Scilab Textbook Companion For Digital Electronics: Circuits and Systems by V. K. Puri

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Digital Electronics: Circuits And Systems

by V. K. Puri1
Created by
Rishav Dutta
B.Tech
Electronics Engineering
NIT Durgapur
College Teacher
Prof. Sabyasachi Sengupta,iit Kharagpur
Cross-Checked by
Mukul R. Kulkarni
July 31, 2019
1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Digital Electronics: Circuits And Systems
Author: V. K. Puri
Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
Edition: 1
Year: 1997
ISBN: 0-07-463317-1
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 4
1 Number systems and binary codes 5
2 Boolean algebra logic gates karnaugh map and minimization 94
3 Wave shaping clipping clamping and sweep circuits 107
5 Sequential circuits flip flops and multivibrators 112
8 D to A and A to D converters 115
3
List of Scilab Codes
Exa 1.1.a decimal to binary conversion . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 1.1.b binary to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . 5
Exa 1.2 binary to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 1.3 binary to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.4 decimal to binary conversion . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.5 decimal to octal conversion . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.6 octal to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 1.7 binary to octal conversion . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 1.8.b binary to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 1.9.b decimal to binary conversion . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 1.9.c decimal to binary conversion . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 1.9.d binary to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 1.10.a hex to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 1.10.b decimal to hex conversion . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 1.11 hex to binary and decimal conversion . . . . 17
Exa 1.12 hex to binary and octal and decimal conversion 17
Exa 1.13.a hex to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 1.13.b hex to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 1.14.a addition of two binary numbers . . . . . . . 19
Exa 1.14.b addition of two binary numbers . . . . . . . 19
Exa 1.14.c addition of two binary numbers . . . . . . . 23
Exa 1.15.a subtraction of two binary numbers . . . . . 27
Exa 1.15.b subtraction of two binary numbers . . . . . 31
Exa 1.16.a multiplication of two binary numbers . . . . 35
Exa 1.16.b multiplication of two binary numbers . . . . 39
Exa 1.17.a division of two binary numbers . . . . . . . 42
4
Exa 1.17.b division of two binary numbers . . . . . . . 43
Exa 1.18.a binary to hex conversion . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 1.18.b decimal to octal conversion . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 1.18.c binary to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 1.19.a decimal to octal conversion . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 1.19.b decimal to octal conversion . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 1.19.c decimal to octal conversion . . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 1.20.a decimal to signed binary number conversion 53
Exa 1.20.b decimal to signed binary system conversion . 54
Exa 1.20.c decimal to signed binary system conversion . 54
Exa 1.21.a subtraction using ones complement . . . . . 55
Exa 1.21.b subtraction using ones complement . . . . . 55
Exa 1.21.c subtraction using ones complement . . . . . 56
Exa 1.21.d subtraction using ones complement . . . . . 56
Exa 1.21.e subtraction using ones complement . . . . . 59
Exa 1.22.a subtraction using twos complement . . . . . 62
Exa 1.22.b subtraction using twos complement . . . . . 63
Exa 1.22.c subtraction using twos complement . . . . . 64
Exa 1.22.d subtraction using twos complement . . . . . 66
Exa 1.22.e subtraction using twos complement . . . . . 69
Exa 1.22.f subtraction using twos complement . . . . . 72
Exa 1.23.a BCD to decimal equivalent conversion . . . 75
Exa 1.23.b BCD to decimal equivalent conversion . . . 76
Exa 1.24.a binary to gray code conversion . . . . . . . 78
Exa 1.24.b binary to gray code conversion . . . . . . . . 79
Exa 1.24.c binary to gray code conversion . . . . . . . . 80
Exa 1.25.a subtraction using ones complement . . . . . 81
Exa 1.25.b gray code to binary conversion . . . . . . . . 81
Exa 1.25.c decimal to BCD conversion . . . . . . . . . 82
Exa 1.25.d subtraction using ones complement . . . . . 83
Exa 1.26 finding equivalent in decimal for excess 3 code 84
Exa 1.27.a gray code to binary conversion . . . . . . . . 85
Exa 1.27.b gray code to binary conversion . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 1.27.c gray code to binary conversion . . . . . . . . 87
Exa 1.28.a constructing an even parity 7 bit hamming
code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Exa 1.28.b constructing an even parity 7 bit hamming
code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5
Exa 1.29 locating error in hamming code and correct-
ing it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 2.8.a simplification of boolean expression . . . . . 94
Exa 2.8.b simplification of boolean expression . . . . . 95
Exa 2.9.c simplification of boolean expression . . . . . 96
Exa 2.10.c simplification of boolean expression . . . . . 98
Exa 2.11 simplification of boolean expression . . . . . 98
Exa 2.29 finding SOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exa 2.30 finding POS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exa 2.31.a conversion to canonical SOP . . . . . . . . . 101
Exa 2.31.b conversion to canonical POS . . . . . . . . . 102
Exa 2.32 finding SOP and POS . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Exa 2.33 finding SOP and POS . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Exa 2.34 finding maxterms and minterms . . . . . . . 104
Exa 2.35 finding maxterms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Exa 2.36 finding required data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Exa 2.37 finding SOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Exa 2.38 finding sum of minterms and product of max-
terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Exa 3.2 finding maximum amplification . . . . . . . 108
Exa 3.3.a finding clamping level voltage . . . . . . . . 108
Exa 3.3.b finding clamping level voltage . . . . . . . . 109
Exa 3.4 finding output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Exa 3.6 finding resistance and capacitance . . . . . . 110
Exa 3.7 finding peak voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Exa 5.1 finding required time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Exa 5.2 finding frequency and duty cycle . . . . . . 112
Exa 5.3 finding frequency and duty cycle . . . . . . 113
Exa 8.1 finding binary equivalent weights . . . . . . 115
Exa 8.2 calculating required data . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6
Exa 8.7 calculating value of resistors . . . . . . . . . 119
Exa 8.8 finding value of resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Exa 8.11 calculating output voltages . . . . . . . . . . 122
Exa 8.12 finding output voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Exa 8.13 calculating maximum scale voltage . . . . . 123
Exa 8.15 calculating number of bits . . . . . . . . . . 124
Exa 8.16 finding resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Exa 8.18 calculating conversion time . . . . . . . . . 126
Exa 8.19 finding resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Exa 8.20 finding number of bits . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Exa 8.21 calculating maximum conversion time . . . . 128
Exa 8.22 finding error in voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Exa 8.23 finding aperture time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Exa 8.24 finding quantisation error . . . . . . . . . . 129
Exa 8.25 finding digital output in binary form . . . . 130
7
Chapter 1
Number systems and binary

