(For Comprehensive Examination of BSME program, IUBAT)

Prepared by :

Rofail Miah (Id –15207022)

1. What is Engineering ?

Engineering : An engineering is the application of mathematics, scientific, economic, social,

and practical knowledge in order to invent, innovate, design, build, maintain, research, and
improves the structures, machines, tools, systems, components, materials, processes,
solutions, and organizations.

2. What is Mechanical Engineering ?

Mechanical Engineering : It is the branch engineering dealing with power, heat, energy, as
well as the design, construction, and use of machines.

3. What is Refrigeration:

Refrigeration: Refrigeration is the process of reducing the temperature of a space or a

substance and maintain it below that of the surroundings.

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 4. What is Refrigerant ?

Refrigerant : The Refrigerant is a substance or mixing usually a fluid, used in a

Refrigeration cycle. Example – Air, Water, Ammonia, Cl, R-134a etc.

5. What are the common used refrigerants?

Ans: (i) Ammonia (𝐶𝐻3 ), (ii) Carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2 ), (iii) Sulphar dioxide (𝑆𝑂2 ), (iv) R-11
(CCl2F), (v) R-22(CHCLF2), (vi) R-12 (CCL2F).

6. What are the types of refrigeration system ?

The types of refrigeration system are :

i. Vapor compression refrigeration system.

ii. Air refrigeration system.
iii. Vapor absorption refrigeration system.
iv. Vortex tube refrigeration system.
v. Steam tube refrigeration system.
vi. Thermoelectric refrigeration system.

7. What are the factors of human comforts ?

The factors of human comforts are :

I. Temperature: Comfortable temp. of human (22.50C-260C).

II. Humidity: Pressure of moisture in the air.
1. Summer RH >60%
2. Winter RH <40%
3. Typical RH=50%
III. Velocity of air: By ASRAE the comfort air velocity range is 0.1 m/s – 0.25 m/s.
IV. Purity: The air must be pure.
V. Motion of air. (0.1 hr./sec – 0.25hr./sec)

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 8. Define the wet bulb temperature?

The wet bulb temperature: The lowest temperature that can be reached into the air by
evaporating water.

9. What are the difference between vapor compression refrigeration and vapor
absorption refrigeration?

Ans : The VCR consists of compressor, condenser, receiver, expansion valve and evaporator.
But the VAR replaces the compressor by generator and it’s other parts are remaining same.

10. What is ton of refrigeration?

Ans : A ton of refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect by the uniform
melting of one ton (1000kg) of ice from and at 00 in 24 hours.

1 LTR =1000x335kj in 24 hours = 1000x335/24x60= 232.6kj/min

11. What do you understand by COP of refrigeration and COP of heat pump?

Ans : The efficiency of a refrigerator or heat pump is given by a parameter called

the coefficient of performance (COP). The COP of a refrigerator is given by the following
equation: COP = Desired Output/Required Input = Cooling Effect/𝑊𝑖𝑛 = QL/𝑊(𝑛𝑒𝑡)𝑖𝑛 .

12. What is the relationship between COP of heating and cooling?

Ans : The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or COP) of a heat pump,

refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to
work required. Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs.

13. Thermo electric refrigeration?

Ans : Cooling of a chamber based on the partial effect an electric current is sent through
a thermo couple whose cold junction is thermally coupled to the cooled chamber , while

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 the hot junction dissipates heat to the surrounding is also known as thermoelectric
refrigeration.

14. What is air conditioning ?

Air conditioning : It is that branch of engineering science which deals with the study of
condition of air.

15. What is the air conditioning system ?

Air conditioning system : The system which effectively controls these conditions to produce
the desired effects upon the occupants of the space is known as an air condoning system.

16. Define the central air condition ? Write down the use of it ?
Ans : When cooling capacity is required 25TR or more and air flow is more than
300𝑚2 /min is called central air condition. (i) Big shaping complex, (ii) Industry.

17. What is duct?

Ans: Duct is a device through which air is supplied from the air condition to the room, and
return the air from the back to the room.

18. What is the elaboration of HVAC ?

Ans: Short for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. The system is used to provide
heating and cooling services to buildings. HVAC systems have become the required industry
standard for construction of new buildings.

19. What is pump ?

Pump : A mechanical device using suction or pressure to rise or move liquids, compress
gasses, or force air into inflatable objects.

20. Different between a refrigerator and a heat pump?

Refrigerator:
Heat is withdrawn from inside a refrigerator (low temperature).
Temperature inside refrigerator drops.
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 Extracted heat is given off to environment (higher temperature).
Negligible temperature rise of the environment.

Heat pump:
Heat is withdrawn from environment: air, soil, or water (low temperature).
Negligible temperature drop of the environment.
Extracted heat is given off into building (higher temperature).
Temperature of building’s interior rises.

21. Define the main types of pump ?

Centrifugal pump : A centrifugal pump may be defined as a machine, which driven by
external source, lifts water or any liquid from lower level to higher level or transfers it from
one place to another place.
Reciprocating pump : A reciprocating pump is a class of positive displacement pump
which indicates the piston pump, plunger pump, and diagram pump.

22. Why reciprocating pump is called a positive displacement pump?

Answer: Reciprocating pump is called positive displacement pump because it discharges
infinite quantity of liquid during the displacement of its piston. So reciprocating pump is
called positive displacement pump.

23. Why gear pump is also called a positive displacement pump ?

Ans: Gear pump is also called a positive displacement pump. Because it moves a fluid by
repeatedly enclosing a fixed volume using inter locking gears, transferring it mechanically
using a cyclic pumping action.

24. What are the main components of centrifugal pump ?

Ans : Impeller, Casing.

25. What are the types of casing of centrifugal pump ?

Ans: (i) Volute casing, (ii) Vortex casing, (iii) Volute casing with guide blades.

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 26. What is water wheel ?
Ans : A water wheel is machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into
useful forms of power, often in a watermill.

27. What are the types of water wheel?

Ans : (i) Overshot water wheel, (ii) Breast water wheel, (iii) Undershot water wheel, (iv)
Poncelet water wheel.

28. What is turbine?

Turbine : A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid and converts it into
useful work. Example – water turbine, steam turbine, wind turbine and gas turbine etc.

29. Define the types of water turbine ?

Impulse turbine : Impulse turbine is a turbine which is run by the impulse of water /steam/
gas. Basically it has two types : Francis turbine, propeller turbine (Kaplan variant).
Reaction turbine : A reaction turbine is a type of turbine that develops torque by reacting
to the pressure or weight of a fluid. Basically it has three types : i) Radial flow turbine,
ii) Axial flow turbine, iii) Mix flow turbine.

30. What are the main components of reaction turbine ?

Ans: i) Spiral casing, ii) Guide mechanism, iii) Tube runner, iv) Draft tube.

31. What is the difference between stalling and surging in rotary compressors ?

Ans: It will come to a point that the whole flow over the airfoil separates, starting from the
leading edge (LE). This condition is called stall. It is a local phenomenon. Surging is the
complete breakdown of steady through flow, affecting the whole machine, in other words,
when stalling takes place on all the blades simultaneously.

32. Write down the Bernoulli’s equation ?

Ans: Bernoulli's equation is one of the most important/useful equations in fluid mechanics. It
may be written by,

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 33. Define laminar flow and turbulent flow?
Laminar flow: It is flow in which the viscosity of fluid is dominating over the inertia force.

Turbulent flow: It is a flow in which the inertia force is dominating over this viscosity.

34. What is metacenter?

Metacenter : The point of intersection of the vertical through the center of buoyancy of a
floating body with the vertical through the new center of buoyancy when the body is
displaced.

35. Viscosity?

Ans: It is the property of fluid , when fluid is flow and it makes resistance to flow.

36. How the fluid pressure is measured?

Ans: i) By balancing the liquid column (whose pressure to be found out the same or another
column ) ii) By balance the liquid column (whose pressure is to be found out by the spring or
dead weight). To measure the fluid pressure we can use 1. Mano meter, 2.Piezometer tube.

37. What is the difference between hard water and soft water ?

Hard water : Hard water is water that contains an appreciable quantity of dissolved minerals
(like calcium and magnesium).

Soft water : Soft water is treated water in which the only ion is sodium. As rain water falls, it
is naturally soft. On the other hand, soft water tastes salty and Sometimes It is not suitable for
drinking.

38. What are the surface of energies ?

Renewable Energy: (i) water energy, (ii) solar energy.

Non-renewable energy: (i) coal energy, (ii) fuel energy , (iii) natural gas.
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 39. Write down the difference sources of energy?

Ans: Solar energy, wind energy, Geothermal Energy, Hydrogen Energy, Tidal Energy,
Wave Energy, Hydroelectric Energy, Biomass Energy, Nuclear Power, Fossil Fuels
(Coal, Oil and Natural Gas).

40. Define a black body with a diagram?

A black body is a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it. a black body is a
theoretically ideal radiator and absorber of energy at all electromagnetic wave length.

41. Define the wind turbine, gas turbine and steam turbine ?

Wind turbine : A device that converts the wind’s kinetic energy into electrical energy.

Gas turbine : A gas turbine, is also called a combustion turbine, is an internal combustion
engine. It converts the chemical energy of a liquid fuel into mechanical energy by internal
combustion and generates the electrical energy.

Steam turbine : Steam turbine is a prime mover in which pressure of steam is converted
into mechanical energy and further electrical energy. It has two types: Impulse turbine,
Reaction turbine.

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 42. What is combined cycle power plant?

Ans: A combined-cycle power plant uses both a gas and a steam turbine together to produce
up to 50 percent more electricity from the same fuel than a traditional simple-cycle plant. The
waste heat from the gas turbine is routed to the nearby steam turbine, which generates
extra power.

43. What fuels are used in a gas turbine?

Ans: Petrol, natural gas, propane, diesel, and kerosene as well as renewable fuels such as
E85, biodiesel and biogas.

44. Difference between Octane Number & Cetane Number?

Ans: Octane and cetane number are standard measure of performance of a fuel. Octane
number is related to petrol and cetane number gives quality of diesel. Higher the octane
number, better the quality of petrol, and hence the vehicle gives higher efficiency. The
octane no. of iso-octane is 100. Similarly, higher cetane number implies good quality diesel.

45. Which is more efficient a steam turbine or gas turbine?

Ans: Steam turbine is more efficient.

46. Why efficiency of gas turbine is lower to IC engines ?

Ans : Thermal efficiency of gas turbine is lower than that of IC engine . While
mechanical efficiency of gas turbine is greater than that of IC engine. Incase of
thermal efficiency gas turbines have an edge as there are no reciprocating parts in gas
turbines and heat loss is less. Mechanically IC engines have better outputs.

47. Write down the general gas equations ?

Ans: PV=constant.
Where, P is the Pressure of the gas and V is the Volume of the gas.

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 48. What is CNG?
CNG: CNG means compressed natural gas. It is abounded clean luring alternative and
transportation fuel.

49. What is the difference of saturated stream and superheated stream?

Ans : Saturated (dry) steam results when water is heated to the boiling point (sensible
heating) and then vaporized with additional heat (latent heating). If this steam is then further
heated above the saturation point, it becomes superheated steam (sensible heating). standard
steam have some moisture but super heated steam have less moisture then standard
steam. Sometimes it have no moisture .

50. What are sensible heat and latent heat?

Ans: Latent and sensible heat are types of energy released or absorbed in the atmosphere.
Latent heat is related to changes in phase between liquids, gases, and solids. Sensible heat is
related to changes in temperature of a gas or object with no change in phase.

51. What is a boiler ?

Ans: A boiler is defined as "a closed vessel in which water or other liquid is heated, steam or
vapor is generated, steam is superheated, or any combination thereof, under pressure or
vacuum, for use external to itself, by the direct application of energy from the combustion of
fuels, from electricity or nuclear energy.

52. What are the types of boiler ?

Water tube boiler: In water tube boiler, the water is inside the tube and hot gases surround
them. Efficiency is 90%. Use big plant.

Fire tube boiler: In fire tube boilers, the hot gases are inside the tube and water surrounds
the tube. Efficiency is 75 %. Use for small plant.

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 53. Define the boiler efficiency and direct efficiency ?

Boiler Efficiency: Boiler efficiency is a combined result of efficiencies of different

components of a boiler. A boiler has many sub systems whose efficiency affects the overall
boiler efficiency. Couple of efficiencies which finally decide the boiler efficiency are- 1.
Combustion efficiency, 2. Thermal efficiency.
Direct efficiency: The method which calculates boiler efficiency by using the basic
efficiency formula- η =(Energy output)/(Energy input) * 100 is called direct efficiency .

54. What is Economizer ?

Ans: Economizer, a boiler accessories, is a device used to increase the temperature of feed
water using waste of heat of flue gases leaving the boiler through chimney.

55. What is Generator ?

Generator : A generator is a machine that converts one form of energy into another,
especially mechanical into electrical energy.

56. What is Engine ? What are the main types of Engine ?

Engine : An engine or a heat engine is a machine designed t o convert heat energy of fuel

into mechanical energy. Basically engine may be classified into two types :

i. External combustion (E.C) engine : An engine in which combustion of fuel take

place outside of the engine. In this type of engine heat, which is generated by
burning of fuel is use to convert the water or other low boiling temperature fluid
into steam. This high pressure team used to rotate a turbine. Solid, liquid, and
gases fuel are used .
ii. Internal combustion (I.C) engine : An engine in which combustion of fuel take
place inside of the engine. When the fuel burns inside the engine cylinder, it
generates a high temperature and pressure, This high pressure of force is exerted
on the piston, which used to rotate the wheels of vehicle. High volatile fuel like
petrol, diesel are used.

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 57. Define the types of Internal combustion (I.C) engine?

Ans:

1. According to number of stroke :

i. Two stroke engine : In a two stroke engine a piston moves one time up and
down inside the cylinder and complete one crankshaft revolution during
single time of fuel burn. Generally used in scooters, pumping sets etc.
ii. Four stroke engine : In a four stroke engine a piston moves two times up and
down inside the cylinder and complete two crankshaft revolutions during
single time of fuel burn. Generally used in bike, cars, truck etc.
2. According to design of engine :
i. Reciprocating engine (piston engine).
ii. Rotary engine (Wankel Engine).
3. According to fuel used :
i. Diesel engine : These engines used diesel as the fuel. These are used in trucks,
buses, cars etc.
ii. Petrol engine : These engines used petrol as the fuel. These are used in bikes,
sport cars, luxury cars etc.
iii. Gas engine : These engines used CNG & LPG as the fuel. These are used in
some light motor vehicles.
iv. Electric engine : It is eco-friendly engine. It doesn’t use any fuel to burn. It
uses electric energy to rotate the wheel.
4. According to method of ignition :
i. Compression ignition engine (CI) : IC engine in which Combustion is done
by compressed air to spark the Fuel with help of injector in the combustion
chamber in a cylinder is called compression ignition engine.
ii. Spark ignition engine: IC engine in which combustion is done by air-fuel
mixture with the help of spark plug in the combustion chamber in a cylinder
is called spark ignition engine.
5. According to number of cylinder :
i. Single cylinder.
ii. Multi-cylinder.

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 6. According to arrangement of cylinder :
i. In-line engine,
ii. V-type engine.
iii. Opposed cylinder engine.
iv. W-type engine.
v. Opposed piston engine.
vi. Radial engine.
7. According to air intake process :
i. Naturally aspired : In this type of engine intake of air into cylinder occur by
the atmospheric pressure.
ii. Supercharged engine : In this type of engine air intake pressure is increased
by the compressor driven by the engine crankshaft.
iii. Turbocharged engine : In this type of engine intake air pressure is increase by
use of turbine compressor driven by the exhaust gases of burning fuel.

58. Why supercharging is used in engine?

Ans: A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air
supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the engine more

oxygen, letting it burns more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power. Superheating is
used in an engine to increase it’s efficiency.

59. What is the difference between supercharger and turbocharger?

Ans: Looking at the difference between the two the supercharger will take its power from
the crankshaft whereas the turbocharger will draw power from exhaust gases that result from
combustion. Superchargers will spin with speeds up to 50,000 RPM. The turbocharger is not
connected to the engine and can spin much faster.

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 60. What is the difference between scavenging and supercharging?

Ans: Scavenging is process of flushing out burnt gases from engine cylinder by introducing
fresh air in the cylinder before exhaust stroke ends. Supercharging is the process of supplying
higher mass of air by compressing the atmospheric air.

61. What is compression ratio?

Ans: Compression ratio is ratio of total volume of cylinder(s) to clearance volume of

cylinder(s).

62. What is efficiency of cycle?

Ans: The ratio of total output and total input. Efficiency= output/input * 100%

63. Draw the p-v diagram for Otto cycle and diesel cycle?

Ans:

64. Which one (Petrol engine r Diesel engine) is more efficient for same compression
ratio?

Ans: For the same compressor ratio petrol engine (otto cycle) is more efficient then the
diesel engine (diesel cycle).

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 65. Why Carnot cycle is not feasible in actual practice?

Ans: It is impossible to eliminate the total friction of the various moving parts, the Carnot
cycle is the theoretical cycle, it eliminates the friction but practically it is not possible. So the
Carnot cycle is not feasible actual practice.

66. Show the difference between Gasoline engine and Diesel engine ?

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 67. What is thermodynamics ? Describe the four laws of thermodynamics? ?

Ans: Thermodynamics is the science that deals with the conversion of heat into mechanical
energy. It is based upon observation of common experience, which have been formulated into
thermodynamics.

The first law:

1. .“The heat & mechanical work are mutually converted”. dQ=dW
2. The energy can neither be created nor be destroyed through it can transformed from
one to another form. i.e. dQ-dW=dE
The second law:
1. It is impossible to construct an engine working in a cyclic process whose sole
purpose is to convert heat energy into an equivalent amount of work.
2. It is impossible for self-acting machine working in a cyclic process to transfer heat
from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the aid
of an external agency.
The third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero.
Zeroth law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.

68. Define the Entropy and enthalpy?

Entropy: Entropy means transformation . It is the important thermodynamics property of a

working substance which increase with the addition of heat and decrease with removal of it.
Q=Tds.

Enthalpy: In thermodynamics process it is the sum of the internal energy and product of
pressure and volume. H= U+pv (H=enthalpy, u=internal energy , p= pressure, v= volume).

69. Why entropy change for a reversible adiabatic process is zero?

Ans; Zero, Entropy transfers in reversible process takes place either by heat interaction or by
mass interaction. To make it reversible the piston need to be moved in a very slow manner.
So, a piston compressing gases negligibly slow is called reversible adiabatic process.

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 70. What is difference between isentropic process and throttling process?

Ans: A throttling process is a thermodynamic process, in which the enthalpy of the gas or
medium remains constant (h =const). In fact, the throttling process is one of isentropic
process. On the other the throttling process cannot be isentropic, it is a fundamentally
irreversible process.

71. Write down the relation between absolute pressure, gauge pressure and
atmospheric pressure?
Absolute pressure - The actual pressure at a given position is called the absolute pressure. It
is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure. and it is measured relative to absolute
vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure - Gage pressure is the pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure. In other
words, how much above or below is the pressure with respect to the atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum pressure - Pressures below the atmospheric pressure are called vacuum pressures
and are measured by vacuum gages that indicates the difference between the atmospheric
pressure and the absolute pressure.
Atmospheric pressure - The atmospheric pressure is the pressure that an area experiences
due to the force exerted by the atmosphere.

72. What is the center of pressure and center of gravity?

Center of pressure: a point on a surface through which the resultant force due to pressure
passes.

Center of gravity: The center of gravity (CG) of an object is the point at which weight is
evenly dispersed and all sides are in balance.

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 73. What is mass transfer?

Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location, usually meaning stream,
phase, fraction or component, to another.

74. What is heat transfer ?

Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from one thing to another of different
temperature.

75. What are the processes of heat transfer?

Process of heat transfer : (i) Conduction, (ii) Convection , (iii) Radiation.

76. Define radiation heat transfer.

Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat
source and the heated object as is the case with conduction and convection. Heat can be
transmitted through empty space by thermal radiation often called infrared radiation.

77. Write down the newton's cooling of heat convection?

Ans: Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly
proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body and its surroundings
provided the temperature difference is small and the nature of radiating surface remains
same.

78. Explain greenhouse effect.

Ans: The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the
Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the
rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases include water vapor,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of
the Earth. This process maintains the Earth’s temperature at around 33 degrees Celsius
warmer than it would otherwise be, allowing life on Earth to exist.

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 79. What is project?

Ans Project is any sort of planned undertaking. A set of activities which are performed to
fulfill a plan.

80. What is term loan :

Ans: The loan which is paid within in 10 yrs.

81. What is the kirchhoff’s law?

Ans: Kirchhoff's Laws for current and voltage are two principles that apply to DC circuits and
networks.

Kirchhoff's Current Law : This fundamental law results from the conservation of charge. It
applies to a junction or node in a circuit -- a point in the circuit where charge has several
possible paths to travel. The total charge flowing into a node must be the same as the total
charge flowing out of the node. So, I + I + I = I
Bringing everything to the left side of the above equation, we get (I + I + I ) – I = 0

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law : Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (or Kirchhoff's Loop Rule) is a result of
the electrostatic field being conservative. It states that the total voltage around a closed loop
must be zero. If this were not the case, then when we travel around a closed loop, the
voltages would be indefinite. So

82. What is machine ?

Machine : An apparatus using mechanical power and having several parts, each with a
definite function and together performing a particular task.

83. What is CNC machine ?

CNC : Computer numerical control (CNC) is a method for automating control of machine
tools through which the use of software.

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 84. What is PLC ?

PLC : A programmable logic controller is an industrial digital computer which has been
ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing process.

85. What is the difference between an engine and a machine?

Ans: Comparison between Machine and Engines:

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 86. What is machine tool? What are the types of machine tools ?

Machine tool: It is a machine for shaping or machining metal or other rigid materials
usually by cutting, boring, drilling, grinding, shearing or other forms of deformation.

There are five types of machine tools :

i. Lathe machine.
ii. Milling machine.
iii. Drilling machine,
iv. Shaper machine
v. Planer machine.

87. Define the lathe machine and milling machine ?

Ans:

i. Lathe machine : A machine that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to

performance various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling,
deformation, facing, and turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to
create an object.
ii. Milling machine : A Machine tool in which a horizontal arbor or vertical spindle
rotates a cutting tool above a horizontal table , in which is used to perform
different types operations of workpiece such as slab milling, angular milling
straddle milling, forming milling etc.

88. What is the cutting tool ?

Cutting tool : Cutting tool is any tool that is used to remove material from the workpiece by
means of shear deformation..

89. What are the main types of cutting tools?

Ans: i) Single point cutting tools.

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 ii) Double point cutting tools.

iii) Multipoint cutting tools.

90. What is the difference between shaper and planer?

Answer:

S.no Shaper Planer

In a shaper machine work is held

In a planar machine, the tool is stationary and work
1 stationary and the cutting tool on the ram
piece travels back and forth under the tool.
is moved back and forth across the work.

A planer is meant for larger jobs than can be undertaken

Shaper can be used for shaping much
2 on a shaper. Jobs as large as 6 meter wide and twice as
smaller jobs.
long can be machined on a planer.

3 A shaper is a light machine. A planer is a heavy duty machine.

Shaper can employ light cuts and finer

4 Planer can employ heavier cuts and coarse feed.
feed.

5 Shaper uses one cutting tool at a time. Planer uses several tools to cut simultaneously.

The shaper is driven using quick return The drive on the planer table is either by gears or by
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mechanism. hydraulic means.

Due to better rigidity of planer machine, compared to

7 It is less rigid and less robust. that of a shaper, planer can give more accuracy on
machined surfaces.

91. What is the function of gear?

Functions of Gears :

a. Gears can increase the speed, increase the force or change the direction.

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 a. A gear is a simple, rotating machine which usually has teeth (cogs).

a. When they connect to another gear, they transmit torque, which is like a twisting
force.

a. When two gears work together, it is called a transmission.

a. Not all gears have teeth. In a rack and pinion gear, the pinion is the gear wheel and it
meshes with the rack, which is a long bar with cogs. An example- a bike chain.

92. Write down the difference between boring and drilling?

Ans: A drill usually has two symmetric angled cutting edges which produce at least some
self-centering effect is it progresses in the hole. A boring tool has a single cutting edge to the
side of the end of a rigid bar and generates a true cylindrical hole within the accuracy of the
machine tool.

93. What do you mean by design factor and factor of safety?

Ans : When it comes to factor of safety, the name itself suggest that design some things to
make it more safe. When we are designing some product then we have to consider the factors
which may influence our design, like unexpected loads or service loads or material defects.
So there are different kind of uncertain factors which we should consider in the design.

Now we come to design factor. When we are designing some things we should consider it
from manufacturing and handling point of view. This falls under the category of design for
manufacturing and assembly. We should not design the product which is difficult to handle or
to be manufactured. This will again add some additional features to our product. This factors
we should take in the consideration as design factors. Let us take one example for this. we are
going to design a pin which is small in size. To handle this we have to provide some griping
area for that. From factor of safety it is safe but from the design factor we have to increase
it’s size may be. Or we have to add knurling on the surface. Again we have to take this in the
design and we have to re-calculate our factor of safety for the design change. This factor will
be taken as our design factor which is introduced due to change in design.

94. Define the Metal ?

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Metal : A metal is material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a
lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.

95. What is Steel and Cast iron?

Steel: It is alloy of iron and carbon, 0.15%-1.5% carbon

Cast Iron: It is obtained by re melting pig iron, 1.7%-4.5% carbon .

96. Define the stress, train and pressure ?

Stress: It is defined as the force per unit area of a material. i.e. Stress = force / cross sectional area.

Strain : Strain is defined as extension per unit length. i.e. Strain = extension / original length.

Pressure : Pressure is defined as the physical force exerted on an object. The force applied is
perpendicular to the surface of objects per unit area. The basic formula for pressure is F/A
(Force per unit area).

97. What are the difference between stress and pressure?

The difference between stress and pressure : Pressure is a force, and stress is the result of
that force being applied to a system. If pressure is applied to a metal, the metal is stressed.

98. Draw the stain and stress diagram ?

The stain and stress diagram :

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 99. What is welding ? what are the types of welding ?

Welding : It processes at which two same metals are joint each other by melting the metal
with the help of fusion or non fusion. Basically it has types :

a. Fusion welding : i) Gas welding, ii) Arc welding.

b. Non-Fusion welding.

100. Define the soldering and casting ?

Soldering : It is a process in which two or more metal objects are joint together by melting
and putting a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the
adjoining metal.

Casting: It is a one kind of manufacturing process in which melting metal is purring in the
mold cavity and make a job is called casting.

References :

1. Mechanical Engineering – R.S. Khurmi & J. K. Gupta.

2. Shingly’s Mechanical Engineering Design (9th Edition)- RICHARD G. B , & J. KEITH N.
3. Mechanical Engineering & Industrial Production Engineering- Engr Md. Jalal Sikder.
4. A TEXT BOOK OF THERMAL ENGINEERING - R.S. Khurmi & J. K. Gupta.
5. Strength of Materials – Andrew Pytel.
6. Power Plant Engineering – G.R Nagpal.
7. A TEXT BOOK OF Refrigeration and Air Conditioning -R.S. Khurmi.
8. Introduction to Electrical Engineering – V.K. Mehta.
9. A TEXT BOOK OF HYDRAULICS, FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC
MECHINES - R.S. Khurmi.
10. https://mechanical-engg.com/notes/automobile-engineering/what-is-engine-what-are-main-
types-of-engine-r6/
11. https://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/physics/stress-and-strain/revise-it/definitions-of-stress-
strain-and-youngs-modulus

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