Lehninger Biochem Chapter 2

Study online at quizlet.com/_3rfk7z

1. What about hydrogen bonds is Individual hydrogen bonds 4. Dissolved solutes alter some physical concentration
NOT true in liquid water exist for (colligative) properties of the solvent water of the water.
many seconds and because they change the:
A) Hydrogen bonds account sometimes for minutes.
for the anomalously high A) concentration of the water.
boiling point of water. B) hydrogen bonding of the water.
B) In liquid water, the average C) ionic bonding of the water.
water molecule forms D) pH of the water.
hydrogen bonds with three to E) temperature of the water.
four other water
5. Osmosis is movement of a: water
molecules.
A) charged solute molecule (ion) across a molecule
C) Individual hydrogen bonds
membrane. across a
are much weaker than
B) gas molecule across a membrane. membrane.
covalent bonds.
C) nonpolar solute molecule across a
D) Individual hydrogen bonds
membrane.
in liquid water exist for many
D) polar solute molecule across a
seconds and sometimes for
membrane.
minutes.
E) water molecule across a membrane.
E) The strength of a hydrogen
bond depends on the linearity 6. A hydronium ion: E) all of the
of the three atoms involved above are
A) has the structure H3O+. true.
2. A true statement about are the driving force in the
B) is a hydrated hydrogen ion.
hydrophobic interactions is formation of micelles of
C) is a hydrated proton.
that they: amphipathic compounds in
D) is the usual form of one of the
water.
dissociation products of water in solution.
A) are the driving force in the
E) all of the above are true.
formation of micelles of
amphipathic compounds in 7. The pH of a solution of 1 M HCl is: 0
water. A) 0
B) do not contribute to the B) 0.1
structure of water-soluble C) 1
proteins. D) 10
C) have bonding energies of E) -1
approximately 20-40 Kjoule 8. The pH of a solution of 0.1 M NaOH is: 13
per mole. A) 0.1
D) involve the ability of water B) 1.0
to denature proteins. C) 12.8
E) primarily involve the effect D) 13
of polar solutes on the E) 14
entropy of aqueous systems.
3. Hydrophobic interactions E) all of the above are true.
make important energetic
contributions to:

A) binding of a hormone to its

receptor protein.
B) enzyme-substrate
interactions.
C) membrane structure.
D) three-dimensional folding
of a polypeptide chain.
E) all of the above are true.
9. Which of the following is true about D- Hydrogen 14. Which of the following statements E - When pH = pKa,
the properties of aqueous solutions? bonds form readily about buffers is true? the weak acid and
in aqueous salt concentrations
A) A pH change from 5.0 to 6.0 solutions. A) A buffer composed of a weak acid in a buffer are equal.
reflects an increase in the hydroxide of pKa = 5 is stronger at pH 4 than at
ion concentration ([OH-]) of pH 6.
20%. B) At pH values lower than the pKa,
B) A pH change from 8.0 to 6.0 the salt concentration is higher than
reflects a decrease in the proton that of the acid.
concentration ([H+]) by a factor of C) The pH of a buffered solution
100. remains constant no matter how
C) Charged molecules are generally much acid or base is added to the
insoluble in water. solution.
D) Hydrogen bonds form readily in D) The strongest buffers are those
aqueous solutions. composed of strong acids and strong
E) The pH can be calculated by adding bases.
7 to the value of the pOH. E) When pH = pKa, the weak acid and
salt concentrations in a buffer are
10. The pH of a sample of blood is 7.4, a million times
equal.
while gastric juice is pH 1.4. The blood lower [H+] than the
sample has: gastric juice. 15. A compound has a pKa of 7.4. To 100 7.4
mL of a 1.0 M solution of this
A) 0.189 times the [H+] as the gastric compound at pH 8.0 is added 30 mL
juice. of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid. The
B) 5.29 times lower [H+] than the resulting solution is pH:
gastric juice.
