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    Chapter 21

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    1) Early vascular plants had two types of xylem organization: endarch protostele and exarch protostele. Rhyniophytes and zosterophyllophytes were early groups of vascular plants. 2) Lycophytes are a group of seedless vascular plants known as "fern allies" that have unique microphyll leaves and evolved from sterilized sporangia. They reproduce via spores that form in sporangia clusters. 3) Ferns are classified as monilophytes or pteridophytes. They have megaphyll leaves, exarch roots, and chloroplast inversions. Their gametophytes are heart-shaped and

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    Chapter 21

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    1) Early vascular plants had two types of xylem organization: endarch protostele and exarch protostele. Rhyniophytes and zosterophyllophytes were early groups of vascular plants. 2) Lycophytes are a group of seedless vascular plants known as "fern allies" that have unique microphyll leaves and evolved from sterilized sporangia. They reproduce via spores that form in sporangia clusters. 3) Ferns are classified as monilophytes or pteridophytes. They have megaphyll leaves, exarch roots, and chloroplast inversions. Their gametophytes are heart-shaped and

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    1) Early vascular plants had two types of xylem organization: endarch protostele and exarch protostele. Rhyniophytes and zosterophyllophytes were early groups of vascular plants. 2) Lycophytes are a group of seedless vascular plants known as "fern allies" that have unique microphyll leaves and evolved from sterilized sporangia. They reproduce via spores that form in sporangia clusters. 3) Ferns are classified as monilophytes or pteridophytes. They have megaphyll leaves, exarch roots, and chloroplast inversions. Their gametophytes are heart-shaped and

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    168 views46 pages

    Chapter 21

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    1) Early vascular plants had two types of xylem organization: endarch protostele and exarch protostele. Rhyniophytes and zosterophyllophytes were early groups of vascular plants. 2) Lycophytes are a group of seedless vascular plants known as "fern allies" that have unique microphyll leaves and evolved from sterilized sporangia. They reproduce via spores that form in sporangia clusters. 3) Ferns are classified as monilophytes or pteridophytes. They have megaphyll leaves, exarch roots, and chloroplast inversions. Their gametophytes are heart-shaped and

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    of 46

    CHAPTER 21

    Vascular Plants
    Without Seeds
    GROUP 3
    Concepts

    What logical hypotheses


    can be proposed about
    the early embryophytes?

    Interpolation

    Hypothesis

    - postulates that a small


    sporophyte came into existence
    when a zygote germinated
    mitotically instead of meiotically.
    Concepts

    What logical hypotheses


    can be proposed about
    the early embryophytes?

    Transformation

    Theory

    - postulates that after the dibiontic life


    cycle originated, both gametophyte and
    sporophyte became larger, more
    complex, and vascularized, in a life cycle
    with an alternation of isomorphic
    generations.
    EARLY VASCULAR
    PLANTS
    RHYNIOPHYTES
    -The earliest known vascular
    plants
    XYLEM STRUCTURE OF EARLY
    VASCULAR PLANTS
    Early vascular plants had two types of xylem organization

    1) Endarch Protostele
    XYLEM STRUCTURE OF EARLY
    VASCULAR PLANTS
    Early vascular plants had two types of xylem organization

    2) Exarch Protostele
    EARLY VASCULAR
    PLANTS
    ZOSTEROPHYLLOPHYTES
    - Another group of early
    vascular plants
    Rhyniophytes

    Zosterophyllophytes

    EARLY VASCULAR PLANTS


    The
    Microphyll
    Line of
    Evolution:
    Lycophytes
    Learning Goals
    • Differentiate lycophytes from other linages of seedless vascular plants
    • Explain the evolution of Microphylles from Sterilized Sporangia
    • Contrast Homospory vs. Heterospory

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    Lycophytes, also known as the 'fern allies', are a clade of vascular
    plants similar to ferns but have unique leaves called microphylls. They
    are primitive plants and lack seeds, wood, fruit and flowers.

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    Lycophytes have an extensive fossil record and form large
    forests that were metamorphosed into coal depostis.
    Lepidodendron, Drepanophycus
    also known as “scale genus of extinct
    tree”, is an extinct plants of the
    prehistoric tree which Division
    was one of the most Lycopodiophyta of
    abundant trees of the Early to Late
    Devonian age
    Carboniferous period.

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    Currently, the entire division contains only 5 genera.
    Lycopodium Selaginella Phylloglossum

    Lycopodium Cernum

    Selaginella Moellendorffie Phylloglossum Drummundili

    Isoetes Stylites

    Lycopodium Obscurum

    Vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Lycopodium Sporophyll Isoetes Lacustris Habenaria Stylites

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    Small leaf structures that have single vein of vascular tissue. Microphyll evolved
    from sterilized sporangia.
    Sporangia
    Are the cluster at the bases of microphylls. A cluster of organized sporangia is called
    strobilus (cone).

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    Sporangia – contains spores (n) which develop into
    gametophytes via mitosis
    Lycopodium Sporangia

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    Heterospory – modification of plant cycle where there are two
    size of spores. Each size of spores develops into a different
    gametophyte
    Selaginella are heterosporous MEGASPORES
    (megagameotphyte)
    Archegonia with eggs

    MICROSPORES
    (microgametophyte)
    Antheridium containing
    sperm
    SPORES

    SPORANGIUM

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    In Heterosporous life cycle, each type of spore develops into its own
    gametophyte.

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    The Megaphyll Line of Evolution
    Euphyllophytes
    Trimerophytes
    • Proposed in 1968, this division of plants
    comprises of extinct plants;
    Trimerophyton, Psilophyton, and Pertica

    • OVERTOPPING

    • PSEUDOMONOPODIAL BRANCHING
    Euphylls
    1. Leaves on gametophytes of nonvascular
    plants
    2. Enations of zosterophyllophytes and
    lycophytes
    3. Megaphylls (Leaves that evolve from
    branch systems and are present in a
    ferns, seed plants and equisetophytes)

    • TELOME THEORY
    Monilophytes
    • Megaphyllous plants are united by three
    synapomorphies:
    1. Their roots have exarch xylem
    2. They have megaphylls
    3. They have a 30-kilobase inversion in the
    large single copy region of their plastid
    DNA
    Equisetophytes
    • Have been classified as division
    Arthrophyta

    • They consist of extinct plants and


    horsetail and scouring rushes

    • EQUISTEM

    • MONOPODIAL GROWTH
    FERNS
    MONILPHYTES VS
    PTERIDOPHYTES

    CLASSIFICATION OF FERNS:

    • Monilophytes - leptosporangiate ferns

    • Pteridophytes - ferns and other vascular plants


    • Ferns are part of the division Pteridophyta.

    • Vascular plants

    • Can be found in almost any habitat

    • Moist, shady forests and lakesides

    • Other genera:

    • Epiphytes (Polypodium)

    • Vines (Lygodium)
    CLASSIFICATIONS:
    • Perennial and herbaceous
    • Consists of a single axis bearing true roots and
    megaphyllous leaves
    STEM
    • Vascular system: endarch siphonostele
    • Leaf trace: diverging from the siphonostele at
    each node
    • Leaf gap: small parenchymatous segment of the
    vascular cylinder
    LEAVES
    • Leathery or delicate
    • Upper palisade parenchyma; Lower spongy
    mesophyll
    • Small to several meters in length
    • ALWAYS compound with rachis and leaflets
    • Leaf primordia have distinct apical cell, curving
    inwards as it grows into a young leaf. (fiddlehead)
    • Contain considerable amount of vascular tissue
    • Veins branch dichotomously
    LEAVES
    • Photosynthesis and sporophylls
    • Sori: underside; clusters of sporangia where
    meiosis occurs
    • heart-shaped photosynthetic
    gametophyte
    • Unicellular rhizoids on lower
    surface
    • no vascular tissue or epidermis
    • Bears both antheridia and
    archegonia
    ANTHERIDIUM
    • Develop early
    • Releases motile sperms when
    environment is moist
    • Swims to the archegonia to
    fertilize egg
    ARCHEGONIA
    • Develop late; close to
    gametophyte apex
    EUSPORANGIUM LEPTOSPORANGIUM
    • Several surface cells undergo • Single surface cells divides
    periclinal division; periclinally, forming an small
    multilayered plate cells outward protrusion
    • Outer cells develop into
    • Undergoes more divisions;
    sporangium wall
    small set of sporogenous
    • Inner cells proliferate into cells and thin covering sterile
    sporogenous tissue cells

    • Large sporangium with • Few spore are produced


    many spores
    PSILOTUM AND TMESIPTERIS
    PSILOTUM
    • Simplest of all living vascular plants
    • Highly derived, highly simplified ferns
    • Small plants with prostate rhizomes and upright
    stems
    • Epidermis, cortex, simple vascular cylinder with no
    pith (protostele)
    • Xylem is of annularly or helically thickened
    tracheids
    PSILOTUM
    • Unique among living vascular plants; lost capacity
    to make roots and leaves
    • Short, branched gametophytes is covered with
    rhizoids.
    • Gametophytes have no chlorophyll and have a
    symbiotic relationship with fungi for obtaining
    minerals
    • Gametophytes contain vascular tissue; central mass
    of tracheids surrounded by phloem and endodermis
    “VASCULAR CRYPTOGRAMS”

    • The term MERELY INDICATES that these plants


    have a vascular tissue and a hidden(crypto)
    reproduction due to their lack of seeds.

    • Both features are symplesiomorphies

    • NOT A CLASSIFICATION
    CHAPTER 20 & 21

    SHORT QUIZ
    1.)
    Cells that
    conduct water A. HYDROIDS
    and dissolved B. PHLOEM
    minerals in C. XYLEM
    D. LEPTOIDS
    nonvascular
    plants
    2.) A. PROTONEMA
    Sperms are B. RHIZOIDS
    produced in: C. ANTHERIDIA
    D. ARCHEGONIA
    3. )
    A group of
    small thalloid
    plants that A. LIVERWORTS
    B. BRYOPHYTES
    grow on moist C. PLANTAE
    soil hidden by D. HORNWORTS
    grasses and
    other herbs
    4. )
    What is the
    female A. ARCHEGONIA
    B. ANTERIDIOPHORE
    gametophyte of C. THALLUS
    liverwort?
    5. )
    What is the
    covering that A. OPERCULUM
    develop from B. FOOT

    the wall of C. CALYPTRA

    archegonium?
    6.)
    In an
    ______________,
    protoxylem is
    located in the A. ENDARCH PROTOSTELE
    B. EXARCH PROTOSTELE
    center and C. PROTOSTELE
    metaxylem D. NONE OF THE ABOVE

    differentiates on
    the outer edge of
    the xylem mass.
    A. A classification of vascular
    plants

    7.) B. A term that refers to the


    What is the presence of vascular
    “vascular tissues and seeds

    cryptogram”? C. A term that refers to the


    presence of vascular tissues
    and a hidden reproduction
    8.)
    The division of
    plants which
    comprise of A. MEGAPHYLLS
    B. TRIMEROPHYTES
    extinct plants; C. MONILOPHYTES
    Trimerophyton D. EQUISETOPHYTES
    , Psilophyton,
    and Pertica
    9. )
    The
    ________________,
    postulates that a
    small sporophyte A. transformation theory
    came B. interpolation hypothesis
    C. translational theory
    into existence D. extrapolation theory
    when a zygote
    germinated
    mitotically instead
    of meiotically
    10. )
    All extant
    plants (and all
    known fossil A. TRUE
    plants) have a B. FALSE

    dibiontic life
    cycle.
    1.) A
    2.) C
    3.) D
    4.) A
    ANSWERS 5.) C
    6.) A
    7.) C
    8.) B
    9.) B
    10.) A

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