codes
Scilab code Exa 1.1.a decimal to binary conversion
1 // d e c i m a l t o b i n a r y c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 . a //
3 clc
4 // c l e a r s t h e command window //
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 a = dec2bin (1993)
9 disp ( ’ b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f d e c i m a l number : ’ )
10 disp ( a )
11 // a n s w e r i n b i n a r y form //
Scilab code Exa 1.1.b binary to decimal conversion
1 // b i n a r y t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 . b //
8
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 a = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 ’ )
9 disp ( ’ d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f b i n a r y number : ’ )
10 disp ( a )
11 // a n s w e r i n d e c i m a l form //
Scilab code Exa 1.2 binary to decimal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 2//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 p =1;
8 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
9 q =1;
10 z =0;
11 b =0;
12 w =0;
13 f =0;
14 // b i n= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e b i n a r y no t o be c o n v e r t e d
to i t s decimal e q u i v a l e n t : )
15 // a c c e p t i n g t h e b i n a r y i n p u t from u s e r //
16 bin =11.0111;
17 d = modulo ( bin ,1) ;
18 // s e p a r a t i n g t h e d e c i m a l p a r t and t h e i n t e g e r p a r t //
19 d = d *10^10;
20 a = floor ( bin ) ;
21 // r e m o v i n g t h e d e c i m a l p a r t //
22 while ( a >0)
9
23 // Loop t o t a k e t h e b i n a r y b i t s o f i n t e g e r i n t o a
m a t r i x //
24 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
25 b (1 , q ) = r ;
26 a = a /10;
27 a = floor ( a ) ;
28 q = q +1;
29 end
30 for m =1: q -1
31 // m u l t i p l i y i n g t h e b i t s o f i n t e g e r p o s i t i o n v a l u e s
and a d d i n g //
32 c = m -1;
33 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
34 end
35 while ( d >0)
36 // Loop t o t a k e t h e b i n a r y b i t s o f d e c i m a l i n t o a
m a t r i x //
37 e = modulo ( d ,2)
38 w (1 ,p ) = e
39 d = d /10;
40 d = floor ( d )
41 p = p +1;
42 end
43 for n =1: p -1
44 // m u l t i p l i y i n g t h e b i t s o f d e c i m a l w i t h t h e i r
p o s i t i o n v a l u e s and a d d i n g //
45 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
46 end
47 z = z *10000;
48 // r o u n d i n g o f t o 4 d e c i m a l v a l u e s //
49 z = round ( z ) ;
50 z = z /10000;
51 x=f+z;
52 disp ( ’ The D e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e b i n a r y number
g i v e n i s ’ );
53 disp ( x ) ; // r e s u l t i s d i s p l a y e d //
10
Scilab code Exa 1.3 binary to decimal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 3//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 p =1;
8 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
9 q =1;
10 z =0;
11 b =0;
12 w =0;
13 f =0;
16 bin =1100.11;
19 d = d *10^10;
22 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
24 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
25 b (1 , q ) = r ;
26 a = a /10;
27 a = floor ( a ) ;
28 q = q +1;
29 end
30 for m =1: q -1
11
and a d d i n g //
32 c = m -1;
33 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
34 end
35 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
37 e = modulo ( d ,2)
38 w (1 ,p ) = e
39 d = d /10;
40 d = floor ( d )
41 p = p +1;
42 end
43 for n =1: p -1
45 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
46 end
47 z = z *10000;
49 z = round ( z ) ;
50 z = z /10000;
51 x=f+z;
52 disp ( x )
53 // r e s u l t i s d i s p l a y e d //
Scilab code Exa 1.4 decimal to binary conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 4//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
12
8 q =0;
9 b =0;
10 s =0;
11 // e n t e r t h e d e c i m a l number t o be c o n v e r t e d //
12 a =27/32;
13 d = modulo (a ,1) ; // s e p a r a t i n g d e c i m a l and i n t e g e r p a r t
//
14 a = floor ( a ) ; // r e m o v i n g d e c i m a l p a r t //
15 while (a >0)
16 // t a k i n g i n t e g e r p a r t i n t o a m a t r i x and c o n v e r t i n g
t o e q u i v a l e n t b i n a r y //
17 x = modulo (a ,2)
18 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
19 a = a /2
20 a = floor ( a )
21 q = q +1
22 end
23 for i =1:10
24 // f o r v a l u e s a f t e r d e c i m a l t h a t s h o u l d be c o n v e r t e d
t o b i n a r y //
25 d = d *2
26 q = floor ( d )
27 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
28 if d >=1 then
29 d =d -1
30 end
31 end
32 k=b+s;
33 disp ( ’ t h e b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e g i v e n d e c i m a l
number i s ’ )
34 disp ( k ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 1.5 decimal to octal conversion
13
1 // d e c i m a l t o o c t a l c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 5//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 x =1993
9 a = dec2oct ( x )
10 disp ( ’ t h e number i n o c t a l form i s : ’ )
11 disp ( a )
Scilab code Exa 1.6 octal to decimal conversion
1 // O c t a l t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 6//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // o c t a l t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
8 x= ’ 3711 ’
9 a = oct2dec ( x )
10 disp ( ’ t h e number i n d e c i m a l form : ’ )
11 disp ( a )
Scilab code Exa 1.7 binary to octal conversion
1 // b i n a r y t o o c t a l c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 7//
3 clc
4 // c l e a r s t h e c o n t r o l window //
5 clear
14
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // b i n a r y t o o c t a l c o n v e r s i o n //
8 x= ’ 11111001001 ’
9 a = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 ’ )
11 z = dec2oct ( a )
13 disp ( ’ t h e number i n o c t a l form : ’ )
14 disp ( z )
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . a //
3 clc
4 // c l e a r s command window //
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 x =1996
9 a = dec2bin (1996)
10 disp ( ’ t h e r e s u l t i n b i n a r y form i s ’ )
11 disp ( a )
Scilab code Exa 1.8.b binary to decimal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 x= ’ 11111001100 ’
15
8 a = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ’ ) ; // b i n a r y t o d e c i m a l
c o n v e r s i o n //
9 disp ( ’ t h e number i n d e c i m a l form i s : ’ )
10 disp ( a ) ; // r e s u l t i s d i s p l a y e d //
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 q =0;
9 b =0;
10 s =0;
12 a =274.1875;
//
15 while (a >0)
18 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
19 a = a /2
20 a = floor ( a )
21 q = q +1
22 end
23 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
25 d = d *2
16
26 q = floor ( d )
27 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
28 if d >=1 then
29 d =d -1
30 end
31 end
32 k = b + s ;
33 disp ( ’ t h e b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t of the given decimal
number i s ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.9.b decimal to binary conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 q =0;
9 b =0;
10 s =0;
12 a =.65625;
//
15 while (a >0)
18 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
19 a = a /2
20 a = floor ( a )
17
21 q = q +1
22 end
23 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
25 d = d *2
26 q = floor ( d )
27 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
28 if d >=1 then
29 d =d -1
30 end
31 end
32 k=b+s;
33 disp ( ’ t h e b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e g i v e n d e c i m a l
number i s : ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.9.c decimal to binary conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . c //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 a = dec2bin (624)
9 disp ( ’ b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f d e c i m a l number : ’ )
10 disp ( a )
11 // a n s w e r i n b i n a r y form //
Scilab code Exa 1.9.d binary to decimal conversion
18
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . d //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 a = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 0 1 0 ’ ) ; // b i n a r y t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
8 printf ( ’ a c t u a l a g e i s =%d y e a r s ’ ,a ) ; // p e r s o n ’ s a c t u a l
a g e i s d i s p l a y e d //
Scilab code Exa 1.10.a hex to decimal conversion
1 // hex t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 x = ’ 7C9 ’
9 a = hex2dec ( x )
10 disp ( ’ t h e number i n d e c i m a l form i s : ’ )
11 disp ( a )
Scilab code Exa 1.10.b decimal to hex conversion
1 // d e c i m a l t o hex c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // d e c i m a l t o hex c o n v e r s i o n //
19
8 x =2047
9 a = dec2hex (2047)
10 disp ( ’ t h e r e s u l t i n hex form i s : ’ )
11 disp ( a )
Scilab code Exa 1.11 hex to binary and decimal conversion
1 // hex t o b i n a r y and d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 1 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
8 x = ’ CD42 ’
9 a = hex2dec ( ’ CD42 ’ ) ; // hex t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
10 disp ( a ) ; // a n s w e r d i s p l a y e d i n d e c i m a l form //
11 // b i n a r y c o n v e r s i o n //
12 b = dec2bin ( a ) ; // d e d c i m a l t o b i n a r y c o n v e r s i o n //
13 disp ( b ) ; // a n s w e r d i s p l a y e d i n b i n a r y form //
Scilab code Exa 1.12 hex to binary and octal and decimal conversion
1 // hex t o b i n a r y , o c t a l and d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 2 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
8 x = ’ 100 ’
9 d = hex2dec ( x ) ; // hex t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
10 b = dec2bin ( d ) ; // d e c i m a l t o b i n a r y c o n v e r s i o n //
20
11 o = dec2oct ( d ) ; // d e c i m a l t o o c t a l c o n v e r s i o n //
12 disp ( d ) ; // a n s w e r i n d e c i m a l form //
13 disp ( b ) ; // a n s w e r i n b i n a r y form //
14 disp ( o ) ; // a n s w e r i n o c t a l form //
Scilab code Exa 1.13.a hex to decimal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 x = ’ D2763 ’
8 a = hex2dec ( ’ D2763 ’ )
9 disp ( ’ t h e r e s u l t i n d e c i m a l form : ’ )
10 disp ( a )
Scilab code Exa 1.13.b hex to decimal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 x = ’ B3D8 ’
8 a = hex2dec ( ’ B3D8 ’ )
9 disp ( ’ t h e r e s u l t i n d e c i m a l form : ’ )
10 disp ( a )
21
Scilab code Exa 1.14.a addition of two binary numbers
1 // a d d i t i o n o f two numbers //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // a d d i t i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers //
9 x = bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 1 0 1 ’ )
10 y = bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 1 0 1 ’ )
11 z=x+y
12 // a d d i t i o n //
13 a = dec2bin ( z )
15 disp ( ’ t h e a d d i t i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers i s : ’ )
16 disp ( a )
Scilab code Exa 1.14.b addition of two binary numbers
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s / / ; / / d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e first
b i n a r y number //
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
10 q =1;
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
22
14 f =0;
15 // b i n =1 s t i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e b i n a r y no t o be
converted to i t s decimal e q u i v a l e n t : )
17 bin =1011.01;
20 d = d *10^10;
23 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
25 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
26 b (1 , q ) = r ;
27 a = a /10;
28 a = floor ( a ) ;
29 q = q +1;
30 end
31 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
33 c = m -1;
34 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
35 end
36 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
38 e = modulo ( d ,2)
39 w (1 ,p ) = e
40 d = d /10;
41 d = floor ( d )
42 p = p +1;
43 end
44 for n =1: p -1
46 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
23
47 end
48 z = z *10000;
50 z = round ( z ) ;
51 z = z /10000;
52 x1 = f + z ;
53 disp ( ’ The D e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e f i r s t b i n a r y
number g i v e n i s ’ ) ;
54 disp ( x1 ) ;
55 // t o f i n d d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f s e c o n d b i n a r y number
//
56 // b i n =2nd i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e b i n a r y no t o be
57 p =1;
58 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
59 q =1;
60 z =0;
61 b =0;
62 w =0;
63 f =0;
65 bin =1001.11;
68 d = d *10^10;
71 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
73 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
74 b (1 , q ) = r ;
75 a = a /10;
76 a = floor ( a ) ;
77 q = q +1;
78 end
79 for m =1: q -1
24
and a d d i n g //
81 c = m -1;
82 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
83 end
84 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
86 e = modulo ( d ,2)
87 w (1 ,p ) = e
88 d = d /10;
89 d = floor ( d )
90 p = p +1;
91 end
92 for n =1: p -1
94 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
95 end
96 z = z *10000;
98 z = round ( z ) ;
99 z = z /10000;
100 x2 = f + z ;
101 disp ( ’ The D e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e s e c o n d b i n a r y
102 disp ( x2 ) ;
103 res = x1 + x2 ; // a d d i t i o n //
105 q =0;
106 b =0;
107 s =0;
109 a = res ;
//
112 while (a >0)
25
114 x = modulo (a ,2)
115 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
116 a = a /2
117 a = floor ( a )
118 q = q +1
119 end
120 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
122 d = d *2
123 q = floor ( d )
124 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
125 if d >=1 then
126 d =d -1
127 end
128 end
129 k=b+s;
130 disp ( ’ t h e a d d i t i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers i s ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.14.c addition of two binary numbers
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . c //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s / / ;
8 // d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e f i r s t b i n a r y number //
9 p =1;
10 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
11 q =1;
12 z =0;
26
13 b =0;
14 w =0;
15 f =0;
18 bin =1100.011;
21 d = d *10^10;
24 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
26 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
27 b (1 , q ) = r ;
28 a = a /10;
29 a = floor ( a ) ;
30 q = q +1;
31 end
32 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
34 c = m -1;
35 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
36 end
37 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
39 e = modulo ( d ,2)
40 w (1 ,p ) = e
41 d = d /10;
42 d = floor ( d )
43 p = p +1;
44 end
45 for n =1: p -1
27
47 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
48 end
49 z = z *10000;
51 z = round ( z ) ;
52 z = z /10000;
53 x1 = f + z ;
55 disp ( x1 ) ;
//
58 p =1;
59 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
60 q =1;
61 z =0;
62 b =0;
63 w =0;
64 f =0;
66 bin =1011.011;
69 d = d *10^10;
72 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
74 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
75 b (1 , q ) = r ;
76 a = a /10;
77 a = floor ( a ) ;
78 q = q +1;
79 end
28
80 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
82 c = m -1;
83 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
84 end
85 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
87 e = modulo ( d ,2)
88 w (1 ,p ) = e
89 d = d /10;
90 d = floor ( d )
91 p = p +1;
92 end
93 for n =1: p -1
95 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
96 end
97 z = z *10000;
99 z = round ( z ) ;
100 z = z /10000;
101 x2 = f + z ;
103 disp ( x2 ) ;
104 res = x1 + x2 ; // a d d i t i o n //
105 q =0; // b i n a r y c o n v e r s i o n o f t h e d e c i m a l a n s w e r b e g i n s
h e r e //
106 b =0;
107 s =0;
109 a = res ;
//
29
112 while (a >0)
114 x = modulo (a ,2)
115 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
116 a = a /2
117 a = floor ( a )
118 q = q +1
119 end
120 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
122 d = d *2
123 q = floor ( d )
124 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
125 if d >=1 then
126 d =d -1
127 end
128 end
129 k=b+s;
130 disp ( ’ t h e a d d i t i o n o f two numbers g i v e : ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.15.a subtraction of two binary numbers
1 // s u b t r a c t i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s / / ;
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
10 q =1;
30
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
14 f =0;
17 bin1 =110.01;
18 d = modulo ( bin1 ,1) ;
20 d = d *10^10;
21 a = floor ( bin1 ) ;
23 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
25 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
26 b (1 , q ) = r ;
27 a = a /10;
28 a = floor ( a ) ;
29 q = q +1;
30 end
31 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
33 c = m -1;
34 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
35 end
36 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
38 e = modulo ( d ,2)
39 w (1 ,p ) = e
40 d = d /10;
41 d = floor ( d )
42 p = p +1;
43 end
44 for n =1: p -1
31
46 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
47 end
48 z = z *10000;
50 z = round ( z ) ;
51 z = z /10000;
52 x1 = f + z ;
54 disp ( x1 ) ;
//
57 p =1;
58 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
59 q =1;
60 z =0;
61 b =0;
62 w =0;
63 f =0;
65 bin2 =100.10;
66 d = modulo ( bin2 ,1) ;
68 d = d *10^10;
69 a = floor ( bin2 ) ;
71 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
73 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
74 b (1 , q ) = r ;
75 a = a /10;
76 a = floor ( a ) ;
77 q = q +1;
32
78 end
79 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
81 c = m -1;
82 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
83 end
84 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
86 e = modulo ( d ,2)
87 w (1 ,p ) = e
88 d = d /10;
89 d = floor ( d )
90 p = p +1;
91 end
92 for n =1: p -1
94 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
95 end
96 z = z *10000;
98 z = round ( z ) ;
99 z = z /10000;
100 x2 = f + z ;
102 disp ( x2 ) ;
103 res = x1 - x2 ; // s u b t r a c t i o n //
h e r e //
105 b =0;
106 s =0;
108 a = res ;
//
33
111 while (a >0)
113 x = modulo (a ,2)
114 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
115 a = a /2
116 a = floor ( a )
117 q = q +1
118 end
119 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
121 d = d *2
122 q = floor ( d )
123 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
124 if d >=1 then
125 d =d -1
126 end
127 end
128 k=b+s;
129 disp ( ’ t h e s u b t r a c t i o n o f two numbers g i v e : ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.15.b subtraction of two binary numbers
1 // s u b t r a c t i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
7 p =1;
8 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
34
9 q =1;
10 z =0;
11 b =0;
12 w =0;
13 f =0;
16 bin =11.01111;
19 d = d *10^10;
22 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
24 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
25 b (1 , q ) = r ;
26 a = a /10;
27 a = floor ( a ) ;
28 q = q +1;
29 end
30 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
32 c = m -1;
33 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
34 end
35 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
37 e = modulo ( d ,2)
38 w (1 ,p ) = e
39 d = d /10;
40 d = floor ( d )
41 p = p +1;
42 end
35
43 for n =1: p -1
45 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
46 end
47 z = z *10000;
49 z = round ( z ) ;
50 z = z /10000;
51 x1 = f + z ;
53 disp ( x1 ) ;
//
56 p =1;
57 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
58 q =1;
59 z =0;
60 b =0;
61 w =0;
62 f =0;
64 bin =10.01001;
67 d = d *10^10;
70 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
72 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
73 b (1 , q ) = r ;
74 a = a /10;
75 a = floor ( a ) ;
36
76 q = q +1;
77 end
78 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
80 c = m -1;
81 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
82 end
83 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
85 e = modulo ( d ,2)
86 w (1 ,p ) = e
87 d = d /10;
88 d = floor ( d )
89 p = p +1;
90 end
91 for n =1: p -1
93 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
94 end
95 z = z *10000;
97 z = round ( z ) ;
98 z = z /10000;
99 x2 = f + z ;
101 disp ( x2 ) ;
102 res = x1 - x2 ; // s u b t r a c t i o n //
h e r e //
104 b =0;
105 s =0;
107 a = res ;
37
//
110 while (a >0)
112 x = modulo (a ,2)
113 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
114 a = a /2
115 a = floor ( a )
116 q = q +1
117 end
118 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
120 d = d *2
121 q = floor ( d )
122 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
123 if d >=1 then
124 d =d -1
125 end
126 end
127 k=b+s;
Scilab code Exa 1.16.a multiplication of two binary numbers
1 // m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
7 p =1;
38
8 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
9 q =1;
10 z =0;
11 b =0;
12 w =0;
13 f =0;
16 bin =1.01;
19 d = d *10^10;
22 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
24 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
25 b (1 , q ) = r ;
26 a = a /10;
27 a = floor ( a ) ;
28 q = q +1;
29 end
30 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
32 c = m -1;
33 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
34 end
35 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
37 e = modulo ( d ,2)
38 w (1 ,p ) = e
39 d = d /10;
40 d = floor ( d )
41 p = p +1;
39
42 end
43 for n =1: p -1
45 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
46 end
47 z = z *10000;
49 z = round ( z ) ;
50 z = z /10000;
51 x1 = f + z ;
53 disp ( x1 ) ;
//
56 p =1;
57 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
58 q =1;
59 z =0;
60 b =0;
61 w =0;
62 f =0;
64 bin =10.1;
67 d = d *10^10;
70 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
72 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
73 b (1 , q ) = r ;
74 a = a /10;
40
75 a = floor ( a ) ;
76 q = q +1;
77 end
78 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
80 c = m -1;
81 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
82 end
83 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
85 e = modulo ( d ,2)
86 w (1 ,p ) = e
87 d = d /10;
88 d = floor ( d )
89 p = p +1;
90 end
91 for n =1: p -1
93 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
94 end
95 z = z *10000;
97 z = round ( z ) ;
98 z = z /10000;
99 x2 = f + z ;
101 disp ( x2 ) ;
102 res = x1 * x2 ; // m u l t i p l i c a t i o n //
h e r e //
104 b =0;
105 s =0;
107 a = res ;
41
108 d = modulo (a ,1) ; // s e p a r a t i n g d e c i m a l and i n t e g e r part
//
110 while (a >0)
112 x = modulo (a ,2)
113 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
114 a = a /2
115 a = floor ( a )
116 q = q +1
117 end
118 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
120 d = d *2
121 q = floor ( d )
122 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
123 if d >=1 then
124 d =d -1
125 end
126 end
127 k=b+s;
128 disp ( ’ t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f two numbers g i v e : ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.16.b multiplication of two binary numbers
1 // m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s / / ;
42
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
10 q =1;
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
14 f =0;
17 bin =101.01;
20 d = d *10^10;
23 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
25 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
26 b (1 , q ) = r ;
27 a = a /10;
28 a = floor ( a ) ;
29 q = q +1;
30 end
31 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
33 c = m -1;
34 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
35 end
36 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
38 e = modulo ( d ,2)
39 w (1 ,p ) = e
40 d = d /10;
41 d = floor ( d )
43
42 p = p +1;
43 end
44 for n =1: p -1
46 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
47 end
48 z = z *10000;
50 z = round ( z ) ;
51 z = z /10000;
52 x1 = f + z ;
54 disp ( x1 ) ;
//
58 bin = ’ 11 ’ ;
59 x2 = bin2dec ( bin )
61 disp ( x2 ) ;
62 res = x1 * x2 ; // m u l t i p l i c a t i o n //
h e r e //
64 b =0;
65 s =0;
67 a = res ;
//
70 while (a >0)
44
73 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
74 a = a /2
75 a = floor ( a )
76 q = q +1
77 end
78 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
80 d = d *2
81 q = floor ( d )
82 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
83 if d >=1 then
84 d =d -1
85 end
86 end
87 k=b+s;
88 disp ( ’ t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f two numbers g i v e : ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.17.a division of two binary numbers
1 // d i v i s i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 7 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
9 bin = ’ 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ’ ; // 1 s t i n p u t //
11 bin = ’ 1 0 0 1 ’ ; // 2 nd i n p u t //
45
13 res = x1 / x2 ; // d i v i s i o n //
14 q =0;
15 b =0;
16 s =0;
18 a = res ;
//
21 while (a >0)
24 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
25 a = a /2
26 a = floor ( a )
27 q = q +1
28 end
29 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
31 d = d *2
32 q = floor ( d )
33 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
34 if d >=1 then
35 d =d -1
36 end
37 end
38 k=b+s;
39 disp ( ’ t h e d i v i s i o n o f two numbers g i v e : ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.17.b division of two binary numbers
46
1 // d i v i s i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 7 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
7 p =1;
8 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
9 q =1;
10 z =0;
11 b =0;
12 w =0;
13 f =0;
16 bin =11.11;
19 d = d *10^10;
22 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
24 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
25 b (1 , q ) = r ;
26 a = a /10;
27 a = floor ( a ) ;
28 q = q +1;
29 end
30 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
32 c = m -1;
33 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
34 end
47
35 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
37 e = modulo ( d ,2)
38 w (1 ,p ) = e
39 d = d /10;
40 d = floor ( d )
41 p = p +1;
42 end
43 for n =1: p -1
45 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
46 end
47 z = z *10000;
49 z = round ( z ) ;
50 z = z /10000;
51 x1 = f + z ;
52 p =1;
53 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
54 q =1;
55 z =0;
56 b =0;
57 w =0;
58 f =0;
61 bin =.101;
64 d = d *10^10;
67 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
48
69 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
70 b (1 , q ) = r ;
71 a = a /10;
72 a = floor ( a ) ;
73 q = q +1;
74 end
75 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
77 c = m -1;
78 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
79 end
80 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
82 e = modulo ( d ,2)
83 w (1 ,p ) = e
84 d = d /10;
85 d = floor ( d )
86 p = p +1;
87 end
88 for n =1: p -1
90 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
91 end
92 z = z *10000;
94 z = round ( z ) ;
95 z = z /10000;
96 x2 = f + z ;
97 res = x1 / x2 ; // d i v i s i o n //
98 q =0;
99 b =0;
100 s =0;
102 a = res ;
49
//
105 while (a >0)
107 x = modulo (a ,2)
108 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
109 a = a /2
110 a = floor ( a )
111 q = q +1
112 end
113 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
115 d = d *2
116 q = floor ( d )
117 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
118 if d >=1 then
119 d =d -1
120 end
121 end
122 k=b+s;
123 disp ( ’ t h e d i v i s i o n o f two numbers g i v e : ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.18.a binary to hex conversion
1 // b i n a r y t o hex c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 8 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 x= ’ 10100110 ’
8 a = bin2dec ( x ) ; // b i n a r y t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
50
9 res = dec2hex ( a ) ; // d e c i m a l t o hex c o n v e r s i o n //
10 disp ( ’ t h e number i n h e x a d e c i m a l form : ’ )
11 disp ( res ) ; // a n s w e r d i s p l a y e d //
Scilab code Exa 1.18.b decimal to octal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 1 8 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 x =6800
8 res = dec2oct ( x ) ; // d e c i m a l t o o c t a l c o n v e r s i o n //
9 disp ( res ) ; // a n s w e r i n o c t a l form //
Scilab code Exa 1.18.c binary to decimal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 1 8 . c //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // c o n v e r t i n g f i r s t b i n a r y i n p u t t o d e c i m a l //
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
10 q =1;
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
14 f =0;
51
16 bin =.0111;
19 d = d *10^10;
22 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
24 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
25 b (1 , q ) = r ;
26 a = a /10;
27 a = floor ( a ) ;
28 q = q +1;
29 end
30 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
32 c = m -1;
33 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
34 end
35 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
37 e = modulo ( d ,2)
38 w (1 ,p ) = e
39 d = d /10;
40 d = floor ( d )
41 p = p +1;
42 end
43 for n =1: p -1
45 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
46 end
47 z = z *10000;
52
49 z = round ( z ) ;
50 z = z /10000;
51 d1 = f + z ;
52 disp ( ’ t h e number i n b i n a r y form : ’ )
53 disp ( d1 ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 1.19.a decimal to octal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 1 9 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 q =0;
9 b =0;
10 s =0;
12 a =4429.625;
//
15 while (a >0)
t o e q u i v a l e n t o c t a l //
18 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
19 a = a /8
20 a = floor ( a )
21 q = q +1
22 end
23 for i =1:10
24 // f o r v a l u e s a f t e r d e c i m a l t h a t s h o u l d be
53
c o n v e r t e d t o o c t a l //
25 d = d *8
26 q = floor ( d )
27 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
28 d =d - q
29 end
30 k = b + s ;
31 disp ( ’ t h e o c t a l e q u i v a l e n t of the given decimal
number i s ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.19.b decimal to octal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 1 9 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 q =0;
9 b =0;
10 s =0;
12 a =791.125;
//
15 while (a >0)
18 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
19 a = a /8
20 a = floor ( a )
54
21 q = q +1
22 end
23 for i =1:10
25 d = d *8
26 q = floor ( d )
27 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
28 d =d - q
29 end
30 k=b+s;
31 disp ( ’ t h e o c t a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e g i v e n d e c i m a l
number i s ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.19.c decimal to octal conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 1 9 . c //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 q =0;
9 b =0;
10 s =0;
12 a =11.9375;
//
15 while (a >0)
55
18 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
19 a = a /8
20 a = floor ( a )
21 q = q +1
22 end
23 for i =1:10
25 d = d *8
26 q = floor ( d )
27 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
28 d =d - q
29 end
30 k=b+s;
31 disp ( ’ t h e o c t a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e g i v e n d e c i m a l
number i s ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.20.a decimal to signed binary number conversion
1 // d e c i m a l t o s i g n e d b i n a r y number //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 0 . a //
3 // d e c i m a l t o s i g n e d b i n a r y number s y s t e m //
4 clc
6 clear
7 // c l e a r s //
8 x =+29
9 a = dec2bin (x ,6)
11 disp ( ’ t h e a n s w e r i s ’ )
12 disp ( a )
13 // s i n c e t h e number i s p o s i t i v e i t s t a r t s w i t h a 0//
56
Scilab code Exa 1.20.b decimal to signed binary system conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 2 0 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 x = -29
9 a = dec2bin ( - x )
11 a = dec2bin ( - x + bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ’ ) )
12 disp ( ’ t h e a n s w e r i s : ’ )
13 disp ( a )
14 // s i n c e t h e number i s n e g a t i v e i t s t a r t s w i t h a 1//
Scilab code Exa 1.20.c decimal to signed binary system conversion
2 // e x a m p l e 2 0 . c //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 x = -19
9 a = dec2bin ( - x )
11 a = dec2bin ( - x + bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ’ ) )
12 disp ( ’ t h e a n s w e r i s : ’ )
13 disp ( a )
57
14 // s i n c e t h e number i s n e g a t i v e i t s t a r t s w i t h a 1 ,
msb i n d i c a t e s t h e s i g n //
Scilab code Exa 1.21.a subtraction using ones complement
1 // s u b t r a c t i o n u s i n g 1 ’ s complement //
2 // Example 2 1 . a //
3 // s u b t r a c t i o n i n one ’ s complement u s i n g 8 b i t s //
4 clc
5 // c l e a r s t h e window //
6 clear
7 // c l e a r s a l l t h e e x i s t i n g v a r i a b l e s //
8 x= ’ 11001 ’
9 y = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 0 0 1 ’ )
10 z = bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 1 1 0 ’ )
11 c =( bitcmp (z ,5) ) ; // f i n d i n g 1 ’ s complement //
12 a = y + c +1
13 a =a - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ’ )
14 a = dec2bin (a ,5) ; // c o n v e r t i n g t h e r e s u l t t o b i n a r y
e q u i v a l e n t //
16 disp ( a ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 1.21.b subtraction using ones complement
2 // Example 2 1 . b //
4 clc
6 clear
8 x= ’ 1011 ’
58
9 y = bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 1 1 ’ )
10 z = bin2dec ( ’ 0 1 0 1 ’ )
12 a = y + c +1
13 a =a - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 ’ ) ;
14 a = dec2bin (a ,4) ; // c o n v e r t i n g t h e r e s u l t t o b i n a r y
15 disp ( ’ t h e s u b t r a c t i o n o f two b i n a r y numbers g i v e : ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.21.c subtraction using ones complement
2 // Example 2 1 . c //
4 clc
6 clear
8 x= ’ 11011 ’
9 y = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 0 1 1 ’ )
10 z = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 0 0 1 ’ )
12 a = y + c +1
13 a =a - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ’ ) ;
14 a = dec2bin ( a ) ; // c o n v e r t i n g t h e r e s u l t t o b i n a r y
Scilab code Exa 1.21.d subtraction using ones complement
59
2 // e x a m p l e 2 1 . d //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
10 q =1;
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
14 f =0;
16 // a c c e p t i n g t h e f i r s t b i n a r y i n p u t from u s e r //
17 bin =10111.1;
20 d = d *10^10;
23 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
25 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
26 b (1 , q ) = r ;
27 a = a /10;
28 a = floor ( a ) ;
29 q = q +1;
30 end
31 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
33 c = m -1;
34 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
35 end
36 while ( d >0)
60
m a t r i x //
38 e = modulo ( d ,2)
39 w (1 ,p ) = e
40 d = d /10;
41 d = floor ( d )
42 p = p +1;
43 end
44 for n =1: p -1
46 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
47 end
48 z = z *10000;
50 z = round ( z ) ;
51 z = z /10000;
52 d1 = f + z ;
53 // c o n v e r t i n g s e c o n d b i n a r y i n p u t t o i t s complement
d e c i m a l number //
54 p =1;
55 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
56 q =1;
57 z =0;
58 b =0;
59 w =0;
60 f =0;
61 // a c c e p t i n g 2 nd b i n a r y i n p u t //
62 a =10011.1
63 s =0;
64 d = modulo (a ,1) ; // s e p a r a t i n g i n t e g e r and d e c i m a l p a r t
//
65 // s i n c e complement o f d e c i m a l p a r t i s 0 , we do n o t
c o n s i d e r i t f u r t h e r //
66 a = floor ( a ) ; // g e t t i n g t h e i n t e g e r p a r t //
67 for i =1:5
68 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
69 if x ( i ) ==1 then
61
70 x ( i ) =0
71 else
72 x ( i ) =1
73 end
74 s = s +( x ( i ) *(2^( i -1) ) )
75 a = a /10
76 a = floor ( a )
77 end
78 d2 = s ; // a s s i g n i n g t h e e q u i v a l e n t d e c i m a l v a l u e t o d2
//
79 r = d1 + d2 +.5; // a d d i n g 1 t o t h e d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t s t o
f i n d t h e r e s u l t //
80 r =r - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ’ ) ;
81 r = dec2bin ( r ) ; // c o n v e r t i n g t h e r e s u l t t o b i n a r y
83 disp ( r ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 1.21.e subtraction using ones complement
2 // e x a m p l e 2 1 . e //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
10 q =1;
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
14 f =0;
62
17 bin =11011.00;
20 d = d *10^10;
23 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
25 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
26 b (1 , q ) = r ;
27 a = a /10;
28 a = floor ( a ) ;
29 q = q +1;
30 end
31 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
33 c = m -1;
34 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
35 end
36 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
38 e = modulo ( d ,2)
39 w (1 ,p ) = e
40 d = d /10;
41 d = floor ( d )
42 p = p +1;
43 end
44 for n =1: p -1
46 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
47 end
48 z = z *10000;
63
50 z = round ( z ) ;
51 z = z /10000;
52 d1 = f + z ;
54 p =1;
55 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
56 q =1;
57 z =0;
58 b =0;
59 w =0;
60 f =0;
61 a =10011.1
62 s =0;
//
66 for i =1:5
67 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
68 if x ( i ) ==1 then
69 x ( i ) =0
70 else
71 x ( i ) =1
72 end
73 s = s +( x ( i ) *(2^( i -1) ) )
74 a = a /10
75 a = floor ( a )
76 end
//
78 r = d1 + d2 +.25; // a d d i n g 1 t o t h e d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t s t o
f i n d t h e r e s u l t //
79 disp ( r )
80 r =r - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ’ )
81 q =0;
64
82 b =0;
83 s =0;
85 a=r;
//
88 while (a >0)
91 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
92 a = a /2
93 a = floor ( a )
94 q = q +1
95 end
96 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
98 d = d *2
99 q = floor ( d )
100 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
101 if d >=1 then
102 d =d -1
103 end
104 end
105 k=b+s;
Scilab code Exa 1.22.a subtraction using twos complement
2 // Example 2 2 . a //
65
4 clc
5 // c l e a r s t h e c o n s o l e //
6 clear
7 // c l e a r s a l l e x i s i t i n g v a r i a b l e s //
8 a = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 0 1 1 ’ )
9 b = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 0 0 1 ’ )
10 x = bitcmp (b ,5)
11 // complement o f t h e numbers //
12 z =1
13 u=x+z
14 // 1 i s added t o t h e c o m p l e m e n t s //
15 w=u+a
16 w =w - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ’ )
17 w = dec2bin ( w ) ; // c o v e r t i n g t o b i n a r y form //
19 disp ( w ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 1.22.b subtraction using twos complement
2 // Example 2 2 . b //
4 clc
6 clear
8 a = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 0 1 1 ’ )
9 b = bin2dec ( ’ 0 1 1 0 0 ’ )
10 x = bitcmp (b ,5)
11 // complement o f t h e numbers //
12 z =1
13 u=x+z
14 // 1 i s added t o t h e c o m p l e m e n t s //
15 w=u+a
16 w =w - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ’ )
66
17 w = dec2bin ( w ) ; // c o v e r t i n g t o b i n a r y form //
19 disp ( w ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 1.22.c subtraction using twos complement
2 // e x a m p l e 2 2 . c //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
10 q =1;
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
14 f =0;
17 bin =0.01111;
18 bin = bin *100000
19 y =0;
20 for i =1:4
21 x ( i ) = modulo ( bin ,10)
22 y = y +( x ( i ) /(2^(6 - i ) ) )
23 bin = bin /10
24 bin = floor ( bin )
25 end
26 d1 = y
67
28 a =.01001
29 a = a *100000
30 s =0;
31 for i =1:4
32 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
33 if x ( i ) ==1 then
34 x ( i ) =0
35 else
36 x ( i ) =1
37 end
38 s = s +( x ( i ) /(2^(6 - i ) ) )
39 a = a /10
40 a = floor ( a )
41 end
42 s = s +.5
//
44 d2 = d2 +.03125;
45 r = d1 + d2 ; // r e s u l t i n d e c i m a l form //
46 r =r - bin2dec ( ’ 1 ’ )
47 // c o n v e r t i n g t o b i n a r y form //
48 q =0;
49 b =0;
50 s =0;
52 a=r;
//
55 while (a >0)
58 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
59 a = a /2
60 a = floor ( a )
61 q = q +1
62 end
68
63 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
65 d = d *2
66 q = floor ( d )
67 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
68 if d >=1 then
69 d =d -1
70 end
71 end
72 k=b+s;
74 disp ( k ) ; // t h e r e s u l t i n b i n a r y form //
Scilab code Exa 1.22.d subtraction using twos complement
2 // e x a m p l e 2 2 . d //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
10 q =1;
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
14 f =0;
17 bin =111.010;
69
20 d = d *10^10;
23 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
25 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
26 b (1 , q ) = r ;
27 a = a /10;
28 a = floor ( a ) ;
29 q = q +1;
30 end
31 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
33 c = m -1;
34 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
35 end
36 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
38 e = modulo ( d ,2)
39 w (1 ,p ) = e
40 d = d /10;
41 d = floor ( d )
42 p = p +1;
43 end
44 for n =1: p -1
46 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
47 end
48 z = z *10000;
50 z = round ( z ) ;
51 z = z /10000;
52 d1 = f + z ;
70
54 a =010.111;
55 s =0;
//
59 for i =1:3
60 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
61 if x ( i ) ==1 then
62 x ( i ) =0
63 else
64 x ( i ) =1
65 end
66 s = s +( x ( i ) *(2^( i -1) ) )
67 a = a /10
68 a = floor ( a )
69 end
//
71 d2 = d2 +.125; // s i n c e d e c i m a l i s u p t o t h r e e p l a c e s //
72 r = d1 + d2 ;
73 r =r - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 ’ ) ; // s t e p t o i g n o r e t h e msb //
74 // c o n v e r t i n g t h e r e s u l t t o i t s b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t //
75 q =0;
76 b =0;
77 s =0;
79 a=r;
//
82 while (a >0)
71
85 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
86 a = a /2
87 a = floor ( a )
88 q = q +1
89 end
90 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
92 d = d *2
93 q = floor ( d )
94 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
95 if d >=1 then
96 d =d -1
97 end
98 end
99 k=b+s;
101 disp ( k ) ; // r e q u i r e d r e s u l t i n b i n a r y form //
Scilab code Exa 1.22.e subtraction using twos complement
2 // e x a m p l e 2 2 . e //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
10 q =1;
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
14 f =0;
72
17 bin =111.01;
20 d = d *10^10;
23 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
25 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
26 b (1 , q ) = r ;
27 a = a /10;
28 a = floor ( a ) ;
29 q = q +1;
30 end
31 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
33 c = m -1;
34 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
35 end
36 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
38 e = modulo ( d ,2)
39 w (1 ,p ) = e
40 d = d /10;
41 d = floor ( d )
42 p = p +1;
43 end
44 for n =1: p -1
46 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
47 end
73
48 z = z *10000;
50 z = round ( z ) ;
51 z = z /10000;
52 d1 = f + z ;
54 a =110.11;
55 s =0;
//
59 for i =1:3
60 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
61 if x ( i ) ==1 then
62 x ( i ) =0
63 else
64 x ( i ) =1
65 end
66 s = s +( x ( i ) *(2^( i -1) ) )
67 a = a /10
68 a = floor ( a )
69 end
//
72 r = d1 + d2 ;
73 r =r - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 ’ ) ; // s t e p t o i g n o r e t h e msb //
75 q =0;
76 b =0;
77 s =0;
79 a=r;
//
74
82 while (a >0)
85 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
86 a = a /2
87 a = floor ( a )
88 q = q +1
89 end
90 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
92 d = d *2
93 q = floor ( d )
94 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
95 if d >=1 then
96 d =d -1
97 end
98 end
99 k=b+s;
Scilab code Exa 1.22.f subtraction using twos complement
2 // e x a m p l e 2 2 . f //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 p =1;
9 // i n i t i a l i s i n g //
75
10 q =1;
11 z =0;
12 b =0;
13 w =0;
14 f =0;
17 bin =10111.1;
20 d = d *10^10;
23 while ( a >0)
m a t r i x //
25 r = modulo ( a ,10) ;
26 b (1 , q ) = r ;
27 a = a /10;
28 a = floor ( a ) ;
29 q = q +1;
30 end
31 for m =1: q -1
and a d d i n g //
33 c = m -1;
34 f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
35 end
36 while ( d >0)
m a t r i x //
38 e = modulo ( d ,2)
39 w (1 ,p ) = e
40 d = d /10;
41 d = floor ( d )
42 p = p +1;
43 end
76
44 for n =1: p -1
46 z = z + w (1 ,n ) *(0.5) ^(11 -n ) ;
47 end
48 z = z *10000;
50 z = round ( z ) ;
51 z = z /10000;
52 d1 = f + z ;
54 a =10011.1;
55 s =0;
//
59 for i =1:5
60 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
61 if x ( i ) ==1 then
62 x ( i ) =0
63 else
64 x ( i ) =1
65 end
66 s = s +( x ( i ) *(2^( i -1) ) )
67 a = a /10
68 a = floor ( a )
69 end
//
72 r = d1 + d2 ;
73 r =r - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ’ ) ; // s t e p t o i g n o r e t h e msb //
75 q =0;
76 b =0;
77
77 s =0;
79 a = r ;
80 d = modulo (a ,1) ; // s e p a r a t i n g d e c i m a l and i n t e g e r part
//
82 while (a >0)
85 b = b +(10^ q ) * x
86 a = a /2
87 a = floor ( a )
88 q = q +1
89 end
90 for i =1:10
t o b i n a r y //
92 d = d *2
93 q = floor ( d )
94 s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
95 if d >=1 then
96 d =d -1
97 end
98 end
99 k=b+s;
Scilab code Exa 1.23.a BCD to decimal equivalent conversion
1 //BCD t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // Example 2 3 . a //
4 clc
78
6 clear
8 a =010000111001; // t a k i n g t h e BCD i n p u t //
9 z =0;
10 d = modulo (a ,10000)
11 for j =1:4
12 y ( j ) = modulo (d ,10)
13 z = z +( y ( j ) *(2^( j -1) ) )
14 d = d /10
15 d = floor ( d )
16 end
17 b = a /10000
18 b = floor ( b )
19 c = modulo (b ,10000)
20 z1 =0
21 for j =1:2
22 y ( j ) = modulo (c ,10)
23 z1 = z1 +( y ( j ) *(2^( j -1) ) )
24 c = c /10
25 c = floor ( c )
26 end
27 e = b /10000
28 e = floor ( e )
29 z2 =0
30 for j =1:3
31 y ( j ) = modulo (e ,10)
32 z2 = z2 +( y ( j ) *(2^( j -1) ) )
33 e = e /10
34 e = floor ( e )
35 end
36 r = z2 *100+ z1 *10+ z
37 printf ( ’ t h e d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f BCD c o d e i s =%d ’ ,r )
Scilab code Exa 1.23.b BCD to decimal equivalent conversion
79
1 //BCD t o d e c i m a l c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // Example 2 3 . b //
4 clc
6 clear
8 a =100001001111000; // t a k i n g t h e BCD i n p u t //
9 z =0;
10 d = modulo (a ,10000)
11 for j =1:4
12 y ( j ) = modulo (d ,10)
13 z = z +( y ( j ) *(2^( j -1) ) )
14 d = d /10
15 d = floor ( d )
16 end
17 b = a /10000
18 b = floor ( b )
19 z1 =0
20 c = modulo (b ,10000)
21 for i =1:3
22 y ( i ) = modulo (c ,10)
23 z1 = z1 +( y ( i ) *(2^( i -1) ) )
24 c = c /10
25 c = floor ( c )
26 end
27 z2 =0
28 e = b /10000
29 e = floor ( e )
30 f = modulo (e ,10000)
31 for i =1:2
32 y ( i ) = modulo (f ,10)
33 z2 = z2 +( y ( i ) *(2^( i -1) ) )
34 f = f /10
35 f = floor ( f )
36 end
37 g = e /10000
38 g = floor ( g )
80
39 z3 =0
40 for i =1:3
41 y ( i ) = modulo (g ,10)
42 z3 = z3 +( y ( i ) *(2^( i -1) ) )
43 g = g /10
44 g = floor ( g )
45 end
46 r = z3 *1000+ z2 *100+ z1 *10+ z
47 printf ( ’ t h e e q u i v a l e n t d e c i m a l number i s =%d ’ ,r )
Scilab code Exa 1.24.a binary to gray code conversion
1 // b i n a r y t o g r a y c o d e //
2 // Example 2 4 . a //
4 clc
6 clear
7 // c l e a r s a l l e x i s t i n g v a r i a b l e s //
8 a =110100
9 for i =1:6
10 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
11 a = a /10
12 a = floor ( a )
13 end
14 y (6) = x (6)
15 k =5
16 while (k >0)
17 if ( bitand ( x ( k +1) ,x ( k ) ) ==1) then
18 a = bitand ( x ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
19 y ( k ) = bitcmp (a ,1)
20 else
21 y ( k ) = bitor ( x ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
22 end
23 k =k -1
81
24 end
25 // d i s p l a y //
26 z =0
27 for i =1:6
28 z = z + y ( i ) *(10^( i -1) )
29 end
30 disp ( z )
31 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t g r a y c o d e i s d i s p l a y e d ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.24.b binary to gray code conversion
2 // Example 2 4 . b //
4 clc
6 clear
8 a =101101
9 for i =1:6
10 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
11 a = a /10
12 a = floor ( a )
13 end
14 y (6) = x (6)
15 k =5
16 while (k >0)
18 a = bitand ( x ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
19 y ( k ) = bitcmp (a ,1)
20 else
21 y ( k ) = bitor ( x ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
22 end
23 k =k -1
24 end
82
25 // d i s p l a y //
26 z =0
27 for i =1:6
28 z = z + y ( i ) *(10^( i -1) )
29 end
30 disp ( z )
31 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t g r a y c o d e is displayed ’)
Scilab code Exa 1.24.c binary to gray code conversion
2 // Example 2 4 . c //
4 clc
6 clear
8 a =1110010
9 for i =1:7
10 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
11 a = a /10
12 a = floor ( a )
13 end
14 y (7) = x (7)
15 k =6
16 while (k >0)
18 a = bitand ( x ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
19 y ( k ) = bitcmp (a ,1)
20 else
21 y ( k ) = bitor ( x ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
22 end
23 k =k -1
24 end
25 // d i s p l a y //
83
26 z =0
27 for i =1:7
28 z = z + y ( i ) *(10^( i -1) )
29 end
30 disp ( z )
31 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t g r a y c o d e is displayed ’)
Scilab code Exa 1.25.a subtraction using ones complement
2 // Example 2 5 . a //
3 // s u b t r a c t i o n i n one ’ s complement //
4 clc
6 clear
8 x= ’ 1011101 ’
9 y = bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 ’ )
10 z = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 ’ )
11 c = bitcmp (z ,7) ; // f i n d i n g 1 ’ s complement //
12 a = y + c +1
13 a = dec2bin (a -( bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ’ ) ) )
15 disp ( ’ b i n a r y form o f t h e number o b t a i n e d by a d d i n g
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 t o −1101100 ’ )
16 disp ( a )
Scilab code Exa 1.25.b gray code to binary conversion
1 // g r a y c o d e t o b i n a r y c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // Example 2 5 . b //
3 // g r a y c o d e t o b i n a r y //
84
4 clc
6 clear
8 a =1011010111001
9 for i =1:13
10 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
11 a = a /10
12 a = floor ( a )
13 end
14 y (13) = x (13)
15 k =12
16 while (k >0)
17 if ( bitand ( y ( k +1) ,x ( k ) ) ==1) then
18 a = bitand ( y ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
19 y ( k ) = bitcmp (a ,1)
20 else
21 y ( k ) = bitor ( y ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
22 end
23 k =k -1
24 end
25 z =0
26 for i =1:13
27 z = z + y ( i ) *(10^( i -1) )
28 end
29 disp ( z )
30 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t b i n a r y c o d e i s d i s p l a y e d ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.25.c decimal to BCD conversion
1 // d e c i m a l t o BCD c o n v e r s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 5 . c //
3 clc
5 clear
85
6 // c l e a r s //
7 a =63547; // i n p u t i n d e c i m a l //
8 for i =1:5
9 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
10 a = a /10
11 a = floor ( a )
12 end
13 x = strcat ( dec2bin ( x (5) ,4) + dec2bin ( x (4) ,4) + dec2bin ( x
(3) ,4) + dec2bin ( x (2) ,4) + dec2bin ( x (1) ,4) )
14 disp ( ’ r e q u i r e d BCD c o d e i s d i s p l a y e d ’ )
15 disp ( x )
Scilab code Exa 1.25.d subtraction using ones complement
2 // Example 2 5 . d //
3 // s u b t r a c t i o n i n one ’ s complement //
4 clc
6 clear
8 x =85
9 y =32
10 c = bitcmp (y ,7) ; // f i n d i n g 1 ’ s complement //
11 a = x + c +1
12 a =a - bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ’ )
13 res = dec2bin (a ,7)
15 disp ( ’ b i n a r y form o f t h e number o b t a i n e d by a d d i n g
85 t o −32 ’ )
16 disp ( res )
86
Scilab code Exa 1.26 finding equivalent in decimal for excess 3 code
1 // f i n d i n g e q u i v a l e n t i n d e c i m a l f o r f i v e e x c e s s 3
c o d e numbers //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 6 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // f i r s t number i n e x c e s s −3 c o d e //
8 x= ’ 1000 ’
9 a = bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 0 ’ ) ; // c o n v e r s i o n t o b i n a r y //
10 y =a -3; // c o n v e r s i o n t o e x c e s s 3 c o d e //
11 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t d e c i m a l number f o r f i r s t e x c e s s 3
code : ’ )
12 disp ( y ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t //
13 // s e c o n d number i n e x c e s s −3 c o d e //
14 x= ’ 0011 ’
17 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t d e c i m a l number f o r s e c o n d e x c e s s 3
code : ’ )
19 // t h i r d number i n e x c e s s 3− c o d e //
20 x= ’ 0100 ’
23 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t d e c i m a l number f o r t h i r d e x c e s s 3
code : ’ )
25 // f o u r t h number i n e x c e s s 3− c o d e //
26 x= ’ 0101 ’
29 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t d e c i m a l number f o r f o u r t h e x c e s s 3
code : ’ )
31 // f i f t h number i n e x c e s s 3− c o d e //
87
32 x = ’ 0 1 1 1 ’
35 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t d e c i m a l number f o r f i f t h e x c e s s 3
code : ’ )
Scilab code Exa 1.27.a gray code to binary conversion
2 // Example 2 7 . a //
4 clc
6 clear
8 a =101110
9 for i =1:6
10 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
11 a = a /10
12 a = floor ( a )
13 end
14 y (6) = x (6)
15 k =5
16 while (k >0)
18 a = bitand ( y ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
19 y ( k ) = bitcmp (a ,1)
20 else
21 y ( k ) = bitor ( y ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
22 end
23 k =k -1
24 end
25 z =0
26 for i =1:6
88
27 z = z + y ( i ) *(10^( i -1) )
28 end
29 disp ( z )
30 disp ( ’ e q u i v a l e n t b i n a r y c o d e is displayed ’)
Scilab code Exa 1.27.b gray code to binary conversion
2 // Example 2 7 . b //
4 clc
6 clear
8 a =111011
9 for i =1:6
10 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
11 a = a /10
12 a = floor ( a )
13 end
14 y (6) = x (6)
15 k =5
16 while (k >0)
18 a = bitand ( y ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
19 y ( k ) = bitcmp (a ,1)
20 else
21 y ( k ) = bitor ( y ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
22 end
23 k =k -1
24 end
25 z =0
26 for i =1:6
27 z = z + y ( i ) *(10^( i -1) )
28 end
89
29 disp ( z )
Scilab code Exa 1.27.c gray code to binary conversion
2 // Example 2 7 . c //
4 clc
6 clear
8 a =1101110
9 for i =1:7
10 x ( i ) = modulo (a ,10)
11 a = a /10
12 a = floor ( a )
13 end
14 y (7) = x (7)
15 k =6
16 while (k >0)
18 a = bitand ( y ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
19 y ( k ) = bitcmp (a ,1)
20 else
21 y ( k ) = bitor ( y ( k +1) ,x ( k ) )
22 end
23 k =k -1
24 end
25 z =0
26 for i =1:7
27 z = z + y ( i ) *(10^( i -1) )
28 end
29 disp ( z )
90
Scilab code Exa 1.28.a constructing an even parity 7 bit hamming code
1 // c o n s t r u c t i n g an e v e n p a r i t y 7 b i t hamming c o d e //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 8 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 z =0100; // i n p u t //
8 a =0; b =0; c =0; d =0;
9 // t a k i n g t h e i n p u t //
10 for i =1:7
11 x ( i ) =0
12 if ( i ==5) then
13 x ( i ) =1
14 end
15 end
16 // e s t a b l i s h i n g e v e n p a r i t y a t p o s i t i o n s 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 / /
17 for i =3:7
18 if ( x ( i ) ==1) then
19 a = a +1
20 end
21 end
22 d = modulo (a ,2)
23 if ( d ==1) then
24 x (1) =1
25 end
27 for i =3:7
28 if ( i ==5) then
29 continue
30 end
31 if ( x ( i ) ==1) then
32 b = b +1
91
33 end
34 end
35 d = modulo (b ,2)
36 if ( d ==1) then
37 x (2) =1
38 end
40 for i =5:7
41 if ( x ( i ) ==1) then
42 c = c +1
43 end
44 end
45 d = modulo (c ,2)
46 if ( d ==1) then
47 x (4) =1
48 end
49 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
50 disp ( ’ t h e r e q u i r e d hamming c o d e i s : ’ )
51 for i =1:7
52 printf ( ’%d ’ ,x ( i ) )
53 end
Scilab code Exa 1.28.b constructing an even parity 7 bit hamming code
1 // c o n s t r u c t i n g an e v e n p a r i t y 7 b i t hamming c o d e //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 8 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 z =1110; // i n p u t //
8 a =0; b =0; c =0; d =0;
9 // t a k i n g t h e i n p u t //
10 for i =1:7
11 x ( i ) =0
92
12 if ( i ==3) then
13 x ( i ) =1
14 end
15 if ( i ==5) then
16 x ( i ) =1
17 end
18 if ( i ==6) then
19 x ( i ) =1
20 end
21 end
23 for i =3:7
24 if ( i ==6) then
25 continue
26 end
27 if ( x ( i ) ==1) then
28 a = a +1
29 end
30 end
31 d = modulo (a ,2)
32 if ( d ==1) then
33 x (1) =1
34 end
36 for i =3:7
37 if ( i ==5) then
38 continue
39 end
40 if ( x ( i ) ==1) then
41 b = b +1
42 end
43 end
45 if ( d ==1) then
46 x (2) =1
47 end
49 for i =5:7
93
50 if ( x ( i ) ==1) then
51 c = c +1
52 end
53 end
55 if ( d ==1) then
56 x (4) =1
57 end
58 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
59 disp ( ’ t h e r e q u i r e d hamming c o d e i s : ’ )
60 for i =1:7
61 printf ( ’%d ’ ,x ( i ) )
62 end
Scilab code Exa 1.29 locating error in hamming code and correcting it
1 // l o c a t i n g e r r o r i n hamming c o d e and c o r r e c t i n g i t //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 9 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 a =1111001
8 b =0; c =0; d =0; e =0;
9 for i =1:7
10 x (8 - i ) = modulo (a ,10)
11 a = a /10
12 a = floor ( a )
13 end
14 // c h e c k i n g e v e n p a r i t y a t p o s i t i o n s 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 / /
15 for i =4:7
16 if ( x ( i ) ==1) then
17 b = b +1
18 end
19 end
94
21 if ( d ==0) then
22 r1 =0
23 else
24 r1 =1
25 end
27 for i =2:7
28 if ( i ==4) then
29 continue
30 end
31 if ( i ==5) then
32 continue
33 end
34 if ( x ( i ) ==1) then
35 c = c +1
36 end
37 end
39 if ( d ==0) then
40 r2 =0
41 else
42 r2 =1
43 end
45 for i =1:7
46 if ( i ==2) then
47 continue
48 end
49 if ( i ==4) then
50 continue
51 end
52 if ( i ==6) then
53 continue
54 end
55 if ( x ( i ) ==1) then
56 e = e +1
57 end
95
58 end
59 d = modulo (e ,2)
60 if ( d ==0) then
61 r3 =0
62 else
63 r3 =1
64 end
65 r = r1 *(2^2) + r2 *(2^1) + r3 ; // c o n v e r t i n g t o e q u i v a l e n t
d e c i m a l //
66 printf ( ’ e r r o r o c c u r s a t p o s i t i o n =%d\n ’ ,r )
67 // b i t p o s i t i o n a t which e r r o r o c c u r s h a s t o be
c h a n g e d //
68 if ( x ( r ) ==1) then
69 x ( r ) =0
70 else
71 x ( r ) =1
72 end
73 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e c o r r e c t hamming c o d e //
74 disp ( ’ t h e c o r r e c t hamming c o d e i s : ’ )
75 for i =1:7
76 printf ( ’%d ’ ,x ( i ) )
77 end
96
Chapter 2
Boolean algebra logic gates