16. The Henderson-Hasselbalch E - relates the pH of
C) 6 times lower [H+] than the gastric
equation: a solution to the
juice.
pKa and the
D) 6,000 times lower [H+] than the
A) allows the graphic determination concentrations of
gastric juice.
of the molecular weight of a weak acid and conjugate
E) a million times lower [H+] than the
acid from its pH alone. base.
gastric juice.
B) does not explain the behavior of
11. The aqueous solution with the lowest D) 0.1 M HCl. di- or tri-basic weak acids
pH is A) 0.01 M HCl. C) employs the same value for pKa
B) 0.1 M acetic acid (pKa = 4.86). for all weak acids.
C) 0.1 M formic acid (pKa = 3.75). D) is equally useful with solutions of
D) 0.1 M HCl. acetic acid and of hydrochloric acid.
E) 10-12 M NaOH. E) relates the pH of a solution to the
pKa and the concentrations of acid
12. The aqueous solution with the highest 0.1 M NaOH.
and conjugate base.
pH isA) 1 M HCl.
B) 1 M NH3 (pKa = 9.25).
C) 0.5 M NaHCO3 (pKa = 3.77).
D) 0.1 M NaOH.
E) 0.001 M NaOH.
13. Phosphoric acid is tribasic, with pKa's of H2PO4-.
2.14, 6.86, and 12.4. The ionic form that
predominates at pH 3.2 is:

A) H3PO4.
B) H2PO4 -.
C) HPO4 2-.
D) PO4 3-.
E) none of the above.
17. Consider an acetate buffer, initially at the D) ratio of 22. Which of the following E - The very low molecular weight
same pH as its pKa (4.76). When sodium acetic acid properties of water of water.
hydroxide (NaOH) is mixed with this buffer, to sodium does not contribute to
the: acetate in the fitness of the
the buffer aqueous environment
A) pH remains constant. falls. for living organisms
B) pH rises more than if an equal amount of
NaOH is added to an acetate buffer initially A) Cohesion of liquid
at pH 6.76. water due to
C) pH rises more than if an equal amount of hydrogen bonding.
NaOH is added to unbuffered water at pH B) High heat of
4.76. vaporization.
D) ratio of acetic acid to sodium acetate in C) High specific heat.
the buffer falls. D) The density of
E) sodium acetate formed precipitates water is greater than
because it is less soluble than acetic acid the density of ice.
E) The very low
18. A compound is known to have a free amino 5.6
molecular weight of
group with a pKa of 8.8, and one other
water.
ionizable group with a pKa between 5 and 7.
To 100 mL of a 0.2 M solution of this 23. Name and briefly Hydrogen bonds: weak electrostatic
compound at pH 8.2 was added 40 mL of a define four types of attractions between one
solution of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid. The pH noncovalent electronegative atom (such as
changed to 6.2. The pKa of the second interactions that occur oxygen or nitrogen) and a hydrogen
ionizable group is: between biological atom covalently linked to a second
molecules. electronegative atom;
19. Three buffers are made by combining a 1 M pH of buffer
solution of acetic acid with a 1 M solution of 1 > pH of
(2) electrostatic interactions:
sodium acetate in the ratios shown below. buffer 2 >
relatively weak charge-charge
pH of buffer
interactions (attractions of opposite
1 M acetic acid 1 M sodium acetate 3
charges, repulsions of like charges)
Buffer 1: 10 mL 90 mL
between two ionized groups;
Buffer 2: 50 mL 50 mL
Buffer 3: 90 mL 10 mL
(3) hydrophobic interactions: the
forces that tend to bring two
Which of these statements is true of the
hydrophobic groups together,
resulting buffers?
reducing the total area of the two
20. A 1.0 M solution of a compound with 2 5.60 groups that is exposed to
ionizable groups (pKa's = 6.2 and 9.5; 100 mL surrounding molecules of the polar
total) has a pH of 6.8. If a biochemist adds 60 solvent (water);
mL of 1.0 M HCl to this solution, the solution
will change to pH: (4) van der Waals interactions: weak
21. In which reaction below does water not E) interactions between the electric
participate as a reactant (rather than as a Production dipoles that two close-spaced
product )? of gaseous atoms induce in each other.
carbon 24. Explain the fact that Ethanol can form hydrogen bonds
A) Conversion of an acid anhydride to two dioxide ethanol (CH3CH2OH) with water molecules, but ethane
acids. from is more soluble in cannot.
