International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp. 511–521, Article ID: IJCIET_09_04_056

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FRC

BEAM WITH ARAMID FIBRE AND RED MUD
Shobhit Mohta
Post Graduate Student, Structural Engineering,
SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur Campus,
Kanchipuram, India

C. Pavithra
Assistant professor (O.G), Department of Civil Engineering,
SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur Campus,
Kanchipuram, India

ABSTRACT
In this research, an experimental study has been conducted on concrete, in
addition to an industrial waste RED MUD and an industrial fibre named ARAMID
Fibre. Due to the storage and having cementitious properties, it has been used as
partial replacement of cement. ARAMID Fibre is used because of its high mechanical
and thermal properties. An experimental investigation has been done on concrete mix
of M40 grade for its mechanical properties and thermal property (shrinkage property
called Plastic Shrinkage) has been done. In this research, RED MUD is used as
partial replacement of cement in 4 proportions viz. 10%, 20%,30% and 40% with 2
variations in percentage of ARAMID Fibre 1% and 2% by weight of mix in concrete
mix. It has been found that with 30% RED MUD and 2% ARAMID Fibre, Mechanical
Properties are maximum for M40 grade concrete. In plastic shrinkage, it has been
observed that 30% replacement of cement with red mud is showing less linear
shrinkage.
Key words: RED MUD, Aramid Fibre, Linear Drying Shrinkage.
Cite this Article: Shobhit Mohta and C. Pavithra, Experimental Investigation of FRC
Beam with Aramid Fibre and Red Mud, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp. 511–521.
http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION
In the present era of urbanization, global landscape is changing day by day. This urbanization
(i.e. development of advance cities) takes place with construction of new buildings, sky
scrapers, roads, bridges, tunnels etc. in this development era, the first material which is
required, is cement. It is the main ingredient. (Sabbie A. Miller et. al. 2017) [1] During the
production of cement, there is heavy emission of Carbon dioxide taking place which is very

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 Shobhit Mohta and C. Pavithra

much harmful to the environment. One another point in cement production is that it requires
large amount of water, which affects the environment. So, it is very much needed to find out
the relevant alternatives for cement, which can replace the cement without affecting the basic
properties of concrete as well as without decreasing the strength of concrete. In this approach,
Red Mud is one of the replacement of cement, which cementitious properties.
In current scenario, disposal of Red Mud is a big problem for engineers and scientists. It is
a byproduct of production of aluminium from bauxite during Bayer process. This red mud has
approximately 50-55% of Fe2O3, which is a cementitious material and may replace cement in
concrete partially. (P.Ashok et.al. 2010) [2] Due to its cementitious property, it may be a
successful replacement of cement in concrete and may increase various properties of concrete
viz. mechanical properties, thermal properties, bonding between materials, number of pores
count etc. (Ping Wang et.al. 2012) [3] It has been generally observed that after the addition of
fibre in concrete, there is no significant increment in compressive strength but split tensile
strength and flexural strength may increase enormously depending on the type of fibre.
Additional bonding between materials happens due to addition of fibres. Fibres are usually
used in concrete to circumvent cracks, which takes place due to shrinkage,
called plastic shrinkage. The synthetic fibres make the concrete less permeable and reduce
bleeding of water. Aramid fibre is 2-5 times draconian than glass fibres and steel fibres, per
unit mass. In hardened concrete, the major problem is initial drying shrinkage (plastic
shrinkage). Drying shrinkage is associated with vaporization of moisture content from
concrete and it is governed by external factors as well as internal factors related to the
concrete, and its ingredients. (Inamullah Khan et. al. 2017) [4] A component of building
develops cracks whenever the stress in the component exceeds its strength. The stress could
be caused by external forces like wind load, live load, dead load or foundation settlement or it
can be due to thermal stress, change in moisture chemical reactions between materials of
concrete etc. At early age of concrete, thermal cracks take place when the tensile strain of
concrete rise up by two causes, either by temperature difference between concrete section
within the concrete or if the thermal contraction in restrained. (P B Bamforth 2007) [5]
Shrinkage of this type betray itself soon after the concrete is settled in the forms while the
concrete is still in the plastic state. One much believed reason for plastic shrinkage is loss of
water by evaporation due to environmental temperature or blotting of water by aggregate or
subgrade. Due to this loss of water, reduction in overall volume of concrete takes place. One
of the reason behind appearance of plastic shrinkage cracks in freshly hardened concrete is,
the particles of aggregate or reinforcement occurs in the way of caving. This is the reason for
internal cracks of concrete, which appears internally around the particles of aggregate and
reinforcement. When the large surfaces like floors and pavements are exposed to sun and hot
wind, the plastic shrinkage cracks take place at the surface of concrete
Plastic shrinkage can be reduced by covering the freshly placed concrete with
polyethylene sheets, foggy spray of water to keep the surface moist. While working at night, it
is advised by experts that use of little amount of aluminium is also one of the finest solution to
prevent plastic shrinkage in concrete. Expansive cement or shrinkage controlling cement also
can be used for preventing the concrete from early age shrinkage.
The efficient replacement of cement with red mud increases the various mechanical
properties of concrete viz. compression, split tensile strength and flexural strength. 30%
replacement of cement by red mud and hydrated lime achieves the highest strength. The
strength in increases up to 30% in M20 and M40 grades of concrete. (Siddu Karthik C S et.
al.) [6] The effects of use of two types of fibres named polyvinyl alcohol and nylon in
recycled fine aggregate in the concrete to study the effects on mechanical properties and
shrinkage. (Jeongsoo Nam et. al. 2016) [7] Red Mud is a by-product during the production of

