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http://dx.doi.org/10.18271/ria.2018.365
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Journal of High Andean Research, 2018; 20(2): 215 - 224 VOL 20 Nº 2

Contenido: http://huajsapata.unap.edu.pe/ria/index.php/ria/issue/archive
Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas
Periodo Abril - Junio - ISSN: 2306-8582 (V. impresa) - ISSN: 2313-2957 (V. digital)

Antibiotics and their environmental implications

Antibióticos y su implicancia ambiental

Franz Zirena Vilca1*, Wildor Gosgot Angeles2, Edith Tello Palma3, Clara Nelly Campos Quiroz2,
3 3
Teofilo Donaires Flores & Walter Alejandro Zamalloa Cuba
1
Escuela de Posgrado de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno-Perú.
2
Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco N° 342-350-356,
Calle Universitaria N° 304, Chachapoyas – Amazonas-Perú.
3
Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Química de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Av Floral S/N Puno-Perú.
*Autor para correspondencia, e-mail: franzvilca@usp.br

ABSTRACT
REVIEW ARTICLE
ARTICLE INFORMATION Due to its extensive use in various livestock production activities and its use in human
health care, antibiotics have become an environmental problem that draws the attention of
Received 13-11-2017
Accepted 31-03-2018 the scientific community. Several research works report their presence in different
On line: 27-04-2018
ecosystems compartments, as well as their impact in organisms that inhabit these
ecosystems which are being investigated by this community; until now, it has been
KEY WORDS: reported problems of bacterial resistance and damages at DNA level in living beings,
among others; in this perspective it is necessary to perform monitoring in various
Toxicology,
environmental matrixes, in order to detect and quantify their presence, to have a better
emerging pollutant and water.
understanding of their long-term effects on living beings. In this sense, it addresses
aspects that determine their presence in the ecosystem, as well as shows results of works
evaluating their removal of contaminated water, in order to ensure their safety from an
environmental perspective and taking into consideration the health of living beings and
human beings.

RESUMEN
ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN
INFORMACIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO
Debido a su amplio uso en diversas actividades de producción de ganado y su uso en el
Recibido 13-11-2017
cuidado de la salud humana, los antibióticos, se han convertido en un problema ambiental
Aceptado 31-03-2018 que llama la atención de la comunidad científica. Diversos trabajos reportan su presencia
On line: 27-04-2018
en diversos compartimientos de los ecosistemas, así como su impacto a los organismos
que habitan estos ecosistemas se encuentran siendo investigados por esta comunidad,
PALABRAS CLAVES: hasta el momento se han reportado problemas de resistencia bacteriana y daños a nivel de
ADN en seres vivos, entre otros, por lo que, se hace necesario realizar el monitoreo en
Toxicología,
diversas matrices ambientales, con el fin de detectar y cuantificar su presencia, para tener
contaminante emergente y agua.
un mejor conocimiento de su efectos a largo plazo en seres vivos. En ese sentido, se
abordan aspectos que determinan su presencia en el ecosistema, así como se muestra
resultados de trabajos que evalúan su remoción de aguas contaminadas, con el fin de
garantizar su seguridad desde una perspectiva ambiental y llevando en consideración la
salud de seres vivos y del mismo ser humano.

© RIA - Vicerectorado de Investigación de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano Puno Perú. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los
términos de la Licencia Creative Commons cc BY NC ND (CC BY-NC-ND), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Rev. Investig. Altoandin. 2018; Vol 20 Nro 2 215 - 224 -215-