karnaugh map and
minimization
Scilab code Exa 2.8.a simplification of boolean expression
1 // s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f b o o l e a n e x p r e s s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=AB+AB ’ ’C(B ’ ’C ’ ’+C)+A ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ )
8 disp ( ’Y=AB+AB ’ ’B ’ ’CC ’ ’+AB ’ ’CC+A ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ ) ; //ON
MULTIPLICATION//
9 disp ( ’Y=AB+AB ’ ’C+A ’ ’+C ’ ’ ’ ) ; //CC’ ’ = 0 / /
10 disp ( ’Y=C ’ ’+AB+(A+A ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’C) ’ )
11 disp ( ’Y=C ’ ’+AB+ 1 . (A ’ ’+B ’ ’C) ’ )
12 disp ( ’Y=A ’ ’+A . B+C ’ ’+B ’ ’C ’ )
13 disp ( ’Y=(A ’ ’+A) . ( A ’ ’+B) +(C ’ ’+B ’ ’ ) . ( C ’ ’+C) ’ )
14 disp ( ’Y= 1 . (A ’ ’+B) +(C ’ ’+B ’ ’ ) . 1 ’ )
15 disp ( ’ t h e s i m p l i f i e d e x p r e s s i o n i s : ’ )
16 disp ( ’Y=A ’ ’+B+C ’ ’+B ’ ’ ’ ) ; // r e q u i r e d s i m p l i f i e d
97
e x p r e s s i o n //
Scilab code Exa 2.8.b simplification of boolean expression
2 // e x a m p l e 8 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=A ’ ’BC ’ ’+A ’ ’BC+AB ’ ’C ’ ’+ABC ’ )
8 disp ( ’Y=A ’ ’BC ’ ’+A ’ ’BC+A ’ ’BC+AB ’ ’C ’ ’+ABC ’ )
9 disp ( ’Y=A ’ ’B(C+C ’ ’ )+A ’ ’BC+AB ’ ’C+AB ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ )
10 disp ( ’Y=A ’ ’B.1+BC(A+A ’ ’ )+AB ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ ) ; //C+C’ ’ = 1 / /
11 disp ( ’Y=A ’ ’B+BC+AB ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ ) ; //A+A’ ’ = 1 / /
13 disp ( ’Y=B . ( A ’ ’+C)+AB ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ ) ; // r e q u i r e d s i m p l i f i e d
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=ABC ’ ’D ’ ’+ABC ’ ’D+ABCD ’ ’+ABCD ’ )
9 disp ( ’ s i n c e D+D ’ ’ =1 ,we g e t ’ )
10 disp ( ’Y=ABC ’ ’ (D+D ’ ’ )+ABC(D ’ ’+D) ’ )
11 disp ( ’Y=ABC ’ ’+ABC ’ )
12 disp ( ’Y=AB(C+C ’ ’ ) ’ )
98
14 disp ( ’Y=AB ’ ) ; //C+C’=1//
15 // a n s w e r a f t e r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=AB+ABC ’ ’+A ’ ’BC+ABC ’ )
9 disp ( ’ on s i m p l i f i c a t i o n we g e t ’ )
10 disp ( ’Y=AB+ABC ’ ’+A ’ ’BC+ABC+A ’ ’BC ’ )
11 disp ( ’Y=AB+AB(C+C ’ ’ )+BC(A+A ’ ’ ) ’ )
12 disp ( ’ s i n c e x+x ’ ’ =1 ,we g e t ’ )
13 disp ( ’Y=AB+AB+BC ’ )
14 disp ( ’Y=AB+BC ’ )
16 disp ( ’Y=B(A+C) ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.9.c simplification of boolean expression
1 // s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f b o o l e a n e x p r e s s i o n s //
2 // e x a m p l e 9 . c //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
99
8 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=AB(A ’ ’BC ’ ’+AB ’ ’C ’ ’+A ’ ’BC) ’ )
9 disp ( ’ on m u l t i p l i c a t i o n ’ )
10 disp ( ’Y=ABA ’ ’BC ’ ’+ABAB ’ ’C ’ ’+ABA ’ ’BC ’ )
11 disp ( ’Y=AA ’ ’ . BC ’ ’+AB ’ ’ . B ’ ’C ’ ’+AA ’ ’ . BC ’ )
12 disp ( ’ s i n c e x . x ’ ’ =0 ’ )
13 disp ( ’Y=0.BC ’ ’+A . 0 . C ’ ’ +0.BC ’ )
14 disp ( ’Y=0 ’ )
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=(A+B) ’ ’ . ( A ’ ’+B ’ ’ ) ’ ’ ’ )
9 disp ( ’Y=(A ’ ’ . B ’ ’ ) . ( A . B) ’ ) ; // a p p l y i n g De Morgan ’ s law
//
10 disp ( ’Y=AA ’ ’ . BB ’ ’ ’ )
12 disp ( ’Y=0 ’ ) ; // s i n c e x . x ’ ’ = 0 / /
13 // s i m p l i f i e d b o o l e a n e x p r e s s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
100
6 // c l e a r s //
8 disp ( ’Y=ABC+A ’ ’B+ABC ’ ’ ’ )
9 disp ( ’Y=AB(C+C ’ ’ )+A ’ ’B ’ )
10 disp ( ’Y=B(A+A ’ ’ ) ’ ) ; //C+C’ ’ = 1 / /
12 disp ( ’Y=B ’ ) ; // s i m p l i f i e d e x p r e s s i o n //
Scilab code Exa 2.10.c simplification of boolean expression
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . c //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
8 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=C(AB ’ ’+AB)+BC ’ )
9 disp ( ’Y=CA(B ’ ’+B)+BC ’ )
10 disp ( ’Y=CA+BC ’ ) ; //B+B’ ’ = 1 / /
12 disp ( ’Y=C(A+B) ’ )
13 // s i m p l i f i e d b o o l e a n e x p r e s s i o n //
Scilab code Exa 2.11 simplification of boolean expression
2 // e x a m p l e 1 1 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
101
8 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=ABCD+ABCD ’ ’+A ’ ’BCD+A ’ ’BCD ’ ’ ’ )
9 disp ( ’Y=BC(AD+AD ’ ’+A ’ ’D+A ’ ’D ’ ’ ) ’ )
10 disp ( ’Y=BC{A(D+D ’ ’ )+A ’ ’ (D+D ’ ’ ) } ’ )
11 disp ( ’Y=BC(A.1+A ’ ’ . 1 ) ’ )
12 disp ( ’BC(A+A ’ ’ ) ’ )
14 disp ( ’Y=BC ’ ) ; // s i m p l i f i e d b o o l e a n e x p r e s s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n Z=(AB ’ ’C ’ ’+AB ’ ’C+ABC+ABC ’ ’ ) (A+B) ’ )
8 disp ( ’ Z={}AB ’ ’ (C+C ’ ’ )+AB(C+C ’ ’ ) } (A+B) ’ )
9 disp ( ’ Z=(AB ’ ’+AB) (A+B) ’ )
10 disp ( ’ Z=A(B ’ ’+B) (A+B) ’ )
11 disp ( ’ Z=A . 1 . ( A+B) ’ )
12 disp ( ’ Z=AA+AB ’ )
13 disp ( ’ Z=A+AB ’ )
14 disp ( ’ Z=A(1+B) ’ )
16 disp ( ’A ’ ) ; // s i m p l i f i e d b o o l e a n e x p r e s s i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . b //
3 clc
102
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n A=P+P ’ ’QR ’ ’ +(Q+R) ’ ’ ’ )
8 disp ( ’A=P+P ’ ’QR ’ ’+Q ’ ’ . R ’ ’ ’ ) ; //DE MORGAN’ S LAW//
9 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’ (P ’ ’Q+Q ’ ’ ) ’ )
10 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’ [ P ’ ’Q+Q ’ ’ (P+P ’ ’ ) ] ’ )
11 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’ [ P ’ ’ (Q+Q ’ ’ )+PQ ’ ’ ] ’ )
12 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’ [ P ’ ’+PQ ] ’ )
13 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’ { (P ’ ’+P) . ( P ’ ’+Q ’ ’ ) } ’ )
14 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’ (P ’ ’+Q ’ ’ ) ’ )
15 disp ( ’A=P+P ’ ’R ’ ’+Q ’ ’R ’ ’ ’ )
16 disp ( ’A=(P+P ’ ’ ) . ( P ’ ’+R ’ ’ )+Q ’ ’R ’ ’ ’ )
17 disp ( ’A= 1 . (P+R ’ ’ )+Q ’ ’R ’ ’ ’ )
18 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’+Q ’ ’R ’ ’ ’ )
19 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’+Q ’ ’R ’ ’ ’ )
20 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’ (1+Q ’ ’ ) ’ )
22 disp ( ’A=P+R ’ ’ ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.29 finding SOP
1 // f i n d i n g SOP//
2 // e x a m p l e 2 9 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ f=summation ( 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 ) ’ )
8 disp ( ’ f =001+0101+100+111 ’ )
9 disp ( ’ r e q u i r e d SOP form : ’ )
10 disp ( ’ f=A ’ ’B ’ ’C+A ’ ’BC ’ ’+AB ’ ’C ’ ’+ABC ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.30 finding POS
103
1 // f i n d i n g POS//
2 // e x a m p l e 3 0 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n f=p r o d u c t ( 0 , 3 , 5 , 6 ) ’ )
8 disp ( ’ t h i s i n d i c a t e s ( 0 0 0 ) ( 0 1 1 ) ( 1 0 1 ) ( 1 1 0 ) ’ )
9 disp ( ’ f =(A+B+C) (A+B ’ ’+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’+C) ’ ) ;
// r e q u i r e d POS e x p r e s s i o n //
Scilab code Exa 2.31.a conversion to canonical SOP
1 // c o n v e r s i o n t o c a n o n i c a l SOP//
2 // e x a m p l e 3 1 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // c o n v e r s i o n t o c a n o n i c a l SOP//
8 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=AB+A ’ ’B ’ ’+AC+A ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ )
9 disp ( ’ s i n c e x+x ’ ’ =1 ,we g e t ’ )
10 disp ( ’Y=AB(C+C ’ ’ )+A ’ ’B ’ ’ (C+C ’ ’ )+AC(B+B ’ ’ )+A ’ ’C ’ ’ (B+B
’ ’ ) ’)
11 disp ( ’Y=ABC+ABC ’ ’+A ’ ’B ’ ’C+A ’ ’B ’ ’C ’ ’+ACB ’ ’+ACB ’ ’+A ’ ’C
’ ’B+A ’ ’C ’ ’B ’ ’ ’ )
12 disp ( ’ s i n c e ABC and A ’ ’B ’ ’C ’ ’ a p p e a r t w i c e , we w r i t e
them o n c e ’ )
13 disp ( ’Y=ABC+ABC ’ ’+A ’ ’B ’ ’C+A ’ ’B ’ ’C ’ ’+AB ’ ’C+A ’ ’BC ’ ’ ’ )
14 disp ( ’ t h e r e q u i r e d SOP e x p r e s s i o n ’ )
15 disp ( ’Y=111+110+001+000+101+010 ’ )
16 disp ( ’ h e n c e t h e r e q u i r e d e n t r i e s w i l l be a t t h e
positions 0 ,1 ,2 ,5 ,6 ,7 ’)
17 disp ( ’ f=summation ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) ’ )
104
Scilab code Exa 2.31.b conversion to canonical POS
1 // c o n v e r s i o n t o c a n o n i c a l POS//
2 // e x a m p l e 3 1 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // c o n v e r s i o n t o c a n o n i c a l POS//
8 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=AB+A ’ ’B ’ ’+AC+A ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ )
9 disp ( ’ we u s e t h e complement o f t h e p r e v i o u s e x a m p l e ’
)
10 disp ( ’ t h e e n t r i e s w i l l be a t 3 , 4 i . e . 0 1 1 , 1 0 0
positions ’)
11 disp ( ’Y=A ’ ’BC+AB ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ )
12 disp ( ’Y=(A ’ ’BC . AB ’ ’C ’ ’ ) ’ ’ ’ )
13 // de morgan ’ s t h e o r e m //
14 disp ( ’Y=(A+B ’ ’+C ’ ’ ) . ( A ’ ’+B+C) ’ )
15 disp ( ’ t h e r e q u i r e d POS e x p r e s s i o n ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.32 finding SOP and POS
1 // f i n d i n g SOP and POS//