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 Experimental Investigation of FRC Beam with Aramid Fibre and Red Mud

aluminium, which is produced by bauxite. The ph of Red Mud is in the range of 10 to 13.
There are various adverse effects of Red Mud in environment viz.-
 The ground water will get polluted when the red mud mixes with water.
 The fertility of soil gets reduced when red mud disposal takes place in soil. It also changes the
properties of soil.
 The production of red mud is in very huge amount and that is the reason it takes vast areas of
land to store.
 Due to alkali seepage from red mud in to underground water, these water resources such as
wells, aquifer etc. may get polluted.
 The dust of red mud dose heavily impacts on plant life because that dust is alkaline and air
born dust fly with air. It effects on transpiration process of plant resulting in reduction of plant
life. (Ramesh R. Rathod et. al. 2014) [8]
The Aramids fibre has exorbitant mechanical properties than other types of synthetic
fibres, these are displacing metal wire and inorganic fibre from the market of high
performance uses like various structure composites for application in aircraft, marine and
automobile, rope for off shore oil rigs, and bullet proof vests. This fibre has various benefits
viz resist elevated temperature, non-conductive properties, light weight material, and high
strength. (Narayan Prasad Sahu et. al. 2014) [9] In a part of ACI 209.2R-08, which describes
about the various tests of concrete to calculate the creep, various shrinkage and thermal
properties of concrete experimentally. This also gives the brief idea about the thermal
properties of concrete and behaviour of concrete under temperature. (Carlos C. Videla et. al.
ACI) [10] Addition of fibre effected on PFRC (Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete) on
compressive, tensile, flexural, shear strength and plastic shrinkage cracking properties of
concrete. In addition to fixed amount of polypropylene fibre increases flexural, tensile and
shear strengths but there is no change in compressive strength. Beyond that, it reduces
shrinkage cracking as well. (Saeed Ahmed et. al. 2006) [11] The various failures in various
parts of structures viz beams, columns, slabs, infills etc. are explained. It also describes
various causes of these losses as well as preventions and remedies for these failures. This is an
effective approach to get to know about the various types and patterns of failures, cracks with
effective standards and better understanding. (M.S. Bhatiya et. al. IS) [12]

1.1. Materials used for the experimental study

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC 53)
OPC 53 grade cement was used in this study. The cement was tested according to IS: 12269-
1987 to ensure that it confirms to the requirements.

Fine aggregate
Locally available sand passing through 4.75mm sieve as per IS 383-1970 was used as fine
aggregate.

