A²-ymbw þ H¶v : `mKw H¶v

lmkywþX¯- z - § Ä
lmk- y w, Ie, kmln- X yw

a\p-j-y-a-\Êv hnj-b-§-fn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ hnIm-c-§Ä Df-hm-Ip-¶p.

at\m-hn-Im-c-§Ä Akw-J-y-am-sW-¦nepw KW\mkuI-c-ymÀ°w Ahsb kmln-X-y-

im-kv{X-Im-c-·mÀ hÀ¤o-I-cn-¨n-«p-æv. \mS-y-im-kv{X-Im-c-\mb `c-X-ap\n Nn¯-hr-¯n-

IÄ¡m-[m-ca
- mb `mh-§sf F«mbn hn`-Pn-¡p-¶p. cX-ym-Zn-If
- mb B ASn-Øm\ `mh-

§-fn H¶mWv lmkw. lmk-¯nsâ ckm-h-Ø-bmWv lmk-yw. lmk-y-sa-¶mÂ

Nncn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv F¶À°w. lk:, lmk:, lmkyw F¶o i_vZ-§Ä ]c-ym-b-]-Z-§-

fmbn Aa-c-tIm-i-¯n ImWp-¶p. (A-a-c-tImiw 7þmw hÀ¤w 18, 19 tÇmI-§Ä)1.

PohnXw hy-àn¡v A\n-Ñm-]qÀÆ-Ia

- mbn e`n-¡p-¶X
- m-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ssPh-

]-cn-W-Xn-I-fnse Hcp Øe-Ime kÔn-bn kz´w km¶n-²yw Adn-bp¶ a\p-j-y\v

F§pw ]cn-an-Xn-Itf DÅq. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Isf Ah³ AXn-Po-hn-¡p-¶Xv k¦-ev]-

¯n asämcp temIw \nÀ½n¨p sImæm-Wv. Xm³ Pohn-¡p¶ temI-¯nsâ ]cn-an-Xn-

I-fn-Ãm¯ asämcp temIs¯ krjvSn-¡m-\pÅ Cu Ign-hmWv a\p-jy- s\ CX-cP

- o-hn-

I-fn \n¶v hy-Xy- k

- X
v \
- m-¡p-¶X
- .v aäp Pohn-IÄ¡v hfÀ¨-sb-¶Xv ico-c¯
- nsâ ]qÀ®-

X-bm-Wv. a\p-jy- \
- m-Is« hfÀ¨-sb-¶m t_m[-¯nsâ ]qÀ®-Xm-`n-ap-Ja
- mb \nc-´c

]cn-Wm-aa
- m-Wv. Ahsâ k¦-ev]§
- f
- n \n¶v A§s\ Ie-IÄ cq]-s¸-«p. Ie-If
- nÂ

kmln-Xy- I
- e kÀÆ-tXm-ap-Jy- a
- m-Ip-¶p.

a\p-j-ysâ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-§-tfm-sSm-¸-amWv Ie-IÄ cq]-s¸-«-Xv. a\p-jy

a\-Ênsâ ASn-Øm\ `mh-§Ä Xs¶-bmWv kmln-Xy- I

- e
- b
- v¡pw B[m-ca
- m-bn-«p-ÅXv.

Pohn-Xs¯ \nb-{´n-¡p-Ibpw \bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Bß-`m-h-§-sf-¯s¶ k¦-

ev]¯
- nsâ kpv-ct- em-I§
- f
- n ]p\ÀP-\n-¸n¨v a\p-jy- ³ {]Pm-]X
- n-Xz- a
- mÀÖn-¡p-¶p.

5
 Bßm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv Ie. P·-kn-²-ambn a\p-j-y\p e`n-¡p¶ `mh-\-bmWv

Iem-kr-jvSn¡v Imc-Wa
- m-Ip-¶X
- v. Hcp hkvXpthm kw`-htam Iem-Im-cs\ sshIm-cn-

I-ambn kzm-[o-\n-¡p-t¼m-gmWv bmYmÀ°-amb Iem-cq]w krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Iem-

Im-c\
- n cq]w-sIm-Åp¶ `mh-\sb kw`-h§
- f
- n-eq-sStbm hkvXp-¡f
- n-eq-sStbm shfn-

s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. am[-y-a-§-fpsS t`Z-amWv Ie-bnse hy-X-y-kvX-X-IÄ¡m-[m-cw. e£-y-

¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\¯
- n kpIp-am-cI
- e
- I
- Ä F¶pw tkm]-tbmKIe-IÄ F¶pw hn`-

Pn-¡m-dp-æv. kmln-Xy- w, Nn{Xw, kwKoXw XpS§n BZ-yh

- n-`m-K¯
- nse Ie-Isf Xs¶

aqÀ¯w, AaqÀ¯w F¶n-§s\ Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p¶p. Øem-t]£Bh-i-y-an-Ãm¯

kmlnXyw AaqÀ¯-Iemhn`m-K-¯nÂs]-Sp-¶p. GXp Iem-Im-c-sâbpw BX-y-´n-I-

amb e£yw klr-Zb

- \
- nse emh-Wy- t- _m[k¦-en-Xa
- mb `mhs¯ Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡pI

F¶-Xm-Wv.

