Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
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Titration Curves
Here is an example of a
titration curve, produced
when a strong base is
added to a strong acid.
This curve shows how
pH varies as 0.100 M
NaOH is added to 50.0
mL of 0.100 M HCl.
The equivalence point of the titration is the point at which exactly
enough titrant has been added to react with all of the substance
being titrated with no titrant left over. In other words, at the
equivalence point, the number of moles of titrant added so far
corresponds exactly to the number of moles of substance being
titrated according to the reaction stoichiometry.
(In an acidbase titration, there is a 1:1 acid:base stoichiometry, so
the equivalence point is the point where the moles of titrant added
equals the moles of substance initially in the solution being titrated.)
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Titration Curves
Notice that the pH increases
slowly at first, then rapidly
as it nears the equivalence
point.
The pH increases slowly at first because the pH scale is
logarithmic, which means that a pH of 1 will have 10 times the
hydronium ion concentration than a pH of 2. Thus, as the
hydronium ion is initally removed, it takes a lot of base to change
its concentration by a factor of 10, but as more and more
hydronium ion is removed, less base is required to change its
concentration by a factor of 10. Near the equivalence point, a
change of a factor of 10 occurs very quickly, which is why the
graph is extremely steep at this point. As the hydronium ion
concentration becomes very low, it will again take a lot of base to
increase the hydroxide ion concentration by 10 fold to change the
pH significantly.
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Titration Curves
Calculate the pH at any point, including the
equivalence point, in an acidbase titration.
At the equivalence point, the pH
= 7.00 for strong acidstrong base
titrations. However, in other types
of titrations, this is not the case
The original number of moles of H+ in
the solution is:
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Titration Curves
What is the pH when 49.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH solution have
been added to 50.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl solution?
Because it is a strong acidbase reaction, the reaction simplifies to:
H+ (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l)
The original number of moles of H+ in
the solution is:
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Titration Curves
What is the pH when 49.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH solution have
been added to 50.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl solution?
Because it is a strong acidbase reaction, the reaction simplifies to:
H+ (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l)
The original number of moles of H+ in
the solution is:
50.00 x 103 L x 0.100 M HCl = 5.00 x 103 moles
The number of moles of OH added is :
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Titration Curves
What is the pH when 49.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH solution have
been added to 50.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl solution?
Because it is a strong acidbase reaction, the reaction simplifies to:
H+ (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l)
The original number of moles of H+ in
the solution is:
50.00 x 103 L x 0.100 M HCl = 5.00 x 103 moles
The number of moles of OH added is :
49.00 x 103 L x 0.100 M OH = 4.90 x 103 moles
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Titration Curves
What is the pH when 49.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH solution have
been added to 50.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl solution?
Because it is a strong acidbase reaction, the reaction simplifies to:
H+ (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l)
The original number of moles of H+ in
the solution is:
50.00 x 103 L x 0.100 M HCl = 5.00 x 103 moles
The number of moles of OH added is :
49.00 x 103 L x 0.100 M OH = 4.90 x 103 moles
Thus there remains:
(5.00 x 103) (4.90 x 103) = 1.0 x 104 moles H+ (aq)
The total volume of solution is 0.04900 L + 0.05000 L = 0.09900 L
[H+] = {1.0 x 104 moles / 0.09900 L } = 1.0 x 103 M
pH = 3.00
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Titration Curves
Titrations Involving a Weak Acid or Weak Base
Titration curve of a weak acid being titrated by a strong base:
Here, 0.100 M NaOH is being added to 50.0 mL of 0.100 M
acetic acid.
There are three major differences between this curve (in blue) and
the one we saw before (in black):
1. The weakacid solution has a higher initial pH.
2. The pH rises more rapidly at the start, but less rapidly near the
equivalence point.
3. The pH at the equivalence point does not equal 7.00.
POINT OF EMPHASIS : The equivalence point for a weak
acidstrong base titration has a pH > 7.00.
For a strong acidweak base or weak acidstrong base titration,
the pH will change rapidly at the very beginning and then have
a gradual slope until near the equivalence point. The gradual
slope results from a buffer solution being produced by the
addition of the strong acid or base, which resists rapid change
in pH until the added acid or base exceeds the buffer's capacity
and the rapid pH change occurs near the equivalence point.
