Selective

Catalytic
Reduction
FAQ
Contents
1. Why select SCR for low-speed engines?............................................. 3
1.1. Why WinGD is promoting SCR for low-speed engines?................................ 3
1.2. What are the benefits of SCR compared to EGR?.......................................... 4
2. SCR Concept & design........................................................................ 6
2.1. What are the differences between high-pressure (HP) and
low-pressure (LP) SCR?.............................................................................. 6
2.2. Which parties are involved in the supply of SCR systems and what
are their responsibilities?............................................................................ 8
2.3. Is SCR applicable for engines with more than one turbocharger?................ 9
3. SCR and engine operation.................................................................. 9
3.1. What engine tunings are possible with SCR?............................................... 9
3.2. Does low ambient temperature affect the SCR system?............................. 10
3.3. What is the acceptable back pressure for HP SCR and LP SCR?.................. 10
3.4. What is the purpose of the soot blowing system? How does the soot
blowing system operate?........................................................................... 10
3.5. Is reactor trace heating needed?................................................................ 10
3.6. Is thermal shock to the catalyst elements a concern when starting up
under cold ambient conditions?................................................................. 11
4. Catalyst element.............................................................................. 12
4.1. What is the lifetime of catalyst elements in an SCR system?...................... 12
4.2. How many running hours (RH) do the catalyst elements in an SCR
system last?.............................................................................................. 12
4.3. What are the typical weight and dimensions of a catalyst block inside
the SCR reactor?........................................................................................ 12
4.4. How can the used elements of a catalyst block be disposed of?................. 12
5. UREA handling................................................................................. 13
5.1. Why is urea used for SCR and what is the required grade of urea?............. 13
5.2. What are the chemical and physical characteristics of urea?..................... 13
5.3. How should urea be stored on board a ship?.............................................. 13
6. Rules and certification..................................................................... 14
6.1. Who is responsible for arranging the Tier III engine certification and
who is the SCR system supplied to?........................................................... 14
6.2. Is on board NOX monitoring mandatory in ECA areas?................................ 14
6.3. How long does it take to carry out the Scheme B test on board?................ 14

2
1. Why select SCR for low-speed engines?
1.1. Why WinGD is promoting SCR for low-speed engines?

SCR is a well-proven and consolidated technology

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a proven technology launched more
than 40 years ago, for cleaning NOX from exhaust gas emitted by internal
combustion engines.
During the past decade, the automotive industry has largely replaced exhaust
gas recirculation (EGR) technology with SCR to achieve the lowest NOX limits
required by regulations.

SCR is the marine industry standard for medium and high speed
engines
SCR is the industry standard and the most used technology for removing NOX
from exhaust gas of four-stroke main and auxiliary engines in marine and
stationary applications.
WinGD has extensive and broad experience with SCR systems, with over 600
units ordered/installed in a large variety of engines and applications:
• Diesel and high-pressure (HP) gas engines
• Marine and stationary applications
• four and two-stroke engine applications

3
1.2. What are the benefits of SCR compared to EGR?

SCR has a lower initial investment cost than EGR

The investment cost of a Tier III solution for a low-speed engine depends on
the type of engine and ship, the power of the engine, the amount of exhaust
gas to clean, etc.
For most ship segments, the initial investment cost of the SCR is lower than
that of EGR.

Figure 1: Indicative initial investment cost comparison for HP EGR, HP SCR

and LP SCR.

SCR and EGR have similar total consumable costs

Both SCR and EGR create operational costs when cleaning NOX from exhaust
gas. The source of the operational costs are different as shown in the table
below. The total operational costs for SCR and EGR are similar.

HP SCR HP EGR

Urea consumption NaOH consumption

(average about 18 g/kWh)

Fuel penalty is up to 2 g/kWh at low Fuel penalty for EGR is between 3-8 g/kWh
engine load only (across the entire engine power range)

Negligible energy consumption for the High energy consumption for the water
ancillary systems, such as the urea system treatment system, blower, additional
and soot blowing cooling water and sludge

No second pollutant is created EGR produces a second pollutant

discharged against a fee

4
Figure 2: Indicative consumable cost comparison for HP EGR and HP SCR.

SCR is a less complex system to install and maintain than EGR

The following table shows the main components of HP SCR and HP EGR

HP SCR HP EGR

SCR on/off valves and control Exhaust Gas Recirculation system: cylinder
bypass, EGR on/off valves, EGR blower, EGR
cooler and control

SCR reactor and catalyst elements Scrubbing system: Scrubber, fresh water
production, tank, pump, filter and injection system

Urea system: tank, pump, filter and Caustic soda: tank, pump, filter and mixing unit
injection

Soot blowing system: bottles, filter, Black water treatment: Pumps, filter, sludge filter,
injectors air compressor, drain & sludge tank

SCR has no impact on steam production

With SCR in operation, it is still possible to generate steam using the
exhaust gas economizer which produces the same steam production power.
With EGR, steam production is reduced by about 40% due to exhaust gas
recirculation.

SCR does not impact piston running and combustion behaviour

SCR is a post-combustion system and causes no change to the in-cylinder
air and piston running. EGR may have an impact on piston running behaviour
because of the changed combustion and Sulphur content in the recirculated
gas.

5
2. SCR Concept & design
2.1. What are the differences between high-pressure (HP) and
low-pressure (LP) SCR?
There are several differences between HP and LP SCR. Below are the most
important:

Reactor position
HP SCR LP SCR

The reactor is before the turbocharger. The reactor is after the turbocharger. The
The exhaust gas in the reactor has a higher exhaust gas in the reactor has a relatively
pressure (max 4 bar(g)) and temperature. lower pressure (about 0.6 bar(g)) and
temperature.

An HP SCR system has 3 main design An LP SCR system has the following
features. The SCR reactor (1), a pipe design features: the SCR reactor, the
section, known as the Evaporation or Mixing decomposition unit for ammonia generation
Pipe for urea injection and evaporation and the control valves (V1, V2, V3)
(2), and the interface valves to the engine
(3a/3b)

The HP SCR reactor is typically installed in the engine room. The ship
designer has the choice to position the reactor in a horizontal or vertical
position according to the engine room layout and available space.
The LP SCR reactor is typically installed outside the engine room in the
stack. This provides more flexibility for the ship designer. However additional
components such as the fuel burner and blower must also be integrated in
the ship design.

6
Ammonia generation
HP SCR LP SCR

Urea is injected into the mixed piping with Through ammonia generation using a fuel
high temperature exhaust gas, no energy oil burner
consumption

Minimum working temperature

HP SCR LP SCR

Exhaust gas temperature before Exhaust gas temperature after

turbocharger: turbocharger:
• 310°C for fuel <0.1%S • 230°C for fuel <0.1%S

Fuel penalties
HP SCR LP SCR

≈ 0-3 g/kWh ≈ 0-3 g/kWh

between 25-40% of engine power between 25-50% of engine power
≈ 0-2 g/kWh
between 50-80% of engine power

Engine interfaces
HP SCR LP SCR

Engine mechanical modifications:

• Exhaust gas manifold No engine modification
• Engine gallery
• Turbocharger connections

SCR bypass valves controlled by the engine SCR bypass valves controlled by the SCR
control system system control

7
 SCR components
HP SCR LP SCR

Urea Tank Urea Tank

Compressed air bottle tank Compressed air bottle tank

Compressed air system Compressed air system

Urea supply Urea supply

Soot blowing system Soot blowing system

SCR valves SCR valves

- Burner

- Blower

2.2. Which parties are involved in the supply of SCR systems and what
are their responsibilities?
The engine manufacturer, the engine designer (WinGD), the SCR supplier
and the shipyard are all involved in SCR project developments.

WinGD’s responsibility and tasks

WinGD defines the mandatory technical requirements and the system design
guidelines for the SCR system and the engine tuning.
In addition, WinGD designs the engines’ mechanical and electrical interfaces
to the HP SCR system. As a licensor, WinGD is responsible for engine
performance and delivers the engine design and tuning optimised for Tier III
compliance.
In the case of HP SCR, WinGD also delivers the SCR valve control system.

Engine manufacturer
The engine manufacturer produces the engine in accordance to WinGD’s
design and includes the mechanical and automation interfaces (in the case of
HP SCR).
The engine manufacturer is responsible for the IMO Tier III NOX certification.

SCR supplier
The SCR supplier designs and manufactures the key SCR elements.
The reactor, mixing pipe, ammonia generator, the catalyst element with
appropriate size and volume, urea injection system, soot blowing system,
urea dosing system, etc.

8
 The SCR supplier provides detailed interface and mounting specifications to
the engine manufacturer and shipyards.

Shipyard
The shipyard designs the structural support for the reactor housing and
ducting, and arranges the SCR system on the ship.
The shipyard designs, procures and manufactures the connecting piping,
compensator, flanges etc. and carries out the final assembly of the SCR
system on the ship.

2.3. Is SCR applicable for engines with more than one turbocharger?
Both LP and HP SCR are possible solutions for engines with more than one
(1) turbocharger application. WinGD has developed several configuration
solutions that are available on demand.

3. SCR and engine operation

3.1. What engine tunings are possible with SCR?
All the available tunings for WinGD’s low-speed engines are applicable for
both, HP and LP SCR.

Tuning Options
Available engine tunings
HP SCR LP SCR

Standard: high load tuning, Tier II compliant, optimised for

engine loads above 90%. (not recommended for current
operating scenarios)
P P
Delta: part load tuning, Tier II compliant, optimised for engine
loads between 75% – 90%. – electronic tuning of the engine P P
Delta Bypass: part load tuning with a lower BSFC below
50% engine load, Tier II compliant, optimised for increasing
steam production above 50% engine load and reduced fuel P P
consumption below 50% engine load.

Low load: Tier II compliant, optimised for engine loads below

75%. P P

The tuning options “HP SCR” and “LP SCR” will ensure that the exhaust gas
temperature is always above the minimum required temperature for reliable
operation of the SCR system. In case the exhaust gas temperature goes
below this minimum required temperature, the engine control system reacts
and adequately increases the temperature.

9
3.2. Does low ambient temperature affect the SCR system?
Cold external conditions have no impact on the SCR system because the
engine’s Tier III tuning will control the exhaust gas temperature so that it
stays above the minimum required low temperature.

3.3. What is the acceptable back pressure for HP SCR and LP SCR?

HP SCR back pressure

The maximum acceptable pressure drop for the entire HP SCR system over
its lifetime must be kept below a maximum acceptable limit.
A proper pre-calculation and piping system design must ensure that the
pressure drop of the SCR system including the piping (without the bypass
valves) does not exceed 70 mbar.
An “SCR Valve Control System” monitors the pressure drop values across
the main components. It will trigger an alarm and set up counter-measures
should the pressure drop exceed the set values.

LP SCR back pressure

The maximum allowed back pressure created by the LP SCR system is
300 mm WC. In combination with the economizer, silencer and other piping,
the maximum back pressure is 600 mm WC on a new installation.

3.4. What is the purpose of the soot blowing system? How does the soot
blowing system operate?
The accumulation of deposits, like soot and ash, is very likely to occur on
the surface of the catalytic elements. The soot blowing system regularly
removes such deposits with a dedicated soot blowing line provided for each
catalyst layer in the reactor.
The soot blowing is controlled and enforced by the SCR control system.
Typically, the soot blowing is operated automatically and sequentially at a
pressure of 8 bar(g).

3.5. Is reactor trace heating needed?

The SCR supplier will decide whether reactor trace heating is required and
will supply the relevant specifications.
Currently, there are no regulations that require the installation of trace
heating. This may depend on the customer’s operational profile and
individual requirements.

10
 How much power is needed for trace heating?
The energy required depends on how fast the customer would like to heat
the catalyst element and on the volume of the catalyst elements. According
to our experience and current projects, the pre-heater power is well below
50 kW.

How is trace heating for the HP SCR’s reactor used in an ECA port?
If the ship’s port stay is short, the catalyst elements will still be hot after the
engine has been switched off. Therefore the pre-heater (if switched on at
this moment) will provide a small amount of energy to compensate for the
thermal dissipations of the reactor, and will keep the catalyst element at the
right temperature.

How long does it take to pre-heat the HP SCR’s reactor when the
ship enters an ECA area?
In the case of the ship entering an ECA area, the catalyst elements are
heated by partially opening the SCR valves according to a specific heating
procedure.
Before the SCR system is switched on, the catalyst elements need to be
heated to the minimum SCR operational temperature before any reducing
agent is injected.

3.6. Is thermal shock to the catalyst elements a concern when starting

up under cold ambient conditions?
Thermal shock to the catalyst elements is avoided by taking into
consideration the thermal gradient recommendation from the catalyst
element supplier.
The catalyst elements are heated according to a given time-temperature
law; both the traced heater and the SCR valve control system will take into
account the heating gradient parameters during the heating procedure.

11
4. Catalyst element
4.1. What is the lifetime of catalyst elements in an SCR system?
It is common practice to assume that the lifetime of the catalyst elements is 5
years, i.e. the time corresponding to the ship’s dry-docking schedule.
The proper maintenance of the catalyst elements is the key to extended life
and a well-functioning SCR installation. As well as soot blowing and the
ammonia bi-sulphate (ABS) regeneration measures, manual maintenance is
also important.

4.2. How many running hours (RH) do the catalyst elements in an SCR
system last?
The maximum number of running hours (RH) for the catalyst elements
depends on the design of the SCR system (e.g. the volume of the catalyst
element, flow velocity, layers, fuel type, engine operating profile, etc.).
Therefore, the maximum RH of catalyst elements is the result of the SCR
supplier’s design, taking into account the customer’s operating profile for a
lifetime of 5 years, and the need to keep the reactor size within reasonable
dimensions.

4.3. What are the typical weight and dimensions of a catalyst block
inside the SCR reactor?
The catalyst element blocks are designed so that they can be dismounted
and removed without any special tools. The typical catalyst element block
measures 300x300x500 mm and weighs 24 kg.

4.4. How can the used elements of a catalyst block be disposed of?
Metal from the canisters/frames/cassettes is recycled as normal metal.
Local disposal of the catalyst blocks is managed through recycling waste
disposal companies. The supplier of the catalyst can provide advice
regarding disposal globally.

12
5. UREA handling
5.1. Why is urea used for SCR and what is the required grade of urea?
The chemical element required for the reaction of NOX to water and Nitrogen
is Ammonia (NH4). However, ammonia is difficult to store and handle on a
ship and is therefore generated from urea. Urea is stored and transformed
into ammonia after injection into the exhaust before entering the reactor.
Urea is injected into the exhaust gas stream mixed with compressed air or
fresh water.
The standard Aqueous Urea Solution (AUS) for marine applications is 40%
urea in water (Marine urea/AUS40). The appropriate quality requirements
for the urea solution are presented in ISO 22241. On board the vessel, a ready
urea water mixture can be bunkered or stored. Urea can also be stored on
board in powder or pellet form and can be mixed with purified water when
needed.

5.2. What are the chemical and physical characteristics of urea?

AUS 40 urea has the following characteristics:
• Colourless liquid
• Not flammable
• Not classified as harmful by the class societies rules or other applicable
rules.
• Not recorded as hazardous waste. Recovery possible through use as
fertilizer
• Light ammoniac odour, the ammoniac content is less than 0.1%
• Density: 1.1 - 1.15 ton/m3
• Decomposition/boiling temperature at 105°C at 1 bara

5.3. How should urea be stored on board a ship?

The general guidelines for urea handling and storage are prescribed in ISO
18622-3:2014.
The storage procedures of urea AUS40 are provided by the original SCR or
urea supplier.
Urea (AUS40) must be stored at a temperature between 5°C and 35°C to
avoid decomposition or salt deposits.
The storage time for urea solution is temperature dependent. A storage
temperature of less than 35°C will keep the urea solution usable for more
than a year. For example, at a temperature of about 20°C, urea can be stored
for up to 2 years.

13
 Urea tanks are to be kept clear from fire or high temperature sources to
avoid evaporation. Urea is corrosive on carbon steels, nickel and non-
ferrous metals (copper, zinc, etc.). Therefore, the urea tanks must be
suitably coated or made of stainless steel or selected plastics. Furthermore,
the recommendations from the class societies must be considered when
designing the urea tank.

6. Rules and certification

6.1. Who is responsible for arranging the Tier III engine certification and
who is the SCR system supplied to?
The approved SCR supplier delivers the SCR system to the engine
manufacturer (only for the parent engine). The engine manufacturer needs
to ensure that the parent engine with SCR meets Tier III NOX emissions
levels during shoptest. The Tier III certification is issued by the Classification
Society, according to IMO scheme “A” test procedure. 
For member engines, the SCR system is delivered directly to the shipyard

6.2. Is on board NOX monitoring mandatory in ECA areas?

NOX monitoring system is not mandatory and is not explicitly requested by
the applicable rules in force.

6.3. How long does it take to carry out the Scheme B test on board?
Discussions regarding the various test procedures are ongoing and are not
yet finalised. WinGD is actively participating in these discussions, which also
include the test procedures according to scheme B, with IACS (and IMO).

14
15
Winterthur Gas & Diesel Ltd. (WinGD) is a leading developer
of two-stroke low-speed gas and diesel engines used for
propulsion power in merchant shipping.
WinGD sets the industry standard for reliability, efficiency and
environmental sustainability. WinGD provides designs, training
and technical support to engine manufacturers, shipbuilders
and ship operators worldwide.
WinGD is headquartered in Winterthur, Switzerland, where, as
one of the earliest developers of diesel technology, it started
the design of large internal combustion engines in 1893 under
the “Sulzer” name.

WinGD® is a registered trademark.

© Copyright, 2018 Winterthur Gas & Diesel Ltd.
www.wingd.com