a Future State map is produced
up time or utilization of resources, set-up time or change to identify the root causes of waste and through process
over time, work in process inventory, man power improvements that could give great financial impact to the
requirement and the information flow from raw material to process, a lean process flow. These improvements are then
finish goods. It covers both value adding as well as non- carried out, the implementation Plan as part and partial
value-adding activities. details and action needed to gain the paper objectives in
Bhim Singh, Suresh K. Garg et al, (2010) Overall process kaizen (continuous improvement) and poka-yoke
Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a hierarchy of metrics [19].
which focus on how effectively manufacturing equipment is VSM Implementation and Kaizen: A detailed study on
utilised. The results are stated in a generic form which the current state map for Wheel cylinder assembly unit is
allows comparison against benchmark defined for the made . A set of kaizen activities initiated and implemented
industry. Comparisons can also be made in between shifts, in effort to optimize the productivity of the assembly line.
products, machines, departments, lines and plants etc. The assembly process is monitored and during the
monitoring phase, continuous evaluation on any
3. STUDY OF CURRENT PROCESS discrepancies or imperfections on product are being
Understanding the process- This is the initial stage in the addressed immediately. Necessary counter measures are
improvement process. The basic concepts and process at made to ensure the effectiveness of the new Future state
each processing line should be carefully noted by visual VSM and line productivity stability is achieved.
observation for proper understanding of the process. The 4. OPERATION TIME FOR EACH PROCESS
following observations should be made for productivity
improvement- Working methods, Tools used, Process flow, S. Work
Number of workstations & their purpose, Sequence of No Process station Operator Cycle time
operation, Number of operations at each workstation. The 1 Soaking WS 1 O1 20
basic rice milling process is shown below. Heating
2 Bath WS 2 O1 8
Drying
3 Process WS 3 O2 20
Huller
4 &Whitener WS 4 O3 10
5 Separator WS 5 O4 5
6 Destoner WS 6 O5 5
7 Packing WS 7 O6 4
5. FISH BONE DIAGRAM

Ishikawa diagram shown below states the causes and
effects of each of the major problems experienced in the
industry. Addressing these problems can reduce the cycle
time and increase the efficiency to a considerable amount
therefore increasing the production of the rice and reducing
the damaged goods.
Time study- The quality of the product lies in the
accurate time measurement of each activity. It is important
to learn how to measure and record time. Time reflects the
method of action. Hence, we need to study the working

7. AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT
From the Current state VSM, the following observations
has been made for further improvements in the assembly
unit
a. Soaking & Heating Bath:

The current state VSM and operation table for the
process carried out gives an idea about the possible areas of
improvement in the process flow.
In the workstation 1 & 2, the SOAKING &HEATING
BATH are performed separately which leads to more cycle
time and also motion waste occurs due to the movement of
6. CURRENT STATE VSM
the worker from workstation 1 to workstation 2.Also the
intensity of the heat that acts on the paddy after the soaking
process is very less and hence is not effective.
b. Drying Process:
In workstation 3, the DRYING PROCESS, the time
consumed for this process is very high as the work can be
done only during sunlight, The number of workers involved
in this process is also a large amount as they need to help in
speeding up the drying process and this results in high
wages being paid.
c. Packing:
In workstation 7 PACKING, the main cause is increased
packing and stitching time as it takes a lot of time for a
person to do the job and the excess of labour will lead to
unnecessary costs.
8. PROCESS IMPROVEMENT METHODOLOGY

One of the main pillars of lean methodology is Kaizen.
Kai means change and Zen means good. Kaizen is more
than just a methodology for continuous improvement. The
primary objective of Kaizen is to improve productivity,
reduce waste, eliminate unnecessary hardwork and
humanize the workplace. With Kaizen, workers at all levels
of the organization are engaged in constantly watching for
and identifying opportunities for change and improvement.
The causes identified using fishbone diagram are rectified
by using Kaizen in the following workstations
Workstation 1 &2: Soaking & Heating Bath

Less intensity of heat after the soaking process is
improved using a simple air blower. The blower is
connected to a motor and it is used to speed up the heating
process which reduces the cycle time to a large extent.
Wastes due to transportation from one workstation to other
is also reduced by implementing 5S principles and it has
shown a greater improvement in OEE from an avaerage of
70.53 to 74.23 for two workstations

