Department of Computer Science and Engineering

QUESTION BANK

Subject Code /Title: CSB302 Theory of Computation Year / Sem: III / V

UNIT-I AUTOMATA

PART-A(2-MARKS)

1 List any four ways of theorem proving.

2 Define Alphabets.
3 Write short notes on Strings.
4 What is the need for finite automata?
5 What is a finite automaton? Give two examples.
6 Define DFA.
7 Explain how DFA process strings.
8 Define transition diagram.
9 Define transition table.
10. Define the language of DFA.
+
11. Construct a finite automata that accepts {0,1} .
12. Give the DFA accepting the language over the alphabet 0,1 that have the set of
all strings ending in 00.
13. Give the DFA accepting the language over the alphabet 0,1 that have the set of
all strings with three consecutive 0’s.
14. Give the DFA accepting the language over the alphabet 0,1 that have the set of
all strings with 011 as a substring.
15. Give the DFA accepting the language over the alphabet 0,1 that have the set of
th
all strings whose 10 symbol from the right end is 1.
16. Give the DFA accepting the language over the alphabet 0,1 that have the set of
all strings such that each block of 5 consecutive symbol contains at least two
0’s.
17. Give the DFA accepting the language over the alphabet 0,1 that have the set of
all strings that either begins or end(or both) with 01.
18. Give the DFA accepting the language over the alphabet 0,1 that have the set of
all strings such that the no of zero’s is divisible by 5 and the no of 1’s is
divisible by 3.
19. Find the language accepted by the DFA given below.
20. Define NFA.
21. Define the language of NFA.
22. Is it true that the language accepted by any NFA is different from the regular
language? Justify your Answer.
23. Define ε-NFA.
24. Define ε closure.
25. Find the εclosure for each state from the following automata.
 Part B

1. a) If L is accepted by an NFA with ε-transition then show that L is accepted by an

NFA without ε-transition.
b) Construct a DFA equivalent to the NFA.
M=({p,q,r},{0,1}, δ,p,{q,s})
Where δis defined in the following table.

δ 0 1
p {q,s} {q}
q {r} {q,r}
r {s} {p}
s - {p}
n n
2. a)Show that the set L={a b /n>=1} is not a regular. (6) b)Construct a DFA

equivalent to the NFA given below: (10)

0 1
p {p,q} P
q r R
r s -
s s S
n n
3. a)Check whether the language L=(0 1 /n>=1) is regular or not? Justify your
answer.

b) Let L be a set accepted by a NFA then show that there exists aDFA that accepts L.

4. Define NFA with ε-transition. Prove that if L is accepted by an NFA with ε-

transition then L is also accepted by a NFA without ε-transition.
+
5. a) Construct a NDFA accepting all string in {a,b} with either two
consecutive a’s or two consecutive b’s.

b) Give the DFA accepting the following language:set of all strings beginning with a
1 that when interpretedas a binary integer is a multiple of 5.

6. Draw the NFA to accept the following languages.

(i) Set of Strings over alphabet {0,1,…….9} such that the final digit has
appeared before. (8)
(ii)Set of strings of 0’s and 1’s such that there are two 0’s separated by a number of
positions that is a multiple of 4.

7.a)Let L be a set accepted by an NFA.Then prove that there exists a

deterministic finite automaton that accepts L.Is the converse true? Justify
your answer. (10)
 b)Construct DFA equivalent to the NFA given below: (6)

8.a) Prove that a language L is accepted by some ε–NFA if and only if L is

accepted by some DFA. (8)

b) Consider the following ε–NFA.Compute the ε–closure of each state and find it’s
equivalent DFA. (8)

ε A b C

p {q} {p} Ф Ф

q {r} ф {q} Ф

*r Ф ф ф {r}

9.a) Prove that a language L is accepted by some DFA if L is accepted by some NFA.

b) Convert the following NFA to it’s equivalent DFA

0 1

p {p,q} {p}
q {r} {r}
r {s} ф

*s {s} {s}

10.a) Explain the construction of NFA with εtransition from any given
regular expression.

b) Let A=(Q,∑, δ, q0 ,{qf ) be a DFA and suppose that for all a in ∑wehave δ(q0,
k
a)= δ(qf ,a). Show that if x is a non empty string in L(A),then for all k>0,x is also
in L(A).
 UNIT-II REGULAR EXPRESSIONS AND LANGUAGES