B) Conversion of an ester to an acid and an bicarbonate. water than is ethane
alcohol. (CH3CH3).
C) Conversion of ATP to ADP.
D) Photosynthesis
E) Production of gaseous carbon dioxide
from bicarbonate.
25. Explain the fact The positive charge on the N atom in 29. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) At pH 4, the first dissociable
that triethylammonium chloride is more has three dissociable proton (pKa = 2.14) has been
triethylammonium polar than the uncharged N atom in protons, with the pKa's titrated completely, and the
chloride triethylamine. This increased polarity shown below. Which form second (pKa = 6.86) has just
((CH3CH2)3N•HCl) leads to stronger interactions with water, of phosphoric acid started to be titrated. The
is more soluble in leading to increased solubility. predominates in a solution dominant form at pH 4 is
water than is at pH 4? Explain your therefore H2PO4-, the form
triethylamine answer. with one dissociated proton
((CH3CH2)3N). Acid pKa (see Fig. 2-15).
H3PO4 2.14
26. Explain with an Micelle formation minimizes the area of
appropriate the hydrophobic part of amphipathic
H2PO4- 6.86
diagram why molecules that contacts the polar
amphipathic solvent, water. Hydrophobic interactions
HPO42- 12.4
molecules tend between hydrophobic moieties are the
to form micelles driving force for micelle formation. 30. Define pKa for a weak acid (1) pKa = -log Ka; (2) See Fig.
in water. What When amphipathic molecules form in the following two ways: 2-17, p. 59; pKa is the value of
force drives micelles in water, the entropy decrease (1) in relation to its acid pH at the inflection point in a
micelle due to the formation of ordered arrays dissociation constant, Ka, plot of pH vs. extent of
formation? of water molecules around the and (2) by reference to a titration of the weak acid. At
hydrophobic moieties is minimized. (See titration curve for the weak the pKa, the concentration of
Fig. 2-7, p. 48.) acid. ionized acid equals the
concentration of un-ionized
27. (a) Briefly define a) An isotonic solution has the same
acid.
"isotonic," osmolarity as the solution to which it is
"hypotonic," and being compared. A hypotonic solution 31. Give the general The inflection point, which
"hypertonic" has a lower osmolarity than the solution Henderson-Hasselbalch occurs when the weak acid has
solutions. (b) to which it is being compared. A equation and sketch the been exactly one half titrated
Describe what hypertonic solution has a higher plot it describes (pH with NaOH, occurs at a pH
happens when a osmolarity than the solution to which it against amount of NaOH equal to the pKa of the weak
cell is placed in is being compared. (b) Higher added to a weak acid). On acid. The region of greatest
each of these osmolarity results in osmotic pressure, your curve label the pKa buffering capacity (where the
types of which generally leads to movement of for the weak acid, and titration curve is flattest)
solutions. water across a membrane. In an isotonic indicate the region in occurs at pH values of pKa ±1.
solution, in which the osmolarity of the which the buffering (See Fig. 2-17, p. 59.)
solution is the same as the cell capacity of the system is
cytoplasm, there will be no net water greatest.
movement. In a hypotonic solution,
32. Draw the titration curve for The plot of pH vs. added base
water will move into the cell, causing
a weak acid, HA, whose should have the general shape
the cell to swell and possibly burst. In a
pKa is 3.2. Label the axes of those shown in Fig. 2-17, p.
hypertonic solution, water will move out
properly. Indicate with an 59, with the midpoint of the
of the cell and it will shrink.
arrow where on the curve titration (inflection point) at pH
28. For each of the RCOO-, RNH2, H2PO4-, HCO3- the ratio of salt (A-) to acid 3.2. The ratio of A- to HA is 3
pairs below, circle (HA) is 3:1. What is the pH when 0.75 equivalents of base
the conjugate at this point? have been added. From the
base. Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation, the pH at this point
RCOOH RCOO- can be calculated:
pH = pKa + log = 3.2 + log 3 =
RNH2 RNH3+ 3.2 + 0.48 = 3.68
33. What is the pH of a pH = pKa + log = 4.7 + log
H2PO4- H3PO4
solution containing 0.2 M (0.1/0.2)
acetic acid (pKa = 4.7) and
H2CO3 HCO3-
0.1 M sodium acetate? = 4.7 - 0.3 = 4.4
34. You have just made a pH = pKa + log = 4.7 + log (5/150) 40. Which of these statements D) Individual hydrogen
solution by about hydrogen bonds is not bonds in liquid water exist
combining 50 mL of a = 4.7 - 1.48 = 3.22 true? for many seconds and
0.1 M sodium acetate A) Hydrogen bonds account sometimes for minutes.
solution with 150 mL for the anomalously high
of 1 M acetic acid boiling point of water.
(pKa = 4.7). What is B) In liquid water, the average
the pH of the water molecule forms
resulting solution? hydrogen bonds with three to
four other water
35. For a weak acid with 10
molecules.
a pKa of 6.0, show
C) Individual hydrogen bonds
how you would
are much weaker than
calculate the ratio of
covalent bonds.
acid to salt at pH 5.
D) Individual hydrogen bonds
36. Suppose you have Addition of 200 mmol of NaOH in liquid water exist for many
just added 100 mL of (400 mL 0.5 M) to 50 mmol of acetic seconds and sometimes for
a solution containing acid (100 mL 0.5 mM) completely minutes.
0.5 mol of acetic acid titrates the acid so that it can no E) The strength of a hydrogen
per liter to 400 mL of longer act as a buffer and leaves bond depends on the linearity
0.5 M NaOH. What is 150 mmol of NaOH dissolved in 500 of the three atoms involved in
the final pH? (The mL, an [OH-] of 0.3 M. Given [OH-], the bond.
pKa of acetic acid is [H+] can be calculated from the
41. A true statement about A) are the driving force in
4.7.) water constant:
hydrophobic interactions is the formation of micelles of
that they: amphipathic compounds in
[H+][OH-] = 10-14
A) are the driving force in the water.
formation of micelles of
[H+] = 10-14 M2 / 0.3 M
amphipathic compounds in
water.
pH is, by definition, log (1/[H+])
B) do not contribute to the
pH = log (0.3 M /10-14 M2) = 12.48.
structure of water-soluble
37. A weak acid HA, has Combining 1 mol of weak acid with proteins.
a pKa of 5.0. If 1.0 0.1 mol of NaOH yields 0.9 mol of C) have bonding energies of
mol of this acid and weak acid and 0.1 mol of salt. approximately 20-40 Kjoule
0.1 mol of NaOH pH = pKa + log = 5.0 + log (0.1/0.9) = per mole.
were dissolved in 4.05 D) involve the ability of water
one liter of water, to denature proteins.
what would the final E) primarily involve the effect
pH be? of polar solutes on the
38. Give an example of a See p. 65, for examples such as entropy of aqueous systems.
biological reaction in condensation and hydrolysis 42. Hydrophobic interactions E) all of the above are true.
which water reactions. make important energetic
participates as a contributions to:
reactant and a A) binding of a hormone to its
reaction in which it receptor protein.
participates as a B) enzyme-substrate
product. interactions.
