Kunal Physics Project Transformer

D.A.V.
Kapildev
Public
School
TRANSFORMER
Submitted by :-
Kunal Anand
Class: XII C
Roll no. - 42
Session: 2019 – 20
Board Roll No.

…………………………………………
…CERTIFICATE…
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
‘Transformer’ has been successfully completed by KUNAL
ANAND of Class XII’C’ in the partial fulfillment of
curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) in the year of 2019-2020.
This project is genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism

of any kind.
Internal signature External Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude towards
our Physics teacher MR. PK DAS for his guidance, support
and encouragement throughout the duration of the project
on the topic “Transformers”.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends
who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project. Without their motivation and
help, the successful completion of this project would not
have been possible. I hope you will like this project.
Thanking you !
Kunal Anand
..INDEX..
1) Introduction
2) Principle
3) Construction of Transformer
4) Uses of Transformers
5) Objective
6) Theory & Working
7) Apparatus Required
8) Circuit Diagram
9) Procedure
10) Conclusion
11) Bibliography
INTRODUCTION……
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer
size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-
up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.
PRINCIPLE…
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil that is if a varying current is set-up in a
circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit.
The varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic
flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.
CONSTRUCTION…
The transformer consists of two coils. They are
insulated with each other by insulated material and wound
on a common core. For operation at low frequency, we may
have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining
thin irons trips coated with varnish to insulate them to
reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is
called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.
USES OF TRANSFORMER…
A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-
Rays and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over
long distances.
……………………………………………………...............
OBJECTIVE …
TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION BETWEEN:
i) Output and Input Voltage
ii) Number of turns in secondary coil and primary coil of a
self designed transformer
THEORY AND WORKING

OF A TRANSFORMER …
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is
also linked with the secondary, then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of
the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant,
we have
Ep = -Np dфь/dt ----------- (1) and
Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------- (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2
by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected
so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
In a step down transformer:-

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If , Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t
And, Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power
Or, Ep Ip = Es Is
Or, Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer:-
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current
& a step down transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency :-
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power. i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses,
η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES:-
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss : It is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating
of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss : It is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux : It occurs inspite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss : It is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation : humming noise of a transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
...
 Iron rod
 Copper wire
 Voltmeter
 Ammeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM …
PROCEDURE …
1) Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2) Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It
is a step down transformer.
3) Connect p1 and p2 to AC main and measure the input
voltage and current using AC voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4) Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1 +and s2.
5) Now connect s1 and s2 to AC main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil
of step up transformer.
6) Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary
coil.
CONCLUSION …
1) The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input voltage.
2) There is a loss of power between input and output
coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS …
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage
the AC should remain constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR
…
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating
effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
… BIBLIOGRAPHY…
Websites
www.wikipedia.org
www.allprojectreports.com
www.scribd.com
Researchgate.com
www.researchgate.com
NCERT Chemistry – Class 12

S.L. Arora – Physics Class 12
Teachers and Friends
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D.A.V.

Board Roll No.

This project is genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism

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THEORY AND WORKING

In a step down transformer:-

NCERT Chemistry – Class 12

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