PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY Project

CYCLOTRON

Name: NITISH G SAJI

Class: XII-A
Roll no: 15
Year: 2019-20
 St. Paul’s School C 3, SDA, New Delhi

Certificate

This is to certify that NITISH G SAJI, Board Roll

No:________________ of class XII-A has successfully
completed the investigatory project on topic: “CYCLOTRON ”
under the guidance of Mr. Janeesh K.J during the year 2019 -20
in the partial fulfillment of the Physics practical examination
conducted by CBSE

Janeesh K J
PGT Physics

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 Index
S.no Title Page no.

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

2 INTRODUCTION 3

3 APPLICATIONS OF THE 4

TESLA COIL
4 WORKING PRINCIPLE 5

5 TYPES OF TESLA COILS 6

6 COMPONENTS OF A TESLA 7

COIL
7 OPERATION OF A TESLA 8

COIL
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is a great pleasure and privilege to express my

profound sense of gratitude to our esteemed guide
and Physics Teacher Mr. Janeesh K Joseph, who
helped & coordinated in the completion of this
project .I also sincerely thank to Mr. Kunjumon
Daniel, the lab assistant for his support during the
progress of my project.

I express my thanks to all my friends and my family

for their timely, suggestions and encouragements.

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 INTRODUCTION
The Tesla Coil is a machine for generating
extreme high voltages. It's sort of like the Van De
Graff generator, but much more powerful. When
you fire it up, the shiny donut/sphere-shaped part
on top is energized with about 500,000 volts of
high-frequency current. Huge sparks shoot out from it with a
deafening noise and the whole room stinks of ozone. The Tesla
coil uses high-frequency transformer action together with
resonant voltage amplification to generate potentials in the range
of tens to hundreds, or even thousands of
kilovolts. We describe a range of
experiments designed to investigate the
Tesla coil action, ending up with the
design and development of a touring Tesla
coil with a carefully considered trade-off
between portability and performance.
About 100 years ago Nikola Tesla invented his "Tesla Coil".
Tesla invented his coil with the intention of transmitting electricity
through the air. He conducted much research in this area. He
purposed using a few coils spread across the globe to transmit
electrical energy through the earth. Where ever power was
needed one would need only a receiving coil to convert the
power into a useful form. Tesla coil circuits were used
commercially in spark gap radio transmitters for wireless
telegraphy until the 1920s, and in electrotherapy and pseudo
medical devices such as violet ray.

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Tesla used these circuits to conduct innovative
experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, X-ray
generation, high frequency current
phenomena, electrotherapy, and the transmission of
electrical energy without wires. Tesla coil circuits were
used commercially in spark gap radio
transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the 1920s, and in
medical equipment such as electrotherapy and violet
ray devices. Today, their main use is for entertainment
and educational displays, although small coils are still
used as leak detectors for high vacuum systems.

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE
FARADAY’S LAW OF MAGNETIC INDUCTION

“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit

is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux enclosed by the circuit.”
According to which, when a conductor is placed under a
varying magnetic field, a small current will be induced
inside the conductor. For a Tesla coil this conductor will be
called as the secondary coil and the varying magnetic field
will be produced by the primary coil by passing an
oscillating current through the primary coil.

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 APPLICATIONS OF THE
TESLA COIL
Tesla coils or resonant transformers of high frequency and
high potential have been used in many commercial
applications; the only variation being the high voltage is used
to produce an effect other than a spark. Although not all
commercial applications for Tesla coils are still in use some
historical and modern day
applications including:
 Spark gap radio transmitters
 Induction and dielectric
heating (vacuum tube & spark
gap types)
 Induction coils (differ only in
the transformer core material being used)
 Medical X-ray devices (typically driven by an induction
coil)
 Quack medical devices (violet-ray)
 Ozone generators
 Particle accelerators
 Electrical stage shows & entertainment

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 HISTORY OF THE TESLA COIL

Electrical oscillation and even resonant air-core

transformer circuits had been explored and developed
before Tesla, including Joseph Henry in Leyden
jars (1850), and resonant transformers developed
by Henry Rowland (1889) and Elihu Thomson (1890).
Tesla patented his Tesla coil circuit April 25, 1891. and
first publicly demonstrated it May 20, 1891 in his lecture
"Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High
Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial
Illumination" before the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers at Columbia College, New York.
Although Tesla patented many similar circuits during this
period, this was the first that contained all the elements of
the Tesla coil: high voltage primary transformer, capacitor,
spark gap, and air core "oscillation transformer".

*Nikola Tesla
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 USES OF TESLA COIL IN
HISTORY
In the early 20th century, Tesla coils provided high frequency
and high voltage electricity for radio transmission, X-ray
machines, electro-therapy and early particle accelerators. Other
electrical generation methods have since eclipsed the Tesla
coil, so in modern times they have little practical value except
for high voltage demonstrations.
Nikola Tesla developed the Tesla coil in 1891 as part of his
work with alternating currents. Unlike transformers, which have
a primary and a secondary winding around an iron core, Tesla
coils use induction from a smaller primary coil to boost voltage
in the secondary coil, using air to insulate the secondary coil.
This allows much higher voltages than a conventional
transformer. Tesla coils can boost input voltage from 110 volts
AC to between 100,000 and 1,000,000 volts AC.
Tesla’s initial experiments and demonstrations suggested many
uses for his coil. He used it to create some early X-rays, and
because Tesla coils produce high frequency energy, they
transmit radio waves as well. This property also allows wireless
AC power transmission. Tesla, along with others, worked on
larger and larger coils hoping they could solve the numerous
problems with such transmission. Some experimenters used
Tesla coils in early particle accelerators, but they abandoned
them in favor of voltage multipliers and electrostatic solutions.
By the end of the 1920s, the Tesla coil had fallen out of favor as
a high voltage generator and radio wave transmitter

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 TYPES OF TESLA COILS
Tesla coil circuits can be classified by the type of excitation
they use, what type of circuit is used to apply current to the
primary winding of the resonant transformer.

