ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS EQUIVALENCE CONDUCTANCE

 The strong electrolytes are completely - Conductance of a solution of sufficient

dissociated into ions in solutions of volume to contain 1g equivalent of the
moderate concentrations and that any solute when measured in a cell in which
deviation from complete dissociation is the electrode are spaced 1 cm apart
due to the interionic attractions

ELECTROLYSIS
 As the solution of a strong
- A direct electric curremt flows through electrolyte is diluted, the specific
an electrolytic cells conductance decreases
- Chemical reaction occurs
H3O+- the modern representation of the
hydrogen ion in water it is also known as
 Electrons enter the cell from the
hydronium or oxonium.
battery or generator at the cathode
(road down) SODIUM CHLORODE AND HYDROCLORIC ACID
 They combine with positive ions or ARE STRONG ELECTROLYTES
cations (reduced)
ACETIC ACID- WEAK ELECTROLYTES
The negative ions, or anions carry electrons
through the solution and discharge them at the
anode (road up)and that anions are (oxidized)

REDUCTION

- Addition of electrons

OXIDATION

- Removal of electrons

OHMS LAW

- The strength of an electric current I in

amperes flowing through a metallic
conductor is related to the difference in
applied potential or voltage E and the
resistance R.

FARADAYS LAW

- A univalent negative ion is an atom to

which a valence electron has been
added: a univalent positive ion is an
atom from which an electron has been
removed.
 IONIC EQUILIBRIA - Maintains the concentration of the
reactants and produts contant
BRONSTED LOWREY ACID
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA
- Substance, charged or uncharged that is
capable of donating a proton - Concerned with truly reversible systems
incluce reactions such as the ionization
BRONSTED LOWREY BASE
of weak electrolytes
- Substance, charged or uncharged that is
LEWIS THEORY
capable of accepting a proton
- Finding increasing use for describing the
PROTOPHILIC
mechanism of many organic and
- Capable of accepting proton from the inorganic reaction
solute
BRONSTED LOWREY
PROTOGENIC
- Useful for describing ionic equilibria
- Proton donating compound and is - Every proton donated by an acid must
represented by acids be accepted by base

AMPHIPROTIC MONOPROTIC ELECTROLYTES

- Act as both proton acceptors and - Acids that donate a single proton and
proton donors and this class includes bases that accept a single proton
water and the alcohol
AMPHOLYTE
APROTIC SOLVENT
- Can function either as an acid or base
- Neither accept nor donate protons and
being neutral in the sense. They are
useful for studying the reactions of
acids

PROTOLYSIS

- Reaction involve a transfer of proton

LEWIS ACID

- Accept electron pair

LEWIS BASE

- Donates electron pair

EQUILIBRIUM

- Balance between two opposing forces

or actions

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 DIFFUSION - Passage of both solute and solvent
across a membrane but now refers to
an action in which only the solvent is
FREE DIFFUSION transferred.

- Process of considerable importance in DIFFUSION/DIALYSIS

the pharmaceutical science
- The passage of solute together with
SEVERAL WAYS THAT A SOLUTE OR A SOLVENT solvent
CAN TRAVERSE A PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGIC
ULTRAFILTRATION
MEMBRANE
- Separate colloidal particles and
1. depicts the flow of molecule through a
macromolecules by the use of the
physical barrier such as polymeric membrane
membrane
2. Involve passage of a substance through a
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
solvent filled pores a membrane
- Used to force the solvent through the
The transport of a drug through a polymeric
membrane
membrane involves dissolution of the drug in
- Prevents the passage of large solute
the matrix of the membrane
molecules
DIFFUSION
REVERSE OSMOSIS
- Defined as the process of mass transfer
- Higher osmotic pressure
od individual molecules of a substance
- Used in desalination of brackish water
brought about by random molecular
motion. MICROFILTRATION

TRANSCELLULAR DIFFUSION - A process that employs membranes of

slightly larger pore size, 100nmm to
- Diffusion can occur through the lipoidal
several micromers
bilayer of cells
DIALYSIS
PARACELLULAR DIFFUSION
- Separation process based on unequal
- Occurs through the spaces between
rates of passage of solutes and solvent
adjacent cells
through microporous membrane
MEMBRANE TRANSPORTERS
HEMODIALYSIS
- Specialized proteins that facilitate drug
- Used in treating kidney malfunction to
transport across biologic membrane
rid the blood of metablic waste
DRUG RELEASE products

- Multistep process that includes CONVECTION

diffusion, disintegration, deaggregation
- Bulk movement of fluid accompanied
and dissolution
by the transfer of heat in the presence
OSMOSIS of agitation
 DISPERSION

- Form of mixing and so on a

microscopiclevel it involves diffusion of
molecules

MASS TRANSFER

- Movement of molecules in a response

to an applied driving force
- A kinetic process occurring in the
system that are not in the equilibrium

DIFFUSION

- Movement of mass in response to a

spatial gradient in chemical potential as
a result of random molecular motion

DIFFUSIVITY

- Fundamental material property of the

system and dependent on the solute,
the temperature and the medium
through which diffusion occurs\;