Survey of Constructive Art (London: Faber and Faber, 1937), 263 - 270
Survey of Constructive Art (London: Faber and Faber, 1937), 263 - 270
Survey of Constructive Art (London: Faber and Faber, 1937), 263 - 270
Mumford
The
Death
of
the
Monument
(1937)
Word
count:
2,564
words
Source:
Lewis
Mumford,
“The
Death
of
the
Monument,”
in
Circle:
International
Survey
of
Constructive
Art
(London:
Faber
and
Faber,
1937),
263-‐270.
The
human
impulse
to
create
everlasting
monuments
springs
perhaps
out
of
the
desire
for
the
living
to
perpetuate
themselves.
To
achieve
this
in
terms
of
biology
only
one
means
is
possible:
organic
reproduction,
and
all
the
classic
civilizations,
above
all
the
most
enduring
of
these,
that
of
the
Chinese,
have
regarded
the
begetting
of
children
as
a
sacred
duty
as
well
as
a
blessing.
Renewal
through
reproduction
is
one
means
of
ensuring
continuity:
but
there
is
still
another,
springing
not
out
of
life
but
out
of
death:
to
wall
out
life
and
to
exclude
the
action
of
time
by
carving
monuments
in
durable
materials:
the
primitive
burial
mounds,
the
big
stones
of
the
Salisbury
plains
and
of
Brittany,
the
pyramids
and
sphinxes
of
Egypt,
the
ironic
gestures
of
Sargon
and
Ozymandias
and
the
Pharaohs,
of
Louis
XIV
and
Peter
the
Great.
Ordinary
men
must
be
content
to
fix
their
image
in
their
children:
retrospectively
they
may
seek
to
ensure
immortality
by
imposing
the
cult
of
the
ancestor.
But
the
rich
and
the
powerful
do
not
have
trust
in
the
powers
of
renewal:
they
seek
a
more
static
immortality:
they
write
their
boasts
upon
tombstones,
they
incorporate
their
deeds
as
well
as
their
astronomical
lore
in
obelisks:
they
place
their
hopes
of
remembrance
upon
stone
joined
to
stone,
dedicated
to
their
subjects
and
heirs
forever:
forgetful
of
the
fact
that
stones
which
are
deserted
by
life
are
even
more
helpless
than
life
that
is
unprotected
by
stones.
In
general,
one
may
say
that
the
classic
civilizations
of
the
world,
up
to
our
own,
have
been
oriented
toward
death
and
toward
fixity:
a
Heraclitus
might
observe
that
all
things
flow,
a
Lucretius
might
see
that
man
is
a
part
of
eternally
changing
cycle
of
nature:
but
the
aim
of
the
civilization
was
permanence
and
fixity:
the
dead
hand
felt
frustrated
unless
it
could
keep
within
its
rigid
grasp
the
fate
of
the
living.
Men
die;
the
building
goes
on:
the
burial
ground
encroaches
upon
the
city,
and
the
city,
with
its
dead
buildings,
its
lifeless
masses
of
stone,
becomes
a
burial
ground.
So
long
as
men
are
oriented
toward
death,
the
monument
has
a
meaning:
no
sacrifice
is
too
great
to
produce
it.
Just
as
a
poor
religious
family
today
will
spend
half
a
year's
income
to
celebrate
fitly
the
death
of
one
of
its
members,
money
that
it
would
find
it
impossible
to
spare
to
make
possible
the
birth
or
education
of
a
child,
so
the
civilizations
of
the
past
sacrificed
their
life
and
their
income
and
their
vital
energy
to
the
monument.
The
pastoral
nomad
alone
spared
himself
that
sacrifice,
until
he
copied
the
ways
of
men
in
cities:
he
travelled
light.
Civilization
today,
for
different
reasons,
must
follow
the
example
of
the
nomad.
For
the
most
radical
change
in
our
modern
cosmos
has
come
about
through
our
changed
conception
of
death
and
immortality:
for
us,
death
is
an
episode
in
life's
renewal,
the
terminus
of
a
radical
maladaptation:
continuity
for
us
exists,
not
in
the
individual
soul,
but
in
the
1
germ
plasm
and
in
the
social
heritage,
through
which
we
are
united
to
all
mankind
and
all
nature:
renewal
comes
in
the
sacrifice
of
the
parent
to
the
child,
in
the
having
lived
to
the
living
and
the
yet-‐to-‐live.
Instead
of
being
oriented
toward
death
and
fixity,
we
are
oriented
toward
life
and
change:
every
stone
has
become
ironic
to
us
for
we
know
that
it,
too,
is
in
process
of
change,
like
the
'everlasting'
mountains:
time
is
a
bomb
that
will
split
the
most
august
temple
open,
if
the
wanton
savagery
of
men's
swifter
bombs
does
not
anticipate
time.
The
patterns
and
forms
of
past
ages
die
slowly:
the
idea
of
survival
has
persisted
despite
the
challenge
of
our
modern
world
pictures:
but
the
notion
of
material
survival
by
means
of
the
monument
no
longer
represents
the
deeper
impulses
of
our
civilization.
Indeed,
one
has
only
to
behold
the
monuments
that
have
been
built
during
the
last
century
to
observe
how
hollow
the
notion
is.
These
Valhallas
and
Lincoln
Memorials,
these
Victor
Emanuel
Monuments
and
Vimy
Ridge
Memorials,
these
'Eternal
Lights'
which
go
out
when
the
electric
power
station
breaks
down
or
the
bulbs
blowout—how
many
buildings
that
pretend
to
the
august
and
the
monumental
have
a
touch
of
the
modern
spirit
in
them:
they
are
all
the
hollow
echoes
of
an
expiring
breath,
rattling
ironically
in
the
busy
streets
of
our
cities:
heaps
of
stone
which
either
confound
the
work
of
the
living,
like
the
grand
but
over-‐crowded
and
confused
Public
Library
in
New
York,
or
which
are
completely
irrelevant
to
the
living.
The
very
notion
of
a
modern
monument
is
a
contradiction
in
terms:
if
it
is
a
monument,
it
cannot
be
modern,
and
if
it
is
modern,
it
cannot
be
a
monument.
This
is
not
to
say
that
a
hospital
or
a
power
station
or
an
air
beacon
may
not
be
treated
as
a
memorial
to
a
person
or
an
event:
nor
is
it
to
deny
that
a
contemporary
building
might
easily
last
two
hundred
years,
or
even
two
thousand
years:
that
is
not
the
point.
What
will
make
the
hospital
or
air
beacon
a
good
memorial
is
the
fact
that
it
has
been
designed
for
the
succour
of
those
who
are
ill,
or
for
the
guidance
of
men
piloting
airplanes:
not
that
it
has
taken
form
out
of
a
metaphysical
belief
in
fixity
and
immortality
and
in
the
positive
celebration
of
death.
Here
one
must
note
a
vast
change
in
ideology:
a
real
split.
In
most
civilizations
the
activities
of
the
living
are
not
real
unless
they
can
be
transposed
into
terms
of
death:
in
our
civilization
death
is
meaningless
unless
it
can
be
transposed
into
terms
of
the
living.
In
Christian
culture
life
was
a
preparation
for
death,
that
is,
for
after
life:
in
our
emerging
civilization,
death
is
a
making
way
for
life,
and
all
the
fixed
and
memorial
processes,
the
written
record,
the
painting,
the
sculptured
stone,
the
photograph,
the
recorded
voice,
are
offerings
to
the
living—to
be
accepted,
not
out
of
a
duty
to
the
dead,
but
out
of
a
loyalty
to
other
remoter
generations
capable
of
deriving
life
from
them,
even
if
closer
ones
cannot.
The
death
of
the
monument
has
been
intuitively
forecast
by
more
than
one
spirit
during
the
last
century;
for
the
fact
is
that
it
has
implications
that
go
beyond
the
conception
of
individual
tombs,
memorials,
or
public
buildings:
it
affects
the
character
of
our
civilization
and
the
design
of
the
city
as
a
whole.
Why
should
each
generation
go
on
living
in
the
quarters
that
were
built
by
its
ancestors,
in
quarters
many
of
which
are
stale
and
dirty,
most
of
them
planned
for
other
uses
and
other
modes
of
life,
a
good
part
of
them
mere
makeshifts
even
for
the
purposes
for
which
they
were
originally
intended?
It
was
Nathaniel
Hawthorne
who
asked
this
2
question:
he
put
it
into
the
mouth
of
the
young
photographer
in
the
House
of
the
Seven
Gables
and
repeated
it
elsewhere;
and
it
is
only
now
perhaps
that
one
can
see
its
full
significance.
Our
cities,
planned
as
monuments,
made
of
permanent
materials,
with
heavy
capital
investments,
duly
incorporated
under
capitalism
in
the
existing
mortgages
and
land
values,
are
incapable
of
adjustment
to
fresh
needs
and
fresh
demands;
and
what
is
true
for
the
city
as
a
whole
is
true
likewise
of
its
individual
houses.
We
have
created
for
the
community
as
a
whole
physical
shells,
when
what
we
need
is
not
so
much
shells
as
organic
bodies
capable
of
circulation
and
renewal
in
every
part
of
their
tissues.
The
protective
function
of
the
city,
tendencies
toward
fixities
and
permanence
of
function,
have
been
overdone:
for
a
living
creature
the
only
real
protection
and
permanence
comes
through
growth
and
renewal
and
reproduction:
processes
which
are
precisely
the
opposite
of
petrifaction.
Mr
Clarence
Stein
has
explained
the
rich
architectural
tradition
of
the
Balinese
as
due
in
part
to
the
fact
that
they
use
an
exceedingly
impermanent
volcanic
stone
which
lasts
only
about
fifteen
years:
hence
they
have
to
renew
their
buildings
frequently
and
recarve
the
stone,
and
this
continued
demand
for
art
keeps
alive
and
active
a
tradition
in
the
building
and
the
decorative
arts.
The
glass
and
the
synthetic
materials
used
in
our
modern
buildings
are
valid
symbols
of
this
new
attitude
toward
life:
the
avoidance
of
encrustation,
the
creation
of
an
environment
that
shall
be
a
product
of
the
living
and
be
responsive
to
their
demands.
It
would
be
of
course
a
foolish
waste
purposely
to
design
buildings
which
would
collapse
in
fifteen
years,
so
that
they
could
be
renewed:
a
perversion
just
as
foolish
as
the
modern
one
of
fashioning
a
motor
car
to
go
out
of
style
in
five
years
in
order
merely
to
increase
the
demand
for
production
and
profit:
but
it
is
wisdom
to
design
buildings
in
such
materials
and
in
such
a
fashion
that
they
may
be
easily
renewed
and
made
over.
[…]
Does
this
mean
that
the
modern
city
is
to
be
renewed
every
generation?
Does
this
mean
that
the
city
is
no
longer
to
be
an
accretion
of
the
memorials
of
the
past,
in
which
the
needs
of
the
living
are
narrowly
fitted
in
between
ancient
landmarks,
whose
value
no
longer
lies
in
direct
service,
but
in
sentiments
and
piety?
Yes
to
the
first
question,
no
to
the
second.
The
accretion
of
the
past,
the
very
mark
of
the
historic
city,
with
its
successive
stratifications
of
spirit,
may
well
remain:
but
the
preservation
of
the
works
of
the
past
is
not
to
be
left
to
chance
and
accident;
nor
will
the
surviving
memorial
itself
be
endangered
and
diminished
by
being
made
over—
now
with
a
system
of
gas
lighting,
now
with
a
toilet,
now
with
a
'restoration'
in
the
barbarous
manner
of
the
Victorian
restorers.
On
the
contrary,
if
the
city
is
to
escape
being
a
museum,
what
belongs
to
the
past
must
either
be
put
into
a
museum
or
be
transformed
as
a
whole
into
a
museum—set
aside;
put
to
the
special
uses
of
education
but
no
longer
lived
in.
The
very
value
of
the
art
museum
and
the
museum
of
social
history
lies
in
this
act
of
detachment.
By
confining
the
function
of
preservation
to
the
museum,
it
releases
space
in
the
rest
of
the
city
for
the
fresh
uses
of
life.
Where
the
fragments
of
a
local
culture
are
to
be
preserved,
the
best
means
of
effecting
this
is
perhaps
by
the
use
of
a
local
building,
such
as
the
Taft
Museum
in
Cincinnati,
the
Behn
Haus
and
the
St.
Annen
Kloster
in
Lubeck,
and
the
Historical
Museum
in
Edinburgh.
The
museum
gives
us
a
means
of
coping
with
the
past,
of
having
intercourse
with
other
periods
3
and
other
modes
of
life,
without
confining
our
own
activities
to
the
mould
created
by
the
past.
Starting
itself
as
a
chance
accumulation
of
relics,
with
no
more
rhyme
or
reason
than
the
city
itself,
the
museum
at
last
presents
itself
to
use
as
a
means
of
selectively
preserving
the
memorials
of
culture:
here
at
last
is
a
real
escape
for
the
monument.
What
cannot
be
kept
in
existence
in
material
form,
we
may
now
measure,
photograph
in
still
and
in
moving
pictures,
and
summarize
in
books
and
papers:
we
may—and
should—do
this
at
a
time
when
the
life
is
still
present,
so
that
we
shall
have,
filed
away
for
future
reference,
not
merely
an
image
of
the
shell,
but
a
working
knowledge
of
the
physiology
of
the
building
or
the
work
of
art.
As
far
as
works
of
pure
art
go,
this
detachment
may
become
complete:
what
makes
a
work
of
art
eternal
in
the
human
sense
is
not
what
it
carries
over
in
the
setting
of
its
own
generation,
but
what
it
signifies
against
the
background
of
our
own
experience.
It
follows
that
while
the
social
museum
must
necessarily
seek
to
preserve
the
background,
the
museum
of
art
properly
speaking
should
forego
any
such
attempt:
one
does
not
need
a
mediaeval
house
to
appreciate
a
picture
by
Roger
van
der
Weyden
or
Breughel
the
Elder,
nor
does
one
need
a
French
salon
to
find
sensual
pleasure
in
a
Fragonard
or
sober
respect
in
a
Chardin:
indeed,
the
more
complete
the
detachment,
the
more
effectively
we
can
screen
a
symbol
from
what
it
meant
to
another
generation,
the
more
specific
and
final
is
our
own
response.
For
a
work
of
art
is
not
a
monument:
if
it
has
life
at
all,
it
exists
as
a
contemporary
fact:
a
museum,
properly
designed,
with
ample
facilities
for
storage
and
preservation
as
well
as
for
show,
serves
to
enlarge
the
circle
of
contemporary
experience.
But
our
intercourse
with
the
past
is
selective:
it
cannot
be
otherwise.
The
encyclopaedic
culture
of
the
metropolis,
which
attempts
to
preserve
everything
and
to
show
everything,
which
mistakes
acquisition
for
appreciation,
and
a
knowledge
of
names
and
incidents
for
an
aesthetic
intuition,
had
turned
the
museum
into
another
metropolis,
creating
purposeless
congestion,
and
complete
intellectual
bewilderment.
On
the
mere
laws
of
chance,
something
of
value
must
accumulate
in
this
debris,
by
mere
reason
of
its
extent:
but
in
the
new
museum,
designed
on
a
less
acquisitive
pattern,
each
generation
should
have
the
opportunity
to
be
in
control
of
the
past—with
no
duties
toward
it
except
that
of
living
in
the
spirit.
The
principles
of
flexibility
and
adaptation
have
another
side:
our
distrust
for
the
monumental
does
not
merely
apply
to
actual
tombs
and
memorials;
it
must
apply
even
more
to
the
physical
apparatus
of
city
life,
in
particular,
to
its
mechanical
equipment.
These,
too,
are
capable
of
taking
on
a
monumental
character;
indeed
the
Roman
roads
and
aqueducts
and
sewers
have
survived
at
least
as
well
as
the
Tomb
of
Hadrian
and
the
Arch
of
Constantine.
The
more
the
energies
of
a
community
become
immobilized
in
such
material
structures,
the
less
ready
is
it
to
adjust
itself
to
new
emergencies.
A
two-‐storey
building,
with
small
foundations,
may
be
easily
torn
down,
if
a
different
type
of
structure
or
the
widening
of
a
street
to
accommodate
a
new
type
of
traffic
proves
necessary.
But
a
twenty-‐storey
building
has
a
deeper
foundation
and
a
more
elaborate
superstructure;
it
is
served
by
a
greater
variety
of
expensive
mechanical
utilities,
such
as
elevators:
it
is
not
easily
removed:
moreover
the
water
mains
and
sewers
and
wired
connections
that
serve
such
a
building
are
all
correspondingly
large
and
expensive:
one
does
not
readily
4
tear
such
a
structure
down;
and
above
all,
one
does
not
tear
it
down
when
it
is
to
be
replaced
by
a
smaller
building,
or
no
building
at
all.
[…]
As a monument, the machine is subject to the same ironic deflation that applies to
all other attempts to wall out life: indeed, the first condition of our survival in cities is
that we shall be free to live, free to apply the lessons of biology, physiology and
psychology to our use of the whole environment. In the past, what have been called the
triumphs of civilization have turned out too frequently to be the studious collection of
encumbrances which finally stifle the possibilities of adaptation, movement and effective
improvement, and lead to its ultimate downfall.
5