Biosecurity For The Prevention and Control of Poultry Diseases

Biosecurity for the prevention
and control of poultry diseases
Module 1
Module Objectives
1. Identify the risks to poultry farming and understand how diseases might enter into
farms
2. Identify direct and indirect losses due to diseases and prevention/control cost
3. Understand the various components/aspects of farm biosecurity
– Segregation and traffic control
– Cleaning
– Disinfection
4. Identify what makes biosecurity effective
Discussion/brainstorming points
 Prepare and list
• What are the possibilities for a disease to enter into a
given poultry farm?  Prioritize according
• What costs are involved in disease outbreaks? to their relative
• What measures are useful for the prevention of a importance
disease outbreak? (before disease occurs)
• What measures are useful for the control of a disease
outbreak? (after disease occurrence)
• What are the costs related to disease prevention and
control?
What are the threats to poultry farms?
The diseases caused by:
• Viruses (Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease, Gumboro, Infectious Bronchitis)
• Bacteria (Fowl Cholera, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, E. Coli)
• Fungi (Aspargilosis, Mould, Mycotoxins)
• Protozoa and Parasites (Coccidiosis, Intestinal Worms, lice & mites)
5
What are the possibilities
for a disease to enter into
a given poultry farm?
What costs are involved in disease
outbreaks?
Diseases that might cause:
• Poultry mortalities
less eggs
• Low production performances less meat
slow growth rate
poor FCR
• Financial losses to farmers

Due to: - mortalities - low performance
- medication - decontamination
• Human infection and death = zoonosis (in case of HPAI)

HOW
Sick birds or
DISEASES Carcasses of
Infected Birds
MIGHT ENTR Pests

(Rodents,
People
through
POULTRY Flies,
Stray Animals)
Footwear
& Clothing
FARMS
Contaminated
Wild birds Feed, Bags,
Poultry Egg Flats,
Etc.
Farm
DOC Infected
Contaminated
in the
Vehicles
hatchery
&
or
Equipment.
from breeders
Impure
water & air
Very high External injector
Very high Veterinary practitioner

People
Very high Part time workers
High Trader/ Med supplier
Medium Vehicles
Clean High Used egg flat

Farm
High Bird crate
Equipments
High Vaccine atomizer
Very Low Gas cylinders
Very high Wild birds

Wild animals
Very Low Rodents/insects/Dog cats
Low Feed and water Inputs

Methods of spread
1. Vermin e.g. salmonella, pasteurella
2. Feed e.g. salmonella, some ND strains
3. Wild birds e.g. mycoplasmas, ND, avian
influenza, ?IB, ?TRT, bacteria, worms
Methods of spread
4. Water e.g. E. coli, salmonella, campylobacter
5. Hatchery e.g. salmonella, aspergillus, enterococcus,
pseudomonas, mycoplasmas
6. Windborne e.g. IB, ND, TRT, ?mycoplasmas
7. Faecal e.g. Gumboro, ND, salmonella, mycoplasma,
viruses
How you can prevent and control diseases
In decreased order of efficacy
1. Implementing Biosecurity
2. Vaccination program
3. Medication
Often we use these three in varies combination
Remember! - Prevention is always cheaper than cure

Small commercial producers
what are the issues:
• Limited resources (money/people/time)
• High risk because many movements
• Housing - may not be purpose built

- not owned by the producer (rented)
• Limited technical knowledge and access to

information
14
What is Biosecurity Plan
Biosecurity plan is a set of practices designed to

prevent the entry ( Bioexclusion) and spread of
infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm (
biocontainment).
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes

and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all
activities involving poultry production and marketing.
Biosecurity plan should focus on
Preventing disease agents from entering the farm
By keeping potentially infected animals and

contaminated objects away from healthy poultry.
This requires formation of barriers - Physical and/or

- Conceptual
DIRTY AREA
CLEAN HOUSE AREA

CLEAN FARM AREA
BUFFER AREA = BARRIERS

Defense
Protection of barriers
Humans from
H5N1 Avian Influenza
Fence Proper
vaccination q
q
Buffer
q
House gate
zone & windows q
NB: The way how the vaccination program is organized may

also bring risk of disease introduction
The 3 elements of biosecurity
A. Segregation & Traffic Control
The most effective form of biosecurity
prevent contamination
B. Cleaning
The next most effective step - when all dirt is removed
remove most (80%) contamination
C. Disinfection
The least reliable step - depends on the quality of cleaning
kill any remaining contamination
A. Segregation and Traffic Control
This is the strongest form of biosecurity and where all effort
should be placed !!!
Preventing disease agents from entering the farm
• keeping out potentially infected animals
• Keep out contaminated objects (e.g. clothing, footwear, vehicles, equipment, etc)
This requires formation of barriers
• Temporal (Time)
(time break between farm visits (the longer the interval, the lesser is the risk)
• Physical
• Presence of fence and gate
• Locking the doors of poultry houses
• distance between houses, from the road, from living areas
• Procedural
• washing hands and feet
• changing footwear and outer clothes
• vehicles kept off the farm
2- Physical : Examples of barriers
Locks/Chains
Prevent unauthorized people from entering into the
poultry farm, poultry house, risking the transmission of
diseases
3- Strict procedures – for farm entry
– All workers or visitors must wash hands
and feet with soap before entering
the chicken house
– All workers or visitors must change or cover

clothes and footwear before entering
the chicken house (wear farm’s clothes)
– All workers or visitors must clean and

disinfect footwear between sheds by using
a footbath or change footwear
Prevent contact of poultry inside the chicken house with diseases

agents that might be carried from the outside on people hands, cloth or
footwear
Annex at the chicken house entrance with dirty and clean side
Chicken shed
Clean area
Shoes
Soap and
water Dirty area
Door Farm yard

Only essential vehicles and equipment
allowed on farm
• Vehicles should be left outside the farm area

- might allowed into the farm in special condition
following strict washing and disinfection
- parked at least 30 mt from the house
• Only essential pieces of equipment allowed into

the farm following strict washing and disinfection
What measures are useful for the
prevention of a disease outbreak?
(before disease occurs)
1. People (external and Internal)
• People are highly mobile
• Carriers of disease agents that are present in:
• feathers
• droppings
• exudates
• People carry disease-causing germs through their clothing

and footwear
26
Precautions
• To prevent disease introduction

Farmers/workers
– Minimize your visits to other farms
• Avoid visit to other farms if possible at all time, but more

so during disease outbreak seasons!
– In as much as possible, avoid or limit the entry
of visitors to your farm
Visitors
• Permit only essential visits (e.g workers, etc)
• Keep set of coverall and boots to be used
– for visitors (including injectors, service providers,
veterinarian, electrician, etc)
27
Internal (workers, owners, service providers) people
Workers/Owners
• Don’t keep poultry in your home
• Different workers in different poultry houses (if possible)
• Avoid unnecessary movement between poultry houses
• Disinfect footwear between sheds in a footbath
Remember to:
• re-fresh the solution daily
• use a brush to remove dirt
• Keep separate boots or sandals (color coded) for each poultry
house
28
Service Providers
• Need to observe hygienic procedures
• Change cloths and foot wares (if possible use provided by the
farm)
• Disinfect equipment before use
• Follow similar instruction as the workers when moving between
poultry houses
2. Equipment
• Mobile
• Carriers of disease agents
Precautions
– Wash & disinfect equipment before and after use
– Be especially careful with:
borrowed and contractors equipment
- vaccinators
- debeakers
egg trays that return from market
3. Vehicles
Such as:
– Chick delivery vans
– Feed trucks
– Pick up & egg trucks
– Visitors
Are Highly Mobile

Carriers of disease agents on:
– Wheels
– Under the bottom of the vehicle
31
Precautions
• Limit the entry of vehicles to your farm
(only in essential cases)
• Wash and disinfect vehicle’s wheels and

bottom
By:
- vehicles deep
- high pressure sprayers
• Parked at least 30 mt from house
32
 What measures are useful for the
control of a disease outbreak? (after
disease occurrence)
4- Dead bird disposal
– Dead birds present a risk to the rest of the flock, due to
increase of disease agents load at the farm
Precautions
– Remove dead birds

as soon as possible
– Dispose dead birds in a safe way by :
- Composting
- Incinerating
- Deep burial + Lime
Never!
• Sell dead chickens
• Dispose dead chickens into rivers, canals or lakes.
5- Designate and limit workers for
each poultry house
 Limit the number of workers to each poultry

house to a minimum possible.
 Avoid movement of workers between poultry

houses.
6- Discourage the exchange of tools/equipment
between different farms/sheds
7- Avoid selling of birds from infected premises
8- Implement proper poultry litter management

practices
Three Key Levels of Biosecurity
A- Conceptual Biosecurity
B- Structural Biosecurity
C- Operational Biosecurity
A- Conceptual Biosecurity
• Involves Site planning

• Location e.g proximity to other farms,
transport etc.
• Almost impossible to change once
committed without very high cost
B- Structural Biosecurity
• Concerns the design of the farm and

buildings.
• Includes house design (easy to clean),

site layout and security.
• Expensive to change once built.

C- Operational Biosecurity
• The points involved with day to day running of the site.

• Includes routine disinfection, control of visitors, source of
stock etc.
• Can be modified at low cost according to requirements

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Biosecurity for the prevention

and control of poultry diseases

• Bacteria (Fowl Cholera, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, E. Coli)

• Fungi (Aspargilosis, Mould, Mycotoxins)

• Protozoa and Parasites (Coccidiosis, Intestinal Worms, lice & mites)

• Financial losses to farmers

• Human infection and death = zoonosis (in case of HPAI)

MIGHT ENTR Pests

Very high Veterinary practitioner

High Trader/ Med supplier

Clean High Used egg flat

Very Low Gas cylinders

Very high Wild birds

Low Feed and water Inputs

Often we use these three in varies combination

Remember! - Prevention is always cheaper than cure

• High risk because many movements

• Housing - may not be purpose built

• Limited technical knowledge and access to

Biosecurity plan is a set of practices designed to

Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes

By keeping potentially infected animals and

This requires formation of barriers - Physical and/or

CLEAN HOUSE AREA

BUFFER AREA = BARRIERS

NB: The way how the vaccination program is organized may

– All workers or visitors must change or cover

– All workers or visitors must clean and

Prevent contact of poultry inside the chicken house with diseases

Door Farm yard

• Vehicles should be left outside the farm area

• Only essential pieces of equipment allowed into

• Carriers of disease agents that are present in:

• People carry disease-causing germs through their clothing

• To prevent disease introduction

• Avoid visit to other farms if possible at all time, but more

Are Highly Mobile

• Wash and disinfect vehicle’s wheels and

• Parked at least 30 mt from house

– Remove dead birds

 Limit the number of workers to each poultry

 Avoid movement of workers between poultry

7- Avoid selling of birds from infected premises

8- Implement proper poultry litter management

• Involves Site planning

• Concerns the design of the farm and

• Includes house design (easy to clean),

• Expensive to change once built.

• The points involved with day to day running of the site.

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