Ie-If
- n kmln-Xyw {]mX:-kvac
- W
- o-ba
- m-Ip-¶p. AXv a\p-jy- sâ khn-tij

hy-h-lm-c-am-Wv. Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv `mthm-·o-e-\mÀ°-am-

Wv. ck-kn-²m-´-¯nsâ ImX-emb X¯zw AXm-Wv. `mh-§-fpsS ]cn-W-Xm-h-Ø-

bmWv ckw. \mS-yi

- m-kv{X-Im-c\
- mb `c-Xa
- p-\n-bpsS A`n-{]m-b¯
- n Ømbn-`mhw hn`m-

hm-\p-`m-h-§-tfmSpw k©mcn`mh-§-tfmSpw tNÀ¶v ck-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p. F«p

Ømbn-`m-h§
- sf IqSmsX F«v kmX-znI `mh-§fpw ap¸-¯n-aq¶v k©mcn `mh-§f
- p-

amWv `c-X-ap\n \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. Ømbn-bmb Nn¯-hr¯nhnti-j-amWv ck-ambn

{]Xo-Xa - X¶v B\-vh

- m-Ip-¶s - À²-\³ ]d-bp-¶p. Ømbn-`m-h§
- f
- psS F®s¯ kw_-

- Ä Dæm-bn-«p-æv.
Ôn¨v \mSy-imkv{X IÀ¯m-hn\v ap¼pw ]n¼pw hn`n-¶- A`n-{]m-b§

kmln-Xy- c
- N
- \ emL-h_
- p-²n-tbmsS Iæ-hc
- Ã ]ucm-WnI`mc-Xo-bÀ. PohnXw

sFi-zc
- y- ]
- qÀ®-am-¡m-\mWv AhÀ X§-fpsS kmln-Xy- h
- m-k\ D]-tbm-Kn-¨X
- v. AÔ-

Im-cs¯ AIän Pohn-X¯ - p-æm-¡m³ bXv\n-¨h

- n shfn-¨a - c - À.2 tkmt±-iy- a
- m-Wh - m-
6
bn- c p- ¶ p Ah- c psS kmln- X y cN- \ . a\p- j y- \ n [mÀ½nIt_m[hpw Pohn-

Xs¯¡pdn¨v ]pXnb ho£Whpw Dæm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS e£yw.

`mc-X¯
- nse CXn-lm-k§Ä Pohn-Xa
- q-ey-§sf¡pdn-¨pÅ t_m[w ]IÀ¶p

sImSp¯ IrXn-I-fmWv . \oXn-bnepw kXy-¯nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kmaq-lnI

hyh-Øn-Xn¡p thæn-bmWv Ch \ne-sIm-Åp-¶Xv. A[À½-¯n-sâ-ta [À½-¯nsâ

- mWv Cu IrXn-IÄ. ‘kmlnXyhnZy-’bn Ip«n-Ir-jvWa

Ptbm-ZvtLm-ja - m-cmÀ ]d-bp¶p.

Nnc-´\
- c
- mb `mc-Xob hnZz-Ö\
- §
- Ä kmln-Xys¯ tIhew Hcp Ie-bm-bn-«Ã, thZ-

§Ä, ]pcm-W§
- Ä F¶n-ht- bm-sSm¸w Úm\hnÚm\ {][m-\a
- mb hnZybm-bn-«mWv

- n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv 3. kmln-Xy-Ie
]cn-KW - sb F{X Kuc-ht- ¯m-sS-bmWv `mc-Xo-bÀ Iæn-

cp-¶-sX-¶mWv CXv hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

Imhyw bitkfÀ°IrtX hyh-lm-chntZþ

inth-Xc£Xtb

kZy: ]c\nÀhr-Xtb Im´mk½nX Xtbm

- ptP4.
]tZ-ib

F¶ a½ShmIy-¯n Imhy{]tbm-P\
- s¯¸än-bpÅ `mc-XobZÀi\w kam-

lrX-am-bn-«pæv . a\p-jys\ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw DbÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿pI F¶Xv Ie-

bpsS aln-X-§-fmb e£y-§-fnÂs]Sp-¶p. GXp kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn¡pw Hcp kmaq-

lnI ]Ým-¯-e-ap-æm-bn-cn-¡pw. ka-Im-enIPohn-X-hp-ambn Hfntªm sXfntªm

AXn\v _Ô-hp-ap-æm-Ipw.

