Mechanism of evaporation

• removing a liquid by boiling off some of the liquid

• thermal separation/concentration
• vapour removed as top product
• concentrated solution as bottom product
• desired products
 concentrated solution eg. Milk
 vapour usually water vapour
 crystal eg. Salt crystal
 Types of evaporators
3 Vertical-tube natural circulation evaporator

(a) Falling-film evaporator (b) Climbing-film evaporator

(a) Falling-film evaporator (b) Climbing-film evaporator
1. single-effect evaporator
Vapour, V
T1, yV, HV
Feed, F
P1
TF, xF, hF
T1
Steam, S Condensate, S
TS , H S TS, hS

Concentrated liquid, L
T1, xL, hL
• relatively small capacity
• cost of steam relatively cheap
• wasteful as latent heat of vapour is discarded
• TF = Tbp, dilute solution, 1 kg steam = 1 kg vapour
Calculation methods for single-effect evaporator (dilute)
Vapour, V
T1, yV, HV
Feed, F
P1
TF, xF, hF
T1
Steam, S Condensate, S
TS , H S TS, hS

Concentrated liquid, L
T1, xL, hL

1. Vapour (V) & concentrated liquid (L) flowrates

Total material balance : F= L+V
Solute/solid balance: F(xF) = L(xL) (yv = 0 as vap has no salt)
 Calculation methods for single-effect evaporator (dilute)
Vapour, V
T1, yV, HV
Feed, F
P1
TF, xF, hF
T1
Steam, S Condensate, S
TS, HS TS, hS

Concentrated liquid, L
T1, xL, hL
2. Heat-transfer surface area (A) & no boiling-point rise (BPR) :
Energy balance: FhF + S(HS – hS) = LhL + VHV
Heat transfer equation: q = S = UAT = UA(TS – T1)
where S(HS – hS) = S
h = cP(T – Tref.)
HV = latent heat at T1 (T ref.=T1)
cP of inorganic salt in water  cP of water = 4.14 kJ/kg.K
Example 8.4-1 (Geankoplis textbook)

A continuous single-effect evaporator concentrates 9072

kg/h of a 1.0 wt% salt solution entering at 311.0K (37.8oC)
to a final concentration of 1.5 wt%. The vapor space of the
evaporator is at 101.325 kPa (1.0 atm abs) and the steam
supplied is saturated at 143.3 kPa. The overall coefficient U
= 1704 W/m2.K. Calculate
i) the amounts of vapor and liquid product
ii) the heat-transfer area required.

Assume that, since it is dilute, the solution has the same

boiling point as water.
 V
Example 8.4-1 T1
F = 9072 kg/h
P1 = 101.325 kPa
xF = 0.01 kg salt/kg
T1
TF = 311K
S S
PS = 143.3 kPa Ts

L
T1, xL = 0.015

Vapour (V) & concentrated liquid (L) flowrates

Total material balance : 9072 = F = L + V (1)
Salt balance: F(xF) = L(xL)
9072(0.01) = L(0.015)
L = 6048 kg/h
Substituting L = 6048 kg/h into eq. (1), V = 3024 kg/h
Example 8.4-1 V = 3024 kg/h
T1,HV
F = 9072 kg/h
P1 = 101.325 kPa
xF = 0.01 kg salt/kg
T1
TF = 311K
S S
PS = 143.3 kPa Ts

L = 6048 kg/h
U = 1704 W/m2.K T1, xL = 0.015 kg salt/kg ,hL

From the steam table (A.2-9) at PS = 143.3 kPa, TS = 110oC ,

HS = 2691.5 kJ/kg, hS = 461.3 kJ/kg,  = (2691.5 – 461.3) = 2230.2 kJ/kg

From the steam table (A.2-9) at P1 = 101.325 kPa, T1 = 100oC ,

Hsat. vapour = 2676.1 kJ/kg, hliquid = 419.04 kJ/kg
 V = 3024 kg/h
Example 8.4-1 100oC, HV
F = 9072 kg/h
P1 = 101.325 kPa
xF = 0.01 kg salt/kg
T1 = 100oC
TF = 311K S S
PS = 143.3 kPa Ts = 110oC
TS = 110oC,  = 2230.2kJ/kg
L = 6048 kg/h
U = 1704 W/m2.K
100oC, xL = 0.015 kg salt/kg ,hL
From the steam table (A.2-9) at, T1 = 100oC ,H = 2676.1 kJ/kg, h = 419.04 kJ/kg
Tref = 100oC (same as T1),
Energy balance: FhF + S(HS – hS) = LhL + VHV
9072hF + S(2230.2) = 6048(hL) + 3024(HV)
where hF = cPF(TF – Tref.) = 4.14(311 – 373) = -256.68 kJ/kg
hL = cPL(T1 – Tref) = 4.14(100 – 100) = 0
HV = [ (Hsat.vapour) – hliquid] = (2676.1 – 419.04) = 2257.06 kJ/kg
9072(-256.68) + S(2230.2) = 6048(0) + 3024(2257.06)
S = 4105 kg/h
 V = 3024 kg/h
100oC, HV =2257.06kJ/kg
F = 9072 kg/h
P1 = 101.325 kPa
xF = 0.01 kg salt/kg
T1 = 100oC
TF = 311K
S = 4105 kg/h S
PS = 143.3 kPa Ts = 110oC
TS = 110oC,  = 2230.2kJ/kg

L = 6048 kg/h
U = 1704 W/m2.K 100oC, xL = 0.015 kg salt/kg ,hL = 0kJ/kg
Heat transfer equation: q = S=UAT = UA(TS – T1)

q = S= 4105 kg 2230.2 kJ 1h

h kg 3600s = 2543 kJ/s

A = q/[U (TS – T1)]

2543.0 x 103 W m2.K
A= = 149.3 m2
(110-100) K 1704 W
Alternative V = 3024 kg/h

method F = 9072 kg/h

100oC, HV
P1 = 101.325 kPa
xF = 0.01 kg salt/kg
T1 = 100oC
TF = 311K S S
PS = 143.3 kPa Ts = 110oC
TS = 110oC,  = 2230.2kJ/kg
L = 6048 kg/h
U = 1704 W/m2.K
100oC, xL = 0.015 kg salt/kg ,hL

