The document discusses synchronous machines including generators and motors. It covers their construction, operation, equivalent circuits, damping windings, armature reaction, and effects of changes in excitation and load. It also discusses synchronizing power and torque, power angle characteristics, maximum power output, self-starting ability, and using synchronous motors as condensers. Several example calculations are provided to determine quantities like current, power factor, output power and voltage under various operating conditions for generators and motors.
The document discusses synchronous machines including generators and motors. It covers their construction, operation, equivalent circuits, damping windings, armature reaction, and effects of changes in excitation and load. It also discusses synchronizing power and torque, power angle characteristics, maximum power output, self-starting ability, and using synchronous motors as condensers. Several example calculations are provided to determine quantities like current, power factor, output power and voltage under various operating conditions for generators and motors.
The document discusses synchronous machines including generators and motors. It covers their construction, operation, equivalent circuits, damping windings, armature reaction, and effects of changes in excitation and load. It also discusses synchronizing power and torque, power angle characteristics, maximum power output, self-starting ability, and using synchronous motors as condensers. Several example calculations are provided to determine quantities like current, power factor, output power and voltage under various operating conditions for generators and motors.
The document discusses synchronous machines including generators and motors. It covers their construction, operation, equivalent circuits, damping windings, armature reaction, and effects of changes in excitation and load. It also discusses synchronizing power and torque, power angle characteristics, maximum power output, self-starting ability, and using synchronous motors as condensers. Several example calculations are provided to determine quantities like current, power factor, output power and voltage under various operating conditions for generators and motors.
1. Explain the following in relation to synchronous generator:
(i) Construction. (ii) Operation. (iii) Difference between types of rotor used in the machine. (iv) Equivalent circuit representation for each type described in part (iv). (v) Damper winding. (vi) Armature reaction and its effect to generator operation.
2. What is the purpose of direct current exciter in the synchronous generator? Describe three techniques commonly used to install the exciter on the generator.
3. Explain the change in a synchronous generator due to change of its
(i) excitation (ii) turbine input.
4. Using suitable phasor diagram or mathematical representation, discuss how load sharing process is performed for a synchronous generator connected to (i) another generator. (ii) infinite bus.
5. What is meant by synchronising power and synchronising torque? How these power and torque help in maintaining synchronism in generators operating in group?
6. Sketch power angle characteristics for synchronous generator with
(i) cylindrical rotor, and (ii) salient pole rotor.
7. What is the maximum power output of a synchronous generator, with its armature resistance neglected?
8. Describe why synchronous motor is not self-starting. How the motor can be started?
9. Using phasor diagram, illustrate the change in synchonous motor when it is
(i) under-excited. (ii) over-excited. (iii) normally-excited.
10. Explain the change in a syncronous motor due to the following changes: (i) Increase in mechanical loading. (ii Decrease in field excitation.
11. How synchronous motor can be used as condenser? Describe advantages and disadvantages of using synchronous motor as condenser. B. CALCULATIONS
1. A 6 kV 1000 kVA 3 phase synchronous generator with reactance of 20% and negligible resistance is connected to an infinite bus. The generator is delivering full load at 0.8 lagging power factor. By changing the excitation, the induced voltage of the generator is increased by 25% at this load. Calculate the new current and power factor for the generator. [207 A, 0.37]
2. A 6.6 kV 1000 kVA 3 phase synchronous generator has a reactance of 20% and is delivering full power at 0.8 lagging power factor while being connected to an infinite bus. If steam supply to the the turbine is gradually increased, calculate (i) at what output will the power factor become unity (ii) the maximum load which it can supply without dropping out of synchronism and the corresponding power factor. [2.7 MW, 5.7 MW, 0.75]
3. An 11 kV three phase wye connected synchronous generator having synchronous reactance
of 10 per phase and negligible resistance is connected to an infinite bus. While supplying a load, the armature current is 220 A at unity power factor. (i) If the prime mover input is maintained constant while the induced voltage of the generator is raised by 25%, determine the current and power factor. (ii) If excitation in (i) is maintaned while prime mover input is slowly increased, at what power output will the generator break away from synchronism? [290 A, 0.76, 16.2 MW]
4. A three phase wye-connected 11 kV synchronous generator has resistance and synchronous
reactance of 0.5 and 8 , respectively. It is connected to an infinite bus and delivering 200 A at unity power factor. Calculate exactly and approximately the new current and power factor if the excitation of the generator is raised by 25%. [296 A, 0.67 lag]
5. Two 20 MVA 3 phase synchronous generator operate in parallel to supply a load of 35 MVA at 0.8 lagging power factor. If the output of one machine is 25 MVA at 0.9 lagging power factor, what is the output and power factor of the other machine? [11.5 MVA, 0.48 lag]
6. (i) Derive the condition for maximum output of a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus and working at constant excitation. (ii) A three phase 11 kV 5 MVA wye-connected synchronous generator has a synchronous impedance of (1+j10) per phase. Its excitation is such that the generated voltage (emf, line-to-line value) is 14 kV. Determine the maximum output of the generator at this condition. [14.1 MW, 15.4 MW]
7. A 20-pole 693 V 50 Hz 3-phase delta-connected synchronous motor is operating at no-load
with normal excitation. It has synchronous reactance of 10 with negligible resistance. If rotor is retarded by 0.5o (mechanical) from its synchronous position, calculate (i) rotor displacement in electrical degree. (ii) Armature current. (iii) Electrical power drawn by the motor. How these parameters change when the motor is loaded and the rotor displacement is increased by 5o (mechanical)? [5o, 3.5-2.5 A, 4.2 kW, 33.8-25.1 A, 36.7 kW]
8. A 2300 V 3 phase wye-connected synchronous motor has a resistance and synchronous
reactance per phase of 0.2 2.2 , respectively. The motor is operating at 0.5 leading power factor with line current of 200 A. Determine the value generated voltage per phase. [1708 V]
9. A 3 phase 6600 V 50 Hz wye-connected synchronous motor has resistance and synchronous
reactance of 1 and 20 , respectively. It takes 50 A of current from the supply. Find the power supplied to the motor and induced emf for a power factor of (i) 0.8 lagging and (ii) 0.8 leading. [457.3 kW, 5651 V, 457.3 kW, 7700 V]
10. A 2200 V, 50 Hz 8 pole 3-phase wye-connected synchronous motor has synchronous
impedance of (0.4 + j6) per phase. When the motor runs at no load, the field excitation is adjusted to normal excitation. When the motor is loaded, the rotor is retarded by 3o mechanical. (i) Calculate armature current, power factor and power of the motor. (ii) Determine maximum power the motor can supply without falling out of synchronism. [44.2 A, 0.998 lag, 165.7 kW, 250 kW]
11. A 3 phase 6600 V synchronous motor with negligible resistance and 10 per phase of synchronous reactance is supplying a load at input power of 900 kW and induced voltage of 8900 V. Calculate the line current. [149.2 A]
12. A 2000 V 3 phase wye-connected synchronous motor has a resistance and synchronous reactance per phase of 0.2 and 2.2 respectively. The input is 800 kW at normal voltage and and the induced voltage is 2500 V. Calculate the line current and power factor of the motor. [242 A, 0.95 lead]
13. A 3 phase wye-connected synchronous motor with negligible resistance and 2 of
synchronous reactance takes 48 kW at 693 V, the power factor being 0.8 lagging. The induced emf is increased by 30% while the load remains constant. Find the new current and power factor of the machine. [46.4 A, 0.86 lead]