Ie Pohn-Xm-\p-I-c-W-am-sW¶ kn²m´w t¹täm-hn\p ap³]p Xs¶ bh-\-

Nn-´-I-·mÀ¡n-S-bnepw Dæm-bn-cp-¶p. Zcn-{Z-]n-Xm-¡-fpsS Zcn-{Z-k-´-Xn-bmWv Ie

F¶mWv t¹täm ]d-ª-Xv. am\hkmtlm-Z-c-y-amWv D¯-a-I-e-bpsS e£-y-sa¶v

tSmÄtÌm-bnbpw ]d-bp¶p.
7
 kmln-XyIe-bn H«pw A{]-[m-\a
- Ã
- m¯ Hcp Øm\-amWv IY-IÄ¡p-ÅX
- v.

a\p-j-y³ kaq-l-ambn Pohn-¡p-hm\pw `mj-bn-eqsS Bibhn\n-abw \S-¯p-hm\pw

- p-æm-bn-«p-æv. IY temIPohn-X¯
XpS-§nb Imew apXte IY-If - nsâ sNdnb Nn{X-

am-Wv. A\p-`htemIw \nÀ½n-¡m-\pÅ Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ {]mY-an-Ihpw At§-bäw

kzm-`m-hn-I-hp-amb amÀ¤w Ct¸mgpw IY Xs¶-bm-Wv. IY ]d-bp-hm\pw tIÄ¡p-hm-

\p-apÅ P· hmk-\bv¡v ]n¶n am\-kn-tIm-Ãm-k¯

- nsâ þ kt´m-j¯
- nsâ LSIw

Isæ-¯mw. tKm{X-Po-hn-X¯
- nsâ hn{iathf-If
- n BImw a\p-jy- ³ BZ-ya
- mbn IY-

IÄ ]dªp XpS-§n-bX
- v. tIÄhn-¡m-cpsS am\-kn-tIm-Ãm-k¯
- n-\mWv {]mNo\ IY-I-

fn apJ-y-Øm-\w.

\À½hmk-\bpw Nncnbpw a\p-jy- \p am{X-apÅ khn-tijkn²n-bm-Wv. lmk-

sa¶ Ømbn`mh-¯n \n¶mWv lmk-y-ckw Dæm-Ip-¶-Xv. irwKmcw Ign-ªmÂ

sXm«Sp¯ Øm\-amWv `cXtÇmI-¯n lmk-y-¯n\v \evIn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. B_m-e-

hr²w Bk-zm-ZyamIp¶p F¶-Xn \n¶v lmkyw IqSp-X kmÀÆ-P\

- o-\a
- mWv F¶pw

hcp-¶p. alm-`m-cX
- ¯
- nse AwKn-bmb ckw im´-am-sW¶p AwKo-Ic
- n-¡p-t¼mgpw þ

B AwKn-c-k-¯nsâ Gähpw ASp¯ AwKw þ B cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS {][m-\-a{´n þ

lmk-y-c-k-am-sW¶v Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Hcp hkvXp-hns\ AXn-t\m-SpÅ

FÃm kvt\l-]-£-]m-X-§fpw klm-\p-`q-Xn-I-fp-an-cn-s¡-¯-s¶, H¶-I¶p \n¶p

ImWm-\pÅ Ign-hmWv DÂIr-jvS-amb \À½-t_m-[-sa¶pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.5

]c-a-amb lmkyw Fs´¶v Fw.-]n. t]mÄ At\-z-jn-¡p-¶p-æv. KmV-ambn

X¯z-Nn-´\w sNbvXv a\p-jyPohn-X¯

- nsâ £W-`w-Kp-cX
- z- w, euInIhym-tam-l§
- Ä,

]c-a-amb A´-yhpw a\p-j-y-cpsS k¦p-Nn-X-amb at\m-c-Y-§-fpw X½n-epÅ A´cw

F¶n-Xp-IÄ a\-Ên-em¡n temI \S-]-Sn-IÄ Ah-[m-\-]qÀÆw kao-£Ww sN¿p¶

- sâ at\m-`m-ha- mWv ]c-aa- mb lmkyw F¶v \nÀh-Nn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.6

Hcp alm-Nn-´I

8
bYmÀ° Pohn-X-¯n Xm³ DÄs¸« Hcp CXn-hr¯w FSp-¯n«pw IY-bn \n¶-

I¶p \n¶v BJ-ym\w \S-¯p¶ hymk-\n ImWp-¶Xv DÂIr-jvSa

- mb \À½t_m[-

am-Wv.

IY-bpsS Imc-y-¯nepw lmk-y-¯nsâ Imc-y-¯nepw tIc-f-¯n\v al-¯mb

Hcp ]mc-¼c
- yw Dæv. eLp-hmb ]cn-lm-kt- ¯msS F´n-t\bpw ho£n-¡m-\pÅ {]h-

WX Cu ]mc-¼-c-y-¯nsâ `mK-am-Wv. ae-bmf`mjbpw kmln-X-yhpw B[aÀ-Wy-s¸-

«n-«pÅ Xan-gv, kwkvIr-Xw, Cw¥ojv F¶o `mj-I-fnse lmky]mc-¼-c-y-¯n \n¶v

hy-X-y-kvX-amWv CXv. IY-bpsS Imc-y-¯nepw `mc-X-¯nsâ s]mXp ss]Xr-I-¯n-ep-

]cn tIc-f-¯n Xs¶ cq]w sImæ ]eIY-Ifpw hmbvsamgnhg-¡-ambn ChnsS

\ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. NmI-ymÀIq¯nepw IqSn-bm-«¯

- nepw hnZq-jI
- ³ Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p¶ D]-

I-YI
- Ä, ]S-bW
- n-bnse t]¡-YI
- Ä, XpÅ-ense ]pdw-IY
- I
- Ä, ]mT-I¯
- nse D]-IY
- -

IÄ, kwL-¡f
- n-bnse BJ-ym\ `mK-§Ä, hS-¡³ ]m«p-If
- n-sebpw sX¡³]m-«p-If
- n-

sebpw IY-IÄ, apd-P-]-¯n ]s¦-Sp-¡m³ t]mbn-cp¶ \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ bm{X-bv¡n-S-

bn ]d-ªn-cp¶ ]«-¯m\ IY-IÄ Ch-sbms¡ tIc-fob IYm-]m-c-¼-c-y-¯nse

CuSp-h-bv]p-I-fm-Wv. Cu hmsamgnIY-I-fpsS A´À`m-h-am-Is« lmk-y-hpw. Ip©³

\¼-ymcpw, A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡cpw aäpw Nncn-¸n-¡p¶ IY-]-d-bp-¶-Xnsâ al-¯zw X§-

fpsS Ihn-XI
- f
- n-eqsS shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Åh - m-Wv.7
- c

Hmtcm P\-ka
- q-l¯
- n\pw sshIm-cn-Ia
- mbpw _p²n-]c
- a
- mbpw Nne {]tX-yI
- X
- -

IÄ Dæv. BwK-te-bc
- psS kz-`mhkhn-ti-jX
- I
- f
- n H¶mbn Ah-cpsS lyq-aÀ-þ\
- À½-

- S- p¯p ]d-bm-dp-æv. AXp-t]mse tIc-fo-bc

t_m-[w-þF - n ap¶n«p \n¡p¶ kz-`mh

hnti-j§
- f
- n H¶mWv \À½-t_m-[w. t¢i-cl
- n-Xa
- mb Pohn-X¯
- n\v A\p-Iq-ea
- mb

Imem-h-Ø, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tX-y-I-X-IÄ, Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-§Ä F¶nh Cu

9
kz-`mhcq]-h¡-c-W-¯n\v t{]c-I-am-bn-«p-æv. iXm-_vZ-§Ä¡v ap¼p Xs¶ \À½-

t_m-[-¯n anI-¨-h-sc¶v \nÊ-tvlw sXfn-bn-¡-¯¡ Iem-k-¼¯pw AXn-\-\p-

Kp-W-amb kmln-Xyk¼¯pw \ap-¡p-æv.

“F´n-s\bpw t\cnb \À½ t_m[-t¯msS ImWm\pw kq£va_

- p-²n-tbmsS

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\p-apÅ {]mK-Ûyw tIc-fo-b-cpsS kmln-X-y-¯nepw cwK-I-e-I-fnepw

\mtSmSnkmln-Xy- ¯
- nepw sXfnªp ImWmw. tIc-f¯
- nse NmI-ym-·mÀ lmkyw X§-

fpsS ]c-¼c
- m-hI - mbn IcpXn {]tbm-Kn¨p h¶p”8. Iq¯n-eq-sSbpw IqSn-bm-«¯
- m-ia - n-eq-

sSbpw hnI-kn¨ lmk-ya

- mWv ]nev¡me tIc-fobkmln-Xy- ¯
- nepw Ie-If
- nepw \ne-

\n-ev¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-fn-bpsS kz-X-z-am-\-§-fn H¶mbn lmkyw AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-