From the steam table (A.2-9) at, T1 = 100oC ,H = 2676.1 kJ/kg, h = 419.04 kJ/kg
Tref = 0oC (same as steam table),
Energy balance: FhF + S(HS – hS) = LhL + VHV
9072hF + S(2230.2) = 6048(419.04) + 3024(2676.1)
where hF = 159.22 kJ/kg (after interpolation) from steam table (A.2-9)
9072(157.32) + S(2230.2) = 6048(419.04) + 3024(2676.1)
S = 4125 kg/h (compare to 4108 kg/h)
 V = 3024 kg/h
100oC, HV =2676.1kJ/kg
F = 9072 kg/h
P1 = 101.325 kPa
xF = 0.01 kg salt/kg
T1 = 100oC
TF = 311K
S = 4125 kg/h S
PS = 143.3 kPa Ts = 110oC
TS = 110oC,  = 2230.2kJ/kg

L = 6048 kg/h
U = 1704 W/m2.K 100oC, xL = 0.015 kg salt/kg ,hL = 419.04kJ/kg
Heat transfer equation: q = S=UAT = UA(TS – T1)

q = S= 4125 kg 2230.2 kJ 1h

h kg 3600s = 2555.4 kJ/s

A = q/[U (TS – T1)]

2555.4 x 103 W m2.K

A= = 150 m2 (compare to 149.3 m2)
(110-100) K 1704 W
 Calculation methods for single-effect evaporator
(concentrated)
Vapour, V
T1, yV, HV
Feed, F
P1
TF, xF, hF
T1
Steam, S Condensate, S
TS , H S TS, hS

Concentrated liquid, L
T1, xL, hL
2. Heat-transfer surface area (A) & with boiling-point rise (BPR) :
Energy balance: FhF + S(HS – hS) = LhL + VHV
Heat transfer equation: q = S = UAT = UA(TS – T1)
where T1 = Tsat. at P1 + BPR or from fig. 8.4-2
hF and hL from fig. 8.4-3
HV = Hsat. at P1 + 1.884(BPR)
 Boiling-point rise (BPR) of solution

Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon

that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be
higher when another compound is added, meaning that
a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent.
This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a
salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water.

Therefore, the boiling-point elevation means that when

a solute is dissolved in a solvent, the boiling point of the
resulting solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.
 Boiling-point rise (BPR) of solution
Concentrated solution – thermal properties differ from water
Duhring line chart – estimate boiling-point rise for a solution

90

Figure 8.4-2. Duhring line chart for aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide
Example 8.4-2 Use of Duhring Chart for BPR

As an example of the use of the chart, the pressure in an

evaporator is given as 25.6 kPa (3.72 psia) and a solution of 30%
NaOH is being boiled. Determined the boiling temperature of
NaOH solution and the boiling point rise , BPR of the solution
over that of water at the same pressure.
Steam table, bpt of water at 25.6 kPa = 65.5oC (150oF)
From Duhring chart, at 150oF and 30% NaOH, bpt of NaOH
solution is 79.5oC (175oF)

BPR = (79.5 – 65.6)oC = 13.9oC

 Boiling-point rise (BPR) of solution

175 79.5

Figure 8.4-2. Duhring line chart for aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide
 Enthapy-concentration chart
enthapy chart – Tref. = liquid water at 0oC
- used together with steam tables

92 214

Figure 8.4-3. Enthapy-concentration chart for the system NaOH-water

Example 8.4-3

An evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h (10,000 Ibm/h)

of a 30% solution of NaOH in water entering at 60oC (140oF) to
a product of 40% solids. The pressure of the saturated steam
used is 172.4 kPa (25 psia) and the pressure in the vapor space
of the evaporator is 11.7 kPa (1.7 psia). The overall heat-transfer
coefficient is 1560 W/m2.K ( 275 btu/h.ft2.oF).

Calculate the steam used, the steam economy in kg vaporized/kg

steam used, and the heating surface area in m2.
 Calculation methods for single-effect evaporator
(concentrated)
Vapour, V
T1, yV, HV
Feed, F
P1
TF, xF, hF
T1
Steam, S Condensate, S
TS , H S TS, hS

Concentrated liquid, L
T1, xL, hL
2. Heat-transfer surface area (A) & with boiling-point rise (BPR) :
Energy balance: FhF + S(HS – hS) = LhL + VHV
Heat transfer equation: q = S = UAT = UA(TS – T1)
where T1 = Tsat. at P1 + BPR or from fig. 8.4-2
hF and hL from fig. 8.4-3
HV = Hsat. at P1 + 1.884 (BPR)
 Example 8.4-3
V T1
HV
F= 4536 kg/h TF = 60oC
P1= 11.7 kPa
xF = 0.2 kg NaOH/kg
T1
S S
NaOH
PS = 172.4 kPa TS, hS
HS
L T1
xL = 0.5 kg NaOH/kg hL
Given : U = 1560 W/m2.K

Total material balance : 4536 = F = L + V (1)

Solute/solid balance: F(xF) = L(xL)
4536(0.2) = L(0. 5)
L = 1814 kg/h
Substituting L = 1814 kg/h into eq. (1), V = 2722 kg/h
 V = 2722 kg/h T1
Example 8.4-3
HV
F= 4536 kg/h TF = 60oC
P1= 11.7 kPa
xF = 0.2 kg NaOH/kg
T1
S S
NaOH
PS = 172.4 kPa TS, hS
HS
L = 1814 kg/h T1
xL = 0.5 kg NaOH/kg hL
Given : U = 1560 W/m2.K
From the steam table (A.2-9) at PS = 172.4 kPa, after interpolation,TS = 115.6oC ,
HS = 2699.9 kJ/kg, hS = 485.03 kJ/kg,  = (2699.9 – 485.03) = 2214.87 kJ/kg

From the steam table (A.2-9) at P1 = 11.7 kPa, after interpolation,

Tsat.= Tboiling point of water = 48.9oC , Hsat. vapour = 2590 kJ/kg
 Example 8.4-3 V = 2722 kg/h T1
HV
F= 4536 kg/h TF = 60oC
P1= 11.7 kPa
xF = 0.2 kg NaOH/kg
Tsat = 48.9oC
S S
T1
PS = 172.4 kPa TS, hS
NaOH
TS= 115.6oC L = 1814 kg/h T1
= 2214.87 kJ/kg xL = 0.5 kg NaOH/kg hL
T1 is obtained from Figure 8.4-2, at 50% NaOH and Tbp water = 48.9oC(120oF)

T1 = 193oF (89.5oC)

193

120
 Example 8.4-3 V = 2722 kg/h T1=89.5oC
HV
F= 4536 kg/h TF = 60oC
P1= 11.7 kPa
xF = 0.2 kg NaOH/kg
T1=89.5oC
S S
(Tsat. = 48.9oC)
PS = 172.4 kPa TS, hS
NaOH
HS
L = 1814 kg/h T1=89.5oC
xL = 0.5 kg NaOH/kg hL
Given : U = 1560 W/m2.K
BPR = T1- Tsat = (89.5 – 48.9)oC = 40.6oC
Tref. = 0oC (same figure 8.4-3),
217
hF at 60oC(140oF) & 20% NaOH from
figure 8.4-3,
hF = 92 btu/Ibm (214 kJ/kg)
92
hL at89.5oC (193oF) & 50% NaOH
from figure 8.4-3,
 hL = 217 btu/Ibm (505 kJ/kg)
Example 8.4-3 V = 2722 kg/h T1=89.5oC
HV
F= 4536 kg/h hF = 214 kJ/kg
P1= 11.7 kPa
xF = 0.2 kg NaOH/kg
T1=89.5oC
S S
(Tsat. = 48.9oC)
TS= 115.6oC TS, hS
NaOH
= 2214.87 kJ/kg
L = 1814 kg/h hL=505 kJ/kg
xL = 0.5 kg NaOH/kg hL
Given : U = 1560 W/m2.K
BPR = T1- Tsat = (89.5 – 48.9)oC = 40.6oC
Tsat.= 48.9oC , Hsat. vapour = 2590 kJ/kg
Energy balance: FhF + S(HS – hS) = LhL + VHV
4536(214) + S(2214.87) = 1814(505) + 2722HV
HV = 2590 + 1.884(40.6)= 2667 kJ/kg
4536(214) + S(2214.87) = 1814(505) + 2722(2667)
S = 3255 kg/h
 Example 8.4-3 V = 2722 kg/h T1=89.5oC
HV = 2667 kJ/kg
F= 4536 kg/h hF = 214 kJ/kg
P1= 11.7 kPa
xF = 0.2 kg NaOH/kg
T1=89.5oC
S = 3255 kg/h S
NaOH
TS= 115.6oC TS, hS
= 2214.87 kJ/kg
L = 1814 kg/h hL=505 kJ/kg
xL = 0.5 kg NaOH/kg hL
Given : U = 1560 W/m2.K

Heat transfer equation:

q = S = UAT = UA(TS – T1)
q = S= 3255 kg 2214.87 kJ 1h
h kg 3600s = 2002 kJ/s

2002 x 103 W m2.K

A= = 49.2 m2
(115.6-89.5) K 1560 W
<1: not economical
Steam economy = V/S = 2722/3255 = 0.836 >1: more economical
1. forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator

• fresh feed to 1st stage/effect

• conc. prod. from 1st effect to 2nd effect
• vapour from 1st effect as heating medium for 2nd effect
• co-current flow
• TF = Tbp, dilute solution, 1 kg steam = 3 kg vapour
• feed is hot
• heat-sensitive final product
2. backward-feed multiple-effect evaporator

• fresh feed enter last stage/effect

• conc. prod. from3st effect to 2nd effect
• vapour from 1st effect as heating medium for 2nd effect
• counter-current flow
• liquid pumps in each effect (P1 › P2 › P3)
• cold feed as less liquid needs to be heated
• highly viscous conc. prod. as higher temp. reduce viscosity
 3. parallel-feed multiple-effect evaporator
V1 , T1 V2 , T2 V3 , T3
to vacuum
condenser

(1) (2) (3)

feed, TF
F F
T1 T2 T3

steam, Ts
TS1 TS2 TS3

L1, T1 L2 , T2 L3 T3
• fresh feed and withdrawal conc. prod. at each effect
• vapour from 1st effect as heating medium for 2nd effect
• almost saturated feed
• solid crystals as product
 Triple-effect forward feed evaporators

Assumptions:
• latent heat of condensing steam = latent heat of vapour
• areas in all effects are equal (A1=A2=A3)
• q1 = U1A1T1
• q1 = SS 1
•T1= TS1-T1
•T1= ∑T 1/U1
1/U1 + 1/U2 +1/U3
•T2= TS2-T2

• No BPR: T2= T1-T2 •BPR: T2= T1- BPR1-T2

•No BPR: ∑T= TS1-TS4 •BPR: ∑T= TS1-TS4-(BPR1+ BPR2+ BPR3)
 Procedure for Triple-effect forward feed evaporators

Determine:
1. T3 & BPR3
2. L3 & V1+V2+V3. Assume V1=V2=V3
3. L1,L2,x1 & x2
4. BPR1 & BPR2
5. ∑T, T1, T2 & T3. Readjust if necessary
6. T1, TS1, T2, TS2, T3 & TS3
7. cP, enthalpies, L1, L2,V1 ,V2 ,V3 & S
8. Compare ans. from step7 with ans. from steps 2 & 3. If errors  10%, redo step 3.
9. If errors  10%, calculate q1, q2 , q3 , A1, A2, A3 & Aave. If errors 10%, revise Ts.
 Example Ps3 = 9 kPa

F = 22680 kg/h
xF = 0.12
TF = 93oC
Ps1 = 170 kPa

Given: BPRoC = 0.63 - 3.62x + 15x2 x2 = 0.6

cp kJ/kg.K = 4.19 – 2.93x
U1 = 2271 W/m2.K, U2 = 1420 W/m2.K

At 9 kPa, T sat3. = 43.66oC (from A.2-9 after interpolation)

BPR2 = 0.63 - 3.62(0.6) + 15(0.6)2 = 3.858oC
T2 = Tsat.3 + BPR2 = 43.66 + 3.858 = 47.52oC

Total balance: F = (V1+V2) +L2 = 22680 kg/h

Solid balance: FxF = L2x2 22680(0.12) = L2(0.6) L2 = 4536 kg/h
 F = 22680 kg/h
xF = 0.12 = 47.52oC
TF = 93oC
Ps1 = 170 kPa

L2 = 4536 kg/h
Total balance: 22680 = (V1+V2) +4536 x2 = 0.6
(V1+V2) = 18 144 kg/h
Assume V1=V2 V1=V2 = 18 144 /2 = 9072 kg/h
Effect 1: Total balance: F = 22680 = V1 +L1
22680 = 9072 +L1
L1 = 13 608 kg/h
Solid balance: FxF = L1x1
22680(0.12) = 13 608x1
x1 = 0.2
Effect 2: Total balance: L1 = V2 +L2 13608 = 9072 +4536 √
 V1 = 9072 kg/h V2 = 9072 kg/h
T s3 = 43.66oC
F = 22680 kg/h
xF = 0.12 = 47.52oC
TF = 93oC BPR2 = 3.858oC
Ps1 = 170 kPa
U1 = 2271 W/m2.K
L1 = 13608 kg/h
L2 = 4536 kg/h
U2 = 1420 W/m2.K x1 = 0.2 x2 = 0.6
BPR = 0.63 - 3.62x + 15x2
BPR1 = 0.63 - 3.62(0.2) + 15(0.2)2 = 0.506oC
At 170 kPa, T s = 115oC
∑T= TS1-TS3-(BPR1+ BPR2) = 115 – 43.66 –(3.858 + 0.506) = 66.976oC
T1= ∑T 1/U1 1/2271
= 66.976 = 25.767oC
1/U1 + 1/U2 1/2271 + 1/1420
T1= TS1-T1 25.767 = 115 -T1 T1 = 89.233oC