Workstation 3: Drying Process

The main cause of higher time consumption and this is
solved by fixing MS plate as shown below onto a slab and
kept under direct sunlight to absorb heat. The rice is thrown
onto the bed and a lever connected to a motor is used to
operate the part which moves to and fro acting as the
replacement for workers moving over the slab and thus
heating all the rice in a quicker and less expensive manner.
This has reduced the cycle time from 20 seconds to 16
seconds.
Workstation 7: Packing
The root cause here is the increased time consumption
as the worker needs to hold and pour the rice into the bag
and then tying it up with the help of a string or rope. This
difficulty is reduced by means of a packing machine setup
where the rice falls down from a hopper and a bag is placed
in the opening. Once the bag is filled a lever is pushed to
clamp the bag into place and it is held in that position which This future state value stream map consists of the
makes it easier to stitch the bag. The bag is then dropped by changes made to the current processes which has been
releasing the lever. This has resulted in reduced cycle time refelected reflecting on the output obtained and increased
from 4 seconds to 3 seconds and increased availability of efficiency. The OEE thus calculated has been used to draw
the machine. the future value stream map
9. FUTURE STATE VSM Revised Operation Time Table

A future state map identifies improvement to be made to Worksta Cycle
the value stream that will shorten the overall lead time. To S.no Process tion Operator time
create an effective future state map, the following must be 1 Soaking WS 1 O1 20
considered: Takt time versus current cycle times. Takt time 2 Heating Bath WS 3 O2 4
is the rate of customer demand measured in time. That is the Drying
number of working minutes available per day divided by the 3 Process WS 4 O3 16
number of units of product the customer requires per day on Huller
average. In general takt times should be calculated on a 4 &Whitener WS 5 O4 10
monthly basis although there are certain exceptions to 5 Separator WS 6 O5 4
different applications Cycle times is defined as how often a 6 Destoner WS 7 O6 5
part is completed by a given process within the value 7 Packing WS 8 O7 3
stream. A bar chart is useful for comparing takt time with
cycle times for all processes within a value stream.
DISCUSSION
The results thus obtained, clearly shows that the OEE
has increased for 4 workstations and the Takt time for the
entire unit has also been improved.The revised Operation
table for grain processing shown above indicates that using

VSM, the cycle time for the following workstations has assessement metric," International Journal of
been improved Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 29.
10. Womack, J. P., Jones, D. T., and Roos, D., The
Workstation CT before VSM CT after VSM machine that changed the World: The triumph of lean
WS 2 6 4 production. New York: Rawson Macmillan, 1990.
WS 3 20 16 11. Zahraee, S. M., Golroudbary, S. R., Hashemi, A.,
WS 7 4 3 Afshar, J., & Haghighi, M. (2014). Simulation of
Manufacturing Production Line Based on Arena. In
CONCLUSION Advanced Materials Research,933.
12. Zahraee, S. M., Shariatmadari, S., Ahmadi, H. B.,
The goal of this paper was to develop both a current and Hakimi, S., & Shahpanah, A. (2014). Application of
a future value stream map in the grain processing industry Design of Experiment and Computer Simulation to
to determine and eliminate the wastes that did not add value Improve the Color Industry Productivity: Case Study.
to the final product. It was also aimed at reducing the cycle Jurnal Teknologi.
time and improve OEE so as to increase the overall 13. ] Zahraee, S. M., Shariatmadari, S., Ahmadi, H. B.,
efficiency of the industry. Based on the future value stream Hakimi, S., & Shahpanah, A. (2014). Application of
map, the final result showed that with the help of principles Design of Experiment and Computer Simulation to
like Kaizen, JIT and OEE we can reduce the downtime and Improve the Color Industry Productivity: Case Study.
the cycle time of the process to a considerable amount. Jurnal Teknologi.
More investigation can be done by conducting more in 14. Zahraee, S. M., Hashemi, A., Abdi, A. A., Shahpanah,
depth research of VSM integrated with computer simulation A., & Rohani, J. M.(2014). Lean Manufacturing
to verify the proposed VSM method.. Implementation Through Value Stream Mapping: A
Case Study. Jurnal Teknologi
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Grewal, (2010) "Lean implementation and its benefits Malaysian electrical and electronics
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(2009) 1656 – 1663.
6. Jafri Mohd Rohani and Syed Mojib Zahraee ,(2015),
“Production line analysis via value stream mapping : a
lean manufacturing process of color industry”.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
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and soul of the Toyota Way. New York: McGraw-Hill,
2008.
8. Rother, M., Shook, J., (2009), Learning to See–Value-
Stream Mapping to Create Value and Eliminate Muda.
Lean Enterprise Institute, Cambridge (USA).
9. Srinivasaraghavan, J. and Allada, V., (2006)
"Application of mahalanobis distance as a lean

