My Monograph

Active and passive voice
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Ministry Of Higher Education
Naseri institute of English language and computer science
Topic: active and passive voice
Name: M.BILAL ARYA
Instructor: Sir Zahidullah Zia
BY: BIAL ARYA Page 1

 Voice....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

 Active voice ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
 Passive voice ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
 Common uses of passive voice or why we use passive voice ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
 Conversion of active voice into passive agent with the structure of passive voice Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Voice ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Active voice............................................................................................................................................... 4
Passive voice ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Uses of Passive .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Changing of Active voice into Passive voice ................................................................................................. 6
Changing passive voice into active voice ...................................................................................................... 8
Conversion of active voice into passive voice ............................................................................................... 8
Kinds of passive ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Imperative passive: ................................................................................................................................. 10
Interrogative passive:.............................................................................................................................. 11
Model passive ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Stative passive......................................................................................................................................... 14
Stative passive verbs are used to describe the following situation .................................................... 14
Location and position.......................................................................................................................... 14
Part whole relation ............................................................................................................................. 14
Connection .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Manner of method .............................................................................................................................. 15
Causative verb......................................................................................................................................... 15
1- Make: Make as a causative means (focus, to compel) and it should be followed by Object +
bare infinitive (infinitive with out to).................................................................................................. 15
2- Have: Have as a causative verb means (cause somebody to do something) and it should be
followed by object + bare infinitive. ................................................................................................... 15

3- Let: Let as a causative verb means ( to permit, to allow) and it should be followed by object +
bare infinitive. ..................................................................................................................................... 15
4- Help: Help as a causative verb means ( to aid, to assist) and it can be followed either by full
infinitive or bare infinitive................................................................................................................... 15
5- Get: Get as a causative verb means (to persuade, to convince) it should always be followed by
object + to + verb ................................................................................................................................ 16
Causative passive .................................................................................................................................... 16

Voice
Voice: in English language voice mean sound
But in English grammar voice is the form of a verb which shows weather the subject does
something or something done to the subject.
Voice is divided in to tow parts
Active voice passive voice
Active voice
Active voice: is a voice in which subject is the doer of an action.

Example: Ahmad eats Mango
Jalal drives the car
He wears the clothes
They watch the TV
Passive voice
Passive voice: is a voice in which subject is the receiver of an action or object is the doer of an
action.
Examples:
Mango is eaten by Ahmad
The car is driven by Jalal
The TV is watched by them
Home written by Nawroz

Uses of Passive
 When we do not know, who does or did the action.
Ex: Israr’s bicycle was stolen.
The pencil had broken.
Computer was filed down.
That shot is hated.
 When the doer of an action in unknown or indefinite pronoun, passive is used.
Ex: someone stole my pocket last night.
My pocket was stolen last night.
Someone killed him.
He was killed.
They were arrested.
We are worried.
 When the object is more important than the subject, using passive voice is preferred.
Ex: Mati will be finish the home work
The home work will be finished by Mati.
Jalal drives the car.
The car is driven by Jalal.
We play cricket.
The cricket is played by us.

 When the doer of an action represent a large group of different things.
Ex: much rice grown in Afghanistan
(a) Rice is grown in India. Usually the passive is used without a by-phrase.
(b) Our house was built in 1918. The passive is most frequently used when it is not
(c) This olive oil was imported from Crete. known or not important to know exactly who
perform an action.
In (a): rice is grown in India by people, by farmers,

by someone. It is not known or important to
know exactly who grows rise in India.
Example (a), (b) and (c) illustrate the most

common use of the passive.
(d) My aunt made this rug. (active) If the speaker knows who perform an action,
usually the active is used as in (d).
(e) This rug was made by my aunt. Sometimes, even when the speaker knows
That rug was made by my mother. who performs an action, he/she chooses to
(f) Life on the Mississippi was written by use the passive with the by-phrase in order
Mark Twain. to focus attention of the subjects of a
sentence.
In (e): the focus of attention is on tow rugs.