T2= ΔT-ΔT1 = 66.976 – 25.767 = 41.209oC

T2= TS2-T2 41.209 = TS2 -47.52 TS2 = 88.727oC
 V1 = 9072 kg/h V2 = 9072 kg/h
T s3 = 43.66oC
F = 22680 kg/h
xF = 0.12 = 89.233oC = 47.52oC
TF = 93oC BPR2 = 3.858oC
Ps1 = 170 kPa
TS2 =
L1 = 13608 kg/h 88.727oC
L2 = 4536 kg/h
x1 = 0.2 x2 = 0.6
Given: cp (kJ/kg.K) = 4.19 – 2.93x
cpF = 4.19 – 2.93xF = 4.19 – 2.93(0.12) = 3.838 kJ/kg.K
cp1= 4.19 – 2.93x1 = 4.19 – 2.93(0.2) = 3.604 kJ/kg.K
cp2= 4.19 – 2.93x2 = 4.19 – 2.93(0.6) = 2.432 kJ/kg.K
Tref. = 0oC (liquid solution),

hF = cPF(TF – Tref.) = 3.838(93 – 0) = 356.97 kJ/kg

h1 = cP1(T1 – Tref.) = 3.604(89.233– 0) =321.6 kJ/kg
h2 = cP2(T2 – Tref.) = 2.432(47.52 – 0) = 115.56 kJ/kg
 V1 = 9072 kg/h V2 = 9072 kg/h
T s3 = 43.66oC
F = 22680 kg/h
xF = 0.12 = 89.233oC = 47.52oC
TF = 93oC BPR2 = 3.858oC
Ps1 = 170 kPa
TS2 =
L1 = 13608 kg/h 88.727oC
L2 = 4536 kg/h
x1 = 0.2 x2 = 0.6
hF = 356.97 kJ/kg h1= 321.6kJ/kg h2= 115.56 kJ/kg
Tref. = 0oC , liquid solution (same as steam table),
Effect 1: Energy balance: FhF + S(HS1 – hS1) = L1h1 + V1H1
22680hF + SS1 = L1h1 + V1H1
Material balance: 22680 = V1 +L1
V1 = 22680 - L1
22680hF + SS1 = L1h1 + (22680-L1)H1
22680(356.97) + SS1 = L1(321.6) + (22680-L1)H1
TS1=115oC ,HS1 = 2699 kJ/kg & hS1 = 482.48 kJ/kg.
  = (2699-482.48) = 2216.52 kJ/kg
 V1 = 9072 kg/h V2 = 9072 kg/h
T s3 = 43.66oC
F = 22680 kg/h
xF = 0.12 = 89.233oC = 47.52oC
TF = 93oC BPR2 = 3.858oC
Ps1 = 170 kPa
TS2 =
L1 = 13608 kg/h 88.727oC
L2 = 4536 kg/h
BPR1 = 0.506oC x1 = 0.2 x2 = 0.6
h2= 115.56 kJ/kg
Tref. = 0oC (same as steam table),
Effect 1: 22680(356.97) + S(2216.52) = L1(321.6) + (22680-L1)H1
H1 = HS2 + 1.884(BPR1)
TS2=88.727oC, HS2 = 2658.01 kJ/kg and hS2 = 371.57 kJ/kg
H1 = 2658.01 + 1.884(0.506) = 2658.97 kJ/kg
22680(356.97) + S(2216.52) = L1(321.6) + (22680-L1)(2658.97) (1)
Effect 2: L1h1 + V1(H1 – hS2) = L2h2 + V2H2
L1(321.6) + (22680-L1)(2658.97 – 371.57) = 4536(115.56) + (L1-L2)H2
 V1 = 9072 kg/h V2 = 9072 kg/h
T s3 = 43.66oC
F = 22680 kg/h
xF = 0.12 = 89.233oC = 47.52oC
TF = 93oC BPR2 = 3.858oC
Ps1 = 170 kPa
TS2 =
L1 = 13608 kg/h 88.727oC
L2 = 4536 kg/h
x1 = 0.2 x2 = 0.6
H2 = HS3 + 1.884(BPR2)
At 9 kPa, T s3 = 43.66oC, HS3 = 2580.81 kJ/kg
H2 = 2580.81+ 1.884(3.858) = 2588.08 kJ/kg

L1(321.6) + (22680-L1)(2658.97 – 371.57) = 4536(115.56) + (L1-L2)H2

L1(321.6) + (22680-L1)(2658.97 – 371.57) = 4536(115.56) + (L1-4536)(2588.08)
L1 = 13855 kg/h

22680(356.97) + S(2216.52) = L1(321.6) + (22680-L1)(2658.97) (1)

S = 8944 kg/h
 V1 = 9072 kg/h V2 = 9072 kg/h
T s3 = 43.66oC
F = 22680 kg/h
xF = 0.12 = 89.233oC = 47.52oC
TF = 93oC BPR2 = 3.858oC
Ps1 = 170 kPa
TS2 =
L1 = 13608 kg/h 88.727oC
L2 = 4536 kg/h
x1 = 0.2 x2 = 0.6
L1 = 13855 kg/h S = 8944 kg/h
Substituting L1 into the material balances of each effect:
V1 = 22680 - L1 = 22680 – 13855 = 8825 kg/h
V2 = L1- L2 = 13855 – 4536 = 9319 kg/h
Previous calculations: L1 =13608 kg/h (% error = 1.78 ) , V1 = 9072kg/h
(% error = 2.8 ), V2 = 9072 kg/h (% error = 2.65 )
q1 = SS1 = U1A1T1
q1 = SS1 = 8944 kg 2216.52 kJ 1h
h kg 3600s = 5507 kJ/s
5507 x 103 W m2.K
A1 = = 94.11 m2
25.767 K 2271 W
 V1 = 8825 kg/h V2 = 9319kg/h
T s3 = 43.66oC
F = 22680 kg/h
xF = 0.12 = 89.233oC = 47.52oC
TF = 93oC BPR2 = 3.858oC
Ps1 = 170 kPa
TS2 =
L1 = 13855 kg/h 88.727oC
L2 = 4536 kg/h
x1 = 0.2 x2 = 0.6
q2 = V1S2 = U2A2T2
q2 = V1S2 = 8825 kg 2287.4 kJ 1h
h kg 3600s = 5607 kJ/s
5607 x 103 W m2.K
A2 = = 95.82 m2
41.209 K 1420 W
Aave. = Am = 94.97 m2
A1 = 94.11 m2 (% error =0.9)
A2 =95.82 m2 (% error =0.9)
A = 94.97 m2
Steam economy = (8825 + 9319)/8944 = 2.03
 Example
13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s
xF = 0.1
TF = 27oC
Ps1 = 375 kPa

Given: No BPR x1 = 0.5

cp kJ/kg.K = 4.18
U1 = 2.0 kW/m2.K, U2 = 1.7 kW/m2.K
At 13.5 kPa, T sat3. = 51.69oC (from A.2-9 after interpolation) = T2
Total balance: F = (V1+V2) +L1 = 0.5
Solid balance: FxF = L1x1
0.5(0.1) = L1(0.5) L1 = 0.1 kg/s
Total balance: 0.5 = (V1+V2) + 0.1
(V1+V2) = 0.4 kg/s
Assume V1=V2 V1=V2 = 0.4 /2 = 0.2 kg/s
 V1 = 0.2 kg/s V2 = 0.2 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
= 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5
L1 = 0.1 kg/s
Effect 1: Total balance: L2 = V1 +L1
= 0.2 +0.1 = 0.3 kg/s
Solid balance: L2x2 = L1x1
0.3x2 = 0.1(0.5) x2 = 0.1667
At 375 kPa, T s1 = 142.96oC
∑T= TS1-TS3 = 142.96 – 51.69 = 91.27oC
T1= ∑T 1/U1 1/2
= 91.27 = 41.93oC
1/U1 + 1/U2 1/2 + 1/1.7
T2= ΔT-ΔT1 = 91.27 – 41.93 = 49.34oC
Since cold feed, ΔT2 will be readjusted to 51oC and ΔT1 = 40.27 oC
 V1 = 0.2 kg/s V2 = 0.2 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
= 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2 = 0.3 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s x2 = 0.1667

Since cold feed, ΔT2 will be readjusted to 51oC and ΔT1 = 40.27 oC
T2= TS2-T2
51 = TS2 - 51.69
TS2 = 102.69oC = T1
Tref. = 0oC (liquid solution),
hF = cPF(TF – Tref.) = 4.18(27 – 0) = 112.86 kJ/kg
h1 = cP1(T1 – Tref.) = 4.18(102.69 – 0) = 429.244 kJ/kg
h2 = cP2(T2 – Tref.) = 4.18(51.69 – 0) = 216.06 kJ/kg
 V1 = 0.2 kg/s V2 = 0.2 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
TS2 = 102.69oC = T1 = 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2 = 0.3 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s x2 = 0.1667

Tref. = 0oC (liquid solution),
hF = 112.86 kJ/kg h1= 429.244 kJ/kg h2= 216.06 kJ/kg
TS1=142.96 oC ,HS1 = 2737.69 kJ/kg & hS1 = 601.87 kJ/kg.
 S1 = (2737.69 - 601.87) = 2135.82 kJ/kg
TS2=102.69 oC ,HS2 = 2680.24 kJ/kg & hS2 = 430.4 kJ/kg.
 S2 = (2680.24 - 430.4) = 2249.84 kJ/kg
H1 = HS2 = 2680.24 kJ/kg
H2 = HS3 = 2595.07 kJ/kg
 V1 = 0.2 kg/s V2 = 0.2 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
TS2 = 102.69oC = T1 = 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2 = 0.3 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s x2 = 0.1667

Tref. = 0oC , liquid solution (same as steam table),

hF = 112.86 kJ/kg h1= 429.244 kJ/kg h2= 216.06 kJ/kg
 = 2135.82 kJ/kg S2 = 2249.84 kJ/kg H1 = 2680.24 kJ/kg H2= 2595.07 kJ/kg
S1

Effect 1: Energy balance: L2h2 + SS1= L1h1 + V1H1

Material balance: L2 = V1 + L1
V1 = L2 - 0.1
L2(216.06) + S(2135.82) = 0.1(429.244) + (L2 - 0.1)2680.24
2135.82S + 225.1 = 2689.28L2 (1)
 V1 = 0.2 kg/s V2 = 0.2 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
TS2 = 102.69oC = T1 = 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2 = 0.3 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s x2 = 0.1667

Tref. = 0oC (same as steam table),
hF = 112.86 kJ/kg h1= 429.244 kJ/kg h2= 216.06 kJ/kg
S1 = 2135.82 kJ/kg S2 = 2249.84 kJ/kg H1 = 2680.24 kJ/kg H2= 2595.07 kJ/kg
Effect 1: 2135.82S + 225.1 = 2689.28L2 (1)
Effect 2: Energy balance: FhF + V1 S2 = L2h2 + V2H2
Material balance: F = V2 + L2
V2 = F - L2 = 0.5 - L2
0.5(112.86) + (L2- 0.1)(2249.84) = L2(216.06) + (0.5-L2)2595.07
L2(2595.07 - 216.06 + 2249.84) = 1297.535 - 56.43 + 224.984
L2 = 0.3167 kg/s S = 0.2933 kg/s V2 = 0.1833 kg/s V1 = 0.2167 kg/s
 V1= 0.2 kg/s V2= 0.2 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
TS2 = 102.69oC = T1 = 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2= 0.3 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s
L2 = 0.3167 kg/s (% error = 5.3) S = 0.2933 kg/s
V1 = 0.2167 kg/s(% error = 7.7 ) V2 = 0.1833 kg/s (% error = 9.1)
Given: U1 = 2.0 kW/m2.K, U2 = 1.7 kW/m2.K
q1 = SS1 = U1A1T1 = U1A1(Ts1 - T1)
q1 = SS1 = (0.2933)(2135.82) = 626.436 = 2(A1)( 142.96 - 102.69)
A1 = 7.778 m2
q2 = V1S2 = U2A2T2 = U2A2(Ts2 - T2)
q2 = V1S2 = (0.2167)(2249.84) = 1.7(A2)( 51)
A2 = 5.623 m2 Aave. = Am = 6.7005 m2
 V1= 0.2167 kg/s V2= 0.1833 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
TS2 = 102.69oC = T1 = 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2=0.3167 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s

A1 = 7.778 m2 (% error =16.1)

