WABO Welding 27-13 Full Version

WABO Standard No.
27-13
WABO
WELDER AND WELDING OPERATOR
PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION STANDARD
for
• STRUCTURAL STEEL
• SHEET STEEL
• REINFORCING STEEL
Washington Association of Building Officials
WABO Standard No. 27-13

Fourth edition
WABO
WELDER AND WELDING
OPERATOR
PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION
STANDARD
for
• STRUCTURAL STEEL
• SHEET STEEL
• REINFORCING STEEL
Prepared by
WABO Welding Performance Standard
Technical Advisory Task Force
Approved by
WABO Board of Directors
Effective October 2002

FOREWORD
This fourth edition of the Welder Performance Qualification Standard No. 27-13 updates and replaces
previous editions of this standard and reflects the applicable requirements and intent of the 1997
edition of the State Building Code: 2000 edition Structural Welding Code-Steel (ANSI/AWS D1.1);
1998 Structural Welding Code-Sheet Steel (ANSI/AWS D1.3) and the 1998 Structural Welding Code-
Reinforcing Steel (ANSI/AWS D1.4).
This Standard has been compiled through the joint efforts of members of the Washington Association
of Building Officials (WABO) and members of the American Welding Society (AWS).
This Standard has been published as follows:
1st edition November 1980

2nd edition May 1982
3rd edition May 1989
4th edition October 2002
Washington Association of Building Officials

PO Box 7310
Olympia, Washington 98507-7310
(360) 586-6725
Toll Free: 888-664-9515
Fax: 360-586-5538
E-mail: wabo@wabo.org
Web page: www.wabo.org
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PREFACE
The Washington Association of Building Officials (WABO) is a State of Washington nonprofit

corporation established to research, develop and promote uniform regulations and enforcement
pertaining to all phases of building construction in the State of Washington. The association’s
membership is composed of the Building Officials from the various jurisdictions (state, county, city
and towns) actively engaged in the enforcement and administration of the building codes.
The State of Washington has adopted the Uniform Building Code and the Uniform Building Code
Standards, and requires enforcement by local jurisdictions. The Uniform Building Code, requires that
welders be qualified and prescribes that welder qualification requirements shall conform to the
Uniform Building Code.
The WABO Welder and Welding Operator Performance Qualification Standard No. 27-13, is adopted
by the Washington Association of Building Officials (WABO) to establish uniform qualification
procedures and testing for certification of welders, welding operators and tackers.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Topic Page
Foreword ................................................................................................................ i
Preface ................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents ................................................................................................... iii
27-13.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................. 1
27-13.2 Scope ..................................................................................................................... 1
27-13.3 Welder Qualifying Agency Requirements ............................................................. 1
27-13.4 Welder Certification ............................................................................................... 3
27-13.5 Welder Qualification General Requirements ......................................................... 5
27-13.6 Welder Qualification Tests ..................................................................................... 6
27-13.7 Qualification Tests Required and Limitations ....................................................... 7
27-13.8 Visual Inspection Criteria for Acceptance ............................................................. 8
27-13.9 Test Specimens, Root, Face, or Side-bend ............................................................ 10
27-13.10 Methods of Testing Specimens .............................................................................. 10
27-13.11 Technical Inquiries ................................................................................................ 12
27-13.12 Challenges and Appeals ......................................................................................... 13
27-13.13 Suspensions and Withdrawals................................................................................ 13
Appendices ............................................................................................................ 15
List of Figures ........................................................................................................ 17
List of Tables ......................................................................................................... 43
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SECTION 27-13.1 – PURPOSE
The purpose of this standard is to provide a method of qualifying welders, welding operators and
tackers in steel in order to certify the ability of the welder to produce sound welds in accordance
with the requirements of the State Building Code.
The qualification tests are not intended to be used as a guide for welding during actual
construction. Construction welding shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of a
welding procedure specification approved by the engineer of record.
SECTION 27-13.2 – SCOPE
The provisions of this standard shall apply to the qualification and certification of welders,
welding operators and tackers performing structural steel, sheet steel and reinforcing steel
welding. Certification limitation of welders and welding operator qualifications are found in
Table 27-13-I.
SECTION 27-13.3 – WELDER QUALIFYING AGENCY REQUIREMENTS
1. GENERAL
Only WABO approved Welder Qualifying Agencies are authorized to perform the welder and
welding operator performance qualification tests required by this standard at WABO approved
facilities.
Welder Qualifying Agencies which wish to become certified by WABO to perform the tests may
obtain application forms and information concerning certification by contacting the WABO office.
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2. ELIGIBILITY
The following organizations are eligible to become approved WABO Welder Qualifying
Agencies:
2.1 Independent testing laboratories
2.2 Private and public welder vocational training institutions, including those operated by
labor unions
2.3 Steel fabricator plants certified by the AISC Quality Certification Program
2.4 Others granted approval by WABO
3. INSPECTION-EVALUATION
Inspection-Evaluation of welder qualifying agencies will be performed by one or more persons

selected by WABO who are knowledgeable in welding and welder qualification. The agency
will receive a technical survey of its testing facility and methods of record keeping.
4. CERTIFICATION OF WELDER QUALIFYING AGENCIES
Upon recommendation for certification by the Inspection-Evaluation team, WABO will issue
certificates identifying the agency and its key personnel. The agency certificate will be valid
for a three year period, subject to periodic reinspections of the agency.
5. AGENCY PERSONNEL
Agency personnel witnessing the tests and approving the mechanical and visual test coupons
must be WABO certified welding examiners. Agency personnel can become WABO certified
welding examiners by submitting proof that they are AWS Certified Welding Inspectors (CWI)
qualified and certified in accordance with the provisions of AWS QCI, Standard for
Qualification and Certification of Welding Inspectors and successfully completing the WABO
written Welder Examiner Test based on the contents of this Standard.
Personnel performing radiographic testing will be qualified in accordance with the current
edition of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Recommended Practice No. SNT-
TC-1A. Only individuals qualified for NDT Level II may perform and interpret radiographic
testing.
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Section 27-13.4 - WELDER CERTIFICATION
Welders and welding operators may become certified by WABO in one or more of the
following categories and processes by satisfactory completion of the applicable qualification
tests described in this Standard.
Following are the welder certification classifications available through the WABO Welder
Certification Program.
1. STRUCTURAL WELDER
Process Method
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Manual
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Manual
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Semi-automatic
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) Semi-automatic
2. SHEET STEEL WELDER

Process Method
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Manual
3. WELDING OPERATOR
Process Method
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) Automatic
4. REINFORCING STEEL WELDER

Process Method
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5. WELDER CERTIFICATES
5.1 Welder certificates are issued for a period of one year. For certifications to remain
valid, the welder must have the certificate endorsed by his/her supervisor or designee,
or by a WABO certified welding examiner. The endorser shall have witnessed the
individual’s welding during the calendar quarter being endorsed.
5.2 To renew the certificate, the welder must return the properly endorsed certificate to
WABO and pay a renewal fee.
5.3 The qualification of the welder or welding operator shall remain in effect indefinitely
unless:
5.3.1 The welder or welding operator is not engaged in the weld process for which
he/she is qualified for a period exceeding six (6) months, in which case a new
qualification test shall be required.
5.3.2 There is some specific reason to question a welder or welding operator’s ability,
in which case, a new qualification test may be required. In the event the welder
or welding operator fails to pass the new qualification test, certification shall be
suspended until he/she can successfully complete the welding test.
5.3.3 The welder fails to renew his/her certification on or before the expiration date.
EXCEPTION: An expired certification may be reinstated within sixty (60) days
after the expiration date. Thereafter, a new qualification test shall be required.
5.4 Welder Certification Revocation
Each certification card carries the statement “This card is the property of WABO”, which
entitles all possession rights to WABO, thereby extending authority beyond the officers,
executive board and program managers to any representative acting on behalf of the
WABO, i.e. building officials, inspectors, examiners, and others to confiscate any
certification card for probable cause. Confiscated certification cards must be forwarded
to the WABO office, accompanied by a written explanation of the circumstances, within
five (5) working days of the infraction date.
Any Certificate issued by WABO for certification and registration programs presented
as qualification by an individual:
5.4.1 other than the certificate holder, for any reason, will deem any and all WABO
certificates held by the certificate holder revoked for a period of not less than
three (3) years from the date of infraction.
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also automatically have any and all WABO certificates revoked for a period of not
less than three (3) years from the date of infraction.
5.4.3 if the person presenting another individual’s certificate is not currently certified
by WABO, that person will be prohibited from obtaining any WABO certification
for a period of not less then three (3) years from the date of infraction.
5.4.4 altered certificates, other than those approved and currently on file at WABO
carry the same three (3) year revocation provision.
Section 27-13.5 - WELDER QUALIFICATION GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1. KNOWLEDGE AND ABILITY
1.1 General Subject Knowledge Test. Each welder and welding operator shall be given
an oral or written examination designed to show general knowledge and experience in
structural steel welding.
1.2 Work Performance. Each welder and welding operator shall perform one or more test
welds on prepared test coupons in accordance with the following:
1.2.1 Welding machines shall be set at zero or minimum setting prior to the welder or
welding operator adjusting the machine.
1.2.2 Prior to welding, each test weldment shall be identified by placing a welder or
welding operator identification mark and laboratory test number on the test
weldment for each process and position.
1.2.3 Each specimen removed from the test weldment shall be stamped with
laboratory test number and specimen number.
1.2.4 Test weldments may not be removed from position during the test.
1.2.5 Cleaning and removal of slag, undercut and excess bead convexity between
passes is acceptable if made in position with the approval of the welder
examiner.
1.2.6 Grinding of root and cover passes not permitted.
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2. RECORDS
A complete record shall be made of the tests performed by each welder or welding operator,
and of the results of those tests.
Original test records shall be forwarded by the welder examiner to the WABO office within
thirty (30) days, together with the application and filing fee.
A copy of each record shall be kept by the welder examiner for a period of three (3) years.
Bend test specimens and radiographic specimens shall be retained by the welder examiner for
a period of six (6) months. Copies of radiograph reports shall be forwarded to the WABO
office with the original record.
The original certified welder test records shall be kept at the WABO office indefinitely.
Certificates shall be issued by WABO.
A roster of currently certified welders and welding operators shall be kept at the WABO
office.
Records and specimens shall be available to those authorized by WABO to examine them.
Visual specimens and bend specimens shall be maintained securely fastened together with
identification stamping clearly visible.
Section 27-13.6 - WELDER QUALIFICATION TESTS
1. QUALIFICATION TEST FOR STRUCTURAL WELDERS – 1/8 inch thickness and