PART-A

1 Define Regular expression. Give an example.

2 What are the operators of RE.
3 Write short notes on precedence of RE operators.
Write Regular Expression for the language that have the set of strings over
{a,b,c} containing at least one a and at least one b.
4 Write Regular Expression for the language that have the set of all strings of 0’s
th
5 and 1’s whose 10 symbol from the right end is 1.
6 Write Regular Expression for the language that has the set of all strings of 0’s
and 1’s with at most one pair of consecutive 1’s.
7 Write Regular Expression for the language that have the set of all strings of 0’s
8 and 1’s such that every pair of adjacent 0’s appears before any pair of adjacent
9 1’s.
10 Write Regular Expression for the language that have the set of all strings of 0’s
and 1’s whose no of 0’s is divisible by 5.
11 Write Regular Expression for the language that has the set of all strings of 0’s
and 1’s not containing 101 as a substring.
12 Write Regular Expression for the language that have theset of all strings of 0’s
and 1’s such that no prefix has two more 0’s than 1’s, not two more 1’s than
0’s.
13. Write Regular Expression for the language that have the set of all
strings of 0’s and 1’s whose no of 0’s is divisible by 5 and no of 1’s is
even.
14. Give English descriptions of the languages of the regular expression (1+
ε)(00*1)*0*.
15. Give English descriptions of the languages of the regular expression
(0*1*)*000(0+1)*.
16. Give English descriptions of the languages of the regular expression
(0+10)*1*.
17. Convert the following RE to ε-NFA.01*.

18. State the pumping lemma for Regular languages.

19. What are the application of pumping language?
20. State the closure properties of Regular language.
21. Prove that if L and M are regular languages then so is LUM.
22. What do you mean by Homomorphism?
Suppose H is the homomorphism from the alphabets {0,1,2} to the alphabets
{a,b} defined by h(0)=a h(1)=ab h(2)=ba. What is h(0120) and h(21120).
23. Suppose H is the homomorphism from the alphabets {0,1,2} to the alphabets
{a,b} defined by h(0)=a h(1)=ab h(2)=ba. If L is the language L(01*2) what is
h(L).

24. Let R be any set of regular languages is U Ri regular?Prove it.

25. Show that the compliment of regular language is also regular.
26 . What is meant by equivalent states in DFA.
 PART-B

1.a)Construct an NFA equivalent to (0+1)*(00+11)

2.a)Construct a Regular expression corresponding to the state diagram given in

the following figure.

i i
b) Show that the set E={0 1 |i>=1} is not Regular. (6)

3.a)Construct an NFA equivalent to the regular expression (0+1)*(00+11)(0+1)*.

b)Obtain the regular expression that denotes the language accepted by the following
DFA.

4.a)Construct an NFA equivalent to the regular expression ((0+1)(0+1)(0+1))*

b)Construct an NFA equivalent to 10+(0+11)0*1

5.a)Obtain the regular expression denoting the language accepted by the following
DFA (8) b)Obtain the regular expression denoting the language accepted by the
k
following DFA by using the formula Rij

6. a)Show that every set accepted by a DFA is denoted by a regular

Expression
 b)Construct an NFA equivalent to the following regular expression01*+1.

2
7. a)Define a Regular set using pumping lemma Show that the language L={0i / i
is an integer,i>=1} is not regular

b)Construct an NFA equivalent to the regular expression 10+(0+11)0*1

n2/n
8. a) Show that the set L={O is an integer,n>=1} is not regular.
b)Construct an NFA equivalent to the following regular expression
*
((10)+(0+1) 01. (10) 9.a)Prove that if L=L(A) for some DFA A,then
there is a regular expression R such that L=L(R).
p
b) Show that the language {0 ,p is prime} is not regular.

10.Find whether the following languages are regular or not.

R
(i) L={w ε{a,b}|w=w }.
n m n+m
(ii) L={0 1 2 ,n,m>=1}
k 2
(iii) L={1 |k=n ,n>=1} . (4)
(iv) L1/L2={x | for some y εL2,xy εL1},where L1 and L2 are any two
languages and L1/L2 is the quotient of L1 and L2.
2
11.a) Find the regular expression for the set of all strings denoted by R 13 from the
deterministic finite automata given below:

b)Verify whether the finite automata M1 and M2 given below are equivalent
over {a,b}.

12.a)Construct transition diagram of a finite automaton corresponding to the

* *
regular expression (ab+c ) b.