Aave. = Am = 6.7005 m2
A2 =5.623 m2 (% error = 16.1)
2nd Trial:
Effect 1: Total balance: L2 = V1 +L1
= 0.2167 + 0.1 = 0.3167 kg/s
Solid balance: L2x2 = L1x1
0.3167x2 = 0.1(0.5)
x2 = 0.1579 kg/kg
∑T= TS1-TS3 = 142.96 – 51.69 = 91.27oC
 V1= 0.2167 kg/s V2= 0.1833 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
TS2 = 102.69oC = T1 = 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2=0.3167 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s
Aave. = Am = 6.7005 m2 A1 = 7.778 m2 A2 =5.623 m2
∑T= TS1-TS3 = 142.96 – 51.69 = 91.27oC
T1A1 (40.27)7.778
T1’ = = = 46.75oC
Am 6.7005
T2’= ΔT-ΔT1 = 91.27 – 46.75 = 44.52oC
T2’= TS2-T2 = TS2-51.69 = 44.52
TS2 = 96.21oC = T1
TS2=96.21 oC ,HS2 = 2670.04 kJ/kg & hS2 = 403.06 kJ/kg.
 S2 = (2670.04 - 403.06) = 2266.98 kJ/kg
 V1= 0.2167 kg/s V2= 0.1833 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
TS2 = 96.21oC = T1 = 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2=0.3167 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s
Tref. = 0oC (liquid solution),
S2 = 2266.98 kJ/kg hF = 112.86 kJ/kg h2 = 216.06 kJ/kg
h1 = cP1(T1 – Tref.) = 4.18(96.21 – 0) =402.16 kJ/kg
H1 = HS2 = 2670.04 kJ/kg
H2 = HS3 = 2595.07 kJ/kg
Effect 2: Energy balance: FhF + V1 S2 = L2h2 + V2H2
Material balance: V2 = F - L2 = 0.5 - L2
0.5(112.86) + (L2- 0.1)(2266.98) = L2(216.06) + (0.5-L2)2595.07
L2 = 0.316 kg/s
 V1= 0.2167 kg/s V2= 0.1833 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
TS2 = 96.21oC = T1 = 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2=0.3167 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s
Tref. = 0oC , liquid solution (same as steam table),
hF = 112.86 kJ/kg h1 = 402.16 kJ/kg h2= 216.06 kJ/kg
 = 2135.82 kJ/kg S2 = 2266.98 kJ/kg H1 = 2670.04 kJ/kg H2= 2595.07 kJ/kg
S1

Effect 1: Energy balance: L2h2 + SS1= L1h1 + V1H1

Material balance: V1 = L2 - 0.1
L2(216.06) + S(2135.82) = 0.1(402.16) + (L2 - 0.1)2670.04
Substituting L2 = 0.316 kg/s, S = 0.257 kg/s
V2 = F - L2 = 0.5 - L2 = 0.5 - 0.316 = 0.184 kg/s
V1 = L2 - 0.1 = 0.316 - 0.1 = 0.216 kg/s
 V1= 0.2167 kg/s V2= 0.1833 kg/s

13.5 kPa F = 0.5 kg/s

x = 0.1
TS2 = 96.21oC = T1 = 51.69oC F
S TF = 27oC

Ps1 = 375 kPa

x1 = 0.5 L2=0.3167 kg/s

L1 = 0.1 kg/s
Given: U1 = 2.0 kW/m2.K, U2 = 1.7 kW/m2.K
L2 = 0.316 kg/s (% error = 0.2), S = 0.257 kg/s, V1 = 0.216 kg/s(% error = 0.32),
V2 = 0.184 kg/s (% error = 0.38),
q1 = SS1 = U1A1T1’
q1 = SS1 = (0.257)(2135.82) = 2(A1)( 46.75)
A1 = 5.871 m2
q2 = V1S2 = U2A2T2’
q2 = V1S2 = (0.216)(2266.98) = 1.7(A2)( 44.52)
A2 = 6.47 m2 A1 = 5.871 m2 (% error = 5.1)
Aave. = Am = 6.1705 m2
A2 =6.47 m2 (% error = 4.86)
 Example 8.5-1

Given: BPRoC = 1.78x + 6.22x2

cp = 4.19 – 2.35x
U1 = 3123 W/m2.K, U2 = 1987 W/m2.K & U3 = 1135 W/m2.K
1. Tsat. , BPR3 & T3
At 13.7 kPa, T sat. = 51.67oC (from A.2-9 after interpolation)
BPR3 = 1.78(0.5) + 6.22(0.5)2 = 2.45oC
T3 = Tsat. + BPR3 = 51.67 + 2.45 = 54.12oC
2. L3 & V1+V2+V3. Assume V1=V2=V3
Total balance: F = (V1+V2+V3) +L3 = 22680 kg/h
Sugar balance: FxF = L3x3 22680(0.1) = L3(0.5) L3 = 4536 kg/h
 Example 8.5-1

T3 =
54.12oC

2. Assume V1=V2=V3
Total balance: 22680 = (V1+V2+V3) +4536
(V1+V2+V3) = 18 144 kg/h
V1=V2=V3 = 18 144 /3 = 6048 kg/h
3. L1,L2,x1 & x2
Effect 1:

Total balance: F = 22680 = V1 +L1 Sugar balance: FxF = L1x1

22680 = 6048 +L1 22680(0.1) = 16 632x1
L1 = 16 632 kg/h x1 = 0.136
 Example 8.5-1

T3 =
54.12oC

L1 = 16 632 x1 =
Effect 2: 0.136
Total balance: L1 = 16 632= V2 +L2
16 632 = 6048 +L2
L2 = 10 584 kg/h
Sugar balance: L1x1 = L2x2
16 632(0.136) = 10 584x2
x2 = 0.214
Effect 3 (checking) :
Total balance: L2 = 10 584= V3 +L3 Sugar balance: L2x2 = L3x3
10 584 = 6048 +L3 10584(0.214) = 4536 x3
L3 = 4536 kg/h x3 = 0.5
 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

T1 T2 Tsat.=
51.67 o
T3 = C=TS4
54.12oC

4. BPR1 & BPR2 L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =

o 2
BPR C = 1.78x + 6.22x0.136 0.214

BPR1 = 1.78x1 + 6.22x12= 1.78(0.136) + 6.22(0.136)2 = 0.36oC

BPR2 = 1.78x2 + 6.22x22= 1.78(0.214) + 6.22(0.214)2 = 0.65oC
5. ∑T, T1, T2 & T3. Readjust if necessary
•T1= TS1-T1 •T1= ∑T 1/U1
1/U1 + 1/U2 +1/U3
•T2= TS2-T2
•T2= ∑T 1/U2
•T3= TS3-T3 1/U1 + 1/U2 +1/U3