2 // e x a m p l e 3 2 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n f=A ’ ’ . ( B+C ’ ’ ) ’ )
8 disp ( ’ f =(A ’ ’+BB ’ ’+CC ’ ’ ) (B+C ’ ’+AA ’ ’ ) ’ )
9 disp ( ’ f = [ (A ’ ’+B) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’ )+CC ’ ’ ] [ ( B+C ’ ’+A) (B+C ’ ’+A ’ ’ )
] ’)
105
10 disp ( ’ f =[C+(A ’ ’+B) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’ ) ] [ C ’ ’ +(A ’ ’+B) (A ’ ’+B) ] [ ( A+
B+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B+C ’ ’ ) ’ )
11 disp ( ’ f =(C+A ’ ’+B) (C+A ’ ’+B ’ ’ ) (C ’ ’+A ’ ’+B) (C ’ ’+A ’ ’+B ’ ’ )
(A+B+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B+C) ’ )
12 disp ( ’ f =(A ’ ’+B+C) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’+C ’
’ ) (A+B+C ’ ’ ) ’ )
13 disp ( ’ f = ( 1 0 0 ) ( 1 1 0 ) ( 1 0 1 ) ( 1 1 1 ) ( 0 0 1 ) ’ )
14 disp ( ’ r e q u i r e d POS form i s : ’ )
15 disp ( ’ f=p r o d u c t ( 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) ’ ) ; // r e q u i r e d POS form //
16 disp ( ’ f=A ’ ’ (B+C ’ ’ ) ’ )
17 disp ( ’ f=A ’ ’B+A ’ ’C ’ ’ ) ’ )
18 disp ( ’ f=A ’ ’B(C+C ’ ’ )+A ’ ’C ’ ’ (B+B ’ ’ ) ’ )
19 disp ( ’ f=A ’ ’BC+A ’ ’BC ’ ’+A ’ ’BC ’ ’+A ’ ’B ’ ’C ’ ’ ’ )
20 disp ( ’ f =011+010+000 ’ )
21 disp ( ’ r e q u i r e d SOP form i s : ’ )
22 disp ( ’ f=summation ( 0 , 2 , 3 ) ’ ) ; // r e q u i r e d SOP form //
Scilab code Exa 2.33 finding SOP and POS
1 // f i n d i n g SOP and POS//