In (f): the focus is on the book, but the by-
phrase is including because it contains
important information.
Changing of Active voice into Passive voice

1. When we change active voice into passive voice the object of an active sentence
becomes the subject of the passive.
Ex: Ali watches the TV
The TV is watched by Ali.
Aria hit that shot.
That shot hated by Aria.

2. We normally use one form of the auxiliary “be” – be, am, are, is, was, were, have/has
been, had been being, will be – followed by past participle.
(Be+ p. participle)
Example: Arabia is studied by teacher Ajmal.
The doors were made by carpenter.
Our class is thought by teacher Zahidullah Zia.
3. The subject of an active sentence becomes part of “by phrase” in the passive sentence.
Ex: teacher Ajmal studies Arabia (Active)
Arabia is studied by teacher Ajmal (passive)
Lila cooked the cookies. (Active)
The cookies were cooked by Lila. (Passive)
Noman is performing the home work. (Active)
The home work is being performed by Noman. (Passive)
4. The object pronoun of the active sentence gets to subject pronoun in the passive
sentence.
Ex: Jawad saw me (Active)
I was seen by Jawad (Passive)
My father switch on the bulb. (Active)
The bulb was switched on by my father. (Passive)
Fared is selling the car. (Active)
The car is being sold by Fared. (Passive)

Changing passive voice into active voice

 The object of passive sentence becomes the subject of an active sentence.
Ex: a letter is written by Jamal (passive)
Jamal writes a letter (active)
Arabia is studied by teacher Ajmal (passive)
Teacher Ajmal studies Arabia (Active)
The cookies were cooked by Lila. (Passive)
Lila cooked the cookies. (Active)
 The subject pronoun of the passive sentence becomes the object pronoun of the active
pronoun.
Ex: Ali was seen by him (passive)
He saw Ali (active)
The job is completed by Rahmat. (Passive)
Rahmat complete the job. (Active)
The shoes were sold by me. (Passive)
I sold the shoes. (Active)
Conversion of active voice into passive voice
No Active voice Passive voice

Tense, structure and examples Structure and examples
1 simple present tens To be verbs(is, am, are)+ past participle
sub+ verb+ s/as/user/S The TV is watched by him

He watches the TV.
2 Present continuous tense Sub+ (is, am, are) + being + past participle.
Sub+ to be+ verb+ ing+R/S The car is being washed by him than
He is washing the car now
3 Simple past tense Sub+ (was/were) + past participle
Sub + v2nd+R/S Cricket was played by Jamal
Jamal played cricket.
4 Past continuous tense Sub+(was/were) +being+ past participle
Sub + was/were + verb +ing+ R/S The motor bike was being fixed by her
She was fixing the motor bike
5 Present perfect tense Sub+ Have/has+ been+ being+ past participle
Sub+ have + verb3rd+R/S. The home has been being done by them.
They have done the home work.
6 Present perfect continuous tense Sub+ Have/has+ been+ being+ past participle
Subject+ have /has+ been+ verb+ The football has been being played by Naveed.
ing+ R/S.
Naveed has been playing the
football.
7 Past perfect tense Sub+ Had+ been+ past participle
Sub+ had+ verb3rd+R/S The catch had been droved by him
He had droved the catch
8 Past perfect continuous tense Sub+Had+ been+ being+ past participle
Sub+ had+ been+ verb+ ing+R/S The English book had been being studied by
They had been studying the English them.
book.
9 Simple future tense Sub+ Will/be going to+ be+ past participle
Sub+ will/be going to+ verb1+ R/S The pray will be performed by her
She will perform the pray
10 Future continuous tense Sub+ Will/be going to + be + past participle
Sub+ will/be going to+ be+ verb+ The cloth will be washed by her
ing+ R/S
She will be washing the cloth next
Monday
11 Future perfect tense Sub+ Will/be going to+ have+ been+ past
Sub+ will/be going to+ have+ participle
verb3rd+R/S. She will have been helped by Jamal
Jamal will have helped her.
12 Future perfect continuous tense Sub+ Will/be going to+ have+ been+ being+ past
Sub+ will/be going to+ have+ been+ participle
verb+ ing+ R/S.
She will have been eating our pizza Our pizza will have been being eaten by her