• No BPR: T2= T1-T2 •BPR: T2= T1- BPR1-T2

•No BPR: ∑T= TS1-TS4 •BPR: ∑T= TS1-TS4-(BPR1+ BPR2+ BPR3)
 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3=2.45o

C T1 C T2 Csat.=
T
51.67 o
T3 = C=TS4
54.12oC

TS1=121.1oC

L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =

Given: U1 = 3123 W/m2.K,0.136
U2 = 1987 W/m 2.K & U =
0.214
3 1135 W/m2.K
5. ∑T, T1, T2 & T3. Readjust if necessary
∑T= TS1-TS4-(BPR1+ BPR2+ BPR3)= 121.1 -51.46 – (0.36-0.65-2.45) =65.97oC
T1= ∑T 1/U1 = 65.97 1/3123 = 12.40oC
1/U1 + 1/U2 +1/U3 1/3123 + 1/1987 +1/1135
T2= ∑T 1/U2 = 65.97 1/1987 = 19.50oC
1/U1 + 1/U2 +1/U3 1/3123 + 1/1987 +1/1135

T3= ∑T 1/U3 = 65.97 1/1135 = 34.07oC

1/U1 + 1/U2 +1/U3 1/3123 + 1/1987 +1/1135
Since TF=26.7oC  T3=54.12oC, the feed is a cold feed. Readjust as the feed need to
be heated to T1. T1 = 15.56oC, T2 = 18.34oC, T3 = 32.07oC, ∑T = 65.97oC
 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3=2.45o

C T1 C T2 Csat.=
T
T1 = T2 = 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4
15.56oC 18.34oC 54.12oC
T3 =
32.07oC
TS1=121.1oC

L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =

0.136 0.214
6. T1, TS1, T2, TS2, T3 & TS3

T1= TS1-T1 T1 = TS1- T1 = 121.1 – 15.56 = 105.54oC

T2= T1- BPR1-T2 T2= T1- BPR1- T2 = 105.54 – 0.36 – 18.34 = 86.84oC
T2= TS2-T2 TS2= T2+T2 = 18.34 + 86.84 = 105.18oC
T3= T2- BPR2-T3 T3 = T2- BPR2- T3 =86.84 – 0.65 -32.07 = 54.12oC (checking)
T3= TS3-T3 TS3= T3+T3 = 32.07 + 54.12 = 86.19oC
 Example 8.5-1

TS
4

BPR1 =0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3=2.45o

T
C1=105.54 CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 =
T
C2= 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4
15.56oC 18.34oC 54.12oC
T3 =
TS2= 32.07oC TS3=
TS1=121.1oC 105.18oC 86.19oC
L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =
0.136 0.214
7. cP, enthalpies, recalculate L1, L2,V1 ,V2 ,V3 & S using heat balances
Given: cp (kJ/kg.K) = 4.19 – 2.35x
cpF = 4.19 – 2.35xF = 4.19 – 2.35(0.1) = 3.955 kJ/kg.K
cpL1= 4.19 – 2.35x1 = 4.19 – 2.35(0.136) = 3.869 kJ/kg.K
cpL2= 4.19 – 2.35x2 = 4.19 – 2.35(0.214) = 3.684 kJ/kg.K
cpL3= 4.19 – 2.35x3 = 4.19 – 2.35(0.5) = 3.015 kJ/kg.K
 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3=2.45o

T
C1=105.54 CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 =
T
C2= 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4
15.56oC 18.34oC 54.12oC
T3 =
TS2= 32.07oC TS3=
TS1=121.1oC 105.18oC 86.19oC
L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =
0.136 0.214
cpF = 3.955 kJ/kg.K cpL1= 3.869 kJ/kg.K cpL2= 3.684 kJ/kg.K cpL3= 3.015 kJ/kg.K
h = cP(T – Tref.)

Tref. = 0oC (same as steam table),

hF = cPF(TF – Tref.) = 3.955(26.7 – 0) = 105.6 kJ/kg

h1 = cPL1(T1 – Tref.) = 3.869(105.54 – 0) =408.3 kJ/kg
h2 = cPL2(T2 – Tref.) = 3.684(86.84 – 0) = 319.9 kJ/kg

h3 = cPL3(T3 – Tref.) = 3.015(54.12 – 0) = 163.17 kJ/kg

 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3=2.45o

T1=105.54
C CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 =
T
C2= 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4
15.56oC 18.34oC 54.12oC
T3 =
TS2= 32.07oC TS3=
TS1=121.1oC 105.18oC 86.19oC
L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =
0.136 0.214
hF = 105.6 kJ/kg h1= 408.3 kJ/kg h2= 319.9 kJ/kg h3= 163.17 kJ/kg
Tref. = 0oC (same as steam table),
Effect 1: Energy balance: FhF + S(HS1 – hS1) = L1h1 + V1H1
22680hF + SS1 = L1h1 + V1H1
Material balance: 22680 = V1 +L1
V1 = 22680 - L1
22680hF + SS1 = L1h1 + (22680-L1)H1
22680(105.6) + SS1 = L1(408.3) + (22680-L1)H1
From the steam table (A.2-9) at TS1=121.1oC after interpolation, HS1 = 2708
kJ/kg and hS1 = 508 kJ/kg.  S1 = (2708-508) = 2200 kJ/kg
 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3=2.45o

T1=105.54
C CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 =
T
C2= 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4
15.56oC 18.34oC 54.12oC
T3 =
TS1=121.1oC TS2= 32.07oC TS3=
86.19oC
S1 = 2200 105.18oC
kJ/kg L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =
hF = 105.6 kJ/kg h1 = 0.136 kJ/kg
408.3 0.214
h2= 319.9 kJ/kg h3= 163.17 kJ/kg
Tref. = 0oC (same as steam table),
Effect 1: 22680(105.6) + SS1 = L1(408.3) + (22680-L1)H1
H1 = HS2 + 1.884(BPR1)
From the steam table A.2-9 at TS2=105.18oC, HS2 = 2684 and hS2 = 441 kJ/kg

H1 = 2684 + 1.884(0.36) = 2685 kJ/kg

22680(105.6) + S(2200) = L1(408.3) + (22680-L1)2685 (1)