Coarse aggregate
20mm coarse aggregate was used in this investigation. All specifications of coarse aggregate
were as per IS 383:1970.

Super plasticizer
Sulphonated napthalene polymer-based chloride free admixture Conplast SP430 was used to
increase the workability and strength of concrete mix.

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 Shobhit Mohta and C. Pavithra

Red Mud
Red mud is a byproduct of the industrial process that refines bauxite, raw aluminum ore, into
aluminum oxide, or alumina which is toxic. Bauxite has a mixture of minerals in it. In this,
aluminum compounds are present and hence it is a big source of aluminum. Other than these
compounds, it contains iron oxides, sand, clay and small amounts of titanium oxide called
anatase; it can also hold traces of radioactive minerals, such as uranium or thorium
compounds. In this research, raw Red Mud was used without washing, which was supplied by
National Aluminium Company (NALCO), Damanjodi, Odisha. The approximate amount of
chemical composits of Red Mud are mentioned in table 1.

Table 1 Composition of Red Mud

Composite Composition in %
Ferric Oxide 50-55%
Aluminium Oxide 15-20%
Silica (Quartz) 6-10%
Titanium Oxide 4-6%
Sodium Oxide 4-6%
Calcium Oxide 1-4%
Sodium Hydroxide 10-15 gpl

Aramid Fibre
The word aramid made up from aromatic polyamide is a man-made fibre. The aramid fibre is
having 5-10% more mechanical properties than other synthetic fibre, that is why they are
perfect replacement of other fibres which are present in the market for various structural
purposes viz. aircrafts, marine ships, bullet proof jackets etc.
Table 2 contains the materials which were used in this research with material properties
which were obtained with basic tests of materials.

Table 2 Tests performed on materials and values

Sr. No. Material Name Test Performed Value

Specific Gravity 3.14
1. Cement
Fineness Modulus 07%
Specific Gravity 2.78
2. Fine Aggregate
Water Absorption 1.6%
Specific Gravity 2.86
3. Corse Aggregate
Water Absorption .05%
Specific Gravity 2.54
4. Red Mud
Fineness Modulus 04.5
5. Super Plasticizer - -
6. Aramid Fibre - -

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted in this project has been divided into two phases. In 1st phase,
partial replacement of cement with red mud has been investigated. In 2nd phase, it contains
thermal investigation of concrete. This investigation work has been covered in following
parts:
Part I: Investigating the effect of strength parameters by partial replacement of cement with
red mud in M40 grade concrete with aramid fibre.

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 Experimental Investigation of FRC Beam with Aramid Fibre and Red Mud

Part II: Investigation of FRC beam for thermal properties (Plastic Shrinkage) with aramid
fibre & red mud.
Part I: Investigating the effect of replacing a part of the cement binder with red mud in
concrete.
The concrete mix proportion was 1.0 (OPC): 2.56 (FA): 3.26 (CA) and the water/cement
ratio was 0.42 and 0.2% of admixture by weight of cementitious material. Concrete mix
containing variations in addition of red mud (10,20,30 and 40% in weight) and variation in
fibre was 1 and 2% by weight.
Part II: Investigation of FRC beam for thermal properties (Drying Shrinkage) with aramid
fibre & red mud.
With same variations and mix, the specimens were casted for thermal test, which includes
study of concrete for initial drying shrinkage (plastic shrinkage). This test was performed in
high temperature lab with constant temperature of 50 ±1oc for repeating cycles of 44 hours as
per codal provision.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Compression test
This test was conducted on specimen to measure the compressive strength of the concrete.
The size of test specimen depends upon the size of aggregate which is used.

Figure 1 Variation in compressive strength in concrete specimen

In this graph, the strength of concrete is increasing gradually and achieving the maximum
strength with 30% red mud and 2% fibre. After this, there is dropdown in strength and
minimum strength is with 40% red mud and 2% fibre.
In this experimental investigation, 20 mm coarse aggregate has been used and the concrete
cubes of size 150 mm X 150 mm X 150 mm is used. The test was conducted with all
variations of red mud and aramid for 7 days and 28 days. The aramid fibre is poor in
compressive strength as they absorb water during mixing of concrete and decreases the
amount of water in mix, but during vibration, it releases the water.
The test results are mentioned in table 3. Fig. 3.1 shows the variations of compressive
strength of concrete mix of M40 grade for 7 days and 28 days.
During the curing time, it absorbs the water from concrete mix and decreases the strength
of concrete cubes but at that time red mud compensates the loss of strength and not a great
strength achievement but a considerable increment in strength was achieved.

