Airport Design
Airport Design
Airport Design
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
Runway
1. Runway orientation
2. Basic Runway length
3. Runway configuration
4. Runway Geometrics
Taxiway
Exit taxiway
Terminal Design
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RUNWAY
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RUNWAY ORIENTATION
Runway are always oriented in the direction of prevailing
winds.
The reason behind this is to utilize the maximum force of
the wind at the time of take-off and landing of an aircraft.
Following points need to be considered while orienting the
runways:
Avoiding delay in the landing, taxing and take-off operations.
Providing the shortest taxi distance possible from the terminal
area to the ends of runway.
Making provision for maximum taxiways so that the landing
aircraft can leave the runway as quickly as possible to the
terminal area
Providing adequate separation in the air traffic pattern 4
Data required for runway orientation
Map of area and contours
Wind data
Wind Direction: Tail Wind, Cross Wind & Head Wind
Fog characteristics
ICAO recommends maximum allowable cross wind
components as
Field Length Maximum CW component
1500 or over 37 km/hr
1200 to 1499 m 24 km/hr
Less than 1200 m 19 km/hr
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Wind Coverage
Wind coverage of airport is the percentage of time in a year
during which the cross wind component remains within the
limit or runway system is not restricted because of excessive
cross wind. ICAO recommends minimum wind coverage of
95%
Calm Period
This is the period for which the wind intensity remains below
6.4 km/hr
Wind Rose Diagram
Type 1: Duration and Direction of wind
Type 2: Duration, Direction and Intensity of wind
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BASIC RUNWAY LENGTH
turn reduces the lift on the wings of the aircraft and the
aircraft requires greater ground speed before it can rise into
the air. To achieve greater speed, longer length of runway is
required.
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Correction for Temperature
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ICAO recommends that the basic runway length after having been
corrected for elevation, should be further increased at the rate of 1%
for every 10 C rise of airport reference temperature above the
standard atmospheric temperature at that elevation.
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Check for Total Correction for Elevation and Temperature
ICAO further recommends that, if the total correction for
elevation plus temperature exceeds 35% of the base runway
length, these corrections should then be further checked up by
conducting specific studies at the site by model tests.
Correction for Gradient
Steeper gradient results in greater consumption of energy and as
such longer length of runway is required to attain the desired
ground speed. FAA recommends that the runway length after
having being corrected for elevation and temperature should be
further increased at the rate of 20% for every 1% of effective
gradient.
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RUNWAY LENGTH CURVE
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Basic Runway Length
Normal Landing
The aircraft should come to a stop within 60% of landing
distance assuming that the pilot makes an approach at the
proper speed and crosses the threshold of the runway at a
height of 15m.
The runway of full strength is to be provided for the entire
landing distance
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Normal Take-off
The take-off distance must be 115% of the actual distance
the aircraft uses to reach a height of 10.5 m.
It requires a clearway at the end of the runway in the
direction of take-off. This should not be less than 15m wide.
The upward slope of clearway from the end of the runway
shall not exceed 1.25%
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Stopping in Emergency
Require either clearway or a stopway, or both.
(Stopway: Used for decelerating the aircraft and bringing it
to a stop during an aborted take-off.)
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RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
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RUNWAY GEOMETRICS
Length of runway
Width of runway
Sight distance
Longitudinal and effective gradient
Rate of Change of longitudinal gradient
Transverse gradient
Safety area
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Length and Width of Runway
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Change of Longitudinal Gradient
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Transverse Gradient
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TAXIWAY
Taxiway are defined as paths on the airfield surface for the
taxing of aircraft and are intended to provide linkage
between one part of the airfield.
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Types of taxiway
Apron taxiway: Located on the periphery of an
apron to provide uninterrupted taxing of aircraft
across the apron.
Dual parallel taxiway: Two parallel taxiways on
which aircraft can taxi in opposite directions.
Terminal taxiway: It is a portion of an apron
intended to provide access to only aircraft stands or
gate positions.
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Taxiway Geometrics
Length
As short as possible
runway.
Longitudinal Gradient
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Sight distance
As speed of aircraft on taxiway is lower than the speed on
A 1.5 150
B 2.0 200
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Turning Radius
curve.
The design should be such that the aircraft can negotiate the
Radius = V2/125f;
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• ICAO has indicated the relationship between aircraft speed and the radius of
curvature of taxiway curves as illustrated in Table.
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Radii of curvature and entrance curves for
Taxiways
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EXIT TAXIWAY
The function of exit taxiways, or runway turnoffs as they
are sometimes called, is to minimize runway occupancy
by landing aircraft.
Exit taxiways can be placed at right angles to the runway
or some other angle to the runway.
When the angle is on the order of 30°, the term high-speed
exit is often used to denote that it is designed for higher
speeds than other exit taxiway configurations.
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HIGH SPEED EXIT TAXIWAY
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COMMON EXIT TAXIWAY
CONFIGURATION
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FAA Taxiway Curvature Dimensional
Standards (ft)
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TERMINAL AREA
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GENERAL AIRPORT TERMINAL
LAYOUT
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CONCEPTFOR TERMINAL DESIGN
Horizontal distribution concept
1. Pier or finger concept
2. Satellite concept
3. Linear concept
4. Transporter concept
Vertical distribution concept
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Horizontal distribution concept
Pier or finger concept:
The pier concept has an interface with aircraft along piers
extending from the main terminal.
Aircraft are usually arranged around the axis of the pier in a
parallel or nose-in parking alignment.
Each pier has a row of aircraft gate positions on both sides,
with a passenger concourse along the axis which serves as
the departure lounge and circulation space for both
enplaning and deplaning passengers.
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Satellite concept:
The satellite concept consists of a building, surrounded by
aircraft, which is separated from the terminal and is
usually reached by means of a surface, underground, or
above ground connector.
The aircraft are normally parked in radial or parallel
positions around the satellite.
Linear concept:
The simple linear terminal consists of a common waiting
and ticketing area with exits leading to the aircraft parking
apron.
It is adaptable to airports with low airline activity which
will usually have an apron providing close-in parking for
three to six commercial passenger aircraft
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Transporter concept:
Aircraft and aircraft servicing functions in the
transporter concept are remotely located from the
terminal.
The connection to the terminal is provided by vehicular
transport for enplaning and deplaning passengers.
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Terminal
Types
Curvilinear
Linear
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Finger Piers
Satellite
Transporter
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VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION CONCEPT
The basis for distributing the primary processing
activities in a passenger terminal among several levels
is mainly to separate the flow of arriving and departing
passengers.
The decision concerning the number of levels a
terminal facility should have depends primarily on the
volume of passengers and the availability of land for
expansion in the immediate vicinity.
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VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION CONCEPT: (a)single level (b)second level loading (c)two
level system. (FAA)
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The operational category includes control tower, weather bureau and other
government services related to the aviation. In many cases terminal building
fulfils the function of the operational building as well
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REFERENCE
Planning and design of airports.
Robert horonjeff.
Francis x. makelvey.
William j. sproule.
Seth b. young.
Airport system.
Richard de neufville
Amedeo R. odoni
Transportation engineering
Paul H. wright
Norman J. ashford
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