13.a)Find the regular expression corresponding to the finite automaton given

below.
 2
b)Find the regular expression for the set of all strings denoted by R 23 from the
deterministic finite automata given below.

k 2
14.a) Find whether the languages {ww,w is in (1+0)*} and {1 | k=n , n>=1} are
regular or not.

b) Show that the regular languages are closed under intersectionand reversal.

UNIT-III CONTEXT FREE GRAMMARS AND LANGUAGES

PART-A

1. Define CFG.2.Find L(G)where G=({S},{0,1},{S->0S1,S->ε},S).

2. Define derivation tree for a CFG(or)Define parse tree.
n n
3. Construct the CFG for generating the language L={a b /n>=1}.
4. Let G be the grammar S->aB/bA,A->a/aS/bAA,B->b/bS/aBB.for the string
aaabbabbba find the left most derivation.
5. Let G be the grammar S->aB/bA,A->a/aS/bAA,B->b/bS/aBB.obtain parse tree
for the string aaabbabbba.
6. For the grammar S->aCa,C->aCa/b.Find L(G).
7. Show that id+id*id can be generated by two distinct leftmost derivation in the
grammar E->E+E | E*E | (E) | id .
8. For the grammar S->A1B,A->0A | ε, B-> 0B | 1B| ε,give leftmost and
rightmost derivations for the string 00101.
9. Find the language generated by the CFG G=({S},{0,1},{S->0/1/ ε,
S->0S0/1S1},S).
10 obtain the derivation tree for the grammar G=({S,A},{a,b},P,S) where P
consist of S->aAS / a, A->SbA / SS / ba.
11 Consider the alphabet ∑={a,b,(,),+,*, ., ε} .Construct the context free grammar
that generates all strings in ∑* that are regular expression over the alphabet
{a,b}.
m n p
12 Write the CFG to generate the set {a b c | m + n=p and p>=1}.
13 Construct a derivation tree for the string 0011000 using the grammar
S->A0S |0 | SS , A-> S1A | 10.
14 Give an example for a context free grammar.
15 Let the production of the grammar be S-> 0B | 1A, A-> 0 | 0S | 1AA,
B-> 1|1S | 0BB.for the string 0110 find the right most derivation.
16 What is the disadvantages of unambiguous parse tree. Give an example.
17 Give an example of PDA.
18. Define the acceptance of a PDA by empty stack. Is it true that the language
accepted by a PDA by empty stack or by that of final state are different
languages.
20 What is additional featurePDA has when compared with NFA? Is PDA
superior over NFA in the sense of language acceptance? Justify your answer.
21. Explain what actions take place in the PDA by the transitions (moves)
δ(q,a,Z)={(p1,γ1),(p2, γ2),…..(pm, γm)} and δ(q, ε,Z)= {(p1,γ1),(p2,
γ2),…..(pm,γm)}.
22. What are the different ways in which a PDA accepts the language? Define
them. Is a true that non deterministic PDA is more powerful than that of deterministic
PDA? Justify your answer.
23. Explain acceptance of PDA with empty stack.
24. Is it true that deterministic push down automata and non deterministic push
down automata are equivalent in the sense of language of acceptances? Justify
your answer.
25. Define instantaneous description of a PDA.
26. Give the formal definition of a PDA.
27. Define the languages generated by a PDA using final state of the PDA and
empty stack of that PDA.
28. Define the language generated by a PDA using the two methods of accepting a
language.
29. Define the language recognized by the PDA using empty stack.

PART-B

1. a) Let G be a CFG and let a=>w in G. Then show that there is a leftmost

derivation of w.

b) Let G=(V,T,P,S) be a Context free Grammar then prove that if S=> αthen there
is a

derivation tree in G with yield α.

2. Let G be a grammar s->OB/1A, A->O/OS/1AA, B->1/1S/OBB. For the string

00110101 find its leftmost derivation and derivation tree.
3) a) If G is the grammar S->Sbs/a, Show that G is ambiguous.

b) Give a detailed description of ambiguity in Context free grammar

4. a) Show that E->E+E/E*E/(E)/id is ambiguous. (6) b)Construct a Context free

grammar G which accepts N(M), where M=({q0,
q1},{a,b},{z0,z},δ,q0,z0,Φ) and where δis given by

δ(q0,b,z0)={(q0,zz0)}

δ(q0, ε,z0)={(q0, ε)}

 δ(q0,b,z)={(q0,zz)}

δ(q0,a,z)={(q1,z)}

δ(q1,b,z)={(q1, ε)}

δ(q1,a,z0)={(q0,z0)}

5. a)If L is Context free language then prove that there exists PDA M such that
L=N(M).

b)Explain different types of acceptance of a PDA.Are they equivalent in sense

of language acceptance? Justify your answer.
n m n
6. Construct a PDA accepting {a b a /m,n>=1} by empty stack. Also construct
the corresponding context-free grammar accepting the same set.
7. Prove that L is L(M2 ) for some PDA M2 if and only if L is N(M1) for some
PDA M1.

