TROPICAL DESIGN PRESENTATION Part 1 PDF

TROPICAL DESIGN
COURSE DESCRIPTION : Techniques for the design

and planning of buildings within the technological and
social constraints prevailing in the hot-humid tropics.
TROPICAL ARCHITECTURE
It is all about achieving thermal comfort through the use of passive design
elements like sunshades, cavity walls, light shelves, overhangs, roof and
wall insulation and even shading from large trees to block the sun.
Tropical architecture is all about tackling urban heat

island effect.
Basic design principles
For the Philippines, having a warm humid climate, there are a few basic design
principles regarding natural ventilation to cool a home or a building:
1. The external features of the building envelope and its relation to the site should
be designed to fully utilize air movement. Interior partitions should not block air
movements
2. Air velocity can be reduced when the interior walls are placed close to the inlet
opening or each time it is diverted around obstructions.
3. If interior walls are unavoidable, air flow can still be ensured if the partitions have
openings at the lower and upper portions. This is a common strategy in the old
Filipino bahay na bato, with its transom panels covered with intricate wood carvings
or wood louvers.
4. Maximize window openings for cross ventilation of internal spaces. Vents in the
roof cavity can also be very effective in drawing out heat from the room interiors
5. Since hot air goes upward, and cool air goes downward, openings at the top of
staircases and in clerestory windows facilitate air change.
6. It is generally cooler at night, so ventilation of internal spaces can be continuous
for nighttime cooling. This means designing the building with operable windows to
let hot air escape at night and to capture prevailing night winds
7. Window openings are advisable at the body level for evaporative human body
cooling. And room width should not exceed five times ceiling height for good air
movement.
8. Sunshades and sun protection devices on openings reduce heat gain and glare,
and also help in internal daylighting . Louvres that are adjustable can alter the
direction of air flow and lighting
URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
This is a results from cities that have very little greenery and very many concrete
surfaces. The city will have 2 to 3 degrees Celsius higher temperature than that of
the surrounding suburbs and countryside. Figuratively, it forms an “island” of hotter
land, while being surrounded by cooler land in the city outskirts.
TROPICAL DESIGN
Designing and constructing buildings is about making choices

TROPICAL DESIGN
It is the creation of choices at the beginning of a project, the evaluation of

choices during the design process, the making of choices with the owner,
the documentation of choices on drawings, and the implementation of
choices through construction.
TROPICAL DESIGN
A methodical exploration of green design is structured by working “from

the outside in,” from the community and site, through various layers of
the building envelope, and proceeding to examination of the green
aspects of lighting, heating, and cooling
TROPICAL DESIGN
Related topics are explored, including water conservation,

safeguarding indoor environmental quality, material conservation,
and renewable energy.
TROPICAL DESIGN
The planning, design, and construction fields have been swept up

in a dynamic discussion of sustainability and green buildings
TROPICAL DESIGN
Sustainability is about the promises of things that will last—buildings

with long and useful lives, forms of energy that are renewable,
communities that endure.
GREEN BUILDING
Green building is a relatively new field. Its goal is to substantially

reduce the environmental impact of buildings, while providing a
healthy environment within buildings.
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the

negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation
in the use of materials, energy, and development space and the
ecosystem at large.
Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and

ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.
The idea of sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that

our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of
future generations.
Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is

the most important goal of sustainable architecture.
Architects use many different passive and active techniques to reduce the
energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their
own energy. One of the keys to exploit local environmental resources and
influence energy-related factors such as daylight, solar heat gains and
ventilation is the use of site analysis.
WEATHER CLIMATE
DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CLIMATE AND

WEATHER
WEATHER CLIMATE

WEATHER
WEATHER CLIMATE

WEATHER
CLIMATE ELEMENTS
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
SKY CONDITIONS/ SOLAR RADIATION
WIND
SPECIAL ELEMENTS
CLIMATE ELEMENTS
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
WIND
SPECIAL ELEMENTS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity
CLIMATE ELEMENTS
TEMPERATURE
CLIMATE ELEMENTS
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
WIND
SPECIAL ELEMENTS
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Water vapor is the gaseous
state of water and is invisible. Humidity indicates the likelihood of precipitation,
dew, or fog. Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the
body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. This effect is
calculated in a heat index table or humidex. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity
CLIMATE ELEMENTS
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
WIND
SPECIAL ELEMENTS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity
CLIMATE ELEMENTS
PRECIPITATION
WORLD CLIMATES
HOT HUMID
HOT ARID
TEMPERATE
COLD
WORLD CLIMATES
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
A chart relating the wet-bulb
and dry-bulb readings from a
psychrometer to relative
humidity, absolute humidity and
dew point
THERMAL COMFORT
Human comfort as determined by the ability of the body to dissipate
the heat and moisture it produces by metabolic action.
TROPICAL CLIMATE
those regions where heat is the dominant problem, where the annual
mean temperature is not less than 20 degrees
TROPICAL DESIGN
This is concerned with countries where discomfort due to heat and

humidity are the dominant problems. Tropical Design is applicable to
Tropical, Sub-Tropical and Equatorial Climates covering the Southeast
Asian Countries.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL CLIMATES
Temperature – average mean temperature (dbt) 20 – 30 deg C

Small diurnal temperature change/range 2-5 deg C
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL CLIMATES
Humidity Levels - 50% - 100% Relative Humidity

CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL CLIMATES
Wind Conditions – Slow Wind Flow

Average of 2 m/s
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL CLIMATES
Prevailing Wind in the Philippines :

Amihan (NE) – November to April
Habagat (SW) - May to October
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL CLIMATES
Prevailing Wind in the Philippines :

Amihan (NE) – November to April
Habagat (SW) - May to October
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL CLIMATES
Sky Conditions – Overcast Sky most of the time

a lot of reflected heat/ solar gain
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL CLIMATES
Precipitation – high during the year – average of

1000mm/yr.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL CLIMATES
Others :
Climate conditions breed insects (flies, mosquitoes, termites)
Damp Ground Conditions
1-5) What are the elements of Climate
TEMPERATURE ,HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION,SKY CONDITIONS/ SOLAR RADIATION,WIND
6-10) What are the Design principle of tropical

Architecture?
1. The external features of the building envelope and its relation to the site should be designed to
fully utilize air movement.
2.Circulation of spaces in the interior spaces
3.Maximize window openings for cross ventilation of internal spaces.
4.Sunshades and sun protection devices on openings reduce heat gain and glare, and also help
in internal daylighting .
5. Maximize window openings for cross ventilation of internal spaces. Vents in the roof cavity can
also be very effective in drawing out heat from the room interiors
11-15) What are the difference between sustainable

architecture & tropical Architecture
Sustainable Tropical
Architecture Architecture
Sustainable architecture is It is all about achieving thermal comfort
architecture that seeks to minimize the through the use of passive design
negative environmental impact of
buildings by efficiency and moderation
in the use of materials, energy, and
development space and the ecosystem
at large.
Facing Environmental Challenges
Several environmental crises are motivating us to reevaluate how we

plan, design, and construct buildings
Air and water pollution resulting from fossil fuel use, fallout from nuclear
power plant accidents, and the incipient and potential devastation of
climate change all point to a critical need to reduce energy use.
Human illness resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals compels us

to re-examine their intensive use, especially in building materials
Greenhouse Gasses
The major cause of climate change is the increasing concentrations of

greenhouse gases (GHG) produced by human activities, such as
deforestation, changes in land use, and especially the burning of fossil fuels
Greenhouse Gasses
Greenhouse gases, primarily water vapor but including smaller

amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide
(N2O).
Greenhouse Gasses
These are emissions that rise into the atmosphere and act as a
thermal blanket, absorbing heat and reemitting it in all directions
Greenhouse Gasses
The downward portion of this re-radiation is known as the greenhouse effect and
serves to warm the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere to a life-supporting
average of 59°F (15°C). Without this natural greenhouse effect, life on Earth as we
know it would not be possible.
New Information, New Risks, New
Opportunities
Green Building Design
Refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building
Opportunities
from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance,

renovation, and demolition
Opportunities
This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the

engineers, and the client at all project stages.
Opportunities
The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical

building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort
Opportunities
Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices
in creating greener structures, the common objective of green buildings is to reduce the
overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:
Opportunities
Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources

Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation
Opportunities
Increasing thermal insulation values will improve the energy efficiency

of a building and adding solar photovoltaic systems will reduce the
need for electricity derived from nonrenewable sources.
Opportunities
Being always mindful of the aesthetic nature of what we design and
build, we might also ask:
What is the effect of green design on the beauty of the built environment?
Fortunately, beauty need not be sacrificed in order for buildings to be green
Opportunities
Green buildings may challenge conventional notions of what is beautiful, but

the opportunity arises to reevaluate our notions of beauty, to reexamine how
we define beauty in buildings, and to explore beauty in new architectural
forms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building
Opportunities
What is Green Building?

Francis D.K Ching Green Building Design Illustrated
Opportunities
Green Building Goals
There are many goals that motivate the planning and design of green
buildings:
Mitigate global warming through energy conservation, reduction of
GHG emissions, and carbon sequestration through biological
processes, such as reforestation and wetland restoration.
Opportunities
buildings:
Minimize environmental impacts resulting from the extraction of coal,
natural gas, and oil, including oil spills; the mountaintop removal mining of
coal; and the pollution associated with hydraulic fracturing for natural gas.
Opportunities
buildings:
Reducepollution of air, water, and soil.
Protect clean water sources.
Reducelight pollution that can disrupt nocturnal ecosystems.
Reduceuse of landfills. Francis D.K Ching Green Building Design Illustrated
Opportunities
buildings:
Protect natural habitats and biological diversity,with specific concern for
threatened and endangered species.
Prevent unnecessary and irreversible conversion of farmland to non -
agricultural uses. Francis D.K Ching Green Building Design Illustrated
Opportunities
buildings:
Protect topsoil and reduce the impacts of flooding.
Reducerisk of nuclear contamination.

Opportunities
Goals for green buildings include providing for improved human health
and comfort:
Improve indoor air quality.
Improve indoor water quality.
Increase thermal comfort.
Reducenoise pollution. Francis D.K Ching Green Building Design Illustrated
Opportunities
Some goals might be considered economic in nature:

Reduceenergy costs..
Improve productivity..
Create green jobs.
Increase marketing appeal. Francis D.K Ching Green Building Design Illustrated
Opportunities
Some goals might be considered political in nature:

Reducedependence on foreign sources of fuel.
Avoid depletion of nonrenewable fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas.
Reducestrain on electric power grids and risk of power outages.
Opportunities
Some goals might be considered political in nature:

Reducedependence on foreign sources of fuel.
Avoid depletion of nonrenewable fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas.
Reducestrain on electric power grids and risk of power outages.
GREEN BUILDING DESIGN
Approaches to Green Building
In green building design and construction, it often helps to use a common

sense approach. Most of the energy-and water-efficiency tradeoffs of
different technologies and strategies are readily quantifiable and so can
guide decision-making.
First Principle
In the Introduction, we examined the significant impacts of buildings on our natural

environment and made the case for buildings that mitigate these effects, not only
by lowering their use of energy and water but also reducing the amount of materials
and resources used in their construction. Reducing their impact on the natural
environment is a major goal of green buildings.
First Principle
Green Building Goals:

These include such goals as improving indoor air quality, providing views from the
building interior to the outdoors, and enhancing thermal comfort. And so we can
and should broaden the definition of green buildings to include the design of indoor
environments that are conducive to human health.
First Principle
Definition of Green Building:

A green building is a building that has a substantially reduced impact
on the natural environment and that provides indoor conditions
conducive to human health.
First Principle
1.Relative and Absolute Green

What baseline should we use?
First Principle
2. Loads and Layers

Buildings shelter their occupants from a wide variety of outdoor
elements, which we might refer to as loads
First Principle
3. Continuity
Another principle of green design is to not only design strong and
robust layers but also ensure the continuity of each layer of shelter.
First Principle
3. Continuity
Physical voids are not the only kind of disruptions a thermal boundary can
suffer. Discontinuities can also be created by thermal bridges, which are
conductive materials that penetrate or interrupt the thermal insulation layer
in a wall, floor, or roof assembly
First Principle
4. Holistic Design
Another principle of green design is to plan holistically, to view the
building and its environment as a whole and to examine all
components when designing from the outside in.
First Principle
4. Holistic Design
Energy is used and wasted in many ways. Energy for heating, for example, is
required because of conductive and infiltration losses through the building
envelope, distribution losses, and heating equipment losses. In order to significantly
reduce such energy losses, the building must be treated as a whole and all losses
must be minimized.
First Principle
4. Holistic Design
A holistically treated building is one in which many small
improvements are made, all of which add up to a significant whole.
First Principle
5. Integrated Design
With integrated design, participants in a project, including the owner,
architect, engineers, consultants, tenants, and contractors, work
together as a team from the early initial stages of a project.
First Principle
5. Integrated Design
This collaborative approach is intended to ensure that all stakeholders
contribute to the greening of the building and that important viewpoints and
needs are considered early on in the design process
First Principle
6. Affordability
Affordability has always played a central role in building design and
construction. Buildings are one of the largest capital costs in society
First Principle
7. Energy Modeling
More advanced energy models, which can examine detailed tradeoffs of
such systems as daylighting or energy controls, take longer to prepare and
interpret, but are still often worthwhile when compared to the future costs
of energy use over a building’s life.
CODES, STANDARDS, AND GUIDELINES
Provisions that are included

Green building in some butand
codes, standards, notguidelines
all approaches include
typically
include provisions
acoustics, for security,
safety and site selection, water
historical andconservation, energy
cultural significance,
conservation, material selection,
and beauty. and indoor environmental
quality.
Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design
(LEED®)
Building Research Environmental Assessment Method(BREEAM)
Passivhaus (Passive House) is a standard developed in Europe to maximize a building’s
energy efficiency and reduce its ecological footprint. While its name implies application
primarily in the residential sector, the principles of the Passivhaus standard can also be
applied to commercial, industrial, and public buildings.
Its bold goal of extremely low energy use places the
Passivhaus standard squarely within the current urgency to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Home Energy Rating Systems Standard
The HERS rating system has a focus on energy conservation, but

retains a variety of requirements for indoor environmental quality,
specifically in the areas of humidity control, ventilation, and
combustion appliance safety
A newer standard for sustainable planning, design, and construction
is the Living Building Challenge, created and maintained by the
International Living Future Institute for development at all scales,
from buildings to infrastructure, landscapes, and neighborhoods.
It advocates for net-zero energy use, net-zero water use, and fully
waste processing over a minimum of 12 months of continuous
occupancy.
The standard also contains bold requirements in other green building
areas, such as site selection and preservation, material selection,
and health. Of note is the inclusion of beauty and equity as major
areas of green building design.
The 2030 Challenge

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TROPICAL DESIGN

COURSE DESCRIPTION : Techniques for the design

Tropical architecture is all about tackling urban heat

Designing and constructing buildings is about making choices

It is the creation of choices at the beginning of a project, the evaluation of

A methodical exploration of green design is structured by working “from

Related topics are explored, including water conservation,

The planning, design, and construction fields have been swept up

Sustainability is about the promises of things that will last—buildings

Green building is a relatively new field. Its goal is to substantially

Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the

Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and

The idea of sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that

Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is

DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CLIMATE AND

DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CLIMATE AND

DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CLIMATE AND

This is concerned with countries where discomfort due to heat and

Temperature – average mean temperature (dbt) 20 – 30 deg C

Humidity Levels - 50% - 100% Relative Humidity

Wind Conditions – Slow Wind Flow

Prevailing Wind in the Philippines :

Prevailing Wind in the Philippines :

Sky Conditions – Overcast Sky most of the time

Precipitation – high during the year – average of

6-10) What are the Design principle of tropical

11-15) What are the difference between sustainable

Several environmental crises are motivating us to reevaluate how we

Human illness resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals compels us

The major cause of climate change is the increasing concentrations of

Greenhouse gases, primarily water vapor but including smaller

from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance,

This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the

The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical

Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources

Increasing thermal insulation values will improve the energy efficiency

Green buildings may challenge conventional notions of what is beautiful, but

What is Green Building?

Francis D.K Ching Green Building Design Illustrated

Some goals might be considered economic in nature:

Some goals might be considered political in nature:

Some goals might be considered political in nature:

In green building design and construction, it often helps to use a common

In the Introduction, we examined the significant impacts of buildings on our natural

Green Building Goals:

Definition of Green Building:

1.Relative and Absolute Green

2. Loads and Layers

Provisions that are included

The HERS rating system has a focus on energy conservation, but

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