over (See Figures 27-13.09.1 through 27-13.09.6)
-The welder qualification test for manual and semi-automatic welding shall be one of the
following:
1.1 Groove weld test for plate of unlimited thickness.
1.2 Groove weld test for butt joints on pipe or tubing of unlimited thickness.
1.3 Groove weld test for T-, K-, or Y-connections on pipe or tubing of unlimited thickness.
2. QUALIFICATION TEST FOR SHEET STEEL WELDERS (See Figure 27-13.09.7)
The welder qualification test for Sheet Steel welding shall be a fillet welded T-joint test (sheet
to supporting member.)
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3. QUALIFICATION TEST FOR WELDING OPERATORS (See Figure 27-13.09.8)
The welding operator qualification test shall be a groove weld test on plate.
4. QUALIFICATION TEST FOR REINFORCING STEEL WELDERS
The welder qualification test for reinforcing steel welders shall be a flare bevel groove
indirect butt joint.
5. RETEST
In case a welder or welding operator fails to meet the requirements of one or more test welds,
a retest may be allowed under the following conditions:
5.1 An immediate retest may be made within seven (7) days of notification of failure. The
retest shall consist of two test welds of each type in each position on which the welder
or welding operator failed.
5.2 A subsequent retest may be made provided the welder or welding operator submits
documented proof of eight (8) hours minimum further training or practice, in which
case a single retest weld of each type and position failed shall be made.
Section 27-13.7 - QUALIFICATION TESTS REQUIRED AND LIMITATIONS
1. General Notes
Field qualification qualifies for shop, but shop qualification does not qualify for field.
Qualified thickness range and positions are shown on Tables 27-13-A through H. The
limitations of these certifications are shown on Table 27-13-I.
A welding operator qualified with an approved electrode and shielding medium combination
shall be considered qualified to weld with any other approved electrode and shielding medium
combination for the process used in the procedure qualification test.
For structural and reinforced steel qualifications, vertical position welding progression shall
be upwards.
For each weld process (SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW, SAW) for which certification is
required, test plates or pipe shall be welded using any of the structural steels listed in Table
27-13-J using the electrodes, positions and plate or pipe thicknesses in Tables 27-13-A
through E.
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For sheet steel welder qualifications, T-weld test plates shall be welded using one of the sheet
steels listed in Table 27-13-K using electrodes and positions shown in tables 27-13-F and
27-13-G. Sheet Steel qualification test qualifies welder for both galvanized and uncoated steel.
For reinforcing steel welder qualifications No. 4 ASTM A706 bars shall be welded to any of
the structural steels listed in Table 27-13-J with the electrodes and in the positions shown on
Table 27-13-H. Two (2) test assemblies are required.
The welder shall be certified for the welding process and method used in qualification tests
only (SMAW, GMAW, GTAW, FCAW, SAW). Certification for all others, including short
circuiting (“Short Arc”) GMAW, are not covered by this Standard.
Welder shall be qualified to weld all filler metals of the same designation and lower strength
than that used in the test (F4 and lower for SMAW process). See Table 27-13-L.
Section 27-13.8 - VISUAL INSPECTION CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTANCE
All welds shall be visually inspected. The root pass shall be visually inspected and approved
by the WABO approved welder examiner prior to continuation. Final visual inspection of
welds may begin immediately after the completed welds have cooled to ambient temperature.
1. PLATE AND REINFORCING STEEL WELDS
A weld shall be acceptable by visual inspection if it shows the following:
1.1 The weld has no cracks or arc strikes outside the weld area.
1.2 Thorough fusion exists between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld metal
and base metal.
1.3 All craters are filled to the full cross section of the weld.
1.4 Weld profiles are in accordance with Section 27-13.8.4.
1.5 Undercut is no more than 1/32 inch deep, nor exceeds ten (10) percent of the test weld
length.
1.6 The piping porosity does not exceed one pore.
1.7 Welds are started and terminated at the end of a joint in a manner that will insure
sound welds.
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2. PIPE AND TUBING WELDS
A pipe weld shall be acceptable by visual inspection if it shows the following:
2.1 The weld has no cracks or arc strikes outside the weld area.
2.2 All craters are filled to the full cross section of the weld.
2.3 The face of the weld is at least flush with the outside surface of the pipe, and the weld
is merged smoothly with the base metal. Undercut shall not exceed 1/32 inch and weld
reinforcement shall not exceed the following:
Pipe Wall Thickness Reinforcement, Maximum

(inches) (inches)
3/8 or less 3/32

3/8 to 3/4 incl. 1/8
Over 3/4 3/16
2.4 There is no evidence of cracks, incomplete fusion, or inadequate joint penetration in

the root. A concave root surface is permitted, within the limits of Section 27-13.8.2.2.5
below, provided the total weld thickness is equal to or greater than that of the base
metal.
2.5 The maximum root surface concavity is 1/16 inch, and the maximum melt-through is
1/8 inch.
3. SHEET STEEL FILLET WELDS
A fillet weld shall be acceptable by visual inspection if it is reasonably uniform in appearance

and is free of overlap, cracks, and excessive undercut.
4. ACCEPTABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE WELD PROFILES
Groove welds shall preferably be made with slight or minimum reinforcement. The
reinforcement shall not exceed 1/8 inch in height and shall have gradual transition to the plane
of the base metal surface (See Figure 27-13.10.1). Welds shall be free of the discontinuities
shown for butt joints. (See Figure 27-13.10.2).
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Section 27-13.9 - TEST SPECIMENS, ROOT-, FACE-, OR SIDE-BEND
1. TYPE AND NUMBER
The type and number of test specimens that must be mechanically tested to qualify a welder
when radiographic testing is not used are shown in Figures 27-13.11.1 through 11.8.
Section 27-13.10 - METHODS OF TESTING SPECIMENS
1. ROOT-, FACE-, OR SIDE-BEND TEST AND EVALUATION
The entire length of the groove weld shall be examined visually prior to cutting specimens.
Each specimen shall be bent in a jig having the contour shown in Figure 27-13.12.1 and
otherwise substantially in accordance with that figure. Any convenient means may be used to
move the plunger member with relation to the die member.
The specimen shall be placed on the die member of the jig with the weld at midspan.
Root-bend specimens shall be placed with the root of the weld directed toward the die
member.
Face-bend specimens shall be placed with the face of the weld directed toward the die
member.
Side-bend specimens shall be placed with that side showing the greater discontinuity, if any,
directed toward the die member.
The plunger member shall force the specimen into the die member until the specimen becomes
U-shaped. The weld and heat-affected zones shall be centered and completely within the bent
portion of the specimen after testing.
The convex surface of the bend test specimen shall be visually examined for surface
discontinuities. For acceptance, the surface shall contain no discontinuities exceeding the
following dimensions:
1.1 1/8 inch-measured in any direction on the surface.
1.2 3/8 inch - the sum of the greatest dimensions of all discontinuities exceeding 1/32 inch,
but less than or equal to 1/8 inch.
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1.3 1/4 inch - the maximum corner crack, except when that corner crack resulted from
visible slag inclusion or other fusion type discontinuities, then the 1/8 inch maximum
shall apply. Specimens with corner cracks exceeding 1/4 inch with no evidence of slag
inclusions or other fusion type discontinuities shall be disregarded, and a replacement
test specimen from the original weldment shall be tested.
2. SHEET STEEL FILLET WELD BREAK TEST AND EVALUATION
The entire length of the fillet weld (See Figure 27-13.12.2) shall be examined visually and
then the five (5) inch long specimen shall be loaded in such a way that the root of the weld is
in tension. The load shall be steadily increased or repeated until the specimen fractures, or
bends flat upon itself.
The specimen shall pass the test if it bends flat upon itself or, if the fillet weld fractures, the
fractured surface shows complete fusion to the root of the joint.
3. REINFORCING STEEL WELD TEST AND EVALUATION
The entire length of the flare bevel groove welds shall be visually examined. Then each test
assembly shall be mechanically cut at two locations to provide two transverse cross sections of
each weld assembly.
A macroetch test shall be performed by polishing and etching cross sections with a suitable
solution to give a clear definition of the weld. The etched cross section shall show the
minimum designated effective weld size for the flare groove test assemblies. (See Figure 27-
13.09.9).
4. RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
Radiographic examination of the welder or welding operator test plate may be made in lieu of
a bend test.
If radiographic testing is used in lieu of the prescribed bend tests, the weld reinforcement need
not be ground or otherwise smoothed for inspection unless its surface irregularities or juncture
with the base metal would cause objectionable weld discontinuities to be obscured in the
radiograph. If the backing is removed for radiography, the root shall be ground flush with the
base metal.
Exclude 1-1/4 inch at each end of the weld from evaluation in the plate test for welder
qualification and exclude three (3) inches at each end of the length of the test plate for welding
operator qualification.
Welded test pipe shall be examined for a minimum of one-half of the weld perimeter selected
to include a sample of all positions welded. (For example, a test pipe or tube welded in the 5G,
6G or 6GR position shall be radiographed from the top center line to the bottom center line on
either side).
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The radiographic procedure and technique shall be in accordance with the current
requirements of ANSI/AWS D1.1.
For acceptable qualification by the radiograph, the weld shall have no cracks and shall
conform to the following:
4.1 The greatest dimension of any porosity or fusion-type discontinuity that is 1/16 inch or
larger in greatest dimension shall not exceed size (B), indicated in Figure 27-13.13.1
for the effective throat or weld size involved. The distance from any porosity or
fusion-type discontinuity described above to another such discontinuity shall not be
less than the minimum clearance allowed (C) indicated in Figure 27-13.13.1 for the
size of discontinuity under examination.
4.2 Discontinuities having a greatest dimension of less than 1/16 inch shall be
unacceptable if the sum of their greatest dimension exceeds 3/8 inch in any linear inch
of weld.
SECTION 27-13.11 – TECHNICAL INQUIRIES
All inquiries must be submitted in writing to:

Welding Performance Standard Technical Advisory Task Force
WABO
PO Box 7310, Olympia WA 98507-7310
All inquiries must contain the name, address, and affiliation of the inquirer and they must provide
enough information for the Task Force members to fully understand the point of concern in the
inquiry. Where that point is not clearly defined, the inquiry will be returned for clarification.
Inquires should be typewritten – electronic mail is acceptable.
Each inquiry should be limited to a single point unless the inquiry involves two or more interrelated
concerns. And, the inquiry should be concise, yet complete, to enable the Task Force members to
quickly and fully understand the point of inquiry. Sketches should be used when appropriate and
all paragraphs, figures and tables, which relate to the inquiry must be provided.
Telephone inquires to WABO concerning the WABO Standard No. 27-13 should be limited to
questions of a general nature or to matters directly related to administration of the WABO Welder
Certification Program. WABO Board of Directors policy requires that all program support
personnel respond to a telephone request for a technical inquiry with information that such an
inquiry can only be obtained through a written request. Welder program support personnel can
not provide consulting services
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SECTION 27-13.12 - CHALLENGES AND APPEALS
An agency contact of a registered agency or a certified welder in the WABO Welder Qualifying
Agency Registration and Welder Certification Program may challenge or appeal, in writing,
upon any ground, the result of an agency survey/audit; individual application review, examination
or interview; or, any program-related disciplinary action.
A challenge shall be submitted in writing to and reviewed by the WABO executive director, or
designee, pursuant to the procedures adopted to implement this policy.
If the challenge is rejected by the executive director, or their designee, the challenger may then
appeal in writing to the WABO Certification and Registration Committee.
If the challenge is rejected by the Certification and Registration Committee, the challenger may
then appeal in writing to the WABO Executive Board.
If the WABO Executive Board denies the appeal, the challenger’s final right of appeal shall be to
a Hearing Officer appointed by the WABO Executive Board, pursuant to the procedures adopted
to implement this policy.
SECTION 27-13.13 - SUSPENSION AND WITHDRAWALS
The registration of a specific agency and/or the certification of its personnel may be suspended
or withdrawn, pursuant to the procedures adopted to implement this policy.
Failure to abide by any terms of a suspension may result in registration for the agency and/or
certification of its personnel being withdrawn.
A registration or certification need not have been suspended before being withdrawn.
WABO executive director shall advise the agency contact person of his/her right to challenge or
appeal a suspension or withdrawal action.
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APPENDICES
15
16
LIST OF FIGURES
QUALIFICATION TEST POSITIONS – GROOVE
Figure Page
27-13.01 Test Position 1G (Plates) ....................................................................................... 19
QUALIFICATION TEST POSITIONS – FILLET
27-13.02 Test Position 3F (Plates) ........................................................................................ 20
27-13.02 Test Position 4F (Plates) ........................................................................................ 20
QUALIFICATION TEST POSITIONS – PIPE OR TUBING
27-13.03 Test Position 2G (Pipe or Tubing) ......................................................................... 21
27-13.03 Test Position 5G (Pipe or Tubing) ........................................................................ 21
27-13.04 Test Position 6G (Pipe) ......................................................................................... 22
27-13.04 Test Position 6GR (Pipe) ...................................................................................... 22
27-13.05 Parts of a Tubular Connection ............................................................................... 23
(Figures 27-13.6 through 27-13.7 intentionally left blank)
QUALIFICATION TEST POSITIONS – REINFORCING STEEL
27-13.08 Test Position – Vertical .......................................................................................... 24
27-13.08 Test Position – Overhead ....................................................................................... 24
QUALIFICATION TEST CONFIGURATIONS
27-13.09.1 Test Plate – Unlimited Thickness .......................................................................... 25
27-13.09.2 Test Plate – Limited Thickness (GMAW and GTAW only) .................................. 26
27-13.09.3 Test Plate – Optional Unlimited Thickness ........................................................... 27
27-13.09.4 Test Plate – Optional Limited Thickness ............................................................... 27
27-13.09.5 Pipe – Butt Joint (Without Backing) ..................................................................... 28
27-13.09.5 Pipe – Butt Joint (With Backing)........................................................................... 28
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
QUALIFICATION TEST CONFIGURATIONS (continued)
27-13.09.6 Test Joint for T-, K-, and Y-Connections on Pipe or Tubing .................................. 29
27-13.09.7 Sheet Steel Fillet Weld Test Assembly .................................................................. 30
27-13.09.8 Welding Operator – Unlimited Thickness ............................................................. 31
27-13.09.9 Reinforcing Steel Test Assembly ........................................................................... 32
27-13.10.1 Acceptable Groove Weld Profile (Plate) ................................................................ 33
27-13.10.2 Unacceptable Groove Weld Profiles (Plate) .......................................................... 33
TEST SPECIMENS, ROOT-, FACE-, OR SIDE-BEND
27-13.11.1 Groove Test Plate – Unlimited Thickness ............................................................. 34
27-13.11.2 Groove Test Plate – Limited Thickness (GMAW and GTAW only) ..................... 35
27-13.11.3 Pipe Test – 2G Position.......................................................................................... 35
27-13.11.4 Pipe Test – 5G and 6G Position ............................................................................. 36
27-13.11.5 Pipe Test – 6GR Position ....................................................................................... 36
27-13.11.6 Welding Operator Test Plate – Unlimited Thickness ............................................. 37
27-13.11.7 Side-Bend .............................................................................................................. 38
27-13.11.8 Face and Root-Bend .............................................................................................. 38
27-13.12.1 Guided Bend Test Jig Specifications ..................................................................... 39
27-13.12.2 Fillet Break Specimen ........................................................................................... 40
27-13.13.1 Radiographic Weld Quality Requirements for Discontinuities ............................. 41
18
QUALIFICATION TEST POSITIONS – GROOVE
FIGURE 27-13.01
19
QUALIFICATION TEST POSITIONS – FILLET
FIGURE 27-13.02
20
QUALIFICATION TEST POSITIONS – PIPE
FIGURE 27-13.03
21
QUALIFICATION TEST POSITIONS – PIPE
FIGURE 27-13.04
22
PARTS OF A TUBULAR CONNECTION
FIGURE 27-13.05
23
QUALIFICATION TEST POSITIONS – REINFORCING STEEL
TEST POSITION; VERTICAL

(AXIS OF WELD VERTICAL)
TEST POSITION; OVERHEAD

(AXIS OF WELD HORIZONTAL)
FIGURE 27-13.08
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TEST PLATE FOR WELDER QUALIFICATION
UNLIMITED THICKNESS
Note: When radiography is used for testing, no tack welds shall be in the test area.
The joint detail shall be as follows:
1 inch plate, single-V-groove, 45 degree included angle, 1/4 inch maximum

root opening with backing. Backing must be 1/4 inch to 3/8 inch by 1
inch.* Minimum length of welding groove shall be 5 inch.
When radiography is used for qualification, backing must be at least 3/8

inch by 3 inch, if backing is not removed prior to test.
FIGURE 27-13.09.1
25
TEST PLATE FOR WELDER QUALIFICATION
LIMITED THICKNESS (GMAW AND GTAW ONLY)
Plate of designated thickness, single-V-groove, 45 degree angle, 1/4 inch

maximum root opening with backing. Backing must be 1/4 inch to 3/8
inch by 1 inch.* Minimum length of welding groove shall be 7 inch.
*When radiography is used for qualification attempts, backing must be at

least 3/8 inch by 3 inch (1/4 inch by 3 inch for GTAW), if backing is not
removed prior to test.
FIGURE 27-13.09.2
26
OPTIONAL TEST PLATE FOR WELDER QUALIFICATIONS
HORIZONTAL POSITION
5˝
Unlimited Thickness
DIRECTION OF
ROLLING
6˝ min
45°
1˝
FIGURE 27-13.09.3
Limited Thickness
For horizontal position qualification, the joint detail may be as follows:

single-bevel groove, 45 degree angle, 1/4 inch maximum root opening
with backing.
FIGURE 27-13.09.4
27
PIPE BUTT JOINT
Welder Qualification - Without Backing
Pipe diameter-wall thickness as designated, single-V-groove, 60

degree included angle, 1/8 inch maximum root face and root opening
without backing strip.
PIPE BUTT JOINT