39. If ice were denser Ice formed at the surface of bodies C) membrane structure.
than water, how of water would sink, hence streams, D) three-dimensional folding
would that affect life ponds, lakes, and so on would of a polypeptide chain.
on earth? freeze from the bottom up. With a E) all of the above are true.
reservoir of ice at the bottom they
would be perpetually cold, and in
the limit they would freeze solid,
precluding life as we know it.
43. Dissolved solutes alter some physical A) concentration of 48. A compound has a pKa of 7.4. D) 7.4
(colligative) properties of the solvent the water. To 100 mL of a 1.0 M solution
water because they change of this compound at pH 8.0 is
the: added 30
A) concentration of the water. mL of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid.
B) hydrogen bonding of the water. The resulting solution is pH:
C) ionic bonding of the water. A) 6.5
D) pH of the water. B) 6.8
E) temperature of the water. C) 7.2
D) 7.4
44. Osmosis is movement of a: E) water molecule
E) 7.5
A) charged solute molecule (ion) across a
across a membrane. membrane. 49. The Henderson-Hasselbalch E) relates the pH of a
B) gas molecule across a membrane. equation: solution to the pKa and the
C) nonpolar solute molecule across a A) allows the graphic concentrations of acid and
membrane. determination of the conjugate base.
D) polar solute molecule across a molecular weight of a weak
membrane. acid from its pH alone.
E) water molecule across a membrane. B) does not explain the
behavior of di- or tri-basic
45. Which of the following is true about D) Hydrogen
weak acids
the properties of aqueous solutions? bonds form readily
C) employs the same value for
A) A pH change from 5.0 to 6.0 in aqueous
pKa for all weak acids.
reflects an increase in the hydroxide solutions.
D) is equally useful with
ion concentration ([OH-]) of
solutions of acetic acid and of
20%.
hydrochloric acid.
B) A pH change from 8.0 to 6.0
E) relates the pH of a solution
reflects a decrease in the proton
to the pKa and the
concentration ([H+]) by a factor of
concentrations of acid and
100.
conjugate base.
C) Charged molecules are generally
insoluble in water. 50. Consider an acetate buffer, D) ratio of acetic acid to
D) Hydrogen bonds form readily in initially at the same pH as its sodium acetate in the
aqueous solutions. pKa (4.76). When sodium buffer falls.
E) The pH can be calculated by adding hydroxide (NaOH)
7 to the value of the pOH. is mixed with this buffer, the:
A) pH remains constant.
46. The aqueous solution with the lowest D) 0.1 M HCl.
B) pH rises more than if an
pH is:
equal amount of NaOH is
A) 0.01 M HCl.
added to an acetate buffer
B) 0.1 M acetic acid (pKa = 4.86).
initially at pH 6.76.
C) 0.1 M formic acid (pKa = 3.75).
C) pH rises more than if an
D) 0.1 M HCl.
equal amount of NaOH is
E) 10-12 M NaOH.
added to unbuffered water at
47. The aqueous solution with the highest D) 0.1 M NaOH. pH 4.76.
pH is: D) ratio of acetic acid to
A) 1 M HCl. sodium acetate in the buffer
B) 1 M NH3 (pKa = 9.25). falls.
C) 0.5 M NaHCO3 (pKa = 3.77). E) sodium acetate formed
D) 0.1 M NaOH. precipitates because it is less
E) 0.001 M NaOH. soluble than acetic acid.
51. A compound is known to have a free C) 5.6 54. Name and briefly define Ans: (1) Hydrogen bonds:
amino group with a pKa of 8.8, and one four types of noncovalent weak electrostatic attractions
other ionizable group with interactions that occur between one electronegative
a pKa between 5 and 7. To 100 mL of a between biological atom (such as
0.2 M solution of this compound at pH molecules. oxygen or nitrogen) and a
8.2 was added 40 mL of hydrogen atom covalently
a solution of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid. linked to a second
The pH changed to 6.2. The pKa of the electronegative atom; (2)
second ionizable group electrostatic interactions:
is: relatively weak charge-
A) The pH cannot be determined from charge interactions
this information. (attractions of opposite
B) 5.4 charges,
C) 5.6 repulsions of like charges)
D) 6.0 between two ionized groups;
E) 6.2 (3) hydrophobic interactions:
the forces that
52. Three buffers are made by combining a C) pH of buffer 1
tend to bring two
1 M solution of acetic acid with a 1 M > pH of buffer 2 >
hydrophobic groups together,
solution of sodium pH of buffer 3
reducing the total area of the
acetate in the ratios shown below.
two groups that is exposed
1 M acetic acid 1 M sodium acetate
to surrounding molecules of
Buffer 1: 10 mL 90 mL
the polar solvent (water); (4)
Buffer 2: 50 mL 50 mL
van der Waals interactions:
Buffer 3: 90 mL 10 mL
weak interactions
Which of these statements is true of
between the electric dipoles
the resulting buffers?
that two close-spaced atoms
A) pH of buffer 1 < pH of buffer 2 < pH
induce in each other.
of buffer 3
B) pH of buffer 1 = pH of buffer 2 = pH 55. Explain the fact that ethanol Ans: Ethanol can form
of buffer 3 (CH3CH2OH) is more hydrogen bonds with water
C) pH of buffer 1 > pH of buffer 2 > pH soluble in water than is molecules, but ethane cannot.
of buffer 3 ethane (CH3CH3). When ethanol
D) The problem cannot be solved dissolves, the decrease in the
without knowing the value of pKa. system's entropy that results
E) None of the above. from formation of ordered
arrays of water
53. A 1.0 M solution of a compound with 2 A) 5.60
around the CH3CH2
ionizable groups (pKa's = 6.2 and 9.5;
- group is partly
100 mL total) has a pH
compensated by the
of 6.8. If a biochemist adds 60 mL of 1.0
favorable interactions
M HCl to this solution, the solution will
(hydrogen bonds) of the
change to pH:
hydroxyl group of ethanol
A) 5.60
with water molecules. Ethane
B) 8.90
cannot form such hydrogen
C) 9.13
bonds.
D) 9.32
E) The pH cannot be determined from 56. Explain the fact that Ans: The positive charge on
this information. triethylammonium chloride the N atom in
((CH3CH2)3N•HCl) is more triethylammonium chloride is
soluble in water than is more polar than the
triethylamine ((CH3CH2)3N). uncharged N atom in
triethylamine. This increased
polarity leads to stronger
interactions with water,
leading to increased
solubility.
57. Explain with an appropriate Ans: Micelle formation 59. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) has Ans: At pH 4, the first
diagram why amphipathic minimizes the area of the three dissociable protons, dissociable proton (pKa =
molecules tend to form hydrophobic part of with the pKa's shown below. 2.14) has been titrated
micelles in water. What amphipathic molecules that Which form of completely, and the second
force drives micelle contacts the polar solvent, phosphoric acid (pKa
formation? water. Hydrophobic predominates in a solution at = 6.86) has just started to be
interactions between pH 4? Explain your answer. titrated. The dominant form
hydrophobic moieties are the Acid pKa at pH 4 is therefore H2PO4
driving force for micelle H3PO4 2.14 -, the form with one
formation. When H2PO4 dissociated proton
amphipathic molecules form - 6.86
micelles in water, the HPO4
entropy 2- 12.4
decrease due to the
60. Define pKa for a weak acid in Ans: (1) pKa = -log Ka; (2)
formation of ordered arrays
the following two ways: (1) in See Fig. 2-17, p. 59; pKa is
of water molecules around
relation to its acid the value of pH at the
the hydrophobic moieties is
dissociation constant, inflection point in a plot
minimized.
Ka, and (2) by reference to a of pH vs. extent of titration
58. (a) Briefly define "isotonic," Ans: (a) An isotonic solution titration curve for the weak of the weak acid. At the pKa,
"hypotonic," and has the same osmolarity as acid. the concentration of ionized
"hypertonic" solutions. (b) the solution to which it is acid equals the
Describe what happens being compared. A concentration of un-ionized
when a cell is placed in each hypotonic solution has a acid.
of these types of solutions. lower osmolarity than the
61. Give the general Henderson- Ans: The inflection point,
solution to which it is being
Hasselbalch equation and which occurs when the weak
compared. A
sketch the plot it describes acid has been exactly one
hypertonic solution has a
(pH against amount half titrated with
higher osmolarity than the
of NaOH added to a weak NaOH, occurs at a pH equal
solution to which it is being
acid). On your curve label to the pKa of the weak acid.
compared. (b) Higher
the pKa for the weak acid, The region of greatest
osmolarity results in osmotic
and indicate the region buffering capacity
pressure, which generally
in which the buffering (where the titration curve is
leads to movement of water
capacity of the system is flattest) occurs at pH values
across a membrane.
greatest. of pKa ±1.
In an isotonic solution, in
which the osmolarity of the 62. Draw the titration curve for a Ans: The plot of pH vs.
solution is the same as the weak acid, HA, whose pKa is added base should have the
cell cytoplasm, there 3.2. Label the axes properly. general shape of those
will be no net water Indicate with shown in Fig. 2-17, p. 59,
movement. In a hypotonic an arrow where on the curve with the midpoint of the
solution, water will move the ratio of salt (A-) to acid titration (inflection point) at
into the cell, causing the cell (HA) is 3:1. What is the pH at pH 3.2. The ratio of A- to HA
to swell and possibly burst. this point? is 3 when 0.75
In a hypertonic solution, equivalents of base have
water will move out of the been added. From the
cell and it will shrink. Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation, the pH at this
point
can be calculated:
pH = pKa + log
[acid]
[conjugate base] = 3.2 + log
3 = 3.2 + 0.48 = 3.68
63. What is the pH of a solution containing 0.2 M acetic acid (pKa = pH = pKa + log
4.7) and 0.1 M sodium acetate? [acid]
[conjugate base] = 4.7 + log (0.1/0.2)
= 4.7 - 0.3 = 4.4
64. You have just made a solution by combining 50 mL of a 0.1 M pH = pKa + log
sodium acetate solution with 150 mL of [acid]
1 M acetic acid (pKa = 4.7). What is the pH of the resulting [conjugate base] = 4.7 + log (5/150)
solution? = 4.7 - 1.48 = 3.22
65. Suppose you have just added 100 mL of a solution containing Addition of 200 mmol of NaOH (400 mL 0.5 M) to 50 mmol of
0.5 mol of acetic acid per liter to 400 mL acetic acid (100 mL 0.5 mM)
of 0.5 M NaOH. What is the final pH? (The pKa of acetic acid is completely titrates the acid so that it can no longer act as a
4.7.) buffer and leaves 150 mmol of NaOH
dissolved in 500 mL, an [OH-] of 0.3 M. Given [OH-], [H+] can
be calculated from the water constant:
[H+][OH-] = 10-14
[H+] = 10-14 M2 / 0.3 M
pH is, by definition, log (1/[H+])
pH = log (0.3 M /10-14 M2) = 12.48.
66. A weak acid HA, has a pKa of 5.0. If 1.0 mol of this acid and 0.1 Combining 1 mol of weak acid with 0.1 mol of NaOH yields 0.9
mol of NaOH were dissolved in one mol of weak acid and 0.1 mol of
liter of water, what would the final pH be? salt.
pH = pKa + log
[acid]
[conjugate base] = 5.0 + log (0.1/0.9) = 4.05
67. If ice were denser than water, how would that affect life on Ice formed at the surface of bodies of water would sink, hence
earth? streams, ponds, lakes, and so on
would freeze from the bottom up. With a reservoir of ice at the
bottom they would be perpetually cold,
and in the limit they would freeze solid, precluding life as we
know it.