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 Shobhit Mohta and C. Pavithra

Table 3 Compressive Strength test results of specimen

7 days Compressive 28 days Compressive

Sr. No. Specimen
Strength (N/mm2) strength (N/mm2)
1 Conventional 34.4 44.8
2 10% RM 1% Fibre 21.85 46.09
3 10% RM 2% Fibre 21.63 46.37
4 20% RM 1% Fibre 25.10 47.64
5 20% RM 2% Fibre 26.71 48.7
6 30% RM 1% Fibre 26.1 49.26
7 30% RM 2% Fibre 27.24 49.91
8 40% RM 1% Fibre 25.85 46.84
9 40% RM 2% Fibre 25.91 47.47

3.2. Split Tensile Test

Concrete is very weak in tension and structures may undergo tensile failure of concrete and
may collapse. It has also been observed that concrete is more prone to tensile cracks under
application of load. To measure the tensile strength of concrete, Split Tensile strength test is
recommended. The Split Tensile test should be done as per IS 5816-1970. In this research,
cylinders with 150 mm diameter and 300 mm length were casted and tested. The graphical
implementation of these results has shown in fig. 3.2.
Table 4 contains test results of split tensile strength of concrete cylinder specimen for 28
days curing. With this graphical representation of results, there is increment in split tensile
strength in a gradual manner and it reaches its maximum value at 30% red mud and 2% fibre.
After this maximum value, there is sudden drop in strength in rest variations but this is not
going under the conventional.

Figure 2 Graph for 28 days Split Tensile Strength

By researches and observations, the strength of fibre reinforced concrete was dependent
on fibre length which was used in the concrete mix. In this investigation, length of fibre was
2cm to 3cm. With test results, it was observed that split tensile strength has increased by 36%
in a mix of 30% Red Mud and 2% fibre, from conventional concrete mix. In some researches,
it has been observed that 20% replacement of cement with red mud is ideal [22,23], but in this
research, with addition of aramid fibre, replacement of cement in concrete has been increased
by 10%. It is because the influence of fibre in concrete. The aramid fibre is very strong in
tensile strength.

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 Experimental Investigation of FRC Beam with Aramid Fibre and Red Mud

It was studied that aramid yarn has a breaking tenacity of 3045 MPa, which is more than 5
times than this of steel (under water, aramid is 4 times stronger) and twice than this of glass
fibre or nylon.

Table 4 Split Tensile Strength test results of specimen

Sr. No. Specimen 28 days Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)
1 Conventional 3.79
2 10% RM 1% Fibre 3.95
3 10% RM 2% Fibre 3.99
4 20% RM 1% Fibre 4.15
5 20% RM 2% Fibre 4.25
6 30% RM 1% Fibre 4.83
7 30% RM 2% Fibre 5.08
8 40% RM 1% Fibre 3.86
9 40% RM 2% Fibre 3.97
Due to very high tensile strength with proper mixing of it in concrete, has shown the best
results in increment of split tensile strength of concrete for 28 days curing.

3.3. Flexural Strength test

In this research work, the flexural strength test was conducted as per IS 516:1959. The length
of beam specimen was 500 mm with 100 mmX100 mm cross section.
The test results are tabulated in table 5 for 28 days of strength. The flexural strength
results are graphically expressed in fig. 3.3. With the graphical expression, it has been
observed that initially the flexural strength is increasing up to 10% red mud and 2% fibre.
After this variation, there is slight decrement in next variation which is 20% red mud and 1%
fibre but it is more than conventional.
After this slight decrement, there is again increment in the strength and it reaches to the
maximum level at 30% red mud & 2% fibre. This is observed that after reaching its peak
value, it decreases but not less than conventional.