æv. BZn-Imew apX¡v tIc-fob P\-Xb

- psS kz-`m-h¯
- n A©p LS-I§
- Ä hn«p-

am-dmsX \nev¡p-¶p-sæ¶v tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW]

- nÅ A`n-{]m-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶p. AXp

\S-\¯
- nepw \r¯-¯n-ep-apÅ {`aw, kwKoX{`aw, lmky{`aw, t\cnb hnjm-Zm-ßI
- X
- z- w,

£Wn-Ia
- mb hnImc]mc-hi
- yw F¶n-hb
- m-sW¶p Isæ-¯p¶ tIk-cn, ae-bm-fn¡v

lmk-y-hp-am-bpÅ ASp¸w thæp-thmfw a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.9

sh×Wn \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn-sâ,

“`mK-ya
- n-Ã, ^en-tXm-àn-bn-Ã, kuþ

`mK-y-an-Ã, ]W-an-Ã, sXÃpta

ÇmL-ya
- m-In-sbmcp tIm¸p-an-Ã; Rm³

tbmK-y-s\¶p NneÀ ]ns¶ hmgv¯ptam”10F¶ hcn-I-fn \n¶v tbmK-y-X-

bpsS am\-Z-WvU-§-fn H¶mbn \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ lmk-ys¯ AwKo-I-cn-¨n-cp¶p F¶v

hy-à-am-Ip-¶p.

tIc-fo-bc
- n Gähpw IqSp-X \À½-t_m[w {]ZÀin-¸n-¨h
- À \¼q-XncnamcmWv.

kaq-l¯
- n GähpwA[nIw kzm-X{- ´ywA\p-`h
- n¨ hn`m-Ka
- m-bn-cp¶p \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ.

10
NmI-ym-·mcpw \mb-·mcpw PmX-ym-Xs¶ ^enX {]nb-·m-cm-Wv. C§s\ ^enX hmk-

\bpw \À½t_m[-hp-apÅ Hcp P\-X-bpsS kmln-Xyw ^en-tXm-Ö-z-e-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-

Xn AÛp-X-an-Ã. ae-bmfIY-bpsS Xmbvhgn-IÄ At\-z-jn¨p t]mIp-t¼mÄ hy-à-

am-Ip-¶Xv IYbpw lmk-yhpw X½n-epÅ KmV-_-Ô-am-Wv.

a\p-jy- t- \mSpIqSnXs¶ ]nd-¡p¶ kl-Pa

- mb `mh-k^
v p-cW
- §
- f
- mWv Nncnbpw

Ic-¨n-epw. Nncn {]oXn-bp-sSbpw B\-v¯

- n-sâbpw e£-Wa
- mbpw Ic-¨n A{]oXnbp-

sSbpw thZ-\-bp-sSbpw e£-W-ambpw P\\w apX acWw hsc a\p-j-y-\n {]X-y-

£-s¸«p sImæn-cn-¡p-¶p. B\vw ssIh-cp-¯pI FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw PohnX e£-y-

ambn Icp-Xp-¶-XnÂ\n¶v, kt´mjkqN-I-amb Nncn¡v Pohn-X-¯n-epÅ {]m[m\yw

hy-à-am-Ip-¶p.

Nne arK-tN-jvSn-X-§-fpsS X·-b-X-z-amb A\p-I-c-Wtam Nne-cpsS {]Ir-X-ym-

bpÅ sshIr-Xtam Hcm-fpsS BI-kvan-I-amb hogvNtbm Hs¡ Hcp ]t£ BZna

a\p-jy- s\ Nncn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡mw. F¦nepw `mj Iæp-]n-Sn-¨X

- n\p tij-am-IWw a\p-jy³

_p²n-sImæv ]cn-jvIr-X-am-bnþ AÀ°-h-¯mbn Nncn-¡m³ XpS-§n-b-Xv. hnt\m-Z-I-

csam Bt£-]I
- c
- sam Bb Bi-b§
- Ä hmsamgn-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvIc
- n-¡m-\pÅ \ne

h¶Xv Nncn-¡m\pw Nncn-¸n-¡m-\p-apÅ Ah-k-c-§Ä [mcm-f-ambn \ÂIn. C§s\

a\pj-ysâ \À½t_m[s¯ Na-Xv¡mc]qÀ®-amb hm¡p-If

- n-eqsS Ah-Xc
- n-¸n¨p XpS-

§n-b-t¸m-gmWv Dàn