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Titration Curves
EXAMPLE:
What is the pH when 30.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH have been added to 50.0 mL of
0.100 M acetic acid?
STEP 1: Stochiometric calculation:
The original number of moles of HC2H3O2 in the solution is :
50.0 x 103 L x 0.100 M = 5.00 x 103 moles HC2H3O2
Similarly, there are 3.00 x 103 moles of OH due to the NaOH solution.
The reaction goes to completion:
OH (aq) + HC2H3O2 (aq) > C2H3O2 (aq) + H2O (l)
The total volume is 80.0 mL.
We now calculate the resulting molarities :
[HC2H3O2] = { 2.00 x 103 mol HC2H3O2 / 0.0800 L } = 0.0250 M
[C2H3O2] = { 3.00 x 103 mol C2H3O2 } / 0.0800 L } = 0.0375 M
STEP 2: Equilibrium calculation, using simplification:
Ka = { [H+][C2H3O2] / [HC2H3O2] } = 1.8 x 105
[H+] = { KA [HC2H3O2] / [C2H3O2] } = { (1.8 x 105)(0.0250) / (0.0375) } = 1.2 x 10
5
M
pH = log(1.2 x 105) = 4.92
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Titration Curves
Titration curve of a weak base being titrated by a strong acid:
Here, 0.100 M HCl is being added to 50.0 mL of 0.100 M ammonia solution.
As in the weak acidstrong base titration, there are three major differences between
this curve (in blue) and a strong basestrong acid one (in black): (Note that the
strong basestrong acid titration curve is identical to the strong acidstrong base
titration, but flipped vertically.)
1. The weakacid solution has a lower initial pH.
2. The pH drops more rapidly at the start, but less rapidly near the equivalence
point.
3. The pH at the equivalence point does not equal 7.00.
POINT OF EMPHASIS : The equivalence point for a weak basestrong acid
titration has a pH < 7.00.
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Titration Curves
Titrations of Polyprotic Acids
An example of a polyprotic acid is H2CO3 which neutralizes
in two steps:
H2CO3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l) + HCO3 (aq)
HCO3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l) + CO32 (aq)
The titration curve for these reactions will look like this,
with two equivalence points.
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Titration Curves
Uses of Titration Curves
Use titration data or a titration curve to calculate reaction
quantities such as the concentration of the substance being
titrated.
The most common use of titrations is for measuring
unknown concentrations. This is done by titrating a known
volume of the unknown solution with a solution of known
concentration (where the two react in a predictable
manner) and finding the volume of titrant needed to reach
the equivalence point using some method appropriate to
the particular reaction. Then, the volume and
concentration of titrant can be used to calculate the moles
of titrant added, which, when used with the reaction
stoichiometry, gives the number of moles of substance
being titrated. Finally, this quantity, along with the volume
of substance being titrated, gives the unknown
concentration.
For acidbase titrations, the equivalence point can be
found very easily. A pH meter is simply placed in the
solution being titrated and the pH is measured after various
volumes of titrant have been added to produce a titration
curve. The equivalence point can then be read off the
curve.
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Titration Curves
EXAMPLE:
If 80.0 mL of 0.200 M NaOH are required to reach the equivalence point
in a titration of 50.0 mL of hydrofluoric acid, what is the concentration of
the hydrofluoric acid?
The neutralization reaction goes to completion:
HF + OH F + H2O
The number of moles of NaOH added was:
nNaOH = [NaOH] x VNaOH
nNaOH = 0.200 M x 80.0 mL
nNaOH = 16 mmol
Since each NaOH produces 1 OH, nOH = nNaOH = 16 mmol
From the 1:1 stoichiometry between HF and OH, nHF = nOH = 16 mmol
So, the concentration of the original hydrofluoric acid solution was:
[HF] = nHF / VHF
[HF] = 16 mmol / 50 mL
[HF] = 0.320 M
In the same way, knowing the equivalence point can also be used to
calculate other unknown quantities of interest in acid base reactions, such as
concentration of titrant or volume of solution being titrated, provided that
enough other information is known to perform the calculations.
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