Figure 3 Flexural Strength Chart for 28 days

Flexural strength is influenced by many factors such as fibre material, length, geometry
and bonding. In case of aramid fibre which is a manmade synthetic fibre, it mixes in concrete
quite properly and increases the flexural strength.
In this present study, the fibre was mixed in two variations viz. 1% and 2%. The results
were obtained after testing of specimens were observed that with 2% aramid fibre, flexural
strength is increasing enormously by 36% from conventional one.

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 Shobhit Mohta and C. Pavithra

Table 5 Flexural Strength test results of specimen

One more reason behind this result, is the type and length of fibre which was used in this
Sr. No. Specimen 28 days Flexural Strength (N/mm2)
1 Conventional 4.17
2 10% RM 1% Fibre 4.33
3 10% RM 2% Fibre 4.83
4 20% RM 1% Fibre 4.33
5 20% RM 2% Fibre 5.17
6 30% RM 1% Fibre 5.83
7 30% RM 2% Fibre 6.33
8 40% RM 1% Fibre 5.00
9 40% RM 2% Fibre 5.33

research. The length of fibre was 2cm to 3cm and it is used in multifilament form in concrete.
Due to this, while mixing, the proper mixing was observed and increment in flexural strength
is the output of it. Sometimes it is also observed that flexural strength decreases in beam when
concrete is influenced with synthetic fibre. [21]

3.4. Initial Drying Shrinkage test

The initial drying shrinkage is one of the major issue in freshly hardened concrete exposed to
high environmental temperature. As per Indian standards, the initial drying shrinkage is one of
the important parameter which has to be calculated. To prevent the concrete from early age
cracking, use of fibre is highly recommended by researchers. In this research, for measuring
initial drying shrinkage, the test was conducted as per IS-1199:1959. The specimens were
kept in self-heat controlling dry oven for repeating cycles of 44 hours. This test was done for
the period of 20 days with repeating cycles.
In this test, the temperature was specially taken care because the variation of temperature
can change the readings and affect the research.

Figure 4 Strain vs Time (Days) graph, variation in linear strain

The results of this experiment are plotted in fig. 3.4. A graph which shows the variations
on linear strain with respect to time period in days. This graph explains that the least value of
linear strain was obtained with sample TR31 (30% Red Mud and 1% Fibre). It also gives the
peak value which was obtained with TR11 (10% Red Mud & 1% Fibre). The bonding
between material which was used in concrete mix affects the shrinkage of concrete and thus
variation in linear strain has been observed after 20 days of testing. Initially all readings are

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 Experimental Investigation of FRC Beam with Aramid Fibre and Red Mud

on one another but later on the variation of strain was increased due to the loss of moisture
from specimen. The effect of this loss of moisture from concrete affected the bonding
between the materials of specimen.
In fibre reinforced concrete, it is a general and quite effective phenomenon that the fibre
reinforced concrete is best in controlling the initial drying shrinkage in concrete at early stage
of hardened concrete. At such places where climate temperature is very high during summers
(50-55oc), the initial drying shrinkage takes place because of the loss of moisture from
concrete at early stage. This causes internal as well as external cracks in freshly hardened
concrete. These early age cracks lead the structure towards the failure.

4. CONCLUSION
From this experimental investigation, following points can be drawn:
 The test results of concrete mix with 30% red mud and 2% fibre for compressive strength
is almost 12% more than the conventional concrete for 28 days strength.
 The replacement of 30% cement with red mud with addition of 2% fibre has given 34%
increment in split tensile strength for 28 days, which is a remarkable increment.
 The beam specimens which were tested to measure the flexural strength has given 36%
increment in 28 days strength with 30% red mud and 2% fibre.
 Considering all the above points it is interesting to say that the mechanical properties of
conventional concrete is increasing with 30% replacement of cement with red mud in
addition of 2% fibre. With that, it can be concluded that the optimum replacement of
cement is 30% with red mud in addition of 2% fibre.
 By results of thermal test, it was observed that 30% replacement of cement with red mud
has least initial drying shrinkage.

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