Analysis and prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease

using Machine Learning Algorithms
[1]
Srinitya G, [2] Daniel Madan Raja S
[1][2]
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Alathukombai, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
[1]
nitya@bitsathy.ac.in, [2] daniel@bitsathy.ac.in
Abstract:
Health is Wealth: Today the world has taken a step forward where each individual is concerned about what he is consuming
on a daily basis and analyses the after effects of the food. Every individual is more concerned about his/her everyday food habits
and tries to adapt himself to what nature provides him. We are moving towards a technology oriented living where computers in
general and data science and analysis in particular plays a major role in every field. A recent survey from World Health
Organization (WHO) tells us that the growth of ageing population may increase by 50% in the forth coming decade. Here, in this
paper we mainly concentrate on kidney related issues, and try to predict the presence of chronic kidney disease based on certain
parameters available from UCI dataset using decision tree based approach.
Keywords:
health, chronic kidney disease, machine learning, decision tree
predict kidney disease and select the efficient one among

1. INTRODUCTION them. [11] SVM and KNN classifiers are compared by the
WHO survey states that between 2020 and 2050 the authors and based on their accuracy and execution time for
number of aged people is supposed to double from 11% to CKD prediction they proved KNN classifier is better.
22% across the globe [1]. Chronic kidney disease is a 2. PROPOSED MODEL
conditions that causes damage to our kidneys and decrease
their ability to function normally and does not keep us Figure 1 shows the proposed model for the analysis to
healthy thereby affecting our day-to-day routine. When be carried out. The data-set with patient data is considered
kidney disease worsens, wastes may accumulate to high for pre-processing, which includes removing duplicated,
levels in our blood and makes us feel sick and lazy. filling up of empty locations. This paper focuses on
Complications such as high blood pressure, anemia, weak decision tree and C4.5 algorithm the data set was not
bones, and nerve damage may occur leading us to totally get completely filled because the algorithm works well for
bedridden. Early detection of malfunctioning of kidneys and discrete values. The next step after pre-processing is to train
treatment can help chronic kidney disease from getting the dataset and construct a decision tree for each individual
worse. When the same condition progresses, the situation data. After training the dataset, this is now used to test the
may lead to failure of kidneys where they may have to be remaining set of values and the result shown indicates
replaced or the patient may be put to dialysis for his whether a patient is affected by Chronic Kidney Disease
lifetime. Though kidney disease is common among all ages, (CKD) or not (NCKD).
survey reports reveal that the percentage of people affected
by kidney failures generally fall under the above 55
category. This usually makes the person immobilized and
deprives him from doing his daily activities.
To detect chronic kidney disease the authors
implemented (LDA) Linear Discriminant Analysis and
(CSP) common spatial pattern filter[3]. [4] Different
classification techniques were applied on patient’s record
available and the authors proved that adial basis function
gives better results worked on Naïve Bayesian and k-nearest
neighbour algorithms and used it to predict the disease.
They proved according to their test results that k-nearest
neighbour shows more accurate results than naïve Bayesian.
[9] the authors are using Datasets to store medical records.
Fig: 1
They used support vector machine and Bayesian network to