8.Construct a equivalent PDA for the grammar G1 where G1 =({S,A,B},{a,b},{S-

>bA/aB,A->bAA/aS/a, B->aBB/bS/b},S)

b)Find the left most and right most derivation corresponding to the tree.

9. a) Find the language generated by a grammar

G=({S},{a,b},{S->aSb, S->ab},S) (4)

b) Given G=({S,A},{a,b},P,S) where P={S->AaS|S|SS,A->SbA|ba}

S-Start symbol. Find the left most and right most derivation of the string
w=aabbaaa. Also construct the derivation tree for the string w.
c) Define a PDA. Give an Example for a language accepted byPDA by empty stack.
10. G denotes the context-free grammar defined by the
following rules. ` S->ASB/ab/SS A->aA/A ,B->bB/A
(i)Give a left most derivation of aaabb in G. Draw the associated parse tree.
(ii)Give a right most derivation of aaabb in G. Draw the associated
parse tree.
(iii) Show that G is ambiguous. Explain with steps.
(iv) Construct an unambiguous grammar equivalent to G. Explain.

11 a) Construct the grammar for the following PDA.

M=({q0, q1},{0,1},{X,z0},δ,q0,Z0,Φ) and where δis given by

δ(q0,0,z0)={(q0,XZ0)}, δ(q0,0,X)={(q0,XX)},δ(q0,1,X)={(q1, ε)},

δ(q1,1,X)={(q1, ε)},δ(q1, ε,X)={(q1, ε)}, δ(q1, ε, Z0 )={(q1, ε)}. (12)

b) Prove that if L is N(M1) for some PDA M1 then L is L(M2 ) for somePDA
M2.

12.a) Construct a PDA that recognizes the language

i j k
{a b c | i,j,k>0 and i=j or i=k}.

b) Discuss about PDA acceptance

(1) From empty Stack to final state.

(2) From Final state to Empty Stack.

UNIT-IV PROPERTIES OF CONTEXTFREE LANGUAGES

PART-A

1 Define multitape Turing Machine.

2 Explain the Basic Turing Machine model and explain in one move.What are the
actions take place in TM?
3 Explain how a Turing Machine can be regarded as a computing device to
compute integer functions.
4 Describe the non deterministic Turing Machine model. Is it true the non
deterministic Turing Machine model’s are more powerful than the basic Turing
Machines? (In the sense of language Acceptance).
5 Explain the multi tape Turing Machine mode. Is it more power than the basic
turing machine? Justify your answer.
n n n
6 Using Pumping lemma Show that the language L={ a b c |n>=1} is not a
CFL.
7 What is meant by a Turing Machine with two way infinite tape.
8 Define instantaneous description of a Turing Machine.
9 What is the class of language for which the TM has both accepting and
rejecting configuration? Can this be called a Context free Language?
 10.The binary equivalent of a positive integer is stored in a tape. Write the
necessary transition to multiply that integer by 2.

1 What is the role of checking off symbols in a Turing Machine?

2 State Pumping lemma for Context free language.
3 Define a Turing Machine.
4 Mention any two problems which can only be solved by TM.
5 State Pumping lemma and its advantages.
6 What are useless symbols in a grammar.

PART-B

1.a)Find a PDA equivalent to S->aAD;A->aB/bAB; B->b, D->d. (6)

n n 2
2.a)Show that the language {0 1 2 /n>=1} is not a Context free language. (6)

b)Convert the grammar S->AB, A->BS/b, B->SA/a into Greibach NormalForm. (10)

3.a)Construct a equivalent PDA for the grammar G1 where G1

=({S,A,B},{a,b},{S->bA/aB,A->bAA/aS/a, B->aBB/bS/b},S) (12)

b)Obtain the PDA equivalent to the grammarS->bA/aB, A->bAA/aS/a, B-

>aBB/bS/b. (4)

5.a)Let G be the grammar S->aS/aSbS/ ε. Prove that L(G)={x/each prefix of x has

atleast as many a's as b's} (6)

b)Explain the Construction of an equivalent PDA for thegrammar

G=({S,A,B}{a,b},P,S)

where P={S->bA|aB, A->bAA|aS|a, B->aBB|bS|b} (10)

7.Convert the following CFG to PDA S->ASA|aB A->B|S B->b| ε(12)

n n n
8.a)Is L={a b c /n>=1} a context free language? Justify Your answer. (8)

9.State and Prove pumping lemma for Context free languages. (16)
n n
10.a)State Pumping Lemma for context free language. Show that (0 1
n
2 /n>=1} is not a Context free language. (6)
i j i j
b)State Pumping lemma for context free language σshow that language {a b c d /i>=1,
and j>=1} is not context-free. (6)

11.a)Design a Turing Machine M to implement the function “multiplication” using

the subroutine ‘copy’. (12)
b)Explain how a Turing Machine with the multiple tracks of the tape can be used to
determine the given number is prime or not. (4)
12.a)Design a Turing Machine to compute f(m+n)=m+n, V m,n>=0 and simulate their
action on the input 0100. (10)

b)Describe the following Turing machine and their working. Are they more
powerful than the Basic Turing Machine? Multi-tape Turing Machine Multi-
Dimensional Turing Machine
(3) Non-Deterministic Turing Machine. (6)

13.a) Define Turing machine for computing f(m,n)=m-n ( proper subtraction).

(10)

b)Explain how the multiple tracks in a Turing Machine can be used for testing given
positive integer is a prime or not. (6)

14.a)Explain in detail:” The Turing Machine as a Computer of integer functions”. (8)

n n
b)Design a Turing Machine to accept the language L={0 1 /n>=1} (8)

15.a)What is the role of checking off symbols in a Turing Machine? (4)

b)Construct a Turing Machine that recognizes the language
{wcw/w in {a+b}+ } (12)

16.Prove that the language L is recognized by a Turing Machine with a two way
infinite tape if and only if it is recognized by a Turing Machine with a one way
infinite tape. (16)

17.For each of the following Context free languages L, find the smallest pumping
length that will satisfy the statement of the Context free pumping lemma. In each
case, Your answer should include a number(the minimum pumping length), a
detailed explanation of why that the number is indeed a valid pumping length for
the given language L, and a detailed explanation of why no smaller number
qualifies as a valid pumping length for that particular language L.
n n
(i) L={a b |n>=0} (6)
(ii) L={w in {a,b}*|w has the same number of a’s and b’s} (6) (iii)L={w in
{a,b}*| w has twice as many a’s as b’s.} (4)
k n
18.Design a Turing Machine M that decides A={0 /n>0 and k=2 } the language
consisting of all strings of 0’s whose length is a power of 2. (16)
19.a)Give a High level implementation description with a neat sketch of a Turing
Machine M that performs the following computation.M=on input w: writes a
copy of w on the tape immediately after w,leaving the string w#w on the
tape.Assume that the input string initially appears at the left most end of the tape
and that the input alphabet does not contain the blank character’ : The end of the
input string is therefore determined by the location of the first blank cell on the
input tape. The symbol # is assumed to be in the tape alphabet,and the input
alphabet is {a,b}.
(12)

b)Demonstrate the working of your TM with an example. (4)

 n n n
20.a)Show that the language{0 1 2 /n>=1}is not context free.
(8)
b)Show that the context free languages are closed under union operation but not
under intersection. (8)

UNIT-V UNDECIDABILITY

PART-A

1 When a recursively enumerable language is said to be recursive.

2 Is it true that the language accepted by a non deterministic Turing Machine is
different from recursively enumerable language?
3 When we say a problem is decidable? Give an example of undecidable
problem?
4 Give two properties of recursively enumerable sets which are undecidable.
5 Is it true that complement of a recursive language is recursive? Justify your
answer.
6 When a language is said to be recursive or recursively enumerable?
7 When a language is said to be recursive? Is it true that every regular set is not
recursive?
8 When a problem is said to be decidable or undecidable? Give an example of an
undecidable.
9 What do you mean by universal Turing Machine?

10.When a problem is said to be undecidable? Give an example of an

decidable problem.

11.Show that the union of recursive language is recursive.

12.Show that the union of two recursively enumerable languages is recursively
enumerable.

13.What is undecidability problem?