 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3 =2.45o

T1=105.54
C CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 =
T
C2= 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4
15.56oC 18.34oC 54.12oC
T3 =
TS1=121.1oC
TS2= 32.07oC TS3=
86.19oC
S1 = 2200 105.18oC
kJ/kg L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =
h1 = 0.136
408.3 kJ/kg h0.214
hF = 105.6 kJ/kg 2= 319.9 kJ/kg h3= 163.17 kJ/kg
hS2 = 441 kJ/kg H1 = 2685 kJ/kg
Tref. = 0oC (same as steam table),
Effect 2: L1h1 + V1(H1 – hS2) = L2h2 + V2H2
L1h1 + (22680-L1)(H1 – hS2) = L2h2 + (L1-L2)H2
H2 = HS3 + 1.884(BPR2)
From the steam table A.2-9 at TS3=86.19oC, HS3 = 2654 and hS3 = 361 kJ/kg
H2 = 2654+ 1.884(0.65) = 2655 kJ/kg
 L1(408.3) + (22680-L1)(2685 – 441) = L2(319.9) + (L1-L2)(2655) (2)
 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3 =2.45o

T1=105.54
C CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 =
T
C2= 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4
15.56oC 18.34oC 54.12oC
T3 =
TS1=121.1oC
TS2= 32.07oC TS3=
86.19oC
S1 = 2200 105.18oC
kJ/kg L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =
h1 = 0.136
408.3 kJ/kg h0.214
hF = 105.6 kJ/kg 2= 319.9 kJ/kg
h3= 163.17 kJ/kg
hS2 = 441 kJ/kg H1 = 2685 kJ/kg H2 = 2655 kJ/kg hS3 = 361 kJ/kg
Tref. = 0oC (same as steam table),
Effect 3: L2h2 + V2(H2 – hS3) = L3h3 + V3H3
L2h2 + (L1-L2)(H2 – hS3) = L3h3 + (L2-4536)H3
H3= HS4 + 1.884(BPR3)
From the steam table A.2-9 at TS4=51.67oC, HS4 = 2595
H3 = 2595+ 1.884(2.45) = 2600kJ/kg
 L2(319.9) + (L1-L2)(2655 – 361) = L3(163.17) + (L2-4536)(2600) (3)
 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3=2.45o

T1=105.54
C CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 =
T
C2= 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4
15.56oC 18.34oC 54.12oC
T3 =
TS1=121.1oC
TS2= 32.07oC TS3=
86.19oC
S1 = 2200 105.18oC
kJ/kg L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =
0.136 0.214
22680(105.6) + S(2200) = L1(408.3) + (22680-L1)2685 (1)
L1(408.3) + (22680-L1)(2685 – 441) = L2(319.9) + (L1-L2)(2655) (2)
L2(319.9) + (L1-L2)(2655 – 361) = L3(163.17) + (L2-4536)(2600) (3)
Solving simultaneously eq. (2) and (3):
L1 =17078 kg/h and L2 = 11068 kg/h
From eq. (1) after substituting L1 =17078 kg/h and L2 = 11068 kg/h , S = 8936 kg/h
Substituting L1 & L2 into the material balances of each effect:
V1 = 22680 - L1 = 22680 – 17078 = 5602 kg/h
V2 = L1- L2 = 17078 – 11068 = 6010 kg/h
V3 = L2- 4536 = 11068 – 4536 = 6532 kg/h
 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3 =2.45o

T1=105.54
C CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 = 15.56oC
T
C 2 = 18.34oC 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4

U1=3123 T3 =oC32.07oC

54.12
TS1=121.1oC U2=1987
W/m2.K W/m2.KTS2= U3 = 1135 TS3= o
86.19 C
S1 = 2200 105.18oC W/m2.K
kJ/kg L1 = 16 632 x1 = L2= 10 584 x2 =
0.136 0.214
Latest calculations: L1 =17078 kg/h , L2 = 11068 kg/h , S = 8936 kg/h ,
V1 = 5602 kg/h, V2 = 6010 kg/h and V3 = 6532 kg/h
Previous calculations: L1 =16632 kg/h (% error = 2.6 ) , L2 = 10584 kg/h
(% error = 4.4 ) , V1 = 6048 kg/h (% error = 8.0 ), V2 = 6048 kg/h (%
error = 0.6 ) and V3 = 6048 kg/h (% error = 7.4 )
9. If errors  10%, calculate q1, q2 , q3 , A1, A2, A3 & Aave. If errors 10%, revise Ts.
q1 = SS1 = U1A1T1
q1 = SS1 = 8936 kg 2200 kJ 1h
h kg 3600s = 5460 kJ/s
5460 x 103 W m2.K
A1 = = 112.4 m2
15.56 K 3123 W
Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3 =2.45o

T1=105.54
C CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 = 15.56oC
T
C 2 = 18.34oC 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4

U1=3123 T3 =oC32.07oC

54.12
TS1=121.1oC U2=1987
W/m2.K W/m2.KTS2= U3 = 1135 TS3= o
86.19 C
S1 = 2200 105.18oC W/m2.K
kJ/kg L1 = 17078 kg/h L2= 11068 kg/h
Latest calculations: L1 =17078 kg/h , L2 = 11068 kg/h , S = 8936 kg/h ,
V1 = 5602 kg/h, V2 = 6010 kg/h and V3 = 6532 kg/h
q1 =5460 kJ/s A1 = 112.4 m2 Aave. = Am = 104.4 m2

q2 = V1S2 = 5602 kg 2244 kJ 1h

h kg 3600s = 3492 kJ/s A = A = 104.4 m2
ave. m
3492 x 103 W m2.K
A2 = = 95.8 m2
18.34 K 1987 W
q3 = V2S3 = 6010 kg 2294 kJ 1h
h kg 3600s = 3830kJ/s
3830 x 103 W m2.K
A3 = = 105.1 m2
32.07 K 1135 W
 Example 8.5-1
TS
4

BPR1=0.36o BPR2=0.65o BPR3 =2.45o

T1=105.54
C CT2=86.84o Csat.=
T
T
oC 1 = 15.56oC
T
C 2 = 18.34oC 51.67
T o
3 = C=TS4

U1=3123 T3 =oC32.07oC

54.12
TS1=121.1oC U2=1987
W/m2.K W/m2.KTS2= U3 = 1135 TS3= o
86.19 C
S1 = 2200 105.18oC W/m2.K
kJ/kg L1 = 17078 kg/h L2= 11068 kg/h
Latest calculations: L1 =17078 kg/h , L2 = 11068 kg/h , S = 8936 kg/h ,
V1 = 5602 kg/h, V2 = 6010 kg/h and V3 = 6532 kg/h

9. If % errors for A1, A2, A3 10%, revise Ts

q1 =5460 kJ/s A1 = 112.4 m2 (% error =7.7)

q2= 3492 kJ/s A2 =95.8 m2 (% error =8.2)

q3= 3830kJ/s A3= 105.1 m2 (% error =0.7)

Aave. = Am = 104.4 m2

A = 104.4 m2