Internet of things and smart cities

STANDARDS to make cities sustainable and a place

for development and growth

AUTHORS
ADRIAN CARBALLO – BOARD MEMBER CCAT LAT
OLGA CAVALLI – ACADEMIC DIRECTOR SOUTH SCHOOL ON INTERNET
GOVERNANCE

Index

Introduction
Different scenarios of adoption of IoT
Standardization efforts
IPV6 adoption
Conclusion
References and consulted sources
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INTRODUCTION
The Internet of things is not a single technology; it integrates technologies that
already exist between us, information and communications and automation
devices, which work together thanks to the use of new communication standards
and applications.
Internet of Things means, in practice, the application of these technologies, new
protocols and wireless communications, allowing the interaction between people
and machines (P2M), and machines to machines (M2M).
New services and devices have already started to incorporate these technology
elements and this incorporation will increase in the coming years. Users will start
to see cars without drivers, working robots in big factories and also at home, and
machines that can execute orders.
The development of standards is a fundamental part of this technology integration
into the single concept of Interne of Things. Wireless communications will be
relevant and the massive use of IPv6 will be the enabler of the Internet of Things
impact.
This document will explore the present efforts toward the Internet of Things
standardization and the status of the IPV4 /IPV6 transition, with a focus on its
impact in smart cities.
Cities will be highly impacted by the intensive use of Internet of Things both in
the urban organization and management and the services available for citizens
that live in these cities.

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 Table 1. List of Internet speed in all countries in the world
Avg. Avg. Peak
Above Above Above
connection Connection
Country/Territory 4 10 15
speed Speed
Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s
(Mb/s) (Mb/s)

Global 5.1 32.2 65% 27% 15%

Argentina 4.2 26.9 39% 3.10% 0.50%

Bolivia 1.8 13.9 2.80% 0.20% 0.10%

Brazil 3.6 29 32% 2.20% 0.60%

Canada 11.9 52.4 87% 43% 21%

Chile 5.7 42 62% 7.10% 1.60%

Colombia 4.2 28.1 48% 1.70% 0.40%

Costa Rica 3.2 16.4 20% 1.10% 0.50%

Ecuador 4.1 25.5 36% 2.50% 0.60%

Mexico 5.5 27.3 64% 6.40% 1.70%

Panama 3.5 16.9 33% 1.50% 0.40%

Paraguay 1.5 13.4 2.10% 0.10% 0.10%

Peru 4.4 30.4 46% 2.90% 0.60%

United States 12.6 57.3 80% 46% 24%

Uruguay 5.9 60.2 68% 7.70% 1.60%

Venezuela 1.5 11.8 2.10% 0.20% 0.10%

Australia 7.8 41.9 72% 18% 7.40%

China 3.7 23.1 33% 1.60% 0.30%

Hong Kong 15.8 101.1 92% 59% 36%

India 6.5 29.7 67% 23% 8%

Indonesia 7.45 31 17% 0.90% 0.40%

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 Japan 15 78.4 90% 54% 32%

Malaysia 4.9 38.3 52% 4.00% 0.90%

New Zealand 8.7 42 87% 22% 8.20%

Philippines 2.8 25.3 10% 0.90% 0.30%

Singapore 12.5 135.4 87% 51% 27%

South Korea 20.5 86.6 96% 68% 45%

Sri Lanka 5.1 33.5 76% 2.20% 0.60%

Republic of 10.1 77.9 88% 29% 13%

China

Thailand 8.2 58.3 93% 18% 5.80%

Vietnam 3.4 25.5 31% 0.60% 0.10%

Austria 11.4 44 90% 33% 17%

Belgium 12.8 59.3 91% 52% 26%

Czech Republic 14.5 50.9 86% 46% 27%

Denmark 14 50.1 94% 51% 29%

Finland 14.8 57.4 91% 51% 28%

France 8.2 38.9 74% 21% 8.70%

Germany 11.5 49.2 87% 37% 19%

Hungary 10.7 53.9 90% 36% 18%

Ireland 12.4 52 76% 41% 23%

Israel 11.2 70 94% 36% 14%

Italy 6.5 30.1 71% 9.20% 3.40%

Netherlands 15.6 63.5 95% 60% 34%

Norway 16.4 55.9 88% 54% 37%

Poland 10.6 45.6 88% 34% 17%

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 Portugal 10.6 47.9 85% 37% 19%

