Members: Dy, Degolacion, Ermac, Daria, Mata, & Enriquez Group: 3

Schedule: Wednesday 7:30 AM – 10:30 AM Date: 19/09/2019

BASIC HAND TOOLS

Hammer

A hammer is one of the basic hand tools which consists of a weighted head set
crosswise on a handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. It
is also commonly used for driving nails, fitting parts, and breaking up objects. There are
also different types of hammer namely: Claw Hammer, Ball Peen Hammer, Cross and
Straight Peen, Club Hammer, Sledgehammer, Joiner’s Mallet, and Soft-faced hammer.

• Claw Hammer – is the most popular hammer used for general work. It is
available with a wooden, glass-fiber, or steel handle (with or without rubber grip).
The claw is normally curved and has a V cut-out usually used to remove nails
from timber or another kind of material. The claw can also be used to lever up
places where a lever is required.
• Ball Peen Hammer – this is normally used by engineers. The peen is rounded
and usually is being used for shaping metals and closing rivets. Handles are
normally made of wood (usually Ash or Hickory). • Cross and Straight Peen –
also used for shaping metals. The peen can either be at right angles to the
handle or parallel with it. The cross peen is very useful since the peen can be
used for starting panel pins and tacks. Handles are also normally made out of
wood.
• Club Hammer – also known as a Lump Hammer. It has a double faced head and
is very useful for light demolition work, driving steel chisels, and masonry nails.
Wearing of glasses and working gloves is recommended when being used, since
debris is likely to fly. Handles are normally wooden.
 • Sledgehammer – this is used for heavier jobs such as breaking up concrete,
stone or masonry. For lighter jobs, the weight of the head alone can may be used
for blows, but for heavier jobs, it is swung like an axe. Wearing of protective
clothing is recommended.
• Joiner’s Mallet – is characterized by two slightly angled flat faces and a large
head. They vary in size, but are usually quite large. They excel at heavy chisel
work, where both power and precision are required. Both of the head and the
handle are made of wood.
• Soft-Faced Hammers – there are various types of these available, with hard and
soft rubber, plastic or copper faces. Some of these come with a choice faces
(plastic, nylon, rubber, copper or aluminum) which are interchangeable. These
are used for metal forming because they are able to bend and shape metal
without causing surface damage. Surface damage is problematic for metals or
finishes that are intended to be seen and have an aesthetic purpose. In these
situations, soft-faced hammers are preferred.

Wrench

A Wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in

applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or
keep them from turning. There are a lot of common types of wrenches: Open-ended,
Combination wrench, box-end wrench, Flare-nut wrench, and the Adjustable spanner.

• Open-ended wrenches or Open-ended spanner - are those that have two

different sized openings, one on each end. The main advantage of this type of
wrench is that they are usually shorter than combination wrenches, which makes
it easier to work in confined spaces.
• Combination-wrench - has a U-shaped open end on one side and a ring or a
box on the other, and the open and ringed ends are usually about the same size.
Combination wrenches are also available in all measurement standards.
 • Box-end wrench or a Ring spanner - is a specially designed wrench that is
enclosed on one or both ends and made to go around a specific type of nut or
bolt.
• Flare-nut wrenches or Tube wrench - are a type of open-ended wrench that's
intended for use with hexagonal nuts and fittings, which are sometimes referred
to as flare fittings.
• Adjustable spanner or Adjustable end wrench - is an open-end wrench with a
movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt)
rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner.
• Socket wrench - a type of wrench or spanner that has a socket attached at one
end, usually used to turn a fastener.

File

A file or hand file is a hand tool used to shape material by cutting. A file typically takes
the form of a hardened steel bar, mostly covered with series of sharp, parallel ridges or
teeth. Most files have a narrow, pointed tang at on end to which a handle be fitted.
Different Kinds of File

 Mill file - a single cut file used for draw filling, lathe filing, and general
benchworking.
 Flat file - a double cut file which comes in a bastard cut for rough filing and in
second cut for finish filing.
 Three-square or corner file - has three sides angled 60 to each other. This file
tapers to a blunt point and is used for filing internal angles and for cleaning
corners.
 Round file - used for filing fillets, concave radii and enlarging holes.
 Square file - used for enlarging squared-end holes and filing slots and keyways.
 Half-round file - has two sides: one flat and other half-round. The flat side is a
double cut, and the rounded side is either a single or double cut.
 Hand file - a thick, rectangular-shaped file with parallel edges.
  Pillar file -tapered in thickness and of uniform width. This is used for filing slots
and keyways.

Cutters

These surfaces are generally located close to the fulcrum and are used for cutting wire
and cables. Fulcrum (or Pivot Point) – Not only is this the place where the handles and
jaws connect, it also serves to create enough force for the jaws to perform their duty.

• Handles – The part you hold. These can be straight or curved, and the surface
will wither be bare metal or plastic coated.
• Jaws or Nose – The working end of pliers are used primarily for gripping.
Combination pliers have jaws which also contain cutters and/or pipe grips.
• Pipe Grips – A rounded opening in the jaws, pipe grips are designed to do what
the name implies, and are very useful for gripping round objects.

Slip Joint Pliers

This tool gets its name from, you guessed it, its slip joint. Rather than pivoting from a
fixed rivet, these types of pliers feature an adjustable pivot point that allows the two
pieces of the plier to shift, extending the range of the jaws. Slip joint pliers can grip
materials of varying thickness.

Locking Pliers - Locking pliers work well for clamping down on things, especially
during those times when having both hands free is helpful. They have a double-
lever action that allows them to act as a hand-held vise – hence the name Vise-
 Grips (a proprietary name from Irwin Tools) that most people use for them.

 Cutting Pliers - Cutting pliers or diagonal cutting pliers are a staple in electrical
tool bags. They feature a relatively short jaw set that angles away from the
handles. The cutting knives extend to the tips and give you the ability to
accurately snip wires that are in a crowded gang box or even cut small nails and
screws. Some feature a longer handle to get additional leverage.
 Wire Strippers - No electrician worth his salary will be caught dead without a
good set of wire strippers. In its most basic form, it will usually include wire
cutting blades to cut the same wire gauges as the strippers holes cover along
with a crimping tip.
 Needle Nose Pliers - Needle nose pliers will have a longer jaw that tapers down
to a point. These types of pliers work well for more delicate tasks or jobs that
need to be done in smaller spaces. Bending wires, holding fittings, placing
fasteners, and even cutting, needle nose pliers do a lot of work that a more
heavy-duty plier might not excel at.
 Fencing Pliers - When you’re looking at different types of pliers, fencing pliers
look like the red-headed stepchild of the group. It’s like someone gave a hammer
two thin handles and stuck a pivot point for no particular reason. Realistically, the
design is very intentional and it’s another multi-function tool.
 Tongue-and-Groove Pliers - Tongue-and-groove pliers operate on the same
principles as the slip joints so much so that they’re probably actually a subset of
that category rather than an entirely separate one. Known also as water-pump
pliers, multi-grips, or Channellocks (a proprietary brand name), these types of
pliers find the majority of their use in plumbing applications.

Linesman’s Pliers - Linesman’s pliers – aka electrician’s pliers, side cutting
pliers, or Kleins – hinge at a set pivot point. The jaws have the flat front with
shallow serrations for gripping flat objects, and which also allow electricians to
twist wires together. Right behind the front of the jaws, these types of pliers
include side cutters that allow the user to cut wires. Even though they usually
 have dipped handles, most aren’t insulated and you shouldn’t work on live
connections with them.

Hacksaw

The hacksaw is used to cut steel and other metals. It can also be used to cut plastics,
although it is not normally used to cut woods. It is sometimes called an adjustable
hacksaw because the length of the frame can be altered to hold blades of different
sizes. Blades are supplied in two lengths, 250mm and 300mm. If the adjusting screw is
unscrewed, the frame can be pushed into the handle so that the smaller blades fit the
hacksaw.

 Reamer - A reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metalworking.

Precision reamers are designed to enlarge the size of a previously formed hole
by a small amount but with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides.
There are also non-precision reamers which are used for more basic
enlargement of holes or for removing burrs. The process of enlarging the hole is
called reaming. There are many different types of reamer and they may be
designed for use as a hand tool or in a machine tool, such as a milling
machine or drill press.

Types of Reamer

 Adjustable hand reamer - Adjustable hand reamers have nuts and blades that
can be adjusted to allow the tool to enlarge or finish holes of different sizes in
metal work pieces. The blades can be sharpened and replaced as needed.

 Straight reamer - A straight reamer is used to make only a minor enlargement to

a hole. The entry end of the reamer will have a slight taper, the length of which
 will depend on its type. This produces a self centering action as it enters the raw
hole. The larger proportion of the length will be of a constant diameter.

 Hand reamer - A hand reamer has a longer taper or lead in at the front than a
machine reamer. This is to compensate for the difficulty of starting a hole by
hand power alone. It also allows the reamer to start straight and reduce the risk
of breakage. The flutes may be straight or spiral.

 Machine reamer - A machine reamer only has a very slight lead in. Because the
reamer and work piece are pre-aligned by the machine there is no risk of it
wandering off course. In addition the constant cutting force that can be applied by
the machine ensures that it starts cutting immediately.

 Rose reamer - A rose reamer has no relief on the periphery and is offset by a
front taper to prevent binding. They are secondarily used as softing reamers.

 Shell reamer - Shell reamers are designed for reaming bearing and other similar
items. They are fluted almost their whole length.

 Tapered reamer - A precision tapered reamer is used to make a tapered hole to

later receive a tapered pin.

 Morse taper reamer - A morse taper reamer is used manually to finish morse
taper sleeves. These sleeves are a tool used to hold machine cutting tools or
holders in the spindles of machines such as a drill or milling machine.

 Combination reamer - A combination reamer has two or more cutting surfaces.

The combination reamer is precision ground into a pattern that resembles the
part’s multiple internal diameters. The advantage of using a combination reamer
 is to reduce the number of turret operations, while more precisely holding depths,
internal diameters and concentricity.

 Tapered reamer (non-precision) - A tapered reamer may be used for cleaning

burrs from a drilled hole, or to enlarge a hole. The body of the tool tapers to a
point. This type of reamer consists of a body which, typically, is up to 1/2 inch in
diameter, with a rod cross piece at the large end acting to form a handle. It is
especially useful for working softer metals such as aluminum, copper, and mild
steel.

Grinding

Grinding is the operation that removes material by rotation an abrasive wheel against
the work. It is often used for sharpening tools, removing material that is too hard to be
machined by any other method, or when fine surface finishes and close tolerance are
required.

 Bench Grinder - The familiar bench grinder are the simplest most used grinding
machines. The type of grinding which they perform is called OFFHAND
GRINDING; that is, work that does not require great accuracy of size or shape is
held in the hands manipulated until ground to the desired shape. The grinding
wheels mount directly onto the motor shaft one is for coarse, or rough grinding
and the other is fine for finishing grinding.
Screwdriver

Is a device specifically designed for the insertion and tightening of screws. The
screwdriver is made up of a head or tip, which engages with a screw, a mechanism to
apply torque by rotating the tip, and some way to position and support the screwdriver.
The handle and shaft allow the screwdriver to be positioned and supported and, when
rotated, to apply torque.

 Standard or Slotted screwdriver - The most common screwdriver is the

standard (or slotted) screwdriver, for use with screw that have a single shot.
 Phillip screwdriver - is made up of handle and blade with two tops cross-
sectionally cut to suit Phillip screws. Handle are also usually made of plastics