pH, INDICATOR CONCEPT,

SALT HYDROLYSIS
Textbook:
Essentials of Physical Chemistry.
By: B.S. Bahl, G.D.Tuli
CHAPTER: 27 & 28
Reference Book:
General Chemistry By: D. D. Ebbing, 9th edition
CHAPTER: 16
 The pH of a Solution
the negative of the logarithm of the molar hydrogen-ion
concentration
pOH = -log
[OH-]
 Effect of pH

ACID RAIN
SOx , COx and NOx in the air react with rain water to form

H2SO4,H2SO3 ,H2CO3 ,HNO3 and HNO2 acid. These acid pollutants reach high into
the atmosphere, travel with the wind for hundreds of miles and eventually return to
the ground by way of rain, snow, or fog, and as invisible “dry” forms.
1. Acid rain leaches nutrients from soils, slows the growth of trees, and makes
lakes uninhabitable for fish and other wildlife.
2. In cities, acid pollutants corrode almost everything they touch, accelerating
natural wear and tear on structures such as buildings and statues.
3. Acids combine with other chemicals to form urban smog, which attacks the
lungs, causing illness and premature deaths.
 DO
Type I to VII
Prob.01: A solution is obtained by dissolving a 5.00-grain tablet of aspirin
equivalent to 0.325 g acetylsalicylic acid in 0.5 L of water at 250C .The
acetylsalicylic acid, HC9H7O4 is monoprotic.

a. Calculate the pH of the solution. Ka = 3.3 × 10-4

b. Calculate the concentration of acetylsalicylate ion.

c. Calculate its [OH-].

Prob.02: Calculate the pH of 0.001 M HNO3.

Prob.03: Calculate the pH of 0.1 M H2SO4 at 250C. Ka1 is large and
Ka2 is 0.012M.
Prob.04: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a diprotic acid, H2C6H6O6. A
solution of 0.10 M Ascorbic acid is prepared.

a. Calculate initial pH or pH for the first step of 0.10 M solution?

b. What is the concentration of ascorbate ion, ?
c. Calculate final pH or pH after complete dissociation of 0.10 M
solution. Ka1=7.9×10-5 and Ka2 = 1.6×10-12.
Prob.05:
Prob.04:
 Problem on Acidic Buffer
1. Supposed that 25 ml 0.1M CH3COOH is taken in a beaker. Then

30 ml 0.1 M CH3COONa is mixed with it. As a result a buffer

solution is prepared. Then 9.5 ml 0.1M HCl is added to this buffer
solution. Ka = 1.8 ×10-5.
a. Calculate the pH of 0.1M CH3COOH.
b. Is the prepared buffer solution an acidic or basic?
c. Calculate the pH of the buffer solution.
d. Does the pH of the buffer solution increase compared to the pH
value obtained from (a)? If so, why?
e. Calculate the pH of the buffer solution after adding HCl.
f. Does the pH value decrease or increase negligibly or significantly
after adding HCl?
g. Explain the reason for the answer that you found from (f)?
2. Supposed that 25 ml 0.1M HCN is taken in a beaker. Then 30 ml
0.1 M NaCN is mixed with it. As a result a buffer solution is
prepared. Then 9.5 ml 0.1M KOH is added to this buffer solution.
Ka = 1.8 ×10-5.
a. Is the prepared buffer solution an acidic or basic?
b. Calculate the pH of 0.1M HCN.
c. Calculate the pH of the buffer solution.
d. Does the pH of the buffer solution increase compared to the pH
value obtained from (b)? If so, why?
e. Calculate the pH of the buffer solution after adding KOH.
f. Does the pH value decrease or increase negligibly or significantly
after adding KOH?
g. Explain the reason for the answer that you found from (f)?
 Problem on Basic Buffer
3. Supposed that 25 ml 0.1M NH4OH is taken in a beaker. Then 30 ml

0.1 M NH4NO3 is mixed with it. As a result a buffer solution is

prepared. Then 9.5 ml 0.1M KOH is added to this buffer solution.

Kb of NH4OH = 1.8 ×10-5.

a. Is the prepared buffer solution an acidic or basic?
b. Calculate the pH of 0.1M NH4OH.
c. Calculate the pH of the buffer solution.
d. Does the pH of the buffer solution differ compared to the pH
value obtained from (b)? If so, why?
e. Calculate the pH of the buffer solution after adding KOH.
f. Does the pH value decrease or increase negligibly or significantly?
g. Explain the reason for the answer that you have found from (f)?
 ACID–BASE INDICATORS

Figure: Some acid–base indicators in solutions of different H3O+

concentrations.
 Relation of Indicator color to
pH

If [H+] is large, [HIn] is large and the color is red. When [H+] is small, [In–] is
large and the solution is yellow. At the equivalence point, [In–] = [HIn] and the
color is orange (red + yellow). Obviously the indicator color is controlled by
hydrogen ion concentration or pH of the solution.
 ACID–BASE TITRATION CURVE ( is a plot of the pH of a
solution of acid (or base) against the volume of added base (or
acid).)

Figure : Curve for the titration of a strong acid by a strong base

Figure : Curve for the titration of a weak acid by a strong base
Figure : Curve for the titration of a strong acid by a weak base
Figure : Curve for the titration of a strong acid by a weak base
 Calculation of the pH of a Solution at Several Points of
Acid–Base Titration

[Based on STRONG ACID-STRONG BASE]

1. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NaOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl

solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.

[Based on WEAK ACID-STRONG BASE]

2. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M CH3COOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M

NaOH solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of
the titration:
a. before the addition of any NaOH; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M
 [Based on STRONG ACID-WEAK BASE]

1. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NH4OH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl

solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
 [Based on STRONG ACID-STRONG BASE]
1. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NaOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl
solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
1. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NaOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl
solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
 [Based on STRONG ACID-STRONG BASE]
1. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NaOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl
solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
1. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NaOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl
solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
2. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M CH3COOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M
NaOH solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of
the titration:
a. before the addition of any NaOH; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M
NaOH.
2. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M CH3COOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M
NaOH solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of
the titration:
a. before the addition of any NaOH; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M
NaOH.
2. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M CH3COOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M
NaOH solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of
the titration:
a. before the addition of any NaOH; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M
NaOH.
2. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M CH3COOH solution is titrated with 0.100 M
NaOH solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of
the titration:
a. before the addition of any NaOH; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M
NaOH.
3. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NH4OH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl
solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
3. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NH4OH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl
solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
3. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NH4OH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl
solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
3. A 10.0 mL sample of 0.200 M NH4OH solution is titrated with 0.100 M HCl
solution. Calculate the pH of the solution at each of the following points of the
titration:
a. before the addition of any HCl; b. halfway to the equivalence/end point;
c. at the equivalence/end point; d. after the addition of 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
Salt Hydrolysis

Salts of Weak acids and Strong

bases
EXAMPLES OF HYDROLYSIS

Salts of Weak acids and Strong bases

Salts of Weak bases and Strong

acids
 Salts of Weak bases and Strong
acids

Salts of Weak acids and Weak

bases
The examples of this type of salts are ammonium acetate, ammonium
cyanide and ammonium fluoride. Both the anion and the cation
produced by ionisation of the salt undergo hydrolysis. The resulting
solution is neutral, basic or acidic depending on the relative hydrolysis
of the anions and the cations.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECT OF HYDROLYSIS

Relation between Hydrolysis

constant and Degree of
hydrolysis
It is evident that pH of the

solution will always be greater

than 7. Thus aqueous solution of

salt of weak acid and strong base

 Deriv
e
For Salts of Weak bases and Strong
acids