 Spark-excited or Spark Gap Tesla Coil (SGTC) -

This type uses a spark gap to switch pulses of current
through the primary, exciting oscillation in the
transformer. This pulsed (disruptive) drive creates a
pulsed high voltage output. Spark gaps have
disadvantages due to the high primary currents they
must handle. They produce a very loud noise while
operating, noxious ozone gas, and high temperatures
which often require a cooling system.

 Switched or Solid State Tesla Coil (SSTC) - These

use power semiconductor devices, such
as MOSFETs or IGBTs, to switch pulses of current
from a DC power supply through the primary winding.
They provide pulsed (disruptive) excitation without the
disadvantages of a spark gap: the loud noise, high
temperatures, and poor efficiency. The voltage,
frequency, and excitation waveform can be finely
controllable. SSTCs are used in most commercial,
industrial, and research applications as well as higher
quality entertainment coils.

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Tesla circuits can also be classified by how
many coils (inductors) they contain:
 Two coil or double-resonant circuits
 Three coil, triple-resonant, or magnifier

*SGTC

*SSTC

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 Components of a Tesla Coil
The common spark-excited Tesla coil circuit consists of
these components:
 A high voltage supply transformer, to step the AC mains
voltage up to a high enough voltage to jump the spark
gap. Typical voltages are between 5 and 30 kilovolts
(kV)
 A capacitor that forms a tuned circuit with the primary
winding of the Tesla transformer
 A spark gap that acts as a switch in the primary circuit
 The Tesla coil (Primary and Secondary windings), an
air-core double-tuned resonant transformer, which
generates the high output voltage.
 Optionally, a capacitive electrode (top load) in the form
of a smooth metal sphere or torus attached to the
secondary terminal of the coil. Its large surface area
suppresses premature air breakdown and arc
discharges, increasing the Q factor and output voltage.

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 DIAGRAM OF A TESLA COIL

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 Operation Of A Tesla Coil
The power source is hooked up to the primary coil. The
primary coil's capacitor acts like a sponge and soaks up
the charge. The primary coil itself must be able to
withstand the massive charge and huge surges of current,
so the coil is usually made out of copper, a good
conductor of electricity. Eventually, the capacitor builds up
so much charge that it breaks down the air resistance in
the spark gap. The current flows out of the capacitor down
the primary coil and creates a magnetic field.
The massive amount of energy makes the magnetic field
collapse quickly, and generates an electric current in the
secondary coil. The voltage zipping through the air
between the two coils creates sparks in the spark gap.
The energy sloshes back and forth between the two coils
several hundred times per second, and builds up in the
secondary coil and capacitor. Eventually, the charge in the
secondary capacitor gets so high that it breaks free in a
spectacular burst of electric current.
In a perfectly designed Tesla coil, when the secondary coil
reaches its maximum charge, the whole process should
start over again and the device should become self-
sustaining. In practice, however, this does not happen.
The heated air in the spark gap pulls some of the
electricity away from the secondary coil and back into the
gap, so eventually the Tesla coil will run out of energy.
This is why the coil must be hooked up to an outside
power supply.
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 Tesla Coils and
Wireless Electricity

After 1890 inventor Nikola

Tesla experimented with
transmitting power by inductive
and capacitive coupling using spark-excited frequency
resonant, now called Tesla coils, which generated high AC
voltages. Tesla went on to develop a wireless power
distribution system that he hoped would be capable of
transmitting power long distance directly into homes and
factories.
Experiments he conducted there with a large coil operating in
the megavolts range, as well as observations he made of the
electronic noise of lightning strikes, led him to conclude
incorrectly that he could use the entire globe of the Earth to
conduct electrical energy. The theory included driving
alternating current pulses into the Earth at its resonant
frequency from a grounded Tesla coil working against an
elevated capacitance to make the potential of the Earth
oscillate. Tesla thought this would allow alternating current to
be received with a similar capacitive antenna tuned to
resonance with it at any point on Earth with very little power
loss. His observations also led him to believe a high voltage
used in a coil at an elevation of a few hundred feet would
"break the air stratum down", eliminating the need for miles of
cable hanging on balloons to create his atmospheric return
circuit.
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HAZARDS OF A
TESLA COIL

High Voltages and Currents: Tesla

coils use and produce extraordinarily high voltages and
currents. Output voltages for small coils are typically in the
range of 500,000 to 1,000,000 volts. Currents of 1000 to 5000
amperes may be present in the input circuits. Under no
circumstances should one come into contact with these
voltages and currents.
Burns: Due to the high frequencies involved, Tesla coils can
cause severe burns without the sensation of pain. These burns
are typically very deep and need long term medical attention.
Long Distance Arcing: Tesla coils, by their nature, produce
electrical arcing which can travel unpredictably in any direction
and can strike at considerable distances. These arcs can be
very dangerous.
Electromagnetic Fields: Tesla coil type equipment produced
extreme magnetic, electrostatic, and radio frequency fields.
These may interfere with pacemakers and any other critical
electronic devices in the area. These effects are unpredictable.

Ozone: Tesla coil equipment produces large quantities of

ozone, which is poisonous. Adequate ventilation must always
be maintained.

Radio Frequency Interference: Tesla coils always produce

intense radio frequency interference.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil
 Instructables
www.instructables.com › technology › electronics
 Quora
https://www.quora.com/How_does_a_Tesla_coil_work
 LiveScience
https://www.livescience.com › Tech

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