2 // e x a m p l e 3 3 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n f=B ’ ’C ’ )
8 disp ( ’ f =(B ’ ’+AA ’ ’+CC ’ ’ ) (C+AA ’ ’+BB ’ ’ ) ’ )
9 disp ( ’ f =((B ’ ’+A) (B ’ ’+A ’ ’ )+CC ’ ’ ) ( ( C+A) (C+A ’ ’ )+BB ’ ’ ) ’ )
10 disp ( ’ f =[C+(B ’ ’+A) (B ’ ’+A ’ ’ ) ] [ C ’ ’ +(B ’ ’+A) (B ’ ’+A ’ ’ ) ] [ B
+(C+A) (C+A ’ ’ ) ] [ B ’ ’ +(C+A) +(C+A ’ ’ ) ] ’ ) ; // u s i n g
d i s t r i b u t i v e p r o p e r t y //
11 disp ( ’ f =(A+B ’ ’+C) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’+C) (A+B ’ ’+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’+C ’ ’ )
(A+B+C) (A ’ ’+B+C) ’ ) ; // u s i n g d i s t r i b u t i v e p r o p e r t y
and r e t a i n i n g r e p e a t e d f a c t o r s o n l y o n c e //
12 disp ( ’ f = ( 0 1 0 ) ( 1 1 0 ) ( 0 1 1 ) ( 1 1 1 ) ( 0 0 0 ) ( 1 0 0 ) ’ )
106
13 disp ( ’ r e q u i r e d POS form : ’ )
14 disp ( ’ f=p r o d u c t ( 0 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 ) ’ )
16 disp ( ’ f =(A+A ’ ’ ) . B ’ ’C ’ )
17 disp ( ’ f=AB ’ ’C+A ’ ’BC ’ )
18 disp ( ’ f =101+001 ’ )
20 disp ( ’ f=summation ( 5 , 1 ) ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.34 finding maxterms and minterms
1 // f i n d i n g maxterms and m i n t e r m s //
2 // e x a m p l e 3 4 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // f i n d i n g m i n t e r m s and maxterms //
8 disp ( ’ g i v e n Y=AC ’ ’+A ’ ’C ’ )
9 disp ( ’Y=A ’ ’C(B+B ’ ’ )+AC ’ ’ (B+B ’ ’ ) ’ )
10 disp ( ’Y=A ’ ’CB+A ’ ’CB ’ ’+AC ’ ’B+AC ’ ’B ’ ’ ’ )
11 disp ( ’ t h e s e a r e t h e r e q u i r e d m i n t e r m s ’ )
12 disp ( ’ t h e m i n t e r m s i n d i c a t e t h e p o s i t i o n s 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 ’ )
13 disp ( ’ t h e maxterms i n d i c a t e t h e p o s i t i o n s 0 , 2 , 5 , 7 ’ )
14 // c o m p l e m e n t a r y o f m i n t e r m s //
15 disp ( ’Y=(A+B+C) (A+B ’ ’+C) +(A ’ ’+B+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’+C ’ ’ ) ’ )
16 disp ( ’ t h e s e a r e t h e r e q u i r e d maxterms ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.35 finding maxterms
1 // f i n d i n g maxterms //
2 // e x a m p l e 3 5 / /
3 clc
107
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n f=p r o d u c t ( 0 , 3 , 5 , 6 ) ’ )
8 disp ( ’ f = ( 0 0 0 ) ( 0 1 1 ) ( 1 0 1 ) ( 1 1 0 ) ’ )
9 disp ( ’ r e q u i r e d maxterms : ’ )
10 disp ( ’ f =(A+B+C) (A+B ’ ’+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’+C) ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.36 finding required data
1 // f i n d i n g r e q u i r e d d a t a //
2 // e x a m p l e 3 6 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ f=A ’ ’B ’ ’C+A ’ ’BC ’ ’+AB ’ ’C+ABC ’ ’ ’ ) ; // s i n c e f is 1
a t p o s i t i o n s 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 ; t h i s i s t h e r e q u i r e d SOP
8 disp ( ’ f =(A+B+C) (A+B ’ ’+C ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B+C) (A ’ ’+B ’ ’+C ’ ’ ) ’ ) ;
// s i n c e f i s 0 a t 0 , 3 , 4 , 7 ; t h i s i s t h e r e q u i r e d
POS e x p r e s s i o n //
9 disp ( ’ sum o f m i n t e r m s=summation ( 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 ) ’ )
10 disp ( ’ p r o d u c t o f maxterms=p r o d u c t ( 0 , 3 , 4 , 7 ) ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.37 finding SOP
2 // e x a m p l e 3 7 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
108
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n f=AC ’ )
8 disp ( ’ f=AC(B+B ’ ’ ) (D+D ’ ’ ) ’ )
9 disp ( ’ f=ACBD+ACBD ’ ’+ACB ’ ’D+ACB ’ ’D ’ ’ ’ ) ; // r e q u i r e d sum
o f m i n t e r m s //
10 disp ( ’ f =1111+1110+1011+1010 ’ )
12 disp ( ’ f=summation ( 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 4 , 1 5 ) ’ )
Scilab code Exa 2.38 finding sum of minterms and product of maxterms
1 // sum o f m i n t e r m s and p r o d u c t o f maxterms //