Note: present perfect continuous tense, past perfect continuous tense, future perfect
continuous tens and future continuous tense are changed in to passive voice as above
structures, but grammatically they are not common or they are rarely used in passive voice.
Kinds of passive
 Imperative passive
 Interrogative passive
 Model passive
 Stative passive
 Causative passive
Imperative passive:
If we face with an imperative passive so we use form verb let.
Examples:
Close the door.
Let the door be closed.
Bring the pen.
Let the pen be brought.
Tell him the matter.
Let him be told the matter.
Don’t punish him
Let him be not punished.
Please perform the home work.
Let the home work be performed.

Some time we use let’s in suggestion so when we want to change let’s in passive voice should
or must are used with be+ past participle.
Ex:
Let’s play the cricket
The cricket should be played.
The cricket must be played.
Interrogative passive:
This is also a kind of passive is used for asking question about person or thing. In interrogative
passive we use from question words such as: who, whom, what, when, where, whose, how,
and why.
If the active sentence is began with who: the who is changed by whom then place the to be
verb according the active tense.
Examples:
Who toke the pen?
By whom the pen was token?
Who does the work?
By whom the work is done?
Do you do homework?
Is the homework done by you?
Did you fix the car?
Was the car fixed by you?
If the active question start with whom, whom is changed in to who in passive voice.
Ex:
Whom did you see?
Who was seen?

Whom sale the phone?
Who was sold the phone?
Who perform the action?
By whom the action performed?
If the active sentences start with what, what does not change its form.
Ex: what have you bought?
What has been bought?
What is your favorite thing?
What was his favorite thing?
What did you do?
What was he done?
If the active question start with the words such as: when, where, why, whose, and who their
form are not changeable in passive form.
Note: if we have interrogative with do, does, in present tense we change them in to passive by
using is, am, are to interrogative passive form.
If we have did in interrogative passive sentence we should change it to was and were.
Examples:
Did you complete your work?
Was your work completed?

Model passive
Active passive
Ahmad will write a letter a letter will be written by Ahmad
Arman will buy the car the car will be bought by Arman
He can teach her she can be taught by him
Lila can washes the dishes the dishes can be washed by Lila
Ali should help Naveen Naveen should be helped by Ali
Akbar should play cricket cricket should be played by Akbar
They must built mosque mosque must be built by them
Hamid must learn the lessons the lessons must be learned by Hamid
Jalal may write the home work the home work may be written by Jalal
Kamal may fix the car the car may be fixed by Kamal
Naveen might shopping the shampoo the shampoo might be shopped by Naveen
He might help her she might be helped by him

Stative passive
When the past participle form of the verb is used as an adjective which shows state not an
action it is called Stative passive.
Stative passive express existing state rather than an action.
Stative passive verbs are used to describe the following situation
Location and position

Afghanistan is located in the heart of Asia
Naseri curse is located in Afghanistan Kabul Jalalabad.
Jamal homes are located in Kabul.
Ghazali public school located in dosaraka
Part whole relation

Korea is divided in to two parts
Connection
Afghanistan and Pakistan are joined by Torkham get
Pamir and Soleman mountains joined in Badakhshan province
Purpose
Phone is used to talk with each other
Radio is used to here news
Face book is used to watch news

Manner of method
Temperature is measured in degree.
Note: the Stative passive do not have active forms.
Causative verb
A causative verb is used to express the idea that the subject causes the object to do something,
there are a lots of causative verbs in English language, but we focus on five common ones
which are used in daily conversion and writing.
1- Make: Make as a causative means (focus, to compel) and it should be followed by

Object + bare infinitive (infinitive with out to).
Ex: Ali was really lazy, so his teacher made him study.
2- Have: Have as a causative verb means (cause somebody to do something) and it

should be followed by object + bare infinitive.
Ex: I have my father buy me a car.
3- Let: Let as a causative verb means (to permit, to allow) and it should be followed by
object + bare infinitive.
Ex: Ahmad’s father let him join the party
4- Help: Help as a causative verb means (to aid, to assist) and it can be followed either by
full infinitive or bare infinitive.
Ex: I helped that blind old woman (to) cross the street.

5- Get: Get as a causative verb means (to persuade, to convince) it should always be
followed by object + to + verb
Ex: I get the mechanic to fix my car.
Causative passive
In changing causative passive the object of an active sentence becomes the subject of
causative passive.
Ex: I make him go out.
He made to go out.
Exception:
The spaghetti tastes is delicious.
The spaghetti is delicious when it is tasted.
Note: the verbs (taste, smell and feel) are changed to passive voice the same as above.

Note:
We have two kinds of verbs.
1> Transitive verbs:

Transitive verbs are those verbs which are followed by object or they can take object
directly and they can be change into passive voice.
Examples: I study English
The English is studied by me
Hamid Arman eats ice cream
The ice cream is eaten by Hamid Arman
Jalal drives the car
The care is driven by Jalal
Kinds of Transitive verbs:
 Mono Transitive verbs

 Di Transitive verbs
 Complex transitive verbs
 Pseudo transitive verbs

 Mono transitive verbs: are those verbs which can take one object and can be change
in to passive.
 Di transitive verbs: are those verbs which are take more than one object and can be
change in to passive.
 Complex transitive vebs: are thos verbs which are take one object and one or more
complent and can be change in to passive.
Example:
the teacher announced Ali as one of the most intelligent student and good person.
Ali was announced as one of the most inteligent student and good person by the
teacher.
 Pseudo transitive verbs: are those verbs which are take objects but can not be
change in to passive voice.
1> Intransitive verbs:
Intransitive verbs are those verbs which are not follwed by object or can not take object
directly.
Examples: Ali is going to school
Incorrect: to school is being gone by Ali
We study in school
Incorrect: in school studied by us
The above examples are incorrect because the verbs are followed by preposition,
adverb or other things.
If in active sentences verb followed by PATAP we can`t change them in to passive voice.
PATAP stand for:

P: preposition
A: adjective
T: time expression
A: adverb
P: place expression

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Active and passive voice

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Ministry Of Higher Education

Naseri institute of English language and computer science

Topic: active and passive voice

Name: M.BILAL ARYA

Instructor: Sir Zahidullah Zia

BY: BIAL ARYA Page 1

 Voice....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

BY: BIAL ARYA Page 2

BY: BIAL ARYA Page 3

Voice is divided in to tow parts

Active voice passive voice

Active voice: is a voice in which subject is the doer of an action.

Jalal drives the car

He wears the clothes

They watch the TV

Mango is eaten by Ahmad

The car is driven by Jalal

The TV is watched by them

Home written by Nawroz

BY: BIAL ARYA Page 4

Ex: Israr’s bicycle was stolen.

The pencil had broken.

Computer was filed down.

That shot is hated.

 When the doer of an action in unknown or indefinite pronoun, passive is used.

Ex: someone stole my pocket last night.

My pocket was stolen last night.

Someone killed him.

They were arrested.

Ex: Mati will be finish the home work

The home work will be finished by Mati.

Jalal drives the car.

The car is driven by Jalal.

The cricket is played by us.

BY: BIAL ARYA Page 5

Ex: much rice grown in Afghanistan

In (a): rice is grown in India by people, by farmers,

Example (a), (b) and (c) illustrate the most

In (e): the focus of attention is on tow rugs.

Changing of Active voice into Passive voice

Ex: Ali watches the TV

The TV is watched by Ali.

Aria hit that shot.

That shot hated by Aria.

BY: BIAL ARYA Page 6

Example: Arabia is studied by teacher Ajmal.

The doors were made by carpenter.

Our class is thought by teacher Zahidullah Zia.

Ex: teacher Ajmal studies Arabia (Active)

Arabia is studied by teacher Ajmal (passive)

Lila cooked the cookies. (Active)

The cookies were cooked by Lila. (Passive)

Noman is performing the home work. (Active)

The home work is being performed by Noman. (Passive)

Ex: Jawad saw me (Active)

I was seen by Jawad (Passive)

My father switch on the bulb. (Active)