3. DATA DESCRIPTION at the leaf node in a decision tree. The results obtained on
the classification of CKD and NCKD is listed in Table: 2
and Fig: 2.
5. C4.5 ALGORITHM
C4.5 algorithm builds a decision tree for every input
from the training dataset using the concept of information
entropy. The training dataset consists of already classified
samples.
In each node of the tree the algorithm classifies that
particular attribute of the data that effectively splits the
samples into subsets that deepen onto one class or the other.
The splitting criterion is the normalized information gain
(difference in entropy). The attribute that has the highest
normalized information gain is chosen to make the decision.
This process progresses recursively on the partitioned
subsets as well.
This algorithm to start up should have a few base cases.
 All chosen samples in the list belongs to the same
class. In this case a leaf node is created stating that the
node belongs to the base class.
 The node does not provide any information gain. In
this case a node is created higher up in the decision
tree meaning to choose that class.
 Instance of previously-unseen class is encountered. In
this case also a node is created higher up in the
decision tree meaning to choose that class.
Algorithm:
The general algorithm for building decision trees is:
 Start the process
Table 1  Check each attribute for the above base cases
 Find the normalized information gain of the attribute
The dataset for this experiment was taken from the UCI  Create a decision node that splits on the normalized
source and it contains patient data with 24 attributes, most information gain
of them are clinical and the rest are physiological. Some of
 Repeat on the sub-lists by splitting up on the
the attributes are numerical and some are nominal. The
normalization gain and add those nodes that satisfies
numerical values are indicated in the table by (n) (Table: 1)
the criteria as a child node
4. IMPLEMENTATION
6. RESULTS
The implementation begins with the collection of raw
% classification % classification
data and pre-processing it. The data is then sampled and
classification TP TN
split into training data and testing data. Training data-set is
cleaned up and is trained by using the learning algorithm. CKD 99.25 0.75
The results obtained are optimized. The data is then NCKD 98.75 1.25
validated for the correctness of its classification. Lastly, the Table: 2
evaluation of the test data set is performed and classified
using the decision tree created for the training data set. The results obtained clearly indicate that the algorithm
Data from the test data set will be entered and for every proposed in this paper classifies the given data to a
input decision tree will be generated by calculating entropy convincing extent. With more parameters to be processed
and information gain values as per the rules of c4.5 and introducing a higher level of precision may show
algorithm explained in the section below. From the root to considerable improvement in the results of classification.
the leaf node the place at which the incoming node is to be
placed will be calculated and it depends upon the
homogeneity of the node. Prediction process usually occurs

8. Shuo Yang, Ran Wei et al. Semantic inference on

clinical documents: Combining Machine learning
algorithms with an inference engine for effective
clinical diagnosis and treatment (2017)
9. Meenambal S. et al. Velocity bounded Boolean
particle swarm optimization for improved feature
selection in liver and kidney disease diagnosis.
Expert Syst. Appl. 28-47 (2016).
10. J Stankovic, Salekin A Detection of chronic kidney
disease and selecting important predictive attributes
in healthcare informatics (ICHI), IEEE, pp.262-270,
oct 2016.
11. [Arora M, Sharma EA. Chronic kidney disease
detection by analyzing medical datasets in Weka. Int.
Journal. Comput Appl; vol-6: 20-26, Aug 2016.
Fig: 2 12. D.K. Vawdrey, T.L. Sundelin,K.E.Seamonsand C.D.
Knustson “Trust negotiation for authentication and
7. CONCLUSION
authorization in health care information system,”
Computer vision especially machine learning works 25th Annual International Conference of IEEE, vol.
absolutely good in predicting health statistics of humans 2, issue, pp. 1406-1409, 17-21 September 2003.
obtained by clinical diagnosis. Prevention is better than 13. https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-
cure, yes but prediction of disease earlier is better to treat databases/00336/
people in an effective manner and can save the patient by
helping him to get back to his normal routine after a
prediction. Many advances in machine algorithms aids us
to do this prediction accurately. In this paper, c4.5 learning
algorithm is used to predict patients with chronic kidney
failure (ckd) disease and patients who do not (nckd)
suffer from the disease. The results obtained from
applying machine learning algorithms for these types of
predictions seems to be convincing and better
implementation of computer vision into medical diagnosis
help us to do more research of this kind in future
REFERENCES
1. https://www.who.int/ageing/10-priorities/en/
accessed on 21 Feb 2019.
2. https://www.who.int/ageing/en/ accessed on 21 Feb
2019.
3. Ling Yu, Duke Billie J. et al. Exosomal Gapdh from
proximal tubule cells regulate ENaC activity Nov
2016
4. Verhaar MC, knepper MA et al. Exosomes and the
kidney: prospects for diagnosis and therapy of renal
diseases. Kidney Int. 80:1138-1145 Aug 2011.
5. Mirja k, Samoylenko A et al. Exosomes as renal
inductive signals in health and disease, and their
application as diagnostic markers and therapeutic
agents. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2015 Oct.
6. GuillermoGarcia-Garcia, kunitoshi Iseki et al.
Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and
perspectives. May 2013.
7. Tharmarajah Thiruvaran et al., IEEE Identifying
important attributes for early detection of chronic
kidney disease.