2 // e x a m p l e 3 8 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ g i v e n f=AB+A ’ ’BC+C ’ ’D ’ )
8 disp ( ’ f=AB(C+C ’ ’ ) (D+D ’ ’ )+AB ’ ’C(D+D ’ ’ )+C ’ ’D(A+A ’ ’ ) (B+
B’ ’ ) ’)
9 disp ( ’ r e q u i r e d sum o f m i n t e r m s : ’ )
10 disp ( ’ f=ABCD+ABCD ’ ’+ABC ’ ’D+ABC ’ ’D ’ ’+AB ’ ’CD+AB ’ ’CD ’ ’+
AB ’ ’C ’ ’D+A ’ ’BC ’ ’D+A ’ ’B ’ ’C ’ ’D ’ )
11 disp ( ’ f=summation ( 1 , 5 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 ’ )
12 disp ( ’ t h e r e f o r e f=p r o d u c t ( 0 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 ) ’ )
13 disp ( ’ r e q u i r e d p r o d u c t o f maxterms : ’ )
14 disp ( ’ f =(A+B+C+D) (A+B+C ’ ’+D) (A+B+C ’ ’+D ’ ’ ) (A+B+C ’ ’+D ’
’ ) (A+B ’ ’+C+D) (A+B ’ ’+C ’ ’+D) (A+B ’ ’+C ’ ’+D ’ ’ ) (A ’ ’+B+C
+D) ’ )
109
Chapter 3
Wave shaping clipping