 Antibiotics and their environmental implications

1. INTRODUCTION 2. ANTIBIOTIC SOURCES IN THE

ENVIRONMENT
Population growth and increased urbanization, as
well as industrialization (Zhang et al., 2017), have The presence and persistence of antibiotics in the
increased the demand for animal protein for human aquatic environment is a worldwide concern (Fram &
consumption (Boeckel et al., 2015), therefore, the Belitz, 2011; von Schiller et al., 2017), because they
livestock sector in South America has grown at an are widely used in animal production (Tasho & Cho,
annual rate of 3.7 %, higher than the average global 2016), aquaculture and agriculture (Jiang, Zhou,
growth rate of 2.1 %, becoming the region with the Yang, Chen, & Cheng, 2017). Antibiotics are
largest export of beef and poultry (FAO, 2017), the disseminated mainly through direct and indirect
intensive use of the productive systems of poultry, emissions such as excrement, sewage irrigation and
pigs and dairy cattle at large scale (Van et al., 2017). sludge compost, getting into the environment
These activities are demanding the use of veterinary negatively impacting soil ecosystems (Li et al., 2015;
products for the treatment of diseases, such as lumpy Shi, Yue, Du, Wang, & Li, 2016) and Agua (Vo et al.,
skin (Molla, Frankea, Gari, & de Jong, 2017), 2016), as it is shown in graph 1, the interaction of
protozoan, bacterial, viral, helminthiasis, nutritional antibiotics and the environment.
and others (Byaruhanga et al., 2017); antibiotics are Antibiotics

also used for the treatment and prevention of diseases

Livestock sector Human beings
in humans (Kim, Lee, & Oh, 2017). pecuario

Acuiculture Hospitals
Cattle, large and small
On the other hand, 54 % of the deaths of people in animals
Ambulatory use

2015 were caused by diseases such as ischemic heart

Wastewater treatment
disease, lung cancer, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, Manure and plant
urine
tuberculosis, among others, which have been treated
in hospital centers based of antibiotics (WHO, 2017),
Environment
although, there are patients who self-medicated using
Soil Surface and
antibiotics excessively because of their availability underground water

and low cost (OMS, 2016).

Agriculture Drinking water

The consumption of antibiotics is causing serious Graph 1. Antibiotic sources

impacts on the environment (Carvalho & Santos,
2.1. Humans
2016), because between 30 to 90 % of the antibiotics
administered in the livestock system are not
Gothwal & Shashidhar (2015) suggest that antibiotics
metabolized (Aminov, 2010); and 70 % of the dose of
used for the treatment of diseases in human health are
antibiotics applied in humans are eliminated
classified according to their mechanism of action such
(Butkovskyi, Hernandez, Rijnaarts, & Zeeman, 2015)
as β-lactams, sulfonamides, monobactams,
to the natural ecosystems (Aminov, 2010); mainly the
carbapenem, aminoglycosides, glycopeptide,
aquatic ecosystem, affecting its functions of
lincomycin, macrolides, polypeptides, polyenos,
mineralization and decomposition of organic matter, as
rifamycin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol,
well as the degradation of organic pollutants (Bergeron,
quinolones and fluoroquinolones.
Boopathy, Nathaniel, Corbin, & La Fleur, 2015; von et
al., 2017,); on the other hand, these compounds cause
impacts on soil microbiota (Zhang & Dick, 2014) and Unfortunately, the misuse of these products brings
groundwater (Pan & Chu, 2017). bacterial resistance problems (Villalobos, Barrero,

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Franz Zirena Vilca, Wildor Gosgot Angeles, Edith Tello Palma, Clara Nelly Campos Quiroz, Teofilo Donaires Flores & Walter Alejandro Zamalloa Cuba

Rivera, Ovalle, and Valera, 2013), that is the case of substrate (sludge) (Rizzo et al., 2013); coexistence of
the enteric bacteria and the fecal coliform bacteria microbial pathogens in WWTPs; as well as
(Mudryk et al., 2013), causing public health problems seasonality and common infectious diseases, forming
such as infections (Magdaleno et al., 2012; Peña- a complex cycle of transformation and
Álvarez & Castillo-Alanise, 2015). bioaccumulation, causing toxicity to human health
(Carvalho & Santos, 2016) (Pan & Chu, 2017a) and
2.1.1. Wastewater treatment plants aquatic ecotoxicity (Ternes et al., 2017).