Welder Qualification - With Backing
Note: Qualification with backing strip or ring

does not qualify for welding without backing strip.
FIGURE 27-13.09.5
28
TEST JOINT FOR T-, K-, AND Y-CONNECTIONS ON PIPE
OR TUBING
The joint detail shall be as follows: Single-bevel, 37 1/2 degree included

angle with bevel on pipe or tube at least 1/2 inch thick; the square edge of
the pipe or tube shall be at least 3/16 inch thicker than the beveled pipe
thickness; 1/16 inch maximum root face and 1/8 inch root opening. A
restriction ring shall be placed on the thicker material, within 1/2 inch of
the joint and shall extend at least 6 inches beyond the surface of the pipe or
tube.
FIGURE 27-13.09.6
29
QUALIFICATION TEST CONFIGURATION –
SHEET STEEL FILLET WELD TEST ASSEMBLY
FIGURE 27-13.09.7
30
QUALIFICATION TEST CONFIGURATION –
WELDING OPERATOR – UNLIMITED THICKNESS
The joint detail shall be as follows: 1 inch plate, single-V-groove, 20 degree

included angle, 5/8 inch root opening with backing plate. Backing must
be at least 3/8 inch by 3 inch if radiography is used for testing without
removal of backing. Backing must be at least 3/8 inch by 1 1/2 inch for
mechanical testing, or for radiographic testing after the backing is removed.
Minimum length of welding groove shall be 15 inches.
FIGURE 27-13.09.8
31
QUALIFICATION TEST CONFIGURATIONS –
REINFORCING STEEL TEST ASSEMBLY
[EFFECTIVE
WELD SIZE
(E) = 0.4S = 0.10"]
FIGURE 27-13.09.9
32
ACCEPTABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILE – PLATE
FIGURE 27-13.10.1
UNACCEPTABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILES – PLATE
FIGURE 27-13.10.2
33
GROOVE TEST PLATE –
UNLIMITED THICKNESS
FIGURE 27-13.11.1
34
GROOVE TEST PLATE –
LIMITED THICKNESS (FOR GMAW AND GTAW ONLY)
FIGURE 27-13.11.2
PIPE TEST
2G POSITION
FIGURE 27-13.11.3
35
PIPE TEST –
5G AND 6G POSITIONS
FIGURE 27-13.11.4
PIPE TEST –
6GR POSITION
Specimens for side bends shall be taken as indicated and machined to be

standard specimens with parallel sides.
FIGURE 27-13.11.5
36
WELDING OPERATOR TEST PLATE
UNLIMITED THICKNESS
FIGURE 27-13.11.6
37
SIDE-BEND
FIGURE 27-13.11.7
FACE AND ROOT-BEND
Notes: 1. These edges may be oxygen-cut and may or may not be machined.
2. The weld reinforcement and backing, if any, shall be removed flush with the surface
of the specimen. If a recessed backing is used, this surface may be machined to a
depth not exceeding the depth of the recess to remove the backing; in such cases, the
thickness of the finished specimen shall be that specified above. Cut surfaces shall
be smooth and parallel.
FIGURE 27-13.11.8
38
GUIDED BEND TEST JIG
SPECIFICATIONS
Thickness of
Specimens A B C D Material
3/8 inch 1-1/2 inch 3/4 inch 2-3/8 inch 1-3/16 inch All Steels with
minimum specified
yield strength of
50,000 & under
FIGURE 27-13.12.1
39
FILLET BREAK SPECIMEN
The fillet weld break

specimen shall be cut from
the test coupon as shown.
FIGURE 27-13.12.2
40
RADIOGRAPHIC WELD QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
FOR DISCONTINUITIES
Note: Adjacent discontinuities, spaced less than the minimum spacing required
by Figure 27-13-32 shall be measured as one length equal to the sum of the
total length of the discontinuities plus the length of the space between them
and evaluated as a single discontinuity.
FIGURE 27-13.13.1
41
Copies of the WABO Standard No. 27-13
are available from the WABO Bookstore
360-586-6725
42
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
27-13-A Specifications for Field Certification
Structural Welder – Plate ....................................................................................... 44
27-13-B Specifications for Shop Certification
Structural Welder – Plate ....................................................................................... 44
27-13-C Specifications for Field Certification
Structural Welder – Pipe ........................................................................................ 44
27-13-D Specifications for Shop Certification
Structural Welder – Pipe ........................................................................................ 45
27-13-E Specifications for Field and Shop Certification
T-, K-, and Y- Connections – Pipe or Tubing ......................................................... 45
27-13-F Specifications for Field Certification
Sheet Steel Fillet Weld ........................................................................................... 46
27-13-G Specifications for Shop Certification
Sheet Steel Fillet Weld ........................................................................................... 46
27-13-H Specifications for Reinforcing Steel Weld ............................................................. 46
27-13-I Limitation of Certifications ................................................................................... 47
27-13-J Matching Filler Metal Requirements ..................................................................... 48
27-13-K Sheet Steel ............................................................................................................. 49
27-13-L Filler Metal Numbers – SMAW Process ............................................................... 49
27-13-M Nominal Dimensions of Standard Reinforcing Bars ............................................. 50
27-13-N Designations for Welding and Allied Processes
(Alphabetically by Process) ................................................................................... 51
27-13-O Designations for Welding and Allied Processes
(Alphabetically by Designation) ............................................................................ 52
27-13-P Standard Welding Symbols .................................................................................... 53

27-13-Q Terms and Definitions............................................................................................ 57
43
TABLE 27-13-A
SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIELD CERTIFICATION
STRUCTURAL WELDER - PLATE
USE QUANTITY OF
ELECTRODE TEST PLATES THICKNESS THICKNESS
WITH AWS TO WELD IN OF EACH RANGE POSITION
DESIGNATION POSITIONS TEST PLATE QUALIFIED QUALIFIED
1G 3G 4G
SMAW E7018, E7016 -- 1 1 1” 1/8” & OVER ALL
GMAW E70S-X -- 1 1 3/8” 1/8” - 3/4” ALL
FCAW E71T-X -- 1 1 1” 1/8” & OVER ALL
GTAW ER70S-X -- 1 1 3/8” 1/8” - 3/4” ALL
SAW F7X - EXXX 1 -- -- 1” 1/8” & OVER FLAT
TABLE 27-13-B
SPECIFICATIONS FOR SHOP CERTIFICATION
STRUCTURAL WELDER - PLATE
USE QUANTITY OF
1G 2G 3G
SMAW E7018, E7016 -- 1 -- 1” 1/8” & OVER F, H
OR 1 F, H, V
GMAW E70S-X -- 1 -- 3/8” 1/8” - 3/4” F, H
OR 1 F, H, V
FCAW E71T-X -- 1 -- 1” 1/8” & OVER F, H
OR 1 F, H, V
GTAW ER70S-X -- 1 -- 3/8” 1/8” - 3/4” F, H
OR 1 F, H, V
SAW F7X - EXXX 1 -- -- 1” 1/8” & OVER F
TABLE 27-13-C
STRUCTURAL WELDER - PIPE
USE QUANTITY OF PIPE OR
ELECTRODE TEST PLATES MATERIAL PLATE
WITH AWS TO WELD IN TEST PIPE SIZE THICKNESS POSITION
DESIGNATION POSITIONS PIPE SIZE QUALIFIED QUALIFIED QUALIFIED
2G 5G 6G
SMAW E7018*, E7016* (1 & 1) or 1 8” SCHEDULE 80 4” OR LARGER 1/8” & OVER ALL
GMAW E70S-X (1 & 1) or 1 OR 4” OR LARGER 1/8” & OVER ALL
FCAW E71T-X (1 & 1) or 1 6” SCHEDULE 120 4” OR LARGER 1/8” & OVER ALL
GTAW ER70S-X (1 & 1) or 1 4” OR LARGER 1/8” & OVER ALL
* ROOT PASS MAY BE E6010, E6011, OR GTAW
44
TABLE 27-13-D
STRUCTURAL WELDER - PIPE

2G 5G
SMAW E7018*, E7016* 1 -- 8” SCHEDULE 80 4” OR LARGER 1/8” & OVER F, H
OR 1 ALL
GMAW E70S-X 1 -- OR 4” OR LARGER 1/8” & OVER F, H
OR 1 ALL
FCAW E71T-X 1 -- 6” SCHEDULE 120 4” OR LARGER 1/8” & OVER F, H
OR 1 ALL
GTAW ER70S-X 1 -- 4” OR LARGER 1/8” & OVER F, H
OR 1 ALL
TABLE 27-13-E
SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIELD & SHOP CERTIFICATION
T-, K-, AND Y-CONNECTIONS - PIPE OR TUBING

6G
SMAW E7018*, E7016* 1 AT LEAST T, Y, AND K 3/16” & OVER ALL
CONNECTIONS
GMAW E70S-X 1 1/2” T, Y, AND K 3/16” & OVER ALL
CONNECTIONS
FCAW E71T-X 1 THICK T, Y, AND K 3/16” & OVER ALL
CONNECTIONS
GTAW ER70S-X 1 T, Y, AND K 3/16” & OVER ALL
CONNECTIONS
45
TABLE 27-13-F
SHEET STEEL FILLET WELD
USE QUANTITY OF
3F 4F
SMAW E6011 1 1 GALVANIZED 1/16” - 1/8” ALL
16 GA. TEE
GMAW E70S-6 1 1 TO 1/16” - 1/8” ALL
FCAW E71T-1, E71T-2 1 1 1/4” - 1/2” 1/16” - 1/8” ALL

UNCOATED
PLATE
GTAW ER70S-X 1 1 1/16” - 1/8” ALL
TABLE 27-13-G
SHEET STEEL FILLET WELD
USE QUANTITY OF
3F
SMAW E6011 1 GALVANIZED 1/16” - 1/8” F, H, V
16 GA. TEE
GMAW E70S-6 1 TO 1/16” - 1/8” F, H, V
FCAW E71T-1, E71T-2 1 1/4” - 1/2” 1/16” - 1/8” F, H, V

UNCOATED
PLATE
GTAW ER70S-6 1 1/16” - 1/8” F, H, V
TABLE 27-13-H
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR REINFORCING STEEL WELD
USE QUANTITY OF
ELECTRODE TEST PLATES
WITH AWS TO WELD IN BAR SIZE BAR SIZE POSITION
DESIGNATION POSITIONS TESTED QUALIFIED QUALIFIED
1G 3G 4G
SMAW E7018, E7016 -- 2 2 NO. 4 NO. 4 & ABOVE ALL
GMAW E70S-X -- 2 2 NO. 4 NO. 4 & ABOVE ALL
FCAW E71T-X -- 2 2 NO. 4 NO. 4 & ABOVE ALL
46
TABLE 27-13-I
LIMITATION OF CERTIFICATIONS
CATEGORY OF WELDER CERTIFICATE AND TEST REQUIRED