clamping and sweep circuits
2 // e x a m p l e 1//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // f i n d i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t and t i m e f o r c a p a c i t o r to
c h a r g e 90% o f s u p p l i e d v o l t a g e //
8 R =10^6 ; // r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms //
9 C =10^ -5 ; // c a p a c i t a n c e i n f a r a d s //
10 T=R*C
11 printf ( ’ t h e t i m e c o n s t a n t=%f s e c o n d s \n ’ ,T )
12 // t i m e c o n s t a n t i s f o u n d o u t //
13 v =90/100*10; // v=v o l t a g e a t t i m e t //
14 V =10; // v o l t a g e i n v o l t s //
15 // t=r e q u i r e d t i m e //
16 disp ( ’ from t h e f o r m u l a v=V∗(1 − exp (− t / (R∗C) ) ) , we g e t
the r e q u i r e d time as : ’ )
17 t = -(( R * C ) * log (1 -( v / V ) ) )
110
18 printf ( ’ r e q u i r e d t i m e t o c h a r g e t o 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e
s u p p l i e d v o l t a g e=%f s e c o n d s ’ ,t )
19 // t h e r e s u l t i s t s e c o n d s //
Scilab code Exa 3.2 finding maximum amplification
1 // f i n d i n g minimum a m p l i f i c a t i o n //
2 // e x a m p l e 2//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 r =.04*10^ -6
8 // r i s t h e r i s e t i m e //
9 disp ( ’ r i s e t i m e =(2∗ v ) / ( 2 ∗ %pi ∗ f ∗V) , h e n c e ’ )
10 // f=f r e q u e n c y i n h e t r z ; v=o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s ; V=
r e q u i r e d maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s //
11 f =400*10^3
12 v =6.28
13 V =(2* v ) /( r *2* %pi * f )
14 Vin =12.5; // i n p u t v o l t a g e //
15 a = V / Vin
16 printf ( ’ minimum a m p l i f i c a t i o n r e q u i r e d=%f ’ ,a )
Scilab code Exa 3.3.a finding clamping level voltage
1 // f i n d i n g c l a m p i n g l e v e l v o l t a g e //
2 // e x a m p l e 3 . a //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // c h a r g e=v o l t a g e / t i m e //
111
8 disp ( ’ from e q u a t i o n ( (V∗4000∗10ˆ −6) / 2 0 ) =((5−V)
∗4∗10ˆ −6) / ( 2 0 ∗ 1 0 ˆ − 3 ) ) , we g e t ’ )
9 // r e s i s t a n c e =20kohm ; V=c l a m p i n g l e v e l v o l t a g e ; c h a r g e=
v o l t a g e ∗ c a p a c i t a n c e //
10 V =5*(10^ -6)
11 printf ( ’ c l a m p i n g l e v e l v o l t a g e=%f v o l t ’ ,V )
12 // t h e a n s w e r i s d i s p l a y e d //
Scilab code Exa 3.3.b finding clamping level voltage
1 // f i n d i n g c l a m p i n g l e v e l v o l t a g e //
2 // e x a m p l e 3 . b //
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // c h a r g e=v o l t a g e / t i m e //
8 disp ( ’ from e q u a t i o n ( (V∗4∗10ˆ −6) / 2 0 ) =((5−V)
∗4000∗10ˆ −6) / ( 2 0 ∗ 1 0 ˆ − 3 ) ) , we g e t ’ )
9 // r e s i s t a n c e =20kohm ; V=c l a m p i n g l e v e l v o l t a g e ; c h a r g e=
v o l t a g e ∗ c a p a c i t a n c e //
10 V =20/8
11 printf ( ’ c l a m p i n g l e v e l v o l t a g e=%f v o l t ’ ,V )
12 // t h e a n s w e r i s d i s p l a y e d //
Scilab code Exa 3.4 finding output voltage
1 // f i n d i n g o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
2 // e x a m p l e 4//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
112
7 V1 =10; // v o l t a g e s o u r c e a m p l i t u d e //
8 Rf =50; // f o r w a r d r s i s t a n c e //
9 r1 =50; // i n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e //
10 i = V1 * Rf /( Rf + r1 )
11 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e d u r i n g p o s i t i v e h a l f c y c l e //
12 C =10^ -6
13 T =( Rf + r1 ) * C ; // t i m e c o n s t a n t d u r i n g c o n d u c t i o n //
14 f =10*10^3
15 T1 =1/(2* f ) ; // t i m e d u r a t i o n d u r i n g which i n p u t
v o l t a g e i s p o s i t i v e //
16 t =50*10^ -6; // g i v e n t i m e //
17 v = V1 *(1 - exp ( -( t / T ) ) ) ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s c a p a c i t o r
a f t e r 50 m i c r o s e c //
18 Vo =(( V1 - v ) * Rf ) /( Rf + r1 ) ; // o u t p u t v o l t a g e a c r o s s d i o d e
//
19 R =20*10^3; // r e s i s t a n c e i n s e r i e s //
20 T2 =( r1 + R ) * C ; // t i m e c o n s t a n t o f d i s c h a r g i n g c i r c u i t //
21 V2 = v * exp ( -( t / T2 ) ) ; // v o l t a g e a t t h e end o f 50 m i c r o
s e c //
22 printf ( ’ o u t p u t v o l t a g e=%f v o l t ’ , V2 )
Scilab code Exa 3.6 finding resistance and capacitance
1 // f i n d i n g l o a d r e s i s t a n c e and v a l u e o f c a p a c i t o r //
2 // e x a m p l e 6//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 Vo =15; // o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
8 t =10*10^ -3; // t i m e d u r a t i o n //
9 tr =.05*10^ -6; // r i s e t i m e //
10 Rs =100*10^3; // s o u r c e r e s i s t a n c e //
11 C =50*10^ -12; // o u t p u t c a p a c i t a n c e //
113
12 S =.05; // s a g a l l o w e d //
13 // t r =.35/ f 2 where f 2=u p p e r c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y //
14 // a l s o t r =2.2∗R∗C where R=l o a d r e s i s t a n c e //
15 R = tr /(2.2* C )
16 printf ( ’ r e s i s t a n c e =%f ohms \n ’ ,R )
18 Cs = t /( Rs * S ) ; // Cs=s o u r c e c a p a c i t o r //
19 printf ( ’ c a p a c i t a n c e=%f f a r a d ’ , Cs ) ; // r e s u l t i s
d i s p l a y e d //
Scilab code Exa 3.7 finding peak voltage
1 // f i n d i n g peak v o l t a g e //
2 // e x a m p l e 7//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 T =250*10^ -12; // t i m e c o n s t a n t //
8 t =.05*10^ -6;
9 Vo =100; // peak o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
10 Vi =( Vo * t ) / T ; // peak v o l t a g e o f g e n e r a t o r //
11 printf ( ’ peak v o l t a g e=%f v o l t ’ , Vi )
114
Chapter 5
Sequential circuits flip flops