Romania 13.1 72.9 94% 57% 27%

Russia 10.2 57.9 87% 38% 15%

Slovakia 11.2 49 85% 28% 17%

South Africa 3.7 18.9 22% 2.90% 1.70%

Spain 10.4 53.5 85% 34% 17%

Sweden 17.4 69 92% 55% 38%

Switzerland 16.2 62.6 93% 61% 36%

Turkey 6.2 38.5 77% 7.60% 2.90%

United Arab
6.8 45.8 85% 10% 2.30%
Emirates

United Kingdom 13 54.2 87% 46% 28%

DIFFERENT SCENARIOS OF IOT ADOPTION

The Internet of Things is the result of connectivity between objects.

the combined use of well known Internet of Things requires an
technologies put together in a understanding of the connectivity
coordinated and efficient way. It has between devices, the development
and will have a great transformation of standards for the transmission of
potential in the industry, the society information and tools that enable the
and in the individuals. The new wave autonomous behavior of objects
of connectivity will link everyday according to the functions to be met
objects which could be connected and the instructions received from
and eventually controlled through a the network that interconnects.
network: the Internet. Transport and logistics have already
long incorporated these
The development of WiFi and 4G-
technologies, particularly to improve
LTE connectivity networks is relevant
service delivery, and the next
for the end user, but there will be also
evolution is towards the personal and
another evolution towards
professional environment.

Parameters 1G 2G 3G 4G
Introduced in 1980s 1993 2001 2009
Supports Voice only Voice and Data Voice and Data Voice and Data
Internet service No Internet Narrowband Broadband Ultra Broadband
Speed 2.4 - 14.4 Kbps 14.4 Kbps 3.1 Mbps 100 Mbps
Band type Narrow band Narrow band Wide band Ultra-Wide band

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 Bandwidth Analog 25 MHz 25 MHz 100 MHz

There are a number of definitions and predictions regarding Internet of Things1:

IoT and the cloud: within the next 5 years 90% of IoT data will be stored in the
cloud.
IoT and security: in two years, 90% of all IT networks have caused security
problems in IoT, so they must create new security policies related to IoT.
IoT and network capacity: within three years, 50% of the computer networks will
experience problems handling a large amount of data produced by IoT.
IoT and diversification: IoT today focuses on manufacturing, transportation and
intelligent cities, but within the next five years all industries will have their IoT
infrastructures.
IoT and smart cities: Local governments are investing and will invested to
develop, test and install IoT based infrastructure by 2018.
IoT and embedded systems: for 2018, 60% of IT solutions developed will become
open allowing greater vertical integration using IoT.

Studies done by CISCO™ indicate that by 2019 there will be 371 million Internet
users more than today, 1.9 billion devices connected to the Internet, the average
speed of broadband connections will be of 17 Mbps, and 82% the Internet traffic
will be generated by Internet video transmission. The increase in Internet traffic
will grow three times by the year 2019.
While the Internet of Things is made by the interaction of existing technologies,
its impact will be noticeable in terms of connectivity as it will generate increased
Internet traffic. This increase in traffic will require investments in the infrastructure
of the telecommunication networks, especially the wireless networks and the
short range networks.
The growth of devices connected to IP networks will happen mainly in the
segment of connections between devices, also called M2M or machine to
machine, with an expected 43% of such connections to 2019.
Nearly half of the M2M connections will be made in homes and offices.
Regionally, M2M connection between machines will not be as relevant as global,
but is expected to be significant, much of the connected devices will be smart
phones, which use will be accentuated in the coming years with the spread of 4G
and LTE networks in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The possible applications and uses of IoT are huge, although it is difficult to make
an exhaustive list; some relevant categories can be defined:
Security
• Network connectivity service

1 Source: Cisco and IDC.

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 • Service control: electricity, water, gas, heating
• Control of electrical and household devices
• Computers, printers, routers, other elements of connectivity.
Connected office:
• Building security
• Service control: electricity, water, gas, heating
• Office Automation.
Public services in smart cities:
• Transport
• Automated Vehicles
• Traffic management and measurements
• Road signs and other traffic management measures
• Fleet Management
• Calls inside vehicles
• Emergency management
• Insurance Management
• Monitoring
• Telemedicine
Stores
• Inventory Control
• Product Safety
• Building security
• Billing Machines
• Control of stock and supplies

The elements that will enable the deployment of IoT are based on the interaction
of three main components:
• The things connected through sensors
• Data storage
• Data processing systems
According to the Federal Trade Commission of the United States, the only way
IoT can reach its full potential will be once the consumer has confidence and a
perceived security and protection for related services, data and applications.
It is relevant to assess the different parts of the IoT ecosystem, and identify where
there may be a greater risk for the security of the service, including data and
individuals or organizations involved.

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There are several industrial developments and others already commercially
available, which allow the development of new devices at low prices. One of the
most successful and well known is the multipurpose Arduino device, which
incorporates wireless connectivity.
Arduino is an open hardware platform whose main element is a small hardware
device with a programmable microcontroller through the use of open software.
This device can be used to automate and control various objects and, it can be
connected to different types of programs. The device can be purchased or put
together as its design can be downloaded from the Internet for free. Arduino has
its own software for programming, which can be downloaded from their official
website.
Systems interconnect Internet of Things objects using WiFi networks and
wireless Internet access using 4G-LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks.

In relation with smart cities, Internet of Things will have a direct impact in different
components.
 Infrastructure can benefit from a better energy control using meters of the
electricity, water and gas use.
 Transports will use real time data exchange from different vehicles in order
to enhance general transport management and better traffic management.
 Sensors can provide alerts about different environmental situations or can
simply monitor de air quality or level of pollution.
 City administration can benefit from better managed public services and
an efficient infrastructure management.
 Streets surveillance, streets lightning and cameras, safety warning
systems, will be fundamental for enhancing the quality of life in smart
cities, helping police work and law enforcement.
 Public health can be improved with making information available about
health records, and special patients in need can be monitored remotely.
 Citizens can be empowered with special services and access devices to
different public services to enhance their life experience in smart cities.
Smarts cities can benefit from a better infrastructure, a better planning and the
community can experience a better life thanks to the Internet of Things.
Additionaly, Internet of Things will be fundamental to achieve the newly defined
Sustainable Development Goals, specially Goal 9 related with the enhancement
of infrastructure and Goal 11 related with cities and human settlements.
These are the 9 and 11 goal and the main objectives or each one2:
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation

2United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/post-2015-development-
agenda.html

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 • Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure,
including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic
development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and
equitable access for all
• By 2030 upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them
sustainable, with increased resource use efficiency and greater
adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and
industrial processes, all countries taking action in accordance with their
respective capabilities
• Significantly increase access to ICT and strive to provide universal and
affordable access to internet in LDCs by 2020

Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
• Provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable
transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding
public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in
vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and
older persons
• Reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, special
attention to air quality, municipal and other waste management
• Increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and
implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource
efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change
In order to make these advantages possible, there are some steps that must be
done towards the development of common Internet of things standards and the
enhancement of the basic Internet infrastructure through a massive adoption of
the IPV6 protocol.

STANDARDIZATION EFFORTS FOR IOT

Standards will be an important element for IoT, in order to allow the existence of
affordable solutions and devices to become massive and accessible to end users.
Global standards are very important because once defined they can have a great
industry and social impact.
Standards once established and followed can:
 Drive competitiveness, for individual businesses and world economy
 Lower prices
 Reduce technical barriers
 Foster interoperability
 Help manufacturers, network operators and consumers
 Reduce negative impacts on the environment

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The following list shows different standardization spaces where IoT standards are
being defined and shaped:

ITU-T SG20
The SG20 standard is responsible for international standards to enable the
coordinated development of IoT technologies, including machine-to-
machine communications and ubiquitous sensor networks.
SG20 addresses the standardization requirements of Internet of Things
(IoT) technologies, with an initial focus on IoT applications in smart cities
and communities (SC&C).
SG20 promotes the development of standards that leverage IoT
technologies to address urban-development challenges.

ZigBee
ZigBee is a specification of wireless communication protocols based on
the IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN standard. They are intended for
communications with low rate data applications with a focus on home
automation. It aims to be a cheaper platform of communications than WiFi
and Bluetooth, generating WPAN: wireless personal area networks.

WirelessHART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer):

It is based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard and allows robust real-time
communications and it allows interoperability with other communication
technologies.

Mbed (Sensinode)
It is a commercial solution consisting of an operating system and hardware
products based on 6LoWPAN IP technology.

ETSI TC M2M
Architecture studies prepared by a technical committee of ETSI created in
2009 in order to study the machine-to-machine communications (M2M) to
specify requirements for M2M, providing specifications and standards,
coordination with other standards groups and develop and maintain one
end to end architecture in high-level M2M.

IETF
The Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF, is one of the Internet
standards organizations working in IoT, especially of great importance is
the full development of IPV6 as it will be the only standard capable of
connecting so many devices.

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 Open Internet Consortium (OIC)
The OIC is developing a specification that is focused in the automotive,
consumer electronics, enterprise, healthcare, home automation, industrial,
and wearables verticals as prime targets.

The Thread Group

The Thread Group is creating a networking protocol using IPv6, mesh-
based and using 802.15.4 radios. It will enable IoT-equipped devices of all
sorts in the home to discover and network with each other.

All Seen Alliance

The All Seen Alliance is overseen by The Linux Foundation. Its open
source project – called AllJoyn – is based on early work by the Qualcomm
Innovation Center. The platform utilizes Wi-Fi, power line, Ethernet, and
other transport layers.

The Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)

Its work is focused on factories assembly lines and shipping docks. The
IIC focus is creating “use cases and test beds” for real world applications,
it describes in great detail how companies in specific verticals can leverage
IoT.

Internet Protocol for Smart Objects (IPSO) Alliance

The IPSO Alliance is a global, non-profit forum seeking to establish the
Internet Protocol as the network for the connection of smart objects in
energy, consumer, healthcare, and industrial applications.

IEEE P2413
IEEE project P2413 mission is to build a reference architecture that covers
the definition of basic architectural building blocks and their ability to be
integrated into multi-tiered systems.

Apple HomeKit
Apple Homekit is a framework for communicating with and controlling
connected accessories in a user's home."

The importance of standards in the future development of Internet of Things is an

essential part of it.
All the efforts that are moving forward should find a coordination space in order
to understand the different developments and work on the interoperability of
technologies and systems involved in the deployment of the Internet of Things.

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IPV6 ADOPTION
IPv6 is an essential element and a key enabler for the future Internet of Things.
At the same time and given the fact that IPV4 addresses are exhausted, IPv6
adoption is unavoidable. IPv6 offers sufficient IP addresses for the needs of any
present and future communicating devices.
The lack of IPV4 addresses has promoted the adoption of an intermediate
solution called the Network Address Translation (NAT). It enables several users
and devices to share the same public IP address. This solution is working as NAT
users are sharing IP addresses with others, but this technique becomes
completely unmanageable if the same end-points are to be used by many
different services, which may occur in an IoT deployment where the same
sensors are to be used by multiple, independent, applications.
IPv6 provides for end devices to have multiple addresses and allows different
services to assign IoT end-device addresses that are consistent with their own
applications. Different services can deploy their own applications, sharing a
common sensor/actuation infrastructure, without impacting the technical
operation.

Figure 1: Percentage of Users that access Google over IPV6

Source: Google
IPv6 provides a large number of addresses that enables the extension of the
Internet to any device and service. As indicated by the IOT6 project in the
European Union, experiments have demonstrated the successful use of IPv6

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addresses to large-scale deployments of sensors in smart buildings, smart cities
and even with cattle.
The industry and the experts agree about the relevance of IPV6 for Internet of
things, however applicability by new entities would require even more
dissemination of IPV6 enabled infrastructure and general adoption.

Figure 2: Per country IPV6 adoption

Source: Google

Figure 1 shows the evolution of IPV6 traffic received by Google, which results in
an average of 10% worldwide by the end of year 2015. This IPV6 traffic is far
from being high; on the contrary it has shown a slow growth since the IPV6
addressed started to be available.
Figure 2 shows a map with different colors for the IPV6 deployment. It is
interesting to note that there are countries like Peru and Germany, which have
an important IPV6 adoption but users experiment reliability or latency issues
when connecting IPV6 enabled websites.
At a glance, the map shows a new divide in the world, those countries with highly
evolved IPV6 networks and IPV6 enabled devices, and another world that is
lagging behind this important change in the Internet infrastructure.

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The slow IPV6 deployment may be an important limitation for the development of
the Internet of Things, as the Internet and the new IP addresses result
fundamental for the management and control of a large amount of sensors,
devices and information.
It is expected that the lack of IPV4 addresses and a strong outreach campaign
done by the five Regional Internet Registries (ARIN, APNIC, AFRINIC, RIPE
NCC and LACNIC) and other organizations like the ITU and Internet Society, will
close the significant gap that exist today in the adoption of IPV6.

CONCLUSIONS
IoT raises a variety of new services and at the same time a number of challenges
and questions both to the industry, to the organizations that define standards as
well as to the society, these are some of the different challenges that IoT will
bring:

 IoT will generate a large amount of data that must be managed and stored
with the necessary safety and security.
 IoT raises privacy dilemmas, how and when should something be
monitored and be connected?
 IoT will generate additional demand for energy and will generate a lot of
technological waste.
 The development of the IoT will require the full deployment of IPv6
standard, because it is the only way to connect so many devices to the
Internet.
 IoT will be a change for the whole society, everything will be connected,
and everything can be detected and measured.
 IoT means machines connected to machines, networks of sensors and
machines without human interaction.
 IoT must resolve interoperability between technologies and
standardization.
There are a number of technologies that automate part of the activities of the
industry in which IoT is already involved. The massive incorporation of these
technologies should be associated with due respect for the privacy of individuals,
the environment and safety of people, organizations and information.
The relevance of infrastructure through the IPV6 massive adoption and the
definition of a set of unified standards, will be the key enablers for the
enhancement of cities using the Internet of Things and becoming in the near
future “Smart Cities”.

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REFERENCES AND CONSULTED SOURCES
IDC IDC Predictions Futurescape for Internet of Things
https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25291514

State of the Market THE INTERNET OF THINGS 2015 Discover how IoT is
transforming business results
http://www.verizonenterprise.com/resources/reports/rp_state-of-market-the-
market-the-internet-of-things-2015_en_xg.pdf

That 'Internet of Things' Thing - RFID Journal.

http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/print/4986. [See: 22/05/2014] .2.

Smart M2M Solution

https://m2m.telefonica.com/telefonica-m2m/solutions/m2m-managed-
connectivity/smart-m2m-solution

Rise of the Embedded Internet Embedded Processors Intel White Paper.

http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/embedded/pdfs/ECG_WhitePaper.pdf.

Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative

http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/jca/iot/Pages/default.aspx

Open Interconnect Project

http://openinterconnect.org/

The Thread Group

http://www.threadgroup.org/

The Industrial Internet Consortium

http://www.iiconsortium.org/

Internet Protocol for Smart Objects (IPSO) Alliance

http://www.ipso-alliance.org

ITU SG 20
http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2013-2016/20/Pages/default.aspx

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IEEE Standards Association
https://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/2413.html

Apple Home Kit

https://developer.apple.com/homekit/

Internet of Things 6 Project – European Commission

http://iot6.eu/IPv6_evolution

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/post-2015-
development-agenda.html

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