Reinforcing Structural Sheet Steel Welding The Welder/Welding Operator is
Steel Welder Welder Welder Operator qualified for the following:
Indirect Groove Pipe Butt Fillet Groove
Butt Plate & T-K-Y-Connection Weld Plate
Joint Test Test Test Test
X X X 1. All steels listed in Table 27-13-J with yield strengths of 60 ksi or

less, and other carbon steels of similar chemistry. Certification
welding steels with yield strengths over 60 ksi requires a separate
qualification test on that material (e.g., A514 or A572, Gr. 65; or
A572, Gr. 70).
X 2. All those steels listed in this standard, and other carbon steels of
similar chemistry with yield strengths of 80 ksi or less.
X 3. Indirect butt joints, lap joints and for fillet welds bar to plate.
Direct butt and bar to bar joints are not covered by this Standard.
X X X X X 4. The welding process and method used in qualification tests only
(SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, SAW) Certification for all others,
including short circuiting (“Short Arc”) GMAW, requires a
separate qualification test.
X X X 5. All filler metals designated F4 and lower (SMAW process).
See Table 27-13-L.
X X X X X 6. All filler metals of the same designation and lower strength than
that used in the test.
X X X 7. Grooves and fillets, welding and tacking of plate and pipe or
tubing over 24 inches in diameter.
X X 8. Grooves and fillets, welding and tacking.
X 9. Fillet welding and tacking T-, butt-, and lap-joints in sheet to
sheet and sheet to supporting members. (Observe thickness and
material limitation, 1/16 inch – 1/8 inch.)
X 10. Equal to or less than 1/8 inch.
X 11. All sheet thicknesses between and including 1/16 inch and 1/8
inch.
X 12. All reinforcing steel no. 4 and above.
X 13. GTAW thickness between and including 1/8 inch and 3/4 inch.
X 14. GMAW thickness between and including 1/8 inch and 3/4 inch.
X X X 15. Welding with backing material in complete joint penetration
welds welded from one side.
X X 16. Welding with or without backing material in complete joint
penetration welds welded from one side, if the qualification test
is done without backing.
X 17. Welding of sheet to sheet and sheet to supporting members.
ANY SEPARATE TESTS REQUIRED TO QUALIFY A WELDER FOR CONDITIONS NOT COVERED ARE TO BE APPROVED BY WABO AND
ADMINISTERED BY A WABO-CERTIFIED TESTING AGENCY.
47
TABLE 27-13-J
MATCHING FILLER METAL REQUIREMENTS
STEEL SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FILLER METAL REQUIREMENTS

G Minimum Tensile Minimum Tensile
R
O
Yield Strength Yield Strength
U Steel Specification Point Range Electrode Specification Point Range
P ksi ksi ksi ksi
ASTM A36 36 58-809 SMAW
ASTM A53 Grade B 35 60 min
ASTM A106 Grade B 35 60 min AWS A5.1 or A5.5
ASTM A131 Grades A, B, CS, 34 58-71 E7016, E7018 60 72 min
D, DS, E
ASTM A139 Grade B 35 60 min
ASTM A381 Grade Y35 35 60 min
ASTM A500 Grade A 33/39 45 min SAW
Grade B 41/46 58 min
ASTM A501 36 58 min AWS A5.17 or A5.23
ASTM A516 Grade 55 30 55-65 F7X-EXXX 60 70-90
Grade 60 32 60-72
ASTM A524 Grade I 35 60-85
I Grade II 30 55-60
ASTM A529 42 60-85 GMAW
ASTM A570 Grade 30 30 49 min
Grade 36 36 53 min AWS A5.18
Grade 40 40 55 min ER70S-X 60 72 min
Grade 45 45 60 min
Grade 50 50 65 min
ASTM A573 Grade 65 35 65-77
ASTM A709 Grade 36 36 58-80 FCAW
API 5L Grade B 35 60
API 5LX Grade X42 42 60 AWS A5.20
ABS Grades A, B, D, E7XT-X 60 72 min
CS, DS 58-71 (except -2, -3, -10, -GS)
Grade E 58-71
ASTM A131 Grades AH32, 45.5 68-85 SMAW

DH32, EH32
Grades AH36, 51 71-90 AWS A5.1 or A5.5
DH36, EH36 E7016, E7018 60 72 min
ASTM A242 42-50 63-70 min
ASTM A441 42-50 63-70 min
ASTM A516 Grade 65 35 65-77
Grade 70 38 70-85 SAW
ASTM A537 Class I 50 70-90
ASTM A572 Grade 42 42 60 min AWS A5.17 or A5.23
Grade 50 50 65 min F7X-EXXX 60 70-90 min
ASTM A588 (4: and under) 50 70 min
ASTM A595 Grade A 55 65 min
Grades B and C 60 70 min
ASTM A606 45 65 min GMAW
II Grade 50 50 65 min AWS A5.18
Grade 55 55 70 min ER70S-X 60 72 min
ASTM A618 Grades I b, II, III 50 65 min
ASTM A633 Grades A, B 42 63-83
Grades C, D 50 70-90
(2-1/2” and under) FCAW
Grade 50W 50 70 min AWS A5.20
ASTM A710 Grade A, Class 2 55 65 min E7XT-X 60 72 min
(2” and over) (Except -2, -3, -10, -GS)
ASTM A808 (2-1/2” and under) 42 60 min
API 2H 42 62-80
API 5LX Grade X52 52 66-72
ABS Grades AH32, 45.5 71-90
CH32, EH32
Grades AH36, 51 71-90
DH36, EH36
48
TABLE 27-13-K
SHEET STEEL
Minimum Minimum
Steel Yield Point Tensile Strength
Specification ksi ksi Filler Metal Requirements
A446 Gr A 33 45 SMAW AWS A5.1 or A5.5

Gr B 37 52 E 6011
Gr C 40 55
A570 Gr A 25 45
Gr B 30 49
Gr C 33 52
Gr D 40 55 GMAW AWS A5.18
Gr E 42 58 E 70S-6
A 606 45 65
A 607 Gr 45 45 60 FCAW AWS A5.20
Gr 50 50 65 E 71T-1
A611 Gr A 25 42 E 71T-2
Gr B 30 45
Gr C 33 48
Gr D 40 52
TABLE 27-13-L
FILLER METAL NUMBERS - SMAW PROCESS
Group Designation AWS Electrode Classification*

F4 EXX15, EXX16, EXX18
F3 EXX10, EXX11
F2 EXX12, EXX13, EXX14
F1 EXX20, EXX24, EXX27, EXX28
* The letters “XX” used in the classification-designation in this table stand for the various
strength levels (60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 120) for deposited weld metal.
49
TABLE 27-13-M
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD REINFORCING BARS
Bar Size 1.2 Unit Weight Diameter Cross-Sectional Area
in. mm lb/ft kg/m in. mm in.2 mm2
3 10 0.376 0.56 0.375 9.52 0.11 71.0
4 13 0.668 1.00 0.500 12.70 0.20 129.0
5 16 1.043 1.55 0.625 15.88 0.31 200.0
6 19 1.502 2.26 0.750 19.05 0.44 283.9
7 22 2.044 3.64 0.875 22.22 0.60 387.1
8 25 2.670 3.98 1.000 25.40 0.79 509.7
9 29 3.400 5.07 1.128 28.65 1.00 645.2
10 32 4.303 6.41 1.270 32.26 1.27 819.4
11 36 5.313 7.92 1.410 35.81 1.56 1006.5
14 43 7.65 11.40 1.693 43.00 2.25 1451.7
18 57 13.60 20.26 2.257 57.33 4.00 2580.8
Notes:
1. The nominal dimensions of a deformed bar are equivalent to those

of a plain round bar having the same weight per foot as the
deformed bar.
2. The bar size number is based on the number of eighths of an inch

in the nominal diameter of the bar.
50
TABLE 27-13-N
DESIGNATION OF WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
(Alphabetically by Process)
Welding and Letter Welding and Letter

allied processes designation allied processes designation
adhesive bonding ABD resistance welding RW

arc welding AW flash welding FW
atomic hydrogen welding AHW high frequency resistance welding HFRW
bare metal arc welding BMAW percussion welding PEW
carbon arc welding CAW projection welding RPW
electrogas welding* EGW resistance seam welding RSEW
flux cored arc welding FCAW resistance spot welding RSW
gas metal arc welding GMAW upset welding UW
gas tungsten arc welding GTAW soldering S
plasma arc welding PAW dip soldering DS
shielded metal arc welding SMAW furnace soldering FS
stud arc welding SW induction soldering IS
submerged arc welding SAW infrared soldering IRS
arc welding process variations iron soldering INS
gas carbon arc welding CAW-G resistance soldering RS
gas metal arc welding - torch soldering TS
pulsed arc GMAW-P wave soldering WS
gas metal arc welding - solid state welding SSW
short circuiting arc GMAW-S cold welding CW
gas tungsten arc welding - diffusion welding DFW
pulsed arc GTAW-P explosion welding EXW
series submerged arc welding SAW-S forge welding FOW
shielded carbon arc welding CAN-S friction welding FRW
twin carbon arc welding CAW-T hot pressure welding HPW
brazing B roll welding ROW
arc brazing AB ultrasonic welding USW
block brazing BB thermal cutting TC
diffusion brazing DFB arc cutting AC
dip brazing DB air carbon arc cutting AAC
flow brazing FLB carbon arc cutting CAC
furnace brazing FB gas metal arc cutting GMAC
induction brazing IB gas tungsten arc cutting GTAC
infrared brazing IRB metal arc cutting MAC
resistance brazing RB plasma arc cutting PAC
torch brazing TB shielded metal arc cutting SMAC
twin carbon arc brazing TCAB electron beam cutting EBC
other welding processes laser beam cutting LBC
electron beam welding EBW oxygen cutting OC
electroslag welding ESW chemical flux cutting FOC
flow welding FLOW metal powder cutting POC
induction welding 1W oxyfuel gas cutting OFC
laser beam welding LBW oxyacetylene cutting OFC-A
thermit welding TW oxyhydrogen cutting OFC-H
oxyfuel gas welding OFW oxynatural gas cutting OFC-N
air acetylene welding AAW oxypropane cutting AOC
oxyacetylene welding OAW oxygen arc cutting AOC
oxyhydrogen welding OHW oxygen lance cutting LOC
pressure gas welding PGW thermal spraying THSP
electric arc spraying EASP
*In the 1976 edition of AWS A24, electro gas welding was designated flame spraying FLSP
FCAW-EG and GMAW-EG, depending on the manner of application. plasma spraying PSP
51
TABLE 27-13-O
DESIGNATION OF WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
(Alphabetically by Designation)
Letter Welding and Letter Welding and

designation allied processes designation allied processes
AAC air carbon cutting IB induction brazing

AAW air acetylene welding INS iron soldering
ABD adhesive bonding IRB infrared brazing
AB arc brazing IRS infrared soldering
AC arc cutting IS induction soldering
AHW atomic hydrogen welding IW induction welding
AOC oxygen arc cutting LBC laser beam cutting
AU automatic LBW laser beam welding
AN arc welding LOC oxygen lance cutting
B brazing MA manual
BB block brazing MAC metal arc cutting
BMAW bare metal arc welding ME machine
CAC carbon arc cutting OAW oxyacetylene welding
CAW carbon arc welding OC oxygen cutting
CAW-G gas carbon arc welding OFC oxyfuel gas cutting
CAW-S shielded carbon arc welding OFC-A oxyacetylene cutting
CAW-T twin carbon arc welding OFC-H oxyhydrogen cutting
CW cold welding OFC-N oxynatural gas cutting
DB dip brazing OFC-P oxypropane, cutting
DFB diffusion brazing OFW oxyfuel gas welding
DFW diffusion welding OHW oxyhydrogen welding
DS dip soldering PAC plasma arc cutting
EASP electric arc spraying PAW plasma arc welding
EBC electron beam cutting PEW percussion welding
EBW electron beam welding PGW pressure gas welding
EGW electrogas welding POC metal powder cutting
ESW electroslag welding PSP plasma spraying
EXW explosion welding RB resistance brazing
FB furnace brazing RPW projection welding
FCAW flux cored arc welding RS resistance soldering
FLB flow brazing RSEW resistance seam welding
FLOW flow welding RSW resistance spot welding
FLSP flame spraying ROW roll welding
FOC chemical flux cutting RW resistance welding
FOW forge welding S soldering
FRW friction welding SA semiautomatic
FS furnace soldering SAW submerged arc welding
FW flash welding SAW-S series submerged arc cutting
GMAC gas metal arc cutting SMAC shielded metal arc cutting
GMAW gas metal arc welding SMAK shielded metal arc -welding
GMAW-P gas metal arc welding - SSW solid state welding
pulsed arc SW stud arc welding
GMAW-S gas metal arc welding - TB torch brazing
short circuiting arc TC thermal cutting
GTAC gas tungsten arc cutting TCAB twin carbon arc brazing
GTAW gas tungsten arc welding THSP thermal spraying
GTAW-P gas tungsten arc welding is torch soldering
pulsed arc TW thermit welding
HFRW high frequency resistance welding UsW ultrasonic welding
HPW hot pressure welding UW upset welding
52
Table 27-13-P
STANDARD WELDING SYMBOLS
Basic Welding Symbols and Their Location Significance

Location Plug Spot Back or Scarf for Flange
Fillet or Slot or Projection Seam Backing Surfacing Brazed Joint
Significance Edge
Groove weld
symbol
Arrow Side
Not
Other Side used
Groove weld symbol
Not Not Not Not Not Not

Both Side used used used
used used used
No Arrow Side
or Other Side Not Not Not Not Not Not
Significance used used used used used used
Supplementary Symbols Used with Welding Symbols

Convex Contour Symbol Weld-All-Around Symbol
Finish symbol (user's
Convex contour symbol standard) indicates Weld-all-around symbol
indicates face of weld to method of obtaining indicates that weld
be finished to specific contour but extends completely
convex contour not degree of finish. around the joint.
Joint with Backing Joint with Spacer Melt-Thru Symbol
With groove weld symbol With Modified groove weld symbol Any applicable
weld symbol
M See 1 mm
See M
note
note
Note Material and dimensions Note Material and dimensions Melt-thru symbol is not
of spacer are as specified Double bevel-groove of spacer are as specified dimensioned (except height)
Flush Contour Symbol Multiple Reference Lines

Flush contour symbol First operation shown on
Finish symbol (user's 1st
indicates face of weld to reference line nearest arrow
be made flush. When standard) indicates
method of obtaining Second operation, or 2nd
used without a finish
symbol, indicates weld specified contour but supplementary data
G not degree of finish 3rd
without subsequent Third operation, or test
finishing. information
Field Weld symbol Complete Penetration Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol
Field Weld symbol Indicates complete penetration Finish symbol Groove angle; included
indicates that weld is to regardless of type of weld or joint angle of countersink for
be made at a place other preparation Contour symbol plug welds
than that of initial Root opening: depth of filling
construction Length of weld
for plug and slot welds
Pitch (center-to-center
CP Effective throat F spacing) of welds
Depth of preparation; size
SIDE )(SIDE )
A
OTHER
or strength for certain welds Field weld symbol

(BOTH SIDES)
Supplementary Symbols specification, process, or

other reference R Arrow connecting
reference line to arrow
Contour S (E) L-P side member of joint
Weld-All-
Around
Field
Weld
Melt-
Thru
Backing,
Spacer Flush Convex Concave
T
(ARROW
Tail
(Tail omitted Weld-all-around symbol
when reference Reference line
is not used)
(N) Elements in this area
remain as shown when
Basic weld symbol or Number of spot or tail and arrow are
detail reference projection welds. reversed
53
Table 27-13-P
(continued)
Basic Joints-Identification of Arrow Side and Other Side of Joint
Butt Joint Corner Joint T- Joint

Arrow of Arrow side Arrow side Arrow of Arrow side
welding symbol of joint of joint welding symbol of joint
Arrow of
welding symbol
Other side Other side Other side

of joint of joint of joint
Flange Groove Location

Corner Square V Bevel U J Flare-V Flare-Bevel Significance
Arrow Side
Other Side
Not
Used Both Sides
No Arrow Side
Not Not Not Not Not Not Not or Other Side
Used Used Used Used Used Used Used Significance
Typical Welding Symbols

Slot Welding Symbol Square-Groove Welding Symbol Flare-V and Flare-Bevel-Groove Welding Symbol
Orientation, location
Depth of filling and all dimensions Omission of size
in inches (omis- Root opening 1/8 1
_
other that depth of indicates complete 1/4 1
_ 32
sion Indicates 3/4 1
_ 16 Size is considered
filling are shown joint penetration 4
filling is complete) on the drawing as extending only
Root opening to tangent points Root opening
Plug Welding Symbol Chain Intermittent Fillet Welding Symbol Edge-and-Corner-Flange Welding Symbol
Included angle Pitch (distance 3/32
Radius
of countersink between centers) 1/8 • 1:16
2/64 • 1/16
of welds Depth of filling
5/16 2-5
Pitch (distance between Size of weld
5/16 2-5
30 in inches (omis- centers) of increments 1:16
Size (diameter 1 3:8 sion indicates height above point

of hole as root) filling is complete) Size (length of leg) Length of increments of tangency
Background Welding Symbol Back or Backing Welding Symbol Surfacing Welding Symbol Indicating Built-up Surface
Second reference line
3/8 (7/16) used for back gouging C
Back Gouge 1/8
and welding as a Orientation, location
second operation Size (height of deposit and all dimensions
Note Total effective throat Any applicable single other than size are
1/2 (9/16) not to exceed thickness groove weld symbol Omission indicates no
1/8 specific height desired shown on the drawing
of member
Flash or Upset Welding Symbol Staggered Intermittent Fillet Welding Symbol Single-V Groove Welding Symbol Indication Root Penetration
Pitch (distance between
Process 1/2 3-5 centers) of increments 1/2 (1/2) 0
references 1/2 3-5
Size 90°
No arrow side fw
must be used to Root opening
or other side indicate process Depth of preparation
significance Size (length of leg) Length of increments Effective throat Groove angle
desired
Spot Welding Symbol Double-Bevel-Groove Welding Symbol
Size (diameter of weld) Number of welds Arrow points toward 45 Root opening
Strength (in lb per weld) member to be prepared 1
_
may be used instead Pitch (distance 1 8
Process reference (5)
between centers) Omission of size dimension
must be used to RSW
0 25 4
of weld indicates a total depth 1 1/4 1
_
indicate process of preparation equal to 8
desired thickness of members 35
Groove angle
Seam Welding Symbol Projection Welding Symbol

Length of weld or Size (width of weld) Pitch (distance between Projection welding
increments Strength (in lb per centers) of increments reference must be used Pitch (distance
Size (strength in lb
Omission indicates that linear inch) may be 0.30 39 Process reference per weld) between centers)
weld extends between used instead RSEW
must be used to Diameter of weld may RPW of welds
500 6
abrupt changes in indicate process be used instead for
direction or as dimensioned Number of welds
desired circular projection welds (7)
54
Table 27-13-P
(continued)
Welding Symbols for Combined Welds Double-Fillet Welding Symbol
Size (length of leg) Length

1/4 1/4 Omission indicates
5/16
14
that weld extends
6
1
1G between abrupt
_ Specification, process, 5 16 4
changes in direction
8
or other reference or as dimensioned
80°
Basic Joints-Identification of Arrow Side and Other Side of Joint Process Abbreviations
Lap Joint Edge Joint

Other side Arrow side Where process abbreviations are to be included in
member of joint of joint the tail of the welding symbol, reference is made to
Table A, Designation of Welding and Allied Processes
Arrow of
by letters. 0f AWS 2.4-79.71.
welding symbol
Joint
Arrow of
welding symbol
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, INC.

