Arrow pushing is a technique used to represent the movement of electrons during chemical reactions. It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson and uses curved arrows to show how bonds are broken and formed as electrons move between atoms. The arrows illustrate the distribution of positive and negative charges on organic molecules through resonance. While arrow pushing provides a formalism, electrons do not actually move as discretely in reality. Recently, arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially for s- and p-block elements and hypervalent compounds.
Arrow pushing is a technique used to represent the movement of electrons during chemical reactions. It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson and uses curved arrows to show how bonds are broken and formed as electrons move between atoms. The arrows illustrate the distribution of positive and negative charges on organic molecules through resonance. While arrow pushing provides a formalism, electrons do not actually move as discretely in reality. Recently, arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially for s- and p-block elements and hypervalent compounds.
Arrow pushing is a technique used to represent the movement of electrons during chemical reactions. It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson and uses curved arrows to show how bonds are broken and formed as electrons move between atoms. The arrows illustrate the distribution of positive and negative charges on organic molecules through resonance. While arrow pushing provides a formalism, electrons do not actually move as discretely in reality. Recently, arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially for s- and p-block elements and hypervalent compounds.
Arrow pushing is a technique used to represent the movement of electrons during chemical reactions. It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson and uses curved arrows to show how bonds are broken and formed as electrons move between atoms. The arrows illustrate the distribution of positive and negative charges on organic molecules through resonance. While arrow pushing provides a formalism, electrons do not actually move as discretely in reality. Recently, arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially for s- and p-block elements and hypervalent compounds.
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History of Arrow Pushing
Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms.[1] It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson.[2]In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are superimposed over the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the reaction mechanism. The arrows illustrate the movement of electrons as bonds between atoms are broken and formed. Arrow pushing is also used to describe how positive and negative charges are distributed around organic molecules through resonance. It is important to remember, however, that arrow pushing is a formalism and electrons (or rather, electron density) do not move around so neatly and discretely in reality. Recently, arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially to the chemistry of s- and p-block elements. It has been shown to work well for hypervalent compounds.[3]
References
1. Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2001). Organic Chemistry (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 123–133. ISBN 978-0-19-850346-0. 2. Kermack, William Ogilvy; Robinson, Robert (1922). "An explanation of the property of induced polarity of atoms and an interpretation of the theory of partial valencies on an electronic basis". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 121: 427–440. doi:10.1039/CT9222100427. 3. Abhik Ghosh, Steffen Berg, Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A Logical Approach to the Chemistry of the Main Group Elements, (John Wiley & Sons, 2014).