14.Show that the following problem is undecidable.“Given two CFG’s G1 and G2, is
L(G1)∩L(G2)=Φ?”.

15.Define Ld.

16.Define recursively enumerable language.

17.Give an example for a non recursively enumerable language.

1 Differentiate between recursive and recursively enumerable languages.

2 Mention any two undecidability properties for recursively enumerable
language.

21.Define Diagonal languages.

22.Give an example for an undecidable problem.

PART-B
1.a)Show that union of recursive languages is recursive.
(4)
b)Define the language Ld and show that Ld is not recursively enumerable language. (8)

c)Explain the Halting problem. Is it decidable or undecidable problem

(4)

2.Define Universal language Lu.Show that Lu is recursively enumerable but

not recursive.
3.a)Obtain the code for the TM
M=({q1,q2,q3},{0,1},{0,1,B}, δ,q1,B,{q2}) With the
moves δ(q1,1)=(q3,0,R) δ(q3,0)=(q1,1,R) δ(q3,1)=(q2,0,R)
δ(q3,B)=(q3,1,L) δ(q3,B)=(q3,1,L)

b)Show that Ln is recursively enumerable.

4.a)Define Ld and show that Ld is not recursively enumerable.

(12)

b)Whether the problem of determining given recursively enumerable language is

empty or not? Is decidable? Justify your answer.
(4) 5.Define the language Lu. Check whether Lu is recursively enumerable? or
Lu is recursive? Justify your answer. (16) 6.a)Show that the language Ld is neither
recursive nor recursively enumerable. (12) b)Describe how a Turing Machine can be
encoded with 0 and 1 and give an example. (4) 7.a)Show that any non trivial property J
of the recursively enumerable
languages is undecidable. (8) b)Show that if L and L are recursively
enumerable then L and L recursive.
8.Define the universal language and show that it is recursively enumerable

but not recursive. (16)

9.Prove that the universal language Lu is recursively enumerable. (16)
10.State and Prove Rice’s Theorem for recursive index sets. (16)

11.a)Show that the following language is not decidable. L={<M>| M is a TM that

accepts the string aaab}. (8)

b)Discuss the properties of Recursive and Recursive enumerable languages. (8)

12.a)Define Post correspondence problem with an example. (8)

n
b)Prove that the function f(n)=2 does not grow at a polynomial rate, in other words, it
p
does not satisfy f(n)=O(n ) for any finite exponent p.
13.a)Define the language Ld.Show that Ld is neither recursive nor recursively
enumerable. (12)

b)Show that if a language L and its complement L are both recursively enumerable
then L is recursive. (4) 14.a)What are the features of a Universal Turing Machine?
(4)

b)Show that “If a language L and its compliment L are both recursively
enumerable,then both languages are recursive”. (6)

c)Show that halting problem of Turing Machine is undecidable. (6)

3 3
15.a)Does PCP with two lists x=(b,b ab ,ba) and y=(b ,ba , a)have a
solution?. (6) b)Show that the characteristic function of the set of
all even numbers is recursive. (6) c)Let ∑={0,1}.Let A and B be the
lists of three strings each,defined as List A List B

i Wi Xi1 1 1112 10111 10310 0

Does this PCP have a solution? (4)

16.a)Show that it is undecidable for arbitrary CFG’s G1 and G2 whether

L(G1)∩L(G2)Is a CFL. (8)

b)Show that “finding whether the given CFG is ambiguous or not” is undecidable by
reduction technique. (8)

17.Find whether the following languages are recursive or recursively

enumerable.
(i) Union of two recursive languages. (4)
(ii) Union of two recursively enumerable languages. (4)

(iii) L if L and complement of L are recursively enumerable. (4)(iv)Lu (4)

18. Consider the Turing Machine M and w=01, where

M=({q1,q2,q3},{0,1},{0,1,B},δ,q1,B,{q3}) and δis given by
Reduce the above problem to Post’s correspondence Problem and find whether
that PCP has a solution or not. (16)
2 Explain the Post’s Correspondence Problem with an example (16)

3 Find the languages obtained from the following operations:

qi δ(qi, 0) δ(qi, 1) δ(qi, B)

Q1 (q2,1,R) (q2, 0,L) (q2, 1,L)

q2 (q3, 0,L) (q1, 0,R) (q2, 0,R)

q3

(i) Union of two recursive languages. (6)

(ii) Union of two recursively enumerable languages (6)
(iii) L if L and complement of L are recursively enumerable (4)