Wheels and Tyres

Wheels and Tyres
Topics covered in this presentation:

◼ Tyres
◼ Wheels
TERMINOLOGY
• Plies – Layers of strong fabric which are built up to give the tyre its strength and
shape
• Radial Ply Tyre – the main plies of the tyre run at 90 degrees from one bead to
the other.
• Cross Ply Tyre – the main plies of the tyre run at 45 degrees from one bead to the
other.
• Bead – loops of steel which are the anchorage point for the plies.
• Tread – this provides the grip with the road surface, the pattern assists in clearing
any water away
• Side Wall – this connects the beads to the tread of the tyre.
Wheel - Basics
Most standard wheels are made of steel.
Some vehicles are fitted with alloy

wheels that are made of
magnesium or aluminium.
The rim holds the tyre.
The well of the wheel allows the
Rim
tyre to be removed and refitted
The centre section is

welded to the rim.
The pilot bore fits to the hub.

Centre mounting section
Next >
Valve Stems and Cores –
Three functions – It retains the air, it
allows inflation and deflation.
The rubber stem of the valve is Valve core Valve stem

pulled into the wheel.
Seat
The valve core contains a washer
spring loaded air valve insert.
The valve core also has a sealing

washer and a seat washer.
The valve cap keeps out Sealing

dust and helps keep air in. washer
Tyre pressures must only be checked and

adjusted when the tyre is cold Valve caps Next >
Wheel Nut Torque
Correct torque of wheel fixing is
vital for all vehicles, and nearly
all require the use of a
torque wrench.
Excessive torque can lead to

wheel or hub distortion, causing
runout and vibration.
Low torque may allow wheel

nuts to work loose and wheels
to come off.
Nuts should be tightened in a Torque

diagonal pattern. wrench
Wheel Sizes
TYRES
Basic Functions
• The tyre acts as the primary suspension, cushioning
the vehicle from the effects of a rough surface.
• It also provides frictional contact with the road
surface.
• This allows the driving wheels to move the vehicle.
• The front tyres allows the wheels to steer .
• The tyres allow the brakes to slow or stop the vehicle
PNEUMATIC TYRES
• The tyre is a flexible casing, which contains air.

• Tyres are manufactured from reinforced synthetic rubber.
• The tyre is made from an inner layer of fabric plies, which
are wrapped around bead wires at the inner edges.
• The bead wires hold the tyre in position on the wheel rim.
• The fabric plies are coated with rubber, which is moulded
to form the side walls and tread of the tyre. Behind the
tread is a reinforcing band, usually made of steel,rayon,or
glass fibre. Modern tyres are mostly tubeless, so they have a
thin layer of rubber coating inside to act as a seal.
Tyre Construction
• Cross – ply tyres are not used

on any mass produced modern
cars. However, the
construction details are useful
to show how tyre technology
has developed.
• Several textile plies are laid
across each other, running
from bead to bead in alternate
directions.
• The number of plies depends
on the size of the tyre and the
load it has to carry.
• The same number of plies is
used on the crown and the
sidewalls.
Tyre Construction
• Radial – Ply tyres consist of a
carcass ply formed by textile
arcs running from one bead to
the other.
• Each ply which is laid in an arc
at an angle of 90 degrees to
the direction the tyre rolls.
• At the top of the tyre crown
(under the tread), there is a
belt made up of several plies
reinforced with metal wire, laid
on top of the carcass ply.
• These crown plies, laid one on
top of the other, overlap at an
angle determined by the type
of the tyre.
Tyre Specifications
P 205/55 V R 16
RIM DIAMETER
TYPE (INCHES) 13, 14 ETC
P - PASSENGER TYPE
T - TEMPORARY B - BIAS-BELTED
LT - LIGHT TRUCK D - DIAGONAL BIAS
C - COMMERCIAL ASPECT RATIO R - RADIAL
(HEIGHT/WIDTH %)
55, 60, 65 70 ETC
WIDTH SPEED RATING

(MILLIMETERS) B (31 MPH) -
145-315 V (150 MPH) -
Z (OVER 150 MPH)
Next >
• Remember the tyre tread depth must be not less than 1.6mm over the central
three-quarters of the tyre and must go all the way round the circumference in
an continuous unbroken band with no bald patches anywhere on the tyre tread.
• Cross-ply and radial ply tyres must never be fitted to the same axle.
• Tyre pressures must be set to the manufactures recommendations
• The tread and side wall must be free from large cuts, abrasions or bubbles
Balance
Wheel imbalance causes wheel
tramp, or hop, makes the tyre
vibrate up and down.
Centrifugal forces try to throw

heavy areas outward when the
wheel is spinning.
Weight must be evenly distributed

around the axis of rotation.
Why is nitrogen gas preferred in car tires?
The basic idea of Nitrogen gas is that it is cooler than compressed air and
therefore is useful in any driving conditions. Why?
•A cooler tyre means that the stress levels on the tyre while moving are
lesser. The tread wear and tear is also lesser due to the lesser temperature.
•Higher temperature in tyres also has a tendency to burst after long hours of
running. Nitrogen reduces the chances of tyre burst by 90%. This can prove
to be a lifesaver while on the highway where long hours and high speed, both
pose a threat to the car and its passengers.
Why shouldn’t you mix cross-ply and radial-ply
tyres?
Each tyre has its own benefits, depending on the vehicle they’re fitted
to, and the stresses from speed and weight loads they’re anticipated to
experience.
If you mix them, you won’t have a single, dependable stress tolerance
across all your tyres, and this risks incurring tyre damage and having a
blowout – increasing the chance of an accident.
Advantages of radial-tyres include:
•Improved steering and contact with the road
•Better driving comfort due to flexible sidewalls
•Reduced heat generation at high speeds
•Higher resistance to tread-related damage
•Lower rolling resistance, leading to reduced fuel consumption
Advantages of cross-ply tyres include:

•Significantly improved vehicle stability
•Tougher, more resistant to sidewall damage
•Cost less to manufacture, and subsequently to buy
•Ideal for transporting heavy loads, such as for vans and light commercial
vehicles

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Topics covered in this presentation:

Some vehicles are fitted with alloy

The centre section is

The pilot bore fits to the hub.

The rubber stem of the valve is Valve core Valve stem

The valve core also has a sealing

The valve cap keeps out Sealing

Tyre pressures must only be checked and

Excessive torque can lead to

Low torque may allow wheel

Nuts should be tightened in a Torque

• The tyre is a flexible casing, which contains air.

• Cross – ply tyres are not used

WIDTH SPEED RATING

Centrifugal forces try to throw

Weight must be evenly distributed

Advantages of cross-ply tyres include:

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