70 % of the dose of antibiotics applied in humans are 2.2. Livestock

eliminated through urine and feces (Ikehata, Jodeiri,
& Gamal El-Din, 2006; Butkovskyi et al., 2015), It has been estimated that between 30 to 90 % of
which may contain different active compounds and antibiotics administered to animals are excreted
metabolites (Klatte, Schaefer, & Hempel, 2017) that through manure and urine (Aminov, 2010), reaching
are discharged into wastewater (Özcan, Özcan, & concentrations of up to 66.5 μg kg-1 in swine manure,
Demirci, 2016) causing ecological damage (Baquero, 15.7 μg kg-1 in chicken manure and 1.6 μg kg-1 in cattle
Martínez, & Canton, 2008; Liu et al., 2013; Padilla- manure (Martínez-Carballo et al., 2007). The waste is
Robles et al., 2015). released directly to the environment by runoff
processes, whilst leaching reach the water bodies
Domestic wastewater is arranged in treatment plants causing eutrophication and bacterial resistance
(WWTP) (Nnadozie, Kumari, & Bux, 2017), where (Drogui, 2013).
they undergo three stages: preliminary, primary
(physical-chemical) and secondary (biological) 2.3. Aquaculture
(Verlicchi, Al Aukidy, & Zambello, 2012); However,
these treatments are not effective in the removal of The use of antibiotics in aquaculture is intended for
organic contaminants that are present in these waters the prevention of infectious diseases in fish (Santos &
(Batt, Bruce, & Aga, 2006); Because WWTPs are not Ramos, 2016). The most widely used antibiotics in
designed to remove these substances (Marx et al., this sector are: oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid,
2015). Some studies show the presence of up to seven chloramphenicol and tetracycline which comprises
groups of antibiotics in the tributaries and effluents of about 40 % of the consumption (Sapkota et al., 2008;
the WWTPs, sulfamethoxazole (2.5 ± 1.9 μg L-1), Donate, Venkatesan, & Halden, 2015). Therefore,
norfloxacin (9.6 ± 9.8 μg L-1), ciprofloxacin (5.3 ± 4.8 aquaculture is a potential consumer of antibiotics due
μg L-1), ofloxacin (10.9 ± 8.1 μg L-1), erythromycin to intensive fish production (he et al., 2017). For
(1.2 ± 1.2 μg L-1), tetracycline (0.1 ± 0.0 μg L-1), and example, in Chile during 2003, it was used 0.005 kg of
trimenthoprim (1.0 ± 0.9 μg L-1) (Vo et al., 2016) (Li, antibiotic for each kg of salmon produced, whilst
Jianman, Cheng, Weixiao, Xu, Like, Jiao, Yanan, Ali Norway as the second leading exporter of aquaculture
Baig, Shams, 2015) (singer et al., 2014). products, used 0.002 kg of antibiotic per kg of salmon
(Done et al., 2015).
The main factors that are influencing the final
concentration of antibiotics in the environment are: 3.ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFANTIBIOTICS
prolonged sludge retention time (SRT), hydraulic
retention time (HRT) (Nnadozie et al., 2017); 3.1. Impact on water
operating temperature (Le-Minh, Khan, Drewes, &
Stuetz, 2010); oxygen concentration, amount of Sui et al., (2015) determined concentrations of 2.1 and

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 Antibiotics and their environmental implications

