ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

CAD INTRODUCTION:

Computer aided design is essentially based on a versatile and powerful technique called computer
aided graphics, which basically mean the criteria and manipulation of picture on a display device with the
aid of a computer. Computer graphics originated at the Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) in
1950. When the first computer-driven display, linked to a whirlwind 1 computer, a was used to generate
some pictures. The first important step forward in computer graphics came in 1963 when a system called
SKETCHPAD was demonstrated at the Lincoin laboratory of MIT. This system consists of a cathode ray
tube (CRT) driven by TX2 computer. The CRT has a keyboard and light pen. Picture could be drawn on
the screen and manipulated interactively by user via light pen.

The demonstration clearly showed that the CRT could potentially be used as a designer’s
electronic drawing board with common graphic operations such as scaling, translation, rotation, animation
and simulation automatically performed at the push of a button. At that time, these systems were very
expensive; therefore they were adopted only in such major industries as the aircraft and automotive
industries were their design justified the high capital costs. Another crucial factor preventing computer
graphics form being generally applied to engineering industries was that there was a lack of appropriate
graphics and application software to run on these systems. However, a computer-based design system was
clearly emerged. Since these pioneering developments in computer graphics, which had captured the
imagination of the engineering industry all over the world, new and improved hardware, which is faster in
processing speed, large in memory, cheaper in cost and smaller in size, have become widely available.

Sophisticated software techniques and packages have also been gradually developed.
Consequently, the application of CAD in industry has been growing rapidly. Initially CAD systems
primarily were automated righting stations in which computer controlled plotters produced engineering
drawings. The system were later linked to graphic display terminals where geometric model describing
part dimensions were created, and the resulting database in the computer was then used to produce
drawings. Nowadays, CAD systems can do much more than mere righting. Some systems have analytical
capabilities that allow part to be evaluated with techniques such as the finite element method. There are
also kinematics analysis programs that enable the motion of mechanism to be studied. In addition, CAD
system includes testing techniques to perform model analysis on structures, and to evaluate their response
to pinpoint any possible defects.

Computer Aided design is the process of developing and suing computer assisted design tools in
the design process. The advent of computers has contributed to significant advance in calculation, data
handling and utilization applications. The ability to use the computers in these application areas enhances
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the capability of the design team significantly. Drafting and geometric modeling play significant role in
CAD. The module therefore concentrates on the general design process with specific consideration to
drafting and geometric modeling.

CAD WORKSTATION

A CAD workstation, in its simplest form, consists of a computer with a keyboard, mouse and
monitor and loaded with CAD software. The Key board and mouse are essential input devices whereas
the monitor is a real time output device. All the three are integrated parts of the computer and are always
connected to the central processing unit (CPU). For CAD applications, a computer with a reasonably
good processing speed is recommended. The user must ensure their system’s compatibility with the CAD
software they are using.

DRAWING ENTITIES
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Date:

Aim: Practice the various drawing entities of a AutoCAD drafting package

1. Draw a line from a point (10, 20) to a point 30 units in x- axis and 50 units in y-axis.

Command: line

Specify first point: 10, 20

Specify next point or [undo]: @30, 50

Specify next point or [undo]:

2. Draw a line (20,30) to a length of 70 units in 600

Command: line

Specify first point: 20, 30

Specify next point or [undo]: @70<60

Specify next point or [undo]:

3. Draw a rectangle by diagonal points (20,20) and (60,40)

Command: Rectangle

Specify first corner point or [chamfer/ Elevation/ Fillet/ Thickness/ Width]; 20, 20

Specify corner point: 60, 40

4. Draw a circle with center (50,50) and radius 30mm

Command: Circle

Specify center point for circle or[3P/2P/ Ttr(tan tan radius)]:50,50

Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] < 12.5000>:30

5. Draw a circle with two points (15,20), (30,40)

Command: Circle

Center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2P

Specify first end point of circle’s diameter: 15, 20

Specify second end point of circle’s diameter: 30, 40

6. Draw an ellipse using major axis 120mm and minor axis 30mm
 ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

Specify command: ellipse

Specify axis end point of ellipse or [Arc/ Center]: 0, 70

Specify other end point of axis: 120,70

Specify distance to other axis or [rotation]:30

7. Draw an arc with chord length 50mm and radius 30mm

Command: arc

Specify start point of arc or [center]: C

Specify center point of arc: 0, 70

Specify start point of arc: 30, 70

Specify end point of arc or [Angle/ chord length]:1

Specify length of chord: 50

8. Draw an octagon inscribed inside a circle of radius 30mm

Command: Polygon

Enter number of side<4>: 8

Specify center of polygon or [edge]:40, 40

Enter an option [inscribed in circle/ Circumscribed about circle] <1>:i

Specify radius of circle: 30.

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 ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

MODELING A CONNECTING ROD

Exp No. 1 Date:

AIM: Modeling a connecting rod as per the given dimensions suing AutoCAD Software package.

PROCEDURE

COMMAND: Line

ON/Off/< Lower left corner><0.000, 0.000>

Upper right corner<12.000, 9.000>:180,180

Command: Zoom
All/Extend/ Dynamic/ Extends/ Left/ Previous/ Vmax/ Window/< scale(x/xp)>:all

Command: Line
From point: 10, 10
To point:@153<0
To point: @40<90
To point: @64<180
To point: @25<270
To point: @47@180
To point: @15<90
To point: @42<180
To Point:@42<180
To point: c
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Command: Offset
Offset distance or through: 9
Select object to offset: {select line [8]}
Side offset: {click it in right side}
Select object to offset: <-1

Command: Offset
Offset distance or through: 33
Select object to offset: {select line [8]}
Side offset: {click it in right side}
Select object to offset: <-1

Command: Offset
Offset distance or through: 12
Select object to offset: {select line [2]}
Side offset: {click it in left side}
Select object to offset: <-1

Command: Offset
Offset distance or through: 52
Select object to offset: {select line [8]}
Side offset: {click it in left side}
Select object to offset: <-1

Command: Offset
Offset distance or through: 56
Select object to offset: {select line [2]}
Side offset: {click it in left side}
Select object to offset: <-1

Command: BHATCH
{A dialogue box will appear change the scale for hatching and select the hatch pattern, then select the
[pick point] options}
Select internal point: {get a point on right line [1] & [8]}
Select internal point: {get a point on right line [1] & [5]}
Select internal point: {get a point on right line [1] & [2]}
{Then select [apply] option}

Results:
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ISOMETRIC VIEW (Model-I)

Exp. No. 2 Date:

AIM: To Draw the isometric view of a given model using AutoCAD software package

All dimensions are ‘mm’

PROCESURE

Command: limits
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>:
Specify upper right corner <12.0000, 9.0000>: 100,100
Command: zoom
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <Real time>: all
Regenerating model
Command: _-view Enter an option
[?/Delete/Orthographic/Restore/Save/settings/Window]: _top Regenerating model.
Command: pline
Specify start point: 10, 10
Specify next point or [Arc/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: 35, 10
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: 35, 25
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: 60, 25
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: 60, 10
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: 85, 10
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: 85, 60
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: 10, 60
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Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: c

Command: extrude
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4
Select objects to extrude: 1 found
Specify height of extrusion or [Direction/Path/Taper angle]: 15
Command: _-view Enter an option
[?/Delete/Orthographic/Restore/Save/settings/Window]: _swiso Regenerating model.
Command: ucs
Current ucs name: *NO NAME*
Specify origin of UCS or [Face/Named/Object/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/Z-axis]
<World>: _3
Specify new origin point <0, 0, 0>:
Specify point on positive portion of X-axis <1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000>:
Specify point on positive-Y portion of the UCS XY plane <0.0000, 1.0000, 0.0000>:
Command: pline
Specify start point: 75, 15
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 75, 40
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 55, 40
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 20, 15
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 75, 15
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: c
Command: extrude
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4
Select objects to extrude: 1 found
Specify height of extrusion or [Direction/Path/Taper angle] <15.0000>: 25
Command: _union
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects: 1 found, 2 total
Command: save

Results:
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ISOMETRIC VIEW (Model-II)

Exp. No.3 Date:

AIM: To prepare a model as per the given dimensions using AutoCAD software package.

All Dimensions are in ‘mm’

PROCEDURE

Command: limits

Reset Model space limits:

Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>:

Specify upper right corner <12.0000, 9.0000>: 200,200

Command: zoom

Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or

[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <Real time>: all

Regenerating model

Command: view Enter an option

[? /Delete/Orthographic/Restore/Save/settings/Window]: _front Regenerating model.

Command: pline
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Specify start point: 10, 10

Current line-width is 0.0000

Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 20, 10

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 20, 20

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 40, 20

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 40, 10

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 50, 10

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 50, 50

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: arc

Specify endpoint of arc or

[Angle/Center/Close/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: angle

Specify included angle: -180

Specify endpoint of arc or [Center/Radius]: 130, 50

Specify endpoint of arc or

[Angle/Center/Close/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: line

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 130, 10

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 140, 10

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 140, 20

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 160, 20

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 160, 10

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 170, 10

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 170, 38

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 140, 38

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 140, 50

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: arc

Specify endpoint of arc or

[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: radius

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Specify radius of arc: 50

Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle]: 40, 50

Specify endpoint of arc or

[Angle/Center/Close/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: line

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 40, 38

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 10, 38

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: c

Command: _extrude

Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4

Select objects to extrude: 1 found

Specify height of extrusion or [Direction/Path/Taper angle] <50.0000>: 50

Command: _-view Enter an option

[? /Delete/Orthographic/Restore/Save/settings/Window]: _swiso Regenerating model.

Command: _ucs

Current ucs name: *NO NAME*

Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]

<World>: _3

Specify new origin point <0, 0, 0>:

Specify point on positive portion of X-axis <1.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000>:

Specify point on positive-Y portion of the UCS XY plane <0.0000, 1.0000, 0.0000>:

Command: _pline

Specify start point:

Current line-width is 0.0000

Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 0, 50

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: -10, 50

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: arc

Specify endpoint of arc or

 ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

[Angle/Center/Close/Direction/Half width/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: angle

Specify included angle: 180

Specify endpoint of arc or [Center/Radius]: -10, 0

Specify endpoint of arc or

[Angle/Center/Close/Direction/Half width/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: line

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: c

Command: _extrude

Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4

Select objects to extrude: 1 found

Specify height of extrusion or [Direction/Path/Taper angle] <12.0000>: -12

Command: _-view Enter an option

[? /Delete/Orthographic/Restore/Save/settings/Window]: _top Regenerating model.

Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:

Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <6.0000>: 6

Command: _-view Enter an option

[?/Delete/Orthographic/Restore/Save/settings/Window]: _swiso Regenerating model.

Command: _extrude

Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4

Select objects to extrude: 1 found

Select objects to extrude: 1 found, 2 total

Specify height of extrusion or [Direction/Path/Taper angle] <-12.0000>: -12

Command: _subtract Select solids and regions to subtract from

Select objects: 1 found

Select solids and regions to subtract

Select objects: 1 found

Command: _copy

Select objects: 1 found

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Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: Specify second point or

<use first point as displacement>:

Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>:

Command: _mirror

Select objects: 1 found

Select objects:

Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line:

Erase source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: y

Command: _move

Select objects: 1 found

Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: Specify second point or

<use first point as displacement>:

Command: _union

Select objects: 1 found

Select objects: 1 found, 2 total

Select objects: 1 found, 3 total

Command: save

Result: