Assignment IN Teaching Social Studies in The Elementary Grades

New Era University
College of Education
Center of Teacher Training
No.9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City
ASSIGNMENT
IN
TEACHING SOCIAL
STUDIES IN THE
ELEMENTARY GRADES
SUBMITTED BY:
Yanaleen Azaler E. Peregrino
SUBMITTED TO:
MR. REINHARD C. FRANCISCO

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
Sociological theories are statements of how and why particular facts

about the social world are related.[1] They range in scope from concise
descriptions of a single social process to paradigms for analysis
and interpretation. Some sociological theories explain aspects of the
social world and enable prediction about future events,[2] while others
function as broad perspectives which guide further sociological
analyses.
PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIETY
The sociological perspective invites us to look at our familiar

surroundings in a fresh way. It encourages us to take a new look at
the world we have always taken for granted, to examine our social
environment with the same curiosity that we might bring to an exotic
foreign culture. Sociology also helps us understand ourselves better.
Without the sociological perspective (which has been called the
"sociological imagination"), people see the world through their
limited experience of a small orbit of family, friends, co-workers.
The sociological imagination allows us to stand apart mentally from
our limited experience and see the link between private concerns and
social issues. It permits us to trace the connection between the
patterns and events of our own and the patterns and events of our
society.
EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
The emergence of sociology coincided with two of the most significant

social and political revolutions of recent times. In 1838 the French
social thinker Auguste Comte was the first to use the term sociology
as a way of studying the world in terms of society, having grown up
during the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789. Along with the
industrial revolution in England during the 18th century and the rise
of urbanisation and mass social change, thinkers such as Comte,
Durkheim and Marx began to realise the need to study society in its
current form as opposed to the tendency of past philosophers on
“imagining the ideal society” (Macionis, Plummer, 1997, p.15).
THE FOUNDERS OF SOCIOLOGY
 Auguste Comte
-The French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857)—often called the

“father of sociology”—first used the term “sociology” in 1838 to refer
to the scientific study of society. He believed that all societies
develop and progress through the following stages: religious,
metaphysical, and scientific. Comte argued that society needs
scientific knowledge based on facts and evidence to solve its
problems—not speculation and superstition, which characterize the
religious and metaphysical stages of social development. Comte viewed
the science of sociology as consisting of two branches: dynamics, or
the study of the processes by which societies change; and statics, or
the study of the processes by which societies endure. He also
envisioned sociologists as eventually developing a base of scientific
social knowledge that would guide society into positive directions.
 Herbert Spencer
-Spencer suggested that society will correct its own defects through
the natural process of “survival of the fittest.” The societal
“organism” naturally leans toward homeostasis, or balance and
stability. Social problems work themselves out when the government
leaves society alone. The “fittest”—the rich, powerful, and
successful—enjoy their status because nature has “selected” them to do
so. In contrast, nature has doomed the “unfit”—the poor, weak, and
unsuccessful—to failure. They must fend for themselves without social
assistance if society is to remain healthy and even progress to higher
levels. Governmental interference in the “natural” order of society
weakens society by wasting the efforts of its leadership in trying to
defy the laws of nature.
 Karl Marx
-Marx believed that the very natures of the bourgeoisie and the
proletariat inescapably lock the two classes in conflict. But he then
took his ideas of class conflict one step further: He predicted that
the laborers are not selectively “unfit,” but are destined to
overthrow the capitalists. Such a class revolution would establish a
“class‐free” society in which all people work according to their
abilities and receive according to their needs. Marx urged people to
take an active role in changing society rather than simply trusting it
to evolve positively on its own.
 Emile Durkheim
-Durkheim stressed the importance of studying social facts, or

patterns of behavior characteristic of a particular group. The
phenomenon of suicide especially interested Durkheim. But he did not
limit his ideas on the topic to mere speculation. Durkheim formulated
his conclusions about the causes of suicide based on the analysis of
large amounts of statistical data collected from various European
countries.
Durkheim certainly advocated the use of systematic observation to

study sociological events, but he also recommended that sociologists
avoid considering people's attitudes when explaining society.
Sociologists should only consider as objective “evidence” what they
themselves can directly observe. In other words, they must not concern
themselves with people's subjective experiences.
 Max Weber
-He argued that sociologists must also consider people's

interpretations of events—not just the events themselves. Weber
believed that individuals' behaviors cannot exist apart from their
interpretations of the meaning of their own behaviors, and that people
tend to act according to these interpretations. Because of the ties
between objective behavior and subjective interpretation, Weber
believed that sociologists must inquire into people's thoughts,
feelings, and perceptions regarding their own behaviors. Weber
recommended that sociologists adopt his method of Verstehen (vûrst e
hen), or empathetic understanding. Verstehen allows sociologists to
mentally put themselves into “the other person's shoes” and thus
obtain an “interpretive understanding” of the meanings of individuals'
behaviors.
EARLY SOCIETY
Early human society as the early societies that formed in the

middle Paleolithic, shortly after homo sapiens sapiens first appeared,
and evolved through the Neolithic, when hunter gatherer societies
started to experiment with agriculture and form semi-permanent and
permanent settlements, until the societies reached a universally
accepted stage of civilization sometime in the early bronze age. In
other words, under the classification of Ed Tyler, this paper will
discuss the transformation from hunter-gatherers through barbarism to
the dawn of modern civilization. The discussion will cover the
evolution chronologically, as this will allow all of the relevant
social, economic and technological advancements to be discussed on
equal footing.
BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTION
Sociologists often reserve the term "institution" to describe

normative systems that operate in five basic areas of life, which may
be designated as the primary institutions.
(1) In determining Kinship;
(2) in providing for the legitimate use of power;
(3) in regulating the distribution of goods and services;
(4) in transmitting knowledge from one generation to the next; and
(5) in regulating our relation to the supernatural.
In shorthand form, or as concepts, these five basic institutions are
called the family, government, economy, education and religion.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY
1. Group of people:
Community is a group of human beings. It is not possible to form a

community without a group of men and women.
2. Definite locality:
A community always occupies a definite geographical area. Locality is

the physical .basis of community. Without a definite locality, social
relations between human beings cannot be established and the ‘we’
feeling cannot evolve.
3. Community Sentiment:
Community sentiment means a feeling of belonging together. It is “we

feeling” among the members. The members of a community speak the same
language, conform to the same mores, possess the same sentiment, and
have the same attitudes.
4. Likeness:
The people in a community share a common way of life. Their customs,

traditions, mores, language etc. are similar.
5. Permanency:
A community is not temporary like a crowd or a mob. It is relatively

stable. It includes a permanent life in a definite place.
6. Neutrality:
Communities are not deliberately created. They are not made by planned
efforts. An individual is born in a community. It has a natural growth
of its own.
7. A particular Name:
Every community has some particular name. In the words of Lumley, “It
points identity, it indicates reality, it points out individuality, it
often describes personality and each community is something of a
personality “.
8. Size:
A community may be big or small. A small community may be included in

a wider community. For example, a city and a village may be included
in a district. District may enclose small communities-like villages,
towns, tribes etc.
9. Wider ends:
People in community share several common interests. They associate not

for the fulfillment of a particular end. The ends of a community are
wider. People work together to fulfill some common interests.
10. Regulation of Relations:
Every Community in course of time develops a system of traditions,

customs, and morals. Practices, some rules and regulations to regulate
the relations of its members. People in a community come together to
meet the primary needs through a common set of institutions and
organisations.

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New Era University

Yanaleen Azaler E. Peregrino

MR. REINHARD C. FRANCISCO

Sociological theories are statements of how and why particular facts

The sociological perspective invites us to look at our familiar

The emergence of sociology coincided with two of the most significant

-The French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857)—often called the

-Durkheim stressed the importance of studying social facts, or

Durkheim certainly advocated the use of systematic observation to

-He argued that sociologists must also consider people's

Early human society as the early societies that formed in the

BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTION

Sociologists often reserve the term "institution" to describe

Community is a group of human beings. It is not possible to form a

A community always occupies a definite geographical area. Locality is

Community sentiment means a feeling of belonging together. It is “we

The people in a community share a common way of life. Their customs,

A community is not temporary like a crowd or a mob. It is relatively

A community may be big or small. A small community may be included in

People in community share several common interests. They associate not

10. Regulation of Relations:

Every Community in course of time develops a system of traditions,

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