124.5 ng L-1 of sulfonamide, as well as Boxall et al., 2014), such as the breakdown of organic matter,
(2003), Sulfadiazine and oxytetracycline with availability of nutrients and fertility (Duchene, Vian,
-1
concentrations of 0.001 and 145 µg L respectively in & Celette, 2017). In addition, the pollution of soils by
water bodies. The constant presence of these antibiotics has favored the increase of resistant genes
pollutants generates bacterial resistance (Pan- in the environment (Chen et al., 2017); likewise, the
American Health Organization, 2015). In addition, bodies of groundwater are at contamination risk
alterations in plant growth (Zhang, Ying, Pan, Liu, & because these compounds have the property of
Zhao,2015), and modification of the structure in leaching during rain processes (Pan & Chu, 2017).
bacterial communities and inhibit the process of
nitrate reduction, due to elevated levels of 4. IMPORTANCEOFANTIBIOTICMONITORING
sulfamethoxazole (SMX) Underwood et al., (2011).
Therefore, studies are underway to quantify acute Due to the impact that antibiotics are causing in
toxicity and its effect on reproduction (Bundschuh et different ecosystems, it is necessary to determine the
al., 2016) and antibacterial resistance affecting the levels of pollution of the environment to improve the
population of macro-invertebrates (beard-Alvarez, current state of knowledge about its origin, transport,
Lance-Hawthorn, Contreras-Ramos, & González- destiny and effects (Ternes, Joss, & Oehlmann, 2015).
Mora, 2013), likewise, to determine which antibiotics On the other hand, risk assessment is an essential tool
and to which concentrations cause toxicity in macro- that becomes an important global concern in the field
invertebrates of aquatic ecosystems (Grenni, Ancona, of public health and the problem of food safety
and Barra Caracciolo, 2017). (Reynaud & Deschaux, 2006). Therefore, water and
soil monitoring must be applied, as part of the
Considerable interest has been developed on the biological-based transition (Werbeloff, Brown, &
importance of the presence of pharmaceutical Loorbach, 2016), applying a variety of interactions
products in potable water (Cui et al., 2016) and its patterns (Poel, 2003) making the execution of
possible long-term alterations which may cause surveillance actions, and control of resources through
adverse health effects in humans and animals (Archer, monitoring could allow the assessment of the quality,
Petrie, Kasprzyk-Hordern, & Wolfaardt, 2017) or determining the contaminants contained in the water
public health conditions (Cunha & Fernandes, 2010), body (ANA, 2016), identified with priority the
as allergic reactions (Kümmerer, 2009), as well as relevant aspects in the water field through each
toxic effects that reach aquatic life (Nieto, Borrull, monitoring strategy (Murphy, Post, Buckley,
Marce, & Pocurull, 2007). Lippincott, & Robson, 2012).

3.2 Impact on soil 5. CONCLUSION

It is estimated that between 75 and 90 % of these There is a real and concerning presence of antibiotic
unmetabolized products in the organisms of animals residues in the environment, and the impact is
are excreted through manure (FAO, 2017). This affecting the functions of the soil and water
manure is applied to the soil as fertilizer; however, the ecosystems and moreover the organisms that inhabit
active constituents of antibiotics are not biodegraded them.
(Li et al., 2015; Shi et al., 2016) since they are
persistent in the environment (Koba et al., 2017), this Short-term negative impacts such as the
generates negative impacts on the micro biota of the disappearance of bacteria populations and long-term
soil, which meet important processes (Jechalke et al., bacterial resistance problems have been reported; on

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Franz Zirena Vilca, Wildor Gosgot Angeles, Edith Tello Palma, Clara Nelly Campos Quiroz, Teofilo Donaires Flores & Walter Alejandro Zamalloa Cuba

the other hand, wastewater treatment plants do not Batt, A. L., Bruce, I. B., & Aga, D. S. (2006).
have the capacity to remove these compounds, Evaluating the vulnerability of surface waters to
becoming a major source of pollution for water antibiotic contamination from varying
bodies. wastewater treatment plant discharges.
Environmental Pollution, 142(2), 295–302.
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Bergeron, S., Boopathy, R., Nathaniel, R., Corbin, A.,
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following students: Vela Tafur Cristian, Vargas resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes
Lucero Patricia Jhuliana, Silva Lopez Elita, Puerta in raw source water and treated drinking water.
Tuestas Carmen Elvira, Perez Ocampo Jhordy and International Biodeterioration and
Herrera Chavez Lesly Llocely. For their help. B i o d e g r a d a t i o n , 1 0 2 ,
370–374.doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.017
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