Introduction To Pneumatics

Introduction to Pneumatics
Pneumatics Symbols
Air generation and distribution
Table 1: Symbols use in energy conversion and preparation

ITEM SYMBOL MEANING
Compressor
Pressure Source
SUPPLY
Pneumatic Pressure Source
Air Reservoir
Filter : separation and filtration of

particles
Filter and separator (automatic)

SERVICE
EQUIPMENT
Lubricator
Pressure regulator
Air Service Unit : Filter,

Regulator, Gauge, Lubricator
COMBINED
SYMBOLS
Simplified air service unit with
lubricator
Input Elements
Directional control valves
Table 2: Directional Control Valve Symbol Development

Explanation Of Symbol Symbol Development
Valve switching positions are represented as squares
The number of squares shows how many switching

positions the valve has
Line indicate flow paths, arrows shows the direction
of flow
Shut off positions are identified in the boxes by lines

drawn at right angles
The connections ( inlet and outlet ports ) are shown

by lines on the outside of the box
Table 3: Directional Control Valve, Ports and Positions (ways)
SYMBOL EXPLANATION
2/2 - way directional control valve, normally open
3/2 – way directional control valve normally closed
3/2 – way directional control valve, normally open
4/2 – way directional control valve

Flow from 1 to 2 and from 4 to 3

Flow from 1 to 2 and 4 to 5
Mid position closed
Figure 1: Methods of Actuation

Flow Control Valve
Table 4: Flow Control Valves

SYMBOL EXPLANATION
Flow control valve, adjustable
One-way flow control valve
Pressure control valves
Table 5: Pressure Valve

SYMBOL EXPLANATION
Sequence valve-in line
Adjustable pressure regulating

valve, relieving type
Auxiliary Symbols
Table 6: Auxiliary Symbol

SYMBOL EXPLANATION
0 Bar
Pressure gauge
Silencer
Exhaust
Plug
0 Bar
Visual indicator
Processing Elements
Table 7: Non-return valves and derivatives

SYMBOL EXPLANATION
Check valve
Shuttle valve
AND Valve
Quick exhaust valve
Actuator (Output)
Table 8: Actuators
SYMBOL EXPLANATION
Single acting cylinder with spring return
Double acting cylinder
Double acting cylinder with double ended

piston rod
Double acting 2 cushion cylinder
Air motor rotation in one direction
Rotary actuator
Development of single actuator circuit
Example 1: Direct control of a single-acting cylinder

A single acting cylinder of 25mm diameter is to advance a component when a push button is
pressed. As long as the push button is activated the cylinder is to remain in the clamped position. If
the push button released, the clamp is to retract.
Figure 2: Positional Sketch
Figure 3: Circuit
Diagram
Example 2: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder
A double acting cylinder is to extend when a push button is operated. Upon release of the push
button the cylinder is to retract.
Figure 4: Circuit Diagram
Example 3: The logic AND function
The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when both push button of the 3/2 way valve
is actuated. If either of these is released, then the cylinder is to return to the initial position.

Example 4: The logic OR function
A double-acting cylinder is to advance if one of two push buttons is operated. If the push button is
then released, the cylinder is to retract.
Example 5: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder
The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when a 3/2 way push button valve is
actuated manually. The cylinder is to remain advanced until a second valve is actuated. The signal of
the second valve can only take effect after the first valve has been released . The cylinder is to then
return to the initial position. Then cylinder is to remain in the initial position until a new start signal is
given. The speed of the cylinder is to be adjustable in both directions.
Combinational valves
The combined functions of various elements can produce a new function. The new component can
be constructed by the combination of individual elements or manufactured in a combined
configuration to reduce size and complexity. An example is the timer which is the combination of a
one way flow control valve, a reservoir and a 3/2 way directional control valve.
Figure 8: Time delay valve

Example 1: The timer delay valve
A double-acting cylinder is used to press together glued component. Upon operation of a push
button, the clamping cylinder extends. Once the fully advanced position is reached, the cylinder is to
remain a time of T= 6 seconds and then immediately retract to the initial position. The cylinder
retraction is to be adjustable. A new start cycle is only possible after the cylinder has fully retracted.

Development of multiple actuators circuits
In case of multiple cylinder circuits, a clear definition of the problem is important. The
representation of the desired motion of all actuators described using the displacement-step
diagram. The special condition for the start of the sequence must also be defined.
Example 1: Coordinated motion
Two cylinders are used to transfer parts from a magazine onto a chute. When a push button is
pressed, the first cylinder extends, pushing part from the magazine and positions it in preparation
for transfer by the second cylinder onto the out feed chute. Once the part is transfer, the first
cylinder retracts, followed by the second. Confirmation of all extended and retracted positions are
required.
Figure 10: Displacement Step Diagram

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Introduction to Pneumatics

Table 1: Symbols use in energy conversion and preparation

Filter : separation and filtration of

Filter and separator (automatic)

Air Service Unit : Filter,

Directional control valves

Table 2: Directional Control Valve Symbol Development

Valve switching positions are represented as squares

The number of squares shows how many switching

Shut off positions are identified in the boxes by lines

The connections ( inlet and outlet ports ) are shown

Table 3: Directional Control Valve, Ports and Positions (ways)

2/2 - way directional control valve, normally open

3/2 – way directional control valve normally closed

3/2 – way directional control valve, normally open

4/2 – way directional control valve

5/2 – way directional control valve

Figure 1: Methods of Actuation

Table 4: Flow Control Valves

Flow control valve, adjustable

One-way flow control valve

Pressure control valves

Table 5: Pressure Valve

Sequence valve-in line

Adjustable pressure regulating

Table 6: Auxiliary Symbol

Table 7: Non-return valves and derivatives

Quick exhaust valve

Single acting cylinder with spring return

Double acting cylinder

Double acting cylinder with double ended

Air motor rotation in one direction

Development of single actuator circuit

Example 1: Direct control of a single-acting cylinder

Figure 2: Positional Sketch

Figure 4: Circuit Diagram

Example 3: The logic AND function

Figure 5: Circuit Diagram

Figure 6: Circuit Diagram

Example 5: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder

Figure 8: Time delay valve

Figure 9: Circuit Diagram

Example 1: Coordinated motion

Figure 11: Circuit Diagram

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