TRANSFORMATION OF SUBSTANCES

Chapter – 5
I Definition:
Enzyme A protein that acts as a catalyst in living organisms.
Electrolyte A substance which in its aqueous solution or its molten state
conducts electricity.

II Underline the most appropriate answer:

1. Which of the following is a physical change?
(a)Freezing of water
(b)Digestion of food
(c)Rusting of iron
(d)Burning of a magnesium ribbon

2. Which of the following is a chemical change?

(a)Glowing of an electric bulb (b) Melting of ice
(c)Dissolution of common salt in water (d)Bursting of firecrackers

3. Miscible liquids with different boiling points can be separated by

(a)filtration (b)sedimentation
(c)fractional distillation (d)evaporation

4. The following reaction is an example of a

2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)
(a)combination reaction (b)double displacement reaction
(c)decomposition reaction (d)evaporation

5. What do you observe when you mix an aqueous solution of barium

chloride with an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate?
(a)a pungent smelling gas is evolved
(b)the colour of the solution turns blue black
(c)A white precipitate is formed
(d)No change in colour is seen even after shaking the mixture well

6. A chemical process that involves the addition of oxygen is called

(a)reduction (b)oxidation
(c)distillation (d)none of these

7. A chemical process that involves the addition of hydrogen is called

(a)reduction (b)oxidation
(c)distillation (d)none of these

8. The process of coating one metal with another using an electric current is
called
(a)electrorefining (b)electrometallurgy
(c)electroplating (d)none of these
III Fill in the blanks:
1. A physical change is temporary and can be reversed.
2. A chemical change is permanent and not reversible.
3. A chemical reaction that proceeds with the evolution of heat energy is called an exothermic
reaction.
4. A chemical reaction that proceeds with the absorption of light energy is called a photosynthesis
reaction.
5. A combination reaction is also called a synthesis reaction.
6. A reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances is
known as a decomposition reaction.
7. Iron can displace copper from a solution of copper sulphate.

IV True or False:
1. Burning and digestion of food are considered as chemical changes. True
2. The reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with sodium carbonate produces oxygen as a product.
False
3. Dissolution of quicklime in water is an endothermic reaction. True
4. Photosynthesis is a photochemical reaction. True
5. Decomposition of copper(II) carbonate gives copper(II) oxide as one of the products. True
6. The mixing of solutions of lead nitrate and sodium chloride gives a white precipitate of silver
chloride. True

V Match the following:

Column A Column B
1.formation of oxygen from potassium chlorate a) anthracite [2]
2.photosynthesis b)heat and catalyst [1]
3.formation of hydrogen and oxygen from water c)pressure [4]
4.formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen d)contact [5]
5.formation of a precipitate on mixing silver nitrate and e)crude oil [6]
Sodium chloride solutions
6.fractional distillation f)electrolysis
g)energy [3]

VI Name the following: -

1. The insoluble residue formed when solutions of two compounds react with each other.
2. A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but does not itself take part in the reaction.
3. A reaction in which a substance breaks up into two or more simpler substances.
4. A reaction in which an element displaces another element from its compound.
5. A substance that oxidizes another substance
6. A substance that conducts electricity in its aqueous solution or its molten state.
7. An equation that agrees with the law of conservation of mass.

VII Question and Answers:

Q.1 What is matter? Give examples.
Ans. Matter is anything that occupies space, has mass and may be perceived by our senses. Everything
that we see around us is made up of matter. Anything that we can touch, feel, smell, see or taste is
matter. Example; the air we breathe, the food we eat, the sun, the stars, clouds, animals and plants.
Matter can be classified into a mixture or a pure substance.

Q.2 What are pure substances? Give examples.

Ans. A pure substance can be either an element or a compound. The composition of a pure substance is
definite and fixed. All pure substances, whether elements or compounds, have certain characteristic
physical properties. Tin, sulphur, and diamond are examples of pure substances which are chemical
elements. All elements are pure substances. Sugar, salt, and baking soda are pure substances which
are compounds. Examples of pure substances which are crystals include salt, diamond, protein
crystals, and copper sulphate crystals.