Empirical Analysis on Recycled PET Fiber

Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash
[1]
Velmurugan S, [2] Ashwathi R
[1][2]
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Alathukombai, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract:
The most widely preferred material in the construction enterprise around the world is concrete since the ancient
period because of its availability, durability and cost. In daily life, the maximum of the beverage containers used are
left non-disposable after the usage, which in turn causes environmental degradation. This paper manifests the
strengthening technique of concrete by adding recycled PET fibre to the concrete along with fly ash. Fibre Reinforced
concrete helps in arresting cracks and also in promoting the characteristics of concrete. The ultimate strength and
relative ductility of the structure built with PET fibre reinforced RC beams exhibit greater performance than that of
the structure built without fibre. The effects are determined in concrete when recycled Polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) aggregate is utilized in concrete. Fibres of length 5, 10cm and 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% volume fractions are used
compared to the quantity of concrete and 10% quantity of cement is substituted with class F-fly ash. M25 grade
concrete is adapted and the mix design is designed using IS 10262-2009. An analysis is made in obtaining the
properties of the concrete when PET fibre is added. The compressive strength test and split tensile strength test are
carried out on PET fibre reinforced concrete and the outcomes are examined with conventional concrete.
Keywords:
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) aggregate, Ultimate strength, Relative ductility, fly ash, compressive strength,
tensile strength, Mix-Design

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IFERP is hosting the International Conference on Innovative Research in Science

I express my hearty gratitude to all my Colleagues, Staffs, Professors, Reviewers and

Mr. Ankit Rath

Institute For Engineering Research and Publication (IFERP)

Madurai, India, 30th-31st August, 2019

Dr. S. Sevugarajan Dr. S. John alexis Cynthia J

Dr. E. Kaliappan Dr.T.Revathi B. Soundara

Dr.D.Selvathi Dr. C. Sujatha Dr. K.kavitha

Dr. A. Muthiah Dr.G.L.Sathyamoorthy Dr. J.premalatha

Dr.Ranithottungal R Dr. Tanmay basak Dr. D. Deepa

Dr. S. Poonkuntran Dr.S.Devi Mahalakshmi Dr. Mrunal deshpande

Dr. S. Kavi priya Dr. S. Rajesh Dr.N. Bhalaji

Dr.K.Madheswari Dr.R.Gomathi Dr.M.Kalamani

Dr. E Prakash Balakrishnaraja.R Dr. S. Babu

Dr. M. Thirugnanasambandam Dr. R Vidhyapriya

2. Effect of Alkaline treatment on banana fiber reinforced Epoxide Composites

3. An Experimental Study of Al-6062, Stainless Steel, and Inconel-625 using

4. Investigation of Tool wear rate (TWR) during the Electric discharge

6. Synergistic Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) With Various

7. Experimental Work on the Flexural Behaviour of Infilled Composite

8. CAT Swarm Optimization Based Solid State Faultcurrent Limiter in

10. Structural Determination of CI Engine Fuel Additives through Dielectric

11. Electrolyte Shock Treatment

12. Construction of Multi-Storeyed Buildings in India With Environmental

13. Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Intralayer Jute/Flax and

14. A Narrative Amalgam Algorithm for Job Shop Scheduling Problem

15. High-Utility Pattern Mining by Removing Recurrent Patterns

16. Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete Partially

17. The Flood Mitigation System

Institute For Engineering Research and Publication (IFERP)

Institute For Engineering Research and Publication (IFERP)

GPS and GSM Based Automatic Border Alert

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Receiver. GPS provides consistent positioning, navigation, 4. FLOWCHART

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Effect of Alkaline treatment on banana fiber

particles a year. With added estimates of how much

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Fig 6 Tensile test specimen

Fig 3 Dead weight placed over the dried mat

Fig 7 Flexural test specimen

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 2 Tensile test results

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Table 3 Tensile test results REFERENCE

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6. Phys. Chem. C2007, 111, 7527-7531 A.Alavudeenm.

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An Experimental Study of Al-6062, Stainless Steel,

Over the past few years, EDM has been referred to as

IFERP International Conference Madurai 9 ISBN: 978-93-89107-36-4