Arrow side 0-30 2501 N 7th Street, Miami, Florida 33125
member of joint
55
56
TABLE 27-13-Q
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
A BASE METAL. The metal to be welded, soldered, or cut.
ALL-WELD-METAL TEST SPECIMEN. A test specimen BEVEL ANGLE. The angle formed between the prepared
with the reduced section composed wholly of weld metal. edge of a member and a plane perpendicular to the surface
of the member.
ANGLE OF BEVEL. See preferred term bevel angle.
BOXING. The continuation of a fillet weld around a comer
ARC GOUGING. An arc cutting procedure used to form a of a member as an extension of the principal weld.
bevel or groove.
BUTT JOINT. A joint between two members aligned
AS-WELDED. The condition of weld metal, welded joints approximately in the same plane.
and weldments after welding prior to any subsequent
thermal, mechanical, or chemical treatments. BUTT WELD. An erroneous term for a weld in a butt joint.
See butt joint.
AUTOMATIC WELDING. Welding with equipment which
performs the welding operation without adjustment of the C
controls by a welding operator. The equipment may or may
no perform the loading and unloading of the work. See COMPLETE FUSION. Fusion that has occurred over the
machine welding. entire base material surfaces intended for welding and
between all layers and weld beads.
AXIS OF A WELD. A line through the length of a weld
perpendicular to and at the geometric center of its cross COMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION. Joint penetration in
section. which the weld metal completely fills the groove and is
fused to the base metal throughout its total thickness.
B
COMPLETE PENETRATION. See preferred term complete
BACK GOUGING. The removal of weld metal and base joint penetration.
metal from the other side of a partially welded joint to assure
complete penetration upon subsequent welding from that CONSUMABLE GUIDE ELECTROSLAG WELDING.
side. See electroslag welding.
BACKING. Material (metal, weld metal, carbon or CONTINUOUS WELD. A weld which extends
granular) placed at the root of a weld joint for the purpose continuously from one end of a joint to the other. Where
of supporting molten weld metal. the joint is essentially circular, it extends completely around
the joint.
BACKING PASS. A pass made to deposit a backing weld.
CORNER JOINT. A joint between two members located
BACKING RING. Backing in the form of a ring, generally approximately at right angles to each other.
used in the welding of piping.
C02 WELDING. See preferred term gas metal arc welding.
BACKING STRIP. Backing in the form of a strip.
CRATER. In arc welding, a depression at the termination
BACKING WELD. Backing in the form of a weld. of a weld bead or in the molten weld pool.
BACKUP WELD (tubular structures). The initial closing D

pass in a complete joint penetration groove weld, made from
one side only, which serves as a backing for subsequent DEFECT. A discontinuity or discontinuities which by nature
welding but is not considered as a part of the theoretical or accumulated effect render a part or product unable to
weld. meet minimum applicable acceptance standards or
specifications. This term designates rejectability.
BACK WELD. A weld deposited at the back of a single-
groove weld.
57
TABLE 27-13-Q
(continued)
DEFECTIVE WELD. A weld containing one or more FILLER METAL. The metal to be added in making a welded
defects. joint. See electrode and welding rod.
DEPTH OF FUSION. The distance that fusion extends into FLARE-BEVEL-GROOVE WELD. A weld in a groove
the base metal or previous pass from the surface melted formed by a member with a curved surface in contact with
during welding. a planar member.
DISCONTINUITY. An interruption of the typical structure FLARE-V-GROOVE WELD. A weld in a groove formed
of a weldment such as a lack of homogeneity in the by two members with curved surfaces.
mechanical or metallurgical or physical characteristics of
the material or weldment. A discontinuity is not necessarily FLASH. The material which is expelled or squeezed out of
a defect. a weld joint and which forms around the weld.
DOWNHAND. See preferred term flat position. FLAT POSITION. The welding position used to weld from
the upper side of the joint and the face of the weld is
E approximately horizontal.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF WELD. The length of weld FLUX CORED ARC WELDING (FCAW). An arc welding
throughout which the correctly proportioned cross section process which produces coalescence of metals by heating
exists. In a curved weld, it shall be measured along the axis them with an arc between a continuous filler metal
of the weld. (consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is provided
by a flux contained within the electrode. Additional
ELECTROGAS WELDING (EGW). An arc welding shielding may or may not be obtained from an externally
process which produces coalescence of metals by heating supplied gas or gas mixture.
with an arc between a continuous filler metal (consumable)
electrode and the work. Molding shoe(s) are used to confine FUSION. The melting together of filler metal and base
the molten weld metal for vertical position welding. The metal, or the melting of base metal only, which results in
electrodes may be either flux cored or solid. Shielding may coalescence. See depth of fusion.
or may not be obtained from an externally supplied gas or
mixture. FUSION TYPE DISCONTINUITY. Signifies slag
inclusion, incomplete fusion, incomplete joint penetration,
ELECTROSLAG WELDING (ESW). A welding process and similar discontinuities associated with fusion.
producing coalescence of metals with molten slag which
melts the filler metal and the surfaces of the work to be FUSION ZONE. The area of base metal melted as
welded. The molten weld pool is shielded by this slag which determined on the cross section of a weld.
moves along the FULL cross section of the joint as welding
progresses. The process is initiated by an arc which heats G
the slag. The arc is then extinguished and the conductive
slag is maintained in a molten condition by its resistance to GAS METAL ARC WELDING (GMAW). An arc welding
electric current passing between the electrode and the work. process which produces coalescence of metals by heating
them with an arc between a continuous filler metal
consumable guide electroslag welding — An electroslag (consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained
welding process variation in which filler metal is supplied entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture.
by an electrode and its guiding member. Some methods of this process are called MIG or C02
welding (nonpreferred terms).
F
GAS METAL ARC WELDING - SHORT CIRCUIT ARC
FAYING SURFACE. The mating surface of a member (GMAW-S). A gas metal arc welding process variation in
which is in contact or in close proximity with another which the consumable electrode is deposited during repeated
member to which it is to be joined. short circuits. Sometimes this process is referred to as MIG
or C02 welding (nonpreferred terms).
58
TABLE 27-13-Q
(continued)
GAS POCKET. A cavity caused by entrapped gas. J
GOUGING. The forming of a bevel or groove by material JOIN. The junction of members of the edges of members
removal. See also back gouging, arc gouging, and oxygen that are to be joined or have been joined.
gouging.
JOINT PENETRATION. The minimum depth of a groove
GROOVE ANGLE. The total included angle of the groove or flange weld extends from its face into a joint exclusive
between parts to be joined by a groove weld. of reinforcement. Joint penetration may include root
penetration.
GROOVE FACE. That surface of a member included in
the groove. JOINT WELDING PROCEDURE. The materials and
detailed methods and practices employed in the welding of
GROOVE WELD. A weld made in the groove between two a particular joint.
members to be joined.
L
H
LAP JOINT. A joint between two overlapping members.
HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE. That portion of the base metal
which has not been melted, but whose mechanical properties LAYER. A stratum of weld metal or surfacing material.
or microstructure have been altered by the heat of welding, The layer may consist of one or more welds beads laid side
brazing, soldering, or cutting. by side.
HORIZONTAL FIXED POSITION (PIPE WELDING). LEG OF A FILLET WELD. The distance from the root of
The position of a pipe joint in which the axis of the pipe is the joint to the toe of the fillet weld.
approximately horizontal, and the pipe is not rotated during
welding. M
HORIZONTAL POSITION - FILLET WELD. The position MACHINE WELDING. Welding with equipment which
in which welding is performed on the upper side of an performs the welding operation under the constant
approximately horizontal surface and against an observation and control of an operator. The equipment may
approximately vertical surface. or may not perform the loading and unloading of the work.
See automatic welding.
HORIZONTAL POSITION - GROOVE WELD. The
position of welding in which the axis of the weld lies in an MANUAL WELDING. A welding operation performed and
approximately horizontal plane and the face of the weld controlled completely by hand. See automatic welding,
lies in an approximately vertical plane. machine welding, and semiautomatic welding.
HORIZONTAL ROLLED POSITION (PIPE WELDING). OVERHEAD POSITION. The position in which welding
The position of a pipe joint in which the axis of the pipe is is performed from the underside of the joint.
approximately horizontal, and welding is performed in the
flat position by rotating the pipe. OVERLAP. The protrusion of weld metal beyond the toe,
face, or root of the weld.
I
OXYGEN CUTTING (OC). A group of cutting processes
INERT GAS METAL ARC WELDING. See preferred term used to sever or remove metals by means of the chemical
gas metal arc welding. reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated
temperatures. In the case of oxidation-resistant metals, the
INTERMITTENT WELD. A weld in which the continuity reaction is facilitated by the use of a chemical flux or metal
is broken by recurring unwelded spaces. powder.
INTERPASS TEMPERATURE. In a multiple-pass weld, OXYGEN GOUGING. An application of oxygen cutting

the temperature (minimum or maximum as specified) of in which a bevel or groove is formed.
the deposited weld before the next pass is started.
59
TABLE 27-13.Q
(continued)
P R
PARALLEL ELECTRODE. See submerged arc welding RANDOM SEQUENCE. See preferred term wandering
(SAW). sequence.
PARTIAL JOINT PENETRATION. Joint penetration which REINFORCEMENT OF WELD. Weld metal in excess of
is less than complete. the quantity required to fill a joint.
PASS. See preferred term weld pass. REJECTABLE DISCONTINUITY. See preferred term
defect.
PEENING. The mechanical working of metals using impact
blows. ROOT FACE. That portion of the groove face adjacent to
the root of the joint.
PIPE. Tubular-shaped product of circular cross section. See
tubular. ROOT GAP. See preferred term root opening.
PIPING POROSITY (GENERAL). Elongated porosity ROOT OF JOINT. That portion of a joint to be welded where
whose major dimension lies in a direction approximately the members approach closest to each other. In cross section,
normal to the weld surface. Frequently referred to as “pin the root of the joint may be either a point, a line, or an area.
holes” when the porosity extends to the weld surface.
ROOT OF WELD. The points, as shown in cross section,
PLUG WELD. A circular weld made through a hole in one at which the back of the weld intersects the base metal
member of a lap or T-joint fusing that member to the other. surfaces.
The walls of the hole may or may not be parallel and the
hole may be partially or completely filled with weld metal. ROOT OPENING. The separation, at the root of the joint,
(A fillet welded hole or a spot weld should not be construed between the members to be joined.
as conforming to this definition.
S
POROSITY. Cavity type discontinuities formed by gas
entrapment during solidification. SEMIAUTOMATIC ARC WELDING. Arc welding with
equipment which controls only the filler metal feed. The
POSITIONED WELD. A weld made in a joint which has advance of the welding is manually controlled.
been so placed as to facilitate making the weld.
SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING (SMAW). An arc
POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT. Any heat treatment welding process which produces coalescence of metals by
subsequent to welding. heating with an arc between a covered metal electrode and
the work. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the
PREHEATING. The application of heat to the base metal electrode covering. Pressure is not used and filler metal is
immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, or cutting. obtained from the electrode.
PREHEAT TEMPERATURE. A specified temperature that SHIELDING GAS. Protective gas used to prevent
the base metal must attain in the welding, brazing, soldering, atmospheric contamination.
or cutting area immediately before these operations are
performed. SINGLE-WELDED JOINT. In arc and gas welding, any
joint welded from one side only.
PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION. The demonstration that
welds made by a specific procedure can meet prescribed SIZE OF WELD.
standards.
fillet weld size. For equal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths
Q of the largest isosceles right triangle which can be
inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. For unequal
QUALIFICATION. See preferred terms welder leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest right triangle
performance qualification and procedure qualification. that can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section.
60
TABLE 27-13.Q
(continued)
Note: When one member makes an angle with the other T

member greater than 105%, the leg length (size) is of
less significance than the effective throat, which is the TACK WELD. A weld made to hold parts of a weldment in
controlling factor for the strength of the weld. proper alignment until the final welds are made.
groove weld size. The joint penetration of a groove weld. TACKER. A fitter, or someone under the direction of a fitter,
who tack welds parts of a weldment to hold them in proper
SLOT WELD. A weld made in an elongated hole in one alignment until the final welds are made.
member of a lap or T-joint joining that member to that
portion of the surface of the other member which is exposed TANDEM. Refers to a geometrical arrangement of
through the hole. The hole may be open at one end and electrodes in which a line through the arcs is parallel to the
may be partially or completely filled with weld metal. (A direction of welding.
fillet welded slot should not be construed as conforming to
this definition.) TEMPORARY WELD. A weld made to attach a piece or
pieces to a weldment for temporary use in handling,
SPATTER. The metal particles expelled during welding; shipping, or working on the weldment.
they do not form a part of the weld.
throat of a fillet weld.
STRINGER BEAD. A type of weld bead made without theoretical throat. The distance from the beginning of
appreciable weaving motion. joint root perpendicular to the hypotenuse of the largest
right triangle that can be inscribed within the cross section
STUD ARC WELDING (SW). An arc welding process of a fillet weld. This dimension is based on the
which produces coalescence of metals by heating with an assumption that the root opening is equal to zero.
arc between a metal stud or similar part and the other work actual throat. The shortest distance between the weld
part. When the surfaces to be joined are properly heated, root and the face of a fillet weld.
they are brought together under pressure. Partial shielding
may be obtained by the use of a ceramic ferrule surrounding throat of a groove weld. A nonstandard term for groove
the stud. Shielding gas or flux may or may not be used. weld size.
SUBMERGED ARC WELDING (SAW). An arc welding T-JOINT. A joint between two members located
process which produces coalescence of metals by heating approximately at right angles to each other in the form of a
with an arc or arcs between a bare metal electrode or T.
electrodes and the work. The arc is shielded by a blanket of
granular, fusible material on the work. Pressure is not used TOE OF WELD. The junction between the face of a weld
and filler metal is obtained from the electrode and and the base metal.
sometimes from a supplementary welding rod.
TRANSVERSE DISCONTINUITY. A weld discontinuity
SINGLE ELECTRODE. One electrode connected whose major dimension is in a direction perpendicular to
exclusively to one power source which may consist of one the weld axis “X.”
or more power units.
TUBULAR. Tubular products is a generic term for a family
PARALLEL ELECTRODE. Two electrodes connected of hollow section products of various cross-sectional
electrically in parallel and exclusively to the same power configuration. The term “pipe” denotes cylindrical products
source. Both electrodes are usually fed by means of a single to differentiate from square and rectangular hollow section
electrode feeder. Welding current, when specified, is the products. However, a tube or tubing can also be cylindrical.
total for the two electrodes. User should note the AISC designation of tubular sections:
TSC x t for circular tubes (pipe) TSa x b x t for square and
MULTIPLE ELECTRODES. The combination of two or rectangular tubes (referred to collectively as box sections
more parallel electrode systems. Each of the component in Section 10) Where TS = the group symbol t nominal
systems has its own independent power source and its own wall thickness D nominal outside diameter a nominal major
electrode feeder. width b nominal minor width.
61
TABLE 27-13.Q
(continued)
TUBULAR CONNECTION. A connection in the portion WELDER. One who performs a manual or semiautomatic
of a tubular structure which contains two or more welding operation.
intersecting tubular members.
WELDER CERTIFICATION. Certification in writing that
TUBULAR JOINT. A joint in the interface created by one a welder has produced welds meeting prescribed standards.
tubular member intersecting another.
WELDER PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION. The
U demonstration of a welder’s ability to produce welds
meeting prescribed standards.
UNDERCUT. A groove melted into the base metal adjacent
to the toe or root of a weld and left unfilled by weld metal. WELDING. A metal joining process used in making welds.
V WELDING MACHINE. Equipment used to perform the

welding operation. For example, spot welding machine, arc
VERTICAL POSITION. The position of welding in which welding machine, seam welding machine, etc.
the axis of the weld is approximately vertical.
WELDING OPERATOR. One who operates machine or
VERTICAL POSITION PIPE WELDING. The position of automatic welding equipment.
a pipe joint wherein welding is performed in the horizontal
position and the pipe shall not be rotated during welding. WELDING PROCEDURE. The detailed methods and
practices including all joint welding procedures involved
W in the production of a weldment. See joint welding
procedure.
WANDERING SEQUENCE. A longitudinal sequence in
which the weld bead increments are deposited at random. WELDING SEQUENCE. The order of making the welds
in a weldment.
WEAVE BEAD. A type of weld bead made with transverse
oscillation. WELDMENT. An assembly whose component parts are
joined by welding.
WELD. A localized coalescence of metals produced either
by heating to suitable temperatures, with or without the
application of pressure or by the application of pressure
alone, and with or without the use of filler metal.
WELDABILITY. The capacity of a metal to be welded

under the fabrication conditions imposed into a specific
suitably designed structure and to perform satisfactorily in
the intended service.
WELD BEAD. A weld deposit resulting from a pass. See

stringer bead and weave bead.
62

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WABO Standard No.

WABO Standard No. 27-13

Effective October 2002

This Standard has been published as follows:

1st edition November 1980

Washington Association of Building Officials

The Washington Association of Building Officials (WABO) is a State of Washington nonprofit

Table of Contents ................................................................................................... iii

27-13.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................. 1

27-13.2 Scope ..................................................................................................................... 1

27-13.3 Welder Qualifying Agency Requirements ............................................................. 1

27-13.4 Welder Certification ............................................................................................... 3

27-13.5 Welder Qualification General Requirements ......................................................... 5

27-13.6 Welder Qualification Tests ..................................................................................... 6

27-13.7 Qualification Tests Required and Limitations ....................................................... 7

27-13.8 Visual Inspection Criteria for Acceptance ............................................................. 8

27-13.9 Test Specimens, Root, Face, or Side-bend ............................................................ 10

27-13.10 Methods of Testing Specimens .............................................................................. 10

27-13.11 Technical Inquiries ................................................................................................ 12

27-13.12 Challenges and Appeals ......................................................................................... 13

27-13.13 Suspensions and Withdrawals................................................................................ 13

List of Figures ........................................................................................................ 17

List of Tables ......................................................................................................... 43

SECTION 27-13.2 – SCOPE

SECTION 27-13.3 – WELDER QUALIFYING AGENCY REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Independent testing laboratories

2.4 Others granted approval by WABO

Inspection-Evaluation of welder qualifying agencies will be performed by one or more persons

4. CERTIFICATION OF WELDER QUALIFYING AGENCIES

2. SHEET STEEL WELDER

4. REINFORCING STEEL WELDER

5.4 Welder Certification Revocation

Section 27-13.5 - WELDER QUALIFICATION GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. KNOWLEDGE AND ABILITY

1.2.6 Grinding of root and cover passes not permitted.

Certificates shall be issued by WABO.

Section 27-13.6 - WELDER QUALIFICATION TESTS

1. QUALIFICATION TEST FOR STRUCTURAL WELDERS – 1/8 inch thickness and

1.1 Groove weld test for plate of unlimited thickness.

2. QUALIFICATION TEST FOR SHEET STEEL WELDERS (See Figure 27-13.09.7)

4. QUALIFICATION TEST FOR REINFORCING STEEL WELDERS

Section 27-13.7 - QUALIFICATION TESTS REQUIRED AND LIMITATIONS

Section 27-13.8 - VISUAL INSPECTION CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTANCE

1. PLATE AND REINFORCING STEEL WELDS

A weld shall be acceptable by visual inspection if it shows the following:

A pipe weld shall be acceptable by visual inspection if it shows the following:

Pipe Wall Thickness Reinforcement, Maximum

3/8 or less 3/32

2.4 There is no evidence of cracks, incomplete fusion, or inadequate joint penetration in

3. SHEET STEEL FILLET WELDS

A fillet weld shall be acceptable by visual inspection if it is reasonably uniform in appearance

4. ACCEPTABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE WELD PROFILES

1. TYPE AND NUMBER

Section 27-13.10 - METHODS OF TESTING SPECIMENS

1. ROOT-, FACE-, OR SIDE-BEND TEST AND EVALUATION

1.1 1/8 inch-measured in any direction on the surface.

2. SHEET STEEL FILLET WELD BREAK TEST AND EVALUATION

3. REINFORCING STEEL WELD TEST AND EVALUATION

SECTION 27-13.11 – TECHNICAL INQUIRIES

All inquiries must be submitted in writing to: