ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 1

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
AUGUST 22, 2019

Charm Angel R. Dalupang

1MT-L

1. The Definition of Communication

Figure 1. Communication - ©projectguru.in

According to Davis (1967), communication is a dynamic process of passing

information and understanding from one person to another by speaking, writing, gestures,
and signs. Similarly, it is “a way that an individual transmits and receives information”
(Barker, 2002, p.1).

2. The Communication Process

2.1. Transmission Communication Models

a. Aristotle’s Communication Model

This is where a great rhetorician, Aristotle highlighted that there are

three variables in communication process. It is a model centered
particularly into the speaker (Speaker Centered Model) which is the
most active and the one who plays the most significant role in it.
 Elements:
 Speaker
- This is the one who organizes the message in advance that
fits a particular audience that will be receiving it. The speaker
is also the one who takes complete charge of the
communication (active role).
 Speech
- This is the spoken expression of ideas and information that is
made by the speaker. It is also utilized in persuading and
influencing the audience; must be according to the target
audience and situation.
 Occasion
- This pertains to the situation.
 Audience
- This is the one who is influenced by the speech. Moreover,
the role of the audience is passive.
 Effect
- This pertains about the influence the audience’s mind have
acquired together with their feedback.

b. The Lasswell’s Formula/ Communication Model

This is a linear (one-way) model of communication developed in the

year 1948. It represent the act of communication by defining who said it,
what was said, in what channel it was said, to whom it was said, and
with what effect it was said. It is considered as "one of the earliest and
most influential communication model” (Shoemaker, 2004).

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Elements:

 WHO?
- This is the communicator or the sender, who constructs and
disseminates the information. The sender is also considered
as intermediary.
Control Analysis - This involves an administration and audit
analysis that assists the sender to possess competence to
communicate.

 WHAT?
- This involves the component of the information or the
message that the sender disseminates.
Content Analysis - It is comprised with the aim of the message
and/or the secondary intention.

 WHICH CHANNEL?
- It describes the medium or media that is/are utilized to convey
and extend the message to others. Several communication
tools, mass media and social media are used as the medium.
Media Analysis - It conveys which medium is the best to use in
transmitting message to the receivers efficiently.

 TO WHOM?
- This describes the receiver(s), such as a target group or an
individual. With mass communication, there’s an audience.
Audience Analysis - This shows to whom the message to be
conveyed and how to spread this efficiently to the audience.

 WHICH EFFECT?
- This refers to the outcome of the message. Moreover, it is so-
called the triangle of success ‘knowledge, attitude, behaviour’
which is often used to explain the desired result.
Effect Analysis – This analysis must be started beforehand, so
that the information is purposely fitted to the target receivers.
c. The Shannon and Weaver Communication Model

According to Hollnagel (2005), this communication model is

considered as the “Mother of all Models”. It is also known as “A
Mathematical Theory of Communication”. It deals with different ideas
such as the information source, transmitter, noise, channel, message,
receiver, channel, information destination, encode and decode.

Elements:

 Sender (Source)
- Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses the
channel and sends the message.
 Encode
- This is where the information is being altered into signals or
binary data. The sender is the one responsible for encoding
the message.
 Transmitter
- It directly refer to the machine/ electronic device that will
enable the message to be delivered via generating radio
frequency to antenna which will radiate as radio waves.
 Noise
- It is the physical disturbances like environment, people,
delays etc. which does not enable the message get to the
receiver on its due date together with what was sent properly.
 Channel
- This refers to the medium that the sender will utilize. It could
be in a form of a printed media or broadcast within various
social media sites.
 Message
- This simply refers to a distinct unit of communication
deliberated by the source for consumption by a particular
recipient/s.
  Receiver (Information Destination)
- Receiver is the person who gets the message or the location
where the information must reach.
 Decode
- This is done by the receiver wherein he/she will provide
feedback according to the message.

d. The Westley and Maclean Communication Model

This is a communication model that does not begin when a person

starts to talk, but rather when a person responds selectively to his/her
physical surroundings. It also considers a strong relation between the
responds from surroundings and the process of communication (In
Communication Models., 2018). It is also a form of two dimensional
communication model.

Elements:

 Event
- This refers to a particular situation that enables the sender to
deliver a particular message. It could also be the one that
makes interferences in the channel.
 Advocate
- Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses the
channel and sends the message.
 Channel
- This refers to the medium that the sender will utilize. It could
be in a form of a printed media or broadcast within various
social media sites.
 Audience
- This is the one who receives the message. Moreover, the role
of the audience is passive.
2.2. Ritual or Expressive Communication Model

This communication model focuses on the intrinsic satisfaction of the

sender (or receiver) rather than on some instrumental purpose. It also
depends on shared understandings, culture, beliefs, and emotions.

2.3. Publicity Communication Model

Mass media portrays a big role in this communication model. It is

also called as the P.T. Barnum Model. According to Grunig (n.d.), this model
also follows one way communication where the flow of information is only
from the sender to the receiver. The sender is not much concerned about
the second party’s feedback, reviews and so on.

2.4. Reception Communication Model

a. The Schramm’s Communication Model

This model expands on emphasizing the process of encoding and

decoding the message. It also envisions a two-way circular
communication between the sender and receiver. Moreover, this is more
mathematically and technologically based since it also involves the
study of human behaviour in the communication process.
 (Diagram of Schramm’s Feedback Loop)

(Diagram of Schramm’s Field of Experience)

This communication model gives emphasis to an individual’s
own experiences and learnings being shared to other people.

b. The Berlo’s Communication Model (S-M-C-R Model)

This model develops the other models of communication by

recognizing and including the various factors within the source,
message, channel, and receiver which affect them (Whitman and
Boase, 1983).
 2.5. Helical Communication Model
This communication model was created by
Mr Frank Dance. This model is largely dependent
on its past which requires the involvement of time
(Helical Communication Model, 2013). It portrays
the evolvement of communication starting from the
beginning in some simple forms then the same
process of communication advances based on the
past activities. It further enhances the
communication process but with some
modifications.

For instance, a child learns to articulate a

word in his/her kindergarten and throughout his/her
life the child uses that word in the same way that
he/she learnt. Just like a person used to respond to
a particular situation in a certain way in their
childhood, such reactions and habits will last.

3. The Various Types of Communication

3.1. According to Mode

a. Verbal Communication

- According to The Business Communication (2014) Verbal

Communication happens when any report of data that is
swapped or interfaced by words. It may be written or oral
communication. Verbal communication occurs through face to
face discussions and counselling.

b. Non-Verbal Communication

- Non-Verbal Communications is generally known by the

procedure of posting and collecting unvoiced messages
between multiple human beings, it may be motioning or
moving without applying either spoken and written.
 c. Visual Communication
- According to the book, Purposive Communication (2018),
Visual Communication applies pictographs to project material
or memo, like indications, diagrams and more.

3.2. According to Context

a. Intrapersonal Communication
- According to Purposive Communication (2018) the word ‘intra’
means within or inside. This involves the conservationists’
inner use of speech or idea. It can be utilize to visualize
intrapersonal communication happening within the
understanding of the individual in a copy that holds a
transmitter, recipient, and feedback.

b. Interpersonal Communication
- According to Turrow (2009, 8), this is “a form of
communication that involves two or three individuals
interacting through the use of their voices and bodies”.

c. Mediated Interpersonal Communication

- This is happens when a person can no longer have the time

to communicate face-to-face. Thus, they make use of devices
such as pen, telephone, computer, and other technologies.

d. Extended Communication
- This is a broader type of communication because it is
extended when its interest requires the utilization of electronic
media. It is also where notifications transfers fast. It may be
from TV, Radio, audio or phone chit chat.

e. Organizational Communication
- This type of communication is mostly used in conversing with
people within his/her working environment. Moreover, the
messages flows through faculty meetings, memorandum
posts, and even conferences.

f. Intercultural Communication
- It refers to the transmission that separates humanity by some
ethnic contexts. As all individuals act differently.
 3.3. According to Purpose and Style

a. Formal Communication
- This recognizes positions in conversing with one another to
ensure an even, accurate, neat, and timely flow of information.

b. Informal Communication
- This is a type of communication wherein it does not require
any formal methods or structure to converse with other
people. This type of communication does not have a smooth
flow of information compared to the formal one.

4. The Barriers of Communication

The following are the reasons of why communication might fail because the
message is not delivered exactly the way the sender intends to:

4.1. Physical Barriers

This involves geographic distance between the sender and
receiver(s). Thus, it is easier to communicate over shorter distances as
more communication channels are available and less technology is needed.

4.2. Physiological Barriers

Physiological barriers may result from the receiver’s physical state.
For instance, a receiver with reduced hearing cannot entirely understand
spoken conversation, especially if there is significant background noise.

4.3. Psychological Barriers

This pertains to the emotions of the sender and the receiver as to
how the psychological state of the sender or the receiver will influence how
the message is received. For instance, if a person has personal worries and
is stressed, they may be preoccupied by personal concerns and not as
receptive to the message as if they were not stressed. Thus, building self-
confidence is one of the most important part for destroying this barrier.

4.4. Cultural Barriers

This barrier involves cultural variations and developing techniques in
order to accommodate and entirely adapt with various beliefs, sensitivities,
and traditions of other culture. For instance, in Islamic Culture, men Muslims
are not allowed to wear gold and silk but that does not imply that they hate
gold, it is just because they have the tradition they needed to abide and is
significant for their culture.
4.5. Language Barriers
This occurs when a person communicates with another person who
is utilizing different language from his/her. It could also involve terminologies
or jargons which is hard to understand by inferiors or those who are not
professionals which could make misunderstandings.

4.6. Gender Barriers

This barrier involves the differences among men and women
especially in terms of workplace relations. Different genders have their own
unique way of conversing with one another. Thus, having respect with one
another is generally significant in order to break this barrier because they
will be able to feel safe when giving their own perceptions and beliefs.

4.7. Interpersonal Barriers

This barrier revolves around individual’s relationship between
people. Having poor self- esteem is one of the reasons for not being
able to make connections with others which prohibits us to actually
communicate from one another.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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