and multivibrators
Scilab code Exa 5.1 finding required time
1 // f i n d i n g r e q u i r e d t i m e //
2 // e x a m p l e 1//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 R =10*10^3; // e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e //
8 C =0.1*10^ -6; // t i m i n g c a p a c i t o r //
9 T =1.1* R * C ; // t i m e f o r which o u t p u t r e m a i n s h i g h i n
m o n o s t a b l e m u l t i v i b r a t o r u s i n g IC 555 t i m e r //
10 printf ( ’ r e q u i r e d t i m e=%f s e c o n d s ’ ,T ) ; // r e s u l t i s
displayed
Scilab code Exa 5.2 finding frequency and duty cycle
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y and duty c y c l e //
115
2 // e x a m p l e 2//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 Ra =10*10^3
8 Rb =10*10^3
9 C =.001*10^ -6
10 T1 =.693*( Ra + Rb ) * C ; // c h a r g i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t //
11 T2 =.693* Rb * C ; // d i s c h a r g i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t //
12 T = T1 + T2 ; // t o t a l t i m e //
13 f =1/ T ; // f r e q u e n c y //
14 printf ( ’ f r e q u e n c y=%f h e r t z \n ’ ,f ) ; // r e s u l t i s
15 D = T2 / T ; // duty c y c l e //
16 D = D *100
17 printf ( ’ duty c y c l e=%f p e r c e n t ’ ,D )
Scilab code Exa 5.3 finding frequency and duty cycle
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y and duty c y c l e //
2 // e x a m p l e 3//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 Ra =6.8*10^3
8 Rb =3.3*10^3
9 C =.1*10^ -6
10 T1 =.693*( Ra + Rb ) * C ; // c h a r g i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t //
11 T2 = .693* Rb * C ; // d i s c h a r g i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t //
12 T = T1 + T2 ; // t o t a l t i m e //
13 f =1/ T // f r e q u e n c y //
14 printf ( ’ f r e q u e n c y=%f h e r t z \n ’ ,f ) ; // r e s u l t i s
116
15 D = T2 / T ; // duty c y c l e //
16 D = D *100
17 printf ( ’ duty c y c l e=%f p e r c e n t ’ ,D ) ; // r e s u l t i s
117
Chapter 8
D to A and A to D converters
Scilab code Exa 8.1 finding binary equivalent weights
1 // f i n d i n g b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t w e i g h t s //
2 // e x a m p l e 1//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 n =6; // no . o f b i t s //
8 LSB1 =1/((2^6) -1)
9 printf ( ’ w e i g h t o f 1 s t l s b=%f\n ’ , LSB1 )
10 LSB2 =2* LSB1
11 printf ( ’ w e i g h t o f 2 nd l s b=%f\n ’ , LSB2 )
12 LSB3 =4* LSB1
13 printf ( ’ w e i g h t o f 3 r d l s b=%f\n ’ , LSB3 )
14 LSB4 =8* LSB1
15 printf ( ’ w e i g h t o f 4 t h l s b=%f\n ’ , LSB4 )
16 LSB5 =16* LSB1
17 printf ( ’ w e i g h t o f 5 t h l s b=%f\n ’ , LSB5 )
18 MSB =32* LSB1
19 printf ( ’ w e i g h t o f msb=%f ’ , MSB )
20 // r e s u l t s a r e d i s p l a y e d //
118
Scilab code Exa 8.2 calculating required data
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g t h e r e q u i r e d d a t a //
2 // e x a m p l e 2//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 n =4;
8 WLSB1 =1/(2^4 -1) ; // w e i g h t a s s i g n e d t o LSB//
9 printf ( ’ w e i g h t a s s i g n e d t o LSB=%f\n ’ , WLSB1 )
10 WLSB2 =2* WLSB1 ; // w e i g h t a s s i g n e d t o 2 nd LSB//
11 printf ( ’ w e i g h t a s s i g n e d t o s e c o n d LSB=%f\n ’ , WLSB2 )
12 WLSB3 =4* WLSB1 ; // w e i g h t a s s i g n e d t o 3 r d LSB//
13 printf ( ’ w e i g h t a s s i g n e d t o 3 r d LSB=%f\n ’ , WLSB3 )
14 // h i g h l e v e l 1=10V//
15 V1 =10* WLSB1 ; // c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o c h a n g e
i n LSB//
16 V2 =10*8/15; // c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o c h a n g e
i n MSB//
17 printf ( ’ c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o c h a n g e i n
LSB=%f v o l t \n ’ , V1 )
MSB=%f v o l t \n ’ , V2 )
20 disp ( ’ Vo1 =(20/R+40/R+80/R) / ( 1 /R+2/R+4/R+8/R) ’ )
21 Vo1 =140/15;
22 printf ( ’ o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r i n p u t 1110= %f v o l t \n ’ , Vo1
)
23 disp ( ’ Vo2 =(10/R+40/R+80/R) / ( 1 /R+2/R+4/R+8/R) ’ )
24 Vo2 =130/15;
25 printf ( ’ o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r i n p u t 1101= %f v o l t ’ , Vo2 )
119
1 // c l a c u l a t i n g t h e r e q u i r e d d a t a //
2 // e x a m p l e 2//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ t h e f u l l s c a l e maximum v o l t a g e o c c u r s when a l l
input are at high l e v e l 1 ’ )
8 Vm =10; // f u l l s c a l e maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
9 printf ( ’ f u l l s c a l e maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e=%d v o l t \n ’
, Vm ) ; // r e s u l t i s d i s p l a y e d //
10 n =5
11 LSB =1/((2^ n ) -1) ; // w e i g h t o f LSB//
12 V1 =10* LSB ; // c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o LSB//
l s b=%f v o l t \n ’ , V1 )
14 disp ( ’ a n a l o g o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r 1 1 0 0 1 i s g i v e n by Vo
=(10/R+80/R+160/R) / ( 1 /R+2/R+4/R+8/R+16/R) ’ )
15 Vo =250/31;
16 printf ( ’ a n a l o g o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r i n p u t 11001= %f
v o l t \n ’ , Vo )
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g r e q u i r e d d a t a //
2 // e x a m p l e 4//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
120
7 a = bin2dec ( ’ 1 0 0 1 0 ’ )
8 Vo =9*10^ -3; // o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
9 k = Vo / a ; // p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y f a c t o r //
10 b = bin2dec ( ’ 1 1 0 1 1 ’ )
11 Vo1 = k * b ; // a n a l o g o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
12 printf ( ’ a n a l o g o u t p u t v o l t a g e=%f v o l t \n ’ , Vo1 ) ;
13 //maximum 5 b i t d i g i t a l i n p u t i s 1 1 1 1 1 i . e . 31 i n
d e c i m a l //
14 Vm = k *31; //maximum f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
15 printf ( ’ maximum f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t v o l t a g e=%f v o l t ’ ,
Vm ) ;
2 // e x a m p l e 5//
3 clc
4 // c l e a r s t h e command window / / ;
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 LSB1 =10; // c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o LSB//
8 LSB2 =2* LSB1 ; // c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o s e c o n d
LSB//
9 LSB3 =4* LSB1 ; // c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o t h i r d
LSB//
10 LSB4 =8* LSB1 ; // c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o f o u r t h
LSB//
11 LSB5 =16* LSB1 ; // c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e due t o f i f t h
LSB//
12 Vmax = LSB1 + LSB2 + LSB3 + LSB4 + LSB5 ; //maximum f u l l s c a l e
o u t p u t which o c c u r s a t i n p u t 1 1 1 1 1 / /
13 // a l l t h e v o l t a g e u n i t s a r e i n mV//
14 printf ( ’ maximum f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t i n mV a t 1111=%d
v o l t \n ’ , Vmax ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
15 R =10; // r e s o l u t i o n i n mV s i n c e s m a l l e s t i n c r e m e n t due
121
t o c h a n g e i n LSB i s 10mV//
16 printf ( ’ r e s o l u t i o n =%d v o l t \n ’ ,R ) ; // d i a p l a y i n g t h e
r e s u l t //
17 S =10; // s t e p s i z e = r e s o l u t i o n //
18 R1 = S / Vmax *100; // p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n //
19 printf ( ’ p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n =%f p e r c e n t ’ , R1 ) ; //
d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
2 // e x a m p l e 6//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 N =(2^8) -1; // no . o f s t e p s //
8 M =1000/ N ; // no . o f s t e p s i n which motor s p e e d can
v a r i e d ; motor s p e e d v a r i e s from 0 t o 1 0 0 0 rpm //
9 N1 =450/ M ; // no . o f s t e p s r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h 450 rpm //
10 N2 = round ( N1 ) ; // r o u n d i n g t h e no . o f s t e p s //
11 disp ( ’ For 115 t h s t e p , s p e e d o f motor w i l l be
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 451 rpm which g i v e s an a c c u r a c y o f
. 2 2% ’ )
12 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e a n s w e r //
Scilab code Exa 8.7 calculating value of resistors
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g v a l u e s o f r e s i s t o r s //
2 // e x a m p l e 7//
3 clc
5 clear
122
6 // c l e a r s //
7 R1 =10*10^3; // r e s i s t o r i n ohm f o r msb //
8 R =16* R1 ; // r e s i s t o r f o r LSB//
9 R2 = R /2; // r e s i s t o r f o r 2 nd LSB//
10 printf ( ’ r e s i s t o r f o r l s b=%d ohm\n ’ ,R )
11 printf ( ’ r e s i s t o r f o r 2 nd l s b=%d ohm ’ , R2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.8 finding value of resistor
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g v a l u e o f r e s i s t o r //
2 // e x a m p l e 8//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 R =640*(10^3) ; // r e s i s t o r f o r LSB//
8 R1 = R /32; // r e s i s t o r f o r MSB ; s i n c e 6 b i t , h e n c e LSB i s
d i v i d e d by 3 2 / /
9 printf ( ’ r e s i s t o r f o r msb=%d ohm ’ , R1 ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g
r e s u l t //
2 // e x a m p l e 9//
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 N =2^10 -1; // no . o f s t e p s //
8 Vmax =10*10^ -3* N ; //maximum f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t //
9 R =(10*10^ -3) / Vmax *100; // p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n //
10 printf ( ’ maximum f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t=%f ampere \n ’ , Vmax )
123
11 printf ( ’ p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n =%f p e r c e n t ’ ,R )
2 // e x a m p l e 1 0 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 S =10/10^3; // s t e p s i z e =w e i g h t o f Ao i n V//
8 printf ( ’ s t e p s i z e =%f v o l t \n ’ ,S ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g step
s i z e //
9 n =99; // no . o f s t e p s //
10 Vmax = S * n ; //maximum f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t //
11 printf ( ’ maximum f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t=%f v o l t \n ’ , Vmax ) ;
// d i s p l a y i n g f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t //
12 R = S / Vmax *100; // p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n //
13 printf ( ’ p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n =%f p e r c e n t \n ’ ,R ) ; //
p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n d i s p l a y e d //
14 Ao =10/10^3
15 Bo =20/10^3
16 Co =40/10^3
17 Do =80/10^3
18 A1 =100/10^3
19 B1 =200/10^3
20 C1 =400/10^3
21 D1 =800/10^3
22 // w e i g h t i n V o f d i f f e r e n t i n p u t s //
23 // i n p u t f o r D1 , C1 , B1 , A1 i s 1 1 0 1 and f o r Do , Co , Bo , Ao
i s 1011//
24 V = D1 + C1 + A1 + Do + Bo + Ao ; // a n a l o g o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
25 printf ( ’ a n a l o g o u t p u t v o l t a g e=%f v o l t ’ ,V ) ; // r e s u l t
124
Scilab code Exa 8.11 calculating output voltages
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g o u t p u t v o l t a g e s //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 1 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 V =10; // h i g h i n p u t v o l t a g e //
8 VMSB = V /2; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by MSB//
9 VMSB2 = V /4; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by s e c o n d MSB//
10 VMSB3 = V /8; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by t h i r d MSB//
11 VMSB4 = V /16; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by f o u r t h MSB//
12 VMSB5 = V /32; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by f i f t h MSB//
13 VMSB6 = V /64; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by s i x t h MSB//
14 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by MSB=%f v o l t \n ’ , VMSB )
15 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by s e c o n d MSB=%f v o l t \n ’ , VMSB2
)
16 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by t h i r d MSB=%f v o l t \n ’ , VMSB3 )
17 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by f o u r t h MSB=%f v o l t \n ’ , VMSB4
)
18 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by f i f t h MSB=%f v o l t \n ’ , VMSB5 )
19 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by s i x t h MSB=%f v o l t \n ’ , VMSB6 )
20 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s //
Scilab code Exa 8.12 finding output voltages
2 // e x a m p l e 1 2 / /
3 clc
5 clear
125
6 // c l e a r s //
7 V =10; // h i g h i n p u t v o l t a g e //
8 // f i r s t p a r t //
9 // d i g i t a l i n p u t i s 1 0 1 0 0 1 / /
10 Vo =(10*2^0+0+0+10*2^3+0+10*2^5) /2^6; // o u t p u t v o l t a g e
//
11 printf ( ’ o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r d i g i t a l i n p u t 101001= %f
v o l t \n ’ , Vo ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
12 // s e c o n d p a r t //
13 // d i g i t a l i n p u t i s 1 1 0 0 0 1 / /
14 Vo1 =(10*1+0+0+0+10*16+10*32) /64; // o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
15 printf ( ’ o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r i n p u t 110001= %f v o l t ’ , Vo1
) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 8.13 calculating maximum scale voltage
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g maximum f u l l s c a l e v o l t a g e //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 3 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // d i g i t a l i n p u t i s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / /
8 // h i g h i n p u t l e v e l =10V//
9 Vo =10*(1+2+4+8+16+32+64+128) /256; // o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
10 printf ( ’ maximum f u l l s c a l e v o l t a g e=%f v o l t ’ , Vo ) ; //
r e s u l t d i s p l a y e d //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 4 / /
3 clc
126
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // p a r t i //
8 // o u t p u t h i g h v o l t a g e =10V//
9 VMSB1 =1/2*10; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by MSB//
10 VMSB2 =1/4*10; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by s e c o n d MSB//
11 VMSB3 =1/8*10; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by t h i r d MSB//
12 VLSB =1/16*10; // o u t p u t c a u s e d by LSB//
13 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by msb=%f v o l t \n ’ , VMSB1 )
14 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by s e c o n d msb=%f v o l t \n ’ , VMSB2
)
15 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by t h i r d msb=%f\n ’ , VMSB3 )
16 printf ( ’ o u t p u t c a u s e d by l s b=%f v o l t \n ’ , VLSB )
17 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s //
18 // p a r t i i //
19 // i n p u t i s 1 0 1 1 / /
20 V =1* VMSB1 +0+1* VMSB3 +1* VLSB ; // o u t p u t v o l t a g e //
21 printf ( ’ o u t p u t v o l t a g e a t i n p u t 1011= %f v o l t \n ’ ,V ) ;
// d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
22 // 3 r d p a r t //
23 Vo = VMSB1 + VMSB2 + VMSB3 + VLSB ; // f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t
v o l t a g e which o c c u r s a t 1 1 1 1 / /
24 printf ( ’ f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t v o l t a g e=%f v o l t ’ , Vo ) ; //
d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 8.15 calculating number of bits
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g no o f b i t s //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 5 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 disp ( ’ r e s o l u t i o n =v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o LSB ’ )
127
8 // w e i g h t o f LSB=1/2ˆn , where n=no . o f b i t s //
9 disp ( ’ V o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o LSB=1/2ˆn ∗ 1 0 ; which
s h o u l d be e q u a l t o r e s o l u t i o n which i s 10mv ’ )
10 disp ( ’ t h e r e f o r e 2ˆ n=1000 ’ )
11 disp ( ’ n=10 ’ ) ; // n e a r e s t v a l u e o f n which s a t i s f i e s
the e q u a t i o n i s 10//
Scilab code Exa 8.16 finding resolution
2 // e x a m p l e 1 6 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 V =10; // f u l l s c a l e v o l t a g e
8 W =1/2^12; // w e i g h t o f LSB//
9 R = V * W ; // r e s o l u t i o n //
10 printf ( ’ r e s o l u t i o n =%f v o l t \n ’ ,R ) ; // r e s u l t i s
11 S = R ; // s t e p s i z e //
12 R1 = S / V *100; // p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n //
13 printf ( ’ p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n =%f p e r c e n t ’ , R1 )
14 // r e s u l t d i s p l a y e d //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 7 / /
3 clc
5 clear
128
6 // c l e a r s //
7 // n=no . o f b i t s //
8 // r e s o l u t i o n =1/2ˆn ∗ 5//
9 R =5*10^ -3; // r e s o l u t i o n //
10 V =5; // f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t //
11 n = log ((5*10^ -3) /5) / log (.5)
12 // no . o f b i t s //
13 n = round ( n )
14 disp ( ’ no o f b i t s : ’ )
15 disp ( n ) ; // r e s u l t i s d i s p l a y e d //
16 S =1/2^ n *5; // s t e p s i z e //
17 R1 = S / V *100; // p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n //
18 disp ( ’ p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n : ’ )
19 disp ( R1 )
Scilab code Exa 8.18 calculating conversion time
1 // c a l c u l a t i n g c o n v e r s i o n t i m e //
2 // e x a m p l e 1 8 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 T =1/(1000*10^3) ; // t i m e f o r one c l o c k c y c l e //
8 disp ( T )
9 n =10; // no . o f b i t s //
10 t =(2^ n -1) * T ; // c o n v e r s i o n t i m e f o r 10 b i t A/D
c o n v e r t e r //
11 disp ( ’ c o n v e r s i o n t i m e f o r d i g i t a l ramp A/D c o n v e r t e r
: ’)
12 disp ( t ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t //
13 t1 = T *10;
14 disp ( ’ c o n v e r s i o n t i m e f o r 10 b i t s u c c e s s i v e
a p p r o x i m a t i o n A/D c o n v e r t e r : ’ )
129
15 disp ( t1 )
Scilab code Exa 8.19 finding resolution
2 // e x a m p l e 1 9 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 E =10; // c h a n g e i n i n p u t v o l t a g e //
8 n =8; // no . o f b i t s //
9 R = E /((2^ n ) -1) ; // r e s o l u t i o n //
10 disp ( ’ r e s o l u t i o n : ’ )
11 disp ( R ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t //
12 R1 =(1/((2^ n ) -1) ) *100; // p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n //
13 disp ( ’ p e r c e n t a g e r e s o l u t i o n : ’ )
14 disp ( R1 ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 8.20 finding number of bits
1 // f i n d i n g no . o f b i t s //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 0 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 E =10; // c h a n g e i n i n p u t v o l t a g e //
8 R =10^ -3; // r e s o l u t i o n //
9 n = log ( E / R +1) / log (2) ; // no o f b i t s //
10 n = n +1;
11 n = round ( n )
12 disp ( ’ no o f b i t s : ’ )
130
13 disp ( n ) ; // r e s u l t d i s p l a y e d //
Scilab code Exa 8.21 calculating maximum conversion time
1 // f i n d i n g maximum c o n v e r s i o n t i m e //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 1 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 c =2^10; //maximum no o f c o u n t s //
8 f =2*10^ -6; // c o u n t e r a d v a n c e r a t e o f 1 c o u n t p e r
s e c o n d //
9 T = c * f ; // c o n v e r s i o n t i m e //
10 disp ( ’ maximum c o n v e r s i o n t i m e : ’ )
11 disp ( T ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 8.22 finding error in voltage
2 // e x a m p l e 2 2 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 f =500; // f r e q u e n c y //
8 F =2* f ; // a p e r t u r e r a t e //
9 t =5*10^ -6; // a p e r t u r e t i m e //
10 v =2* %pi * F * t ; // e r r o r i n v o l t a g e //
11 disp ( ’ e r r o r i n v o l t a g e : ’ )
12 disp ( v ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t //
13 V = v *100; // p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r //
14 disp ( ’ p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r : ’ )
131
15 disp ( V ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 8.23 finding aperture time
1 // f i n d i n g a p e r t u r e t i m e //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 3 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 a =.5; // p e r c e n t a g e a c c u r a c y //
8 f =1000; // a p e r t u r e r a t e //
9 t = a /(2* %pi ) *10^ -5; // a p e r t u r e t i m e //
10 disp ( ’ a p e r t u r e t i m e : ’ )
11 disp ( t ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t //
Scilab code Exa 8.24 finding quantisation error
2 // e x a m p l e 2 4 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 n =10; // no . o f b i t s //
8 q =1/(2^ n ) *100; // q u a n t i z a t i o n e r r o r expressed as
p e r c e n t a g e //
9 disp ( ’ q u a n t i z a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r : ’ )
10 disp ( q ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t //
132
Scilab code Exa 8.25 finding digital output in binary form
1 // f i n d i n g d i g i t a l o u t p u t i n b i n a r y form //
2 // e x a m p l e 2 5 / /
3 clc
5 clear
6 // c l e a r s //
7 V =1.085; // a n a l o g i n p u t v o l t a g e //
8 R =20*10^ -3; // r e s o l u t i o n //
9 n = V / R ; // no o f s t e p s //
10 n = round ( n ) ; // s o t h a t o u t p u t v o l t a g e p r o d u c e d i s less
t h a n a n a l o g i n p u t v o l t a g e //
11 num = dec2bin (n ,8) ; // c o n v e r t i n g t o b i n a r y //
12 disp ( ’ d i g i t a l o u t p u t : ’ )
13 disp ( num ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t i n b i n a r y form //
133

Scilab Textbook Companion For Digital Electronics: Circuits and Systems by V. K. Puri

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

Digital Electronics: Circuits And Systems

July 31, 2019

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

Title: Digital Electronics: Circuits And Systems

Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 Number systems and binary codes 5

2 Boolean algebra logic gates karnaugh map and minimization 94

3 Wave shaping clipping clamping and sweep circuits 107

5 Sequential circuits flip flops and multivibrators 112

8 D to A and A to D converters 115

Exa 1.1.a decimal to binary conversion . . . . . . . . . 5

Number systems and binary

Scilab code Exa 1.1.a decimal to binary conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.1.b binary to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.2 binary to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.4 decimal to binary conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.5 decimal to octal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.6 octal to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.7 binary to octal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.8.a decimal to binary conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.8.b binary to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.9.a decimal to binary conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.9.b decimal to binary conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.9.c decimal to binary conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.9.d binary to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.10.a hex to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.10.b decimal to hex conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.11 hex to binary and decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.13.a hex to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.13.b hex to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.14.b addition of two binary numbers

Scilab code Exa 1.14.c addition of two binary numbers

Scilab code Exa 1.15.a subtraction of two binary numbers

Scilab code Exa 1.15.b subtraction of two binary numbers

Scilab code Exa 1.16.a multiplication of two binary numbers

Scilab code Exa 1.16.b multiplication of two binary numbers

Scilab code Exa 1.17.a division of two binary numbers

Scilab code Exa 1.17.b division of two binary numbers

Scilab code Exa 1.18.a binary to hex conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.18.b decimal to octal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.18.c binary to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.19.a decimal to octal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.19.b decimal to octal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.19.c decimal to octal conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.20.a decimal to signed binary number conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.20.c decimal to signed binary system conversion

Scilab code Exa 1.21.a subtraction using ones complement

Scilab code Exa 1.21.b subtraction using ones complement

Scilab code Exa 1.21.c subtraction using ones complement

Scilab code Exa 1.21.d subtraction using ones complement

Scilab code Exa 1.21.e subtraction using ones complement

Scilab code Exa 1.22.a subtraction using twos complement

Scilab code Exa 1.22.b subtraction using twos complement