Q.3 What is a mixture?

Ans. A mixture contains more than one type of particle. The composition of mixture is variable. Examples
of homogeneous mixtures include vegetable oil, honey, and air. While these substances contain
multiple types of molecules, their composition is consistent throughout a sample. If you add soot to
air, it ceases to be a pure substance. Contaminants in water make it impure.

Q.4 What is the difference between Pure substances and mixtures?

Ans. The differences are:
i) Pure substances cannot be separated into any other kinds of matter, while a mixture is a
combination of two or more pure substances.
ii) A pure substance has constant physical and chemical properties, while mixtures have varying
physical and chemical properties (i.e., boiling point and melting point).
iii) A pure substance is pure, while a mixture is impure.

Q.5 What is Melting Point?

Ans. The temperature at which solid melts in to a liquid is called the melting point of that solid. The
melting point of ice is 00C.

Q6. What is Boiling Point?

Ans. The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes rapidly in to a gas called the boiling point of
that liquid. The boiling point of water is 100° C.

Q7. What is a physical change?

Ans. (i)In a physical change, no new substance is formed.
(ii)The chemical composition of a substance that undergoes a physical change is not changed.
(iii)A physical change is temporary and can be reversed.
(iv)There is no change in the mass of the substance during a physical change.
(v)Generally, no significant change in energy occurs in a physical change.

Q8. List down few examples of physical change.

Ans. Examples of physical change are
 Melting of ice
 Evaporation of water
 Glowing of an electric bulb
 Dissolving a solute like salt or sugar in water
 Sublimation of substances such as iodine, naphthalene and camphor.
 Breaking of a piece of chalk into small pieces
 Breaking of glass

Q9. What is a chemical change?

Ans. A chemical change is a permanent change that leads to the transformation of a substance into one
or more new substances with different properties.
(i)In a chemical change, one or more new substances are formed.
(ii)The change is permanent and irreversible.
(iii)The mass of the substances (reactants) undergoing a chemical change is equal to the mass of the
products formed.
(iv)An energy change is generally involved in a chemical change.

Q10. List down few examples of chemical changes.

Ans. Examples of chemical changes are
 Burning of coal, wood, etc.
 Rusting of iron
 Bursting of firecrackers
 Burning of a piece of paper
 Burning of a piece of magnesium ribbon in air or oxygen.
 Digestion of food

Q11. What are the different types of chemical reactions?

Ans. The chemical reactions are classified into the following types:
1. Combination reactions
2. Decomposition reactions
3. Displacement reactions
4. Double displacement reactions: (i)Precipitation reactions (ii)Neutralization reactions
5. Oxidation and reduction or redox reactions

Q12. What is distillation?

Ans. The process of converting a liquid into its vapour by heating and then condensing the vapour back
to the original liquid is called distillation. This method is used to obtain a pure solvent form a
solution. It is also used to purify a liquid that contains soluble impurities. Examples: pure water can
be obtained from salty water (a mixture of water and salt) by distillation.

Q13 List down two applications of fractional distillation.

Ans. (i)Fractional distillation is used in the production of nitrogen from liquefied air.
(ii)It is used to separate the various components of petroleum such as gasoline (petrol), kerosene,
diesel and lubricating oil.

Q14. List down few characteristics of chemical reactions.

Ans. Chemical reactions are characterized by some visible changes like evolution of a gas, change in
colour, formation of a precipitate, etc.
(A)Evolution of a gas: Some chemical reactions are characterized by the evolution of a gas. If the
reaction is carried out in a liquid medium, the gas evolved can be seen escaping from the surface of
the liquid in the form of bubbles. This is known as effervescence. The evolution of gas is represented
by an upwardly directed arrow.

1) Reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with zinc metal: When zinc granules react with dilute
sulphuric acid, hydrogen gas is evolved with effervescence.
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2

2) Reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with sodium carbonate: When dilute hydrochloric acid
is added to sodium carbonate, brisk effervescence takes place with the evolution of carbon
dioxide gas.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2

(B)Change in colour: Some chemical reactions are characterized by a change in colour.

 i. Formation of lead iodine: When a solution of lead nitrate (colourless) and a solution of
potassium iodide solution (colourless) are mixed together, a yellow precipitate (ppt.) of lead
iodide is obtained. The formation of a precipitate in a chemical reaction is shown by an
arrow pointing downwards ( )
2KI + Pb(NO3)2  PbI2 + 2KNO3

ii. Decomposition of copper (II) carbonate on heating: Copper(II) carbonate is a pale green
amorphous powder. On heating strongly, it decomposes to evolve carbon dioxide gas and
forms a black residue of copper(II) oxide.
CuCO3 ----------- CuO + CO2

iii. Formation of copper(II) sulphide from copper(II): On passing hydrogen sulphide gas
through a blue solution of copper(II) sulphate, a black precipitate of copper(II) sulphide is
formed.
CuSO4 + H2S  CuS + H2SO4

(C)Formation of precipitate: Some chemical reactions are characterized by the formation of an

insoluble solid called precipitate.
i. Formation of silver chloride: When a solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution of
sodium chloride, a white precipitate of silver chloride is produced.
AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3

ii. Formation of barium sulphate: When some dilute sulphuric acid is added to a solution of
barium chloride, a curdy white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.
BaCl2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + 2HCl

iii. Formation of ferrous hydroxide: A dirty green precipitate of ferrous hydroxide is formed
when a solution of iron(II) sulphate is reacted with a solution of sodium hydroxide.
FeSO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2

Q14. List down the conditions necessary for chemical reaction. Give examples
Ans. The following conditions are required for chemical reactions to take place.

1) Close contact: A chemical reaction occurs when reactants come into contact with each other.
For example, sodium reacts vigorously in contact with water.
Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
Sodium water sodium hydroxide hydrogen
2) Solution: A chemical reaction between certain substances occurs in tehir solution form. For
example, when a solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride, a white
precipitate of silver chloride is formed.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl + NaNO3(aq)

3) Heat:
4) Light:
5) Electricity:
6) Pressure:
7) Catalyst:

Q15. What do enzymes play as catalyst?

Ans. An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms. They are actually proteins.
Each type of food has its particular enzyme involved in the digestion process. The carbohydrates,
fats and proteins present in our food that needs to be broken down into simpler substances for
absorption into the blood. Enzymes help to break them down into simpler substances. For example,
the enzyme amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into simple sugars.
Chapter End Questions
Q.1 What is the effect of impurities on the boiling point and melting point of pure
substance?
Ans. The presence of impurities in a pure substance can lead to change in the melting and boiling points
of the substance. For example, the presence of dissolved impurities in water raises its boiling point
and lowers its freezing (melting) point. Therefore, sea water which contains many dissolved
impurities (salts) has a higher boiling point (about 104° C).

Q.2 What is fractional distillation?

Ans. Fractional distillation is a process by which components in a chemical mixture are separated into
different parts (called fractions) according to their different boiling points. In this method, a
fractionating column is attached to the distillation flask. Fractional distillation is used to purify
chemicals and also to separate mixtures to obtain their components.

Q.3 What is a Chemical Reaction?

Ans. A chemical reaction is defined as a process in which one or more substances are converted in to one
or more different substances. In a chemical reaction, the atoms and molecules that interact with each
other are called reactants. In a chemical reaction, the atoms and molecules produced by
the reaction are called products.
Q.4 What is the difference between an exothermic reaction and an endothermic
reaction?
Ans: Difference Between Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Endothermic Reactions Exothermic Reactions
A reaction that the system absorbs A reaction that releases energy from
energy from its surrounding in the the system in the form of heat.
form of heat.
The energy is absorbed from the The energy is released from the
surround into the reaction system to its environment.
Energy in the form of heat Energy is released as heat, electricity,
light or sound.
Melting ice, evaporation, cooking, gas Rusting iron, settling, chemical
molecules, photosynthesis are few bonds, explosions, nuclear fission are
examples few examples.

Q.5 What is electrochemical reaction?

Ans. An electrochemical reaction is a process in which electrons flow between a solid electrode and
substance, such as an electrolyte. This flow triggers an electric current through the electrodes,
causing the reaction to liberate or absorb heat.
Under different conditions, other types of reactions create an electric current flow. For example,
two electrodes in contact with each other result in a reduction and oxidation (redox) reaction,
causing a change in the oxidation numbers of all atoms that are part of the reaction.

Q.6 Name the type of reaction which is governed by the position of a metal in the
metal activity series?
Ans. The principle of Displacement reactions is based on the reactivity of metals and non-metals. With
the help of activity series of metals, one can know which metal will replace others.

Q.7 What type of reaction occurs when the solutions of silver nitrate and sodium
chloride react?
Ans. When an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to the aqueous solution of sodium
chloride (NaCl), a white precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl) is formed that is indicated by the
following chemical reaction:
 AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) Æ AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

This is precipitation reaction, which results in the formation of precipitate (insoluble product).
Therefore, the precipitate is the insoluble solid that forms during the chemical reaction and separates
out in solution.

Q.8 Name the type of reaction occurs when an acid reacts with the base?
Ans. An acid-base reaction is called a “neutralization reaction.” It consists of the transfer of a hydroxide
ion (H+) from the acid to the base. They are therefore usually “double displacement reactions,” but
can also be combination reactions. The products are a salt and usually water.

E.g. Hydrochloric acid combines in equivalent proportions with sodium hydroxide which is a base
and forms a neutral salt sodium chloride and water. This reaction is represented by equation:

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Q.9 Give one example of each to illustrate the following characteristics of chemical
reaction. (a) evolution of Gas (b) Change of Colour (c) Formation of Precipitate
Ans. (a)Evolution of gas: A gas evolution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one of the end
products is a gas (such as oxygen or carbon dioxide).
A replacement reaction concerning ZINC metal and hydrogen chloride:
Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 (gas)
In this example, hydrogen gas in diatomic form is released.

(b)Change of Colour: When lead nitrate comes into contact with potassium iodide they reacts
producing potassium nitrate and lead iodide. All substances in this reaction except lead iodide are
white. The lead iodide is yellow. Since both the components are solid the reaction can proceed only
on the surface of the crystals. The rate of the reaction is much slower in this case compared to the
reaction in the presence of water since in the solutions particles are uniformly dispersed and it is
easier for them to meet each other.
Lead nitrate reacts with potassium iodide producing potassium nitrate and lead iodide which is
yellow.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → 2KNO3 + PbI2

(c)Formation of precipitate: A precipitate is a solid that forms out of solution. A common example
is that of the mixing of two clear solutions: (1) silver nitrate (AgNO3) and (2) sodium chloride
(NaCl):
The reaction is Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride → Sodium nitrate + Silver chloride
Formula Equation: AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl (s)

Q.10 Name all types of chemical reactions and write an example of each?
Ans. The major types of chemical reactions are:

1. Combination or Synthesis Reaction: A combination or synthesis reaction is one, where a new

product is synthesized by combination of two or three reactants.
Example
Hydrogen + Oxygen →→ Water
H2 + O2 →→ H2O
In this reaction, hydrogen and Oxygen combine to form water. So, since they are combining to
form a new product, and a new compound, water is synthesized here, this reaction is said to be a
synthesis reaction.
2.Decomposition Reaction: Decomposition reaction is one, where one compound decomposes or
breaks into two or more different products.
Example
Lead nitrate →→ Lead monoxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen
Pb(NO3 )2 →→ PbO + NO2 + O2
Here, lead nitrate, is getting decomposed, or it breaks down to form lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide
and oxygen. This is an example of decomposition reaction.

3.Displacement or Replacement Reaction: There are two types of displacement reaction.

 Single displacement reaction.

When a cation or an anion is exchanged from a compound, this is called as single displacement
reaction.

XY + Z → XZ + Y
Example
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2

In the above reaction, zinc replaces hydrogen from hydrogen sulphate or sulfuric acid, to form
zinc sulfate. Since only cation is exchanged here, this is a single displacement reaction.

 Double displacement reaction

The anions are exchanged between two compounds, or salts. Such reactions results in
different combination of cations and anions, at the end.
XY + AZ → XZ + AY
Example
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

Chloride ion leaves Barium and gets attached itself to sodium. In this process, sulfate ion
leaves sodium and attaches itself to Barium. Thus, there is an exchange of anions among
Barium and sodium resulting in a double replacement or displacement reaction. Since both
the compounds are changing, it is different from a single displacement reaction.

4.Acid Base Reactions: An acid and a base combines to give salt and water. This reaction is
called as a neutralization reaction or just acid-base reaction.

Example

HBr + KOH → H2O + KBr

Acid Base water salt

HBr, an acid reacts with a base, potassium hydroxide, to form water and a salt, potassium
bromide. These are very important type of reactions, occurring in biological systems too

5. Combustion Reaction: A reaction where mostly an organic compound burns in the presence
of oxygen to yield mostly carbon dioxide, water, and other products, is also a type of
combination reaction. Combination of any substance with oxygen results in combustion,
leading to the burning of the compounds to its elementary products.
Example
C4H10 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Q.11 What is displacement reaction? Explain how the principle of a displacement
reaction is based on the reactivity of metals and non-metals.
Ans. A displacement reaction is a type of reaction where part of one reactant is replaced by another
reactant. A displacement reaction is also known as a replacement reaction or a metathesis
reaction. A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution. When a more
reactive metal is placed in the salt solution of a less reactive metal, then the more reactive metal
displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution. There are two types of displacement reactions:
Single displacement reactions are reactions where one reactant replaces part of the other.
AB + C → AC + B

An example is the reaction between iron and copper sulfate to produce iron sulfate and copper:
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
Here, both iron and copper have the same valence. One metal cation takes the place of the other
bonding to the sulfate anion.

Double displacement reactions are reactions where the cations and anions in the reactants switch
partners to form products.

AB + CD → AD + CB
An example is the reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride to form silver chloride and
sodium nitrate:

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

Q.12 What is Redox Reaction? Explain with the help of Examples.

Ans. The word redox is a combination of the words reduction and oxidation. Since an oxidation reaction
is a reaction in which electron/s are lost, along with an oxidation reaction, a reduction reaction also
occurs in which electron/s are gained. Thus, we can see that when an oxidation reaction occurs, a
reduction reaction also occurs in which the electron/s are transferred.

For example, if we consider rusting, there are two types of reactions that occur, an oxidation reaction
and a reduction reaction. Thus, it is one example of a redox reaction.
The overall chemical reaction in which rust is formed is represented in the following manner:
2Fe(s) + xH2O(l) + O2(g) ——-> Fe2O3*xH2O (s)

Q.13 What is Electrolysis? Write Three applications of Electrolysis.

Ans. Electrolysis is an electrochemical process in which current is passed between two electrodes through
an ionized solution (electrolyte).

It deposits positive ions (cations) on the negative electrode (cathode) and negative ions (anions) on
the positive electrode (anode).

The process is used in many industries. Here are three examples.

a) Electroplating: Electroplating used for coating metal objects with a thin layer of a different
metal, often to make them more corrosion resistant and more attractive. For example, many car
parts are plated with chromium to make them resistant to corrosion.
b) Refining of Metals: Aluminium is produced by electrolysis of bauxite, an aluminium ore.
c) Production of Chemicals: Chlorine and sodium hydroxide are produced by the electrolysis of
brine ( a solution of NaCl in water).

Q.14 What is balanced equation and what information does a balanced equation give.
Ans. A balanced equation is an equation for a chemical reaction in which the number of atoms for
each element in the reaction and the total charge are the same for both the reactants and
the products. In other words, the mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of the reaction.
a) A chemical equation will tell you the formulas and symbols of the reactants and products.
b) A chemical equation can show the physical state of a substance, whether it is a solid, liquid, gas,
or in solution.
c) A chemical equation can show if special conditions are required for a reaction to take place,
such as adding heat or using a catalyst.
d) And, if the equation is balanced: The coefficient numbers in the equation show the number of
molecules, formula units, or atoms of the species involved in the reaction. The coefficients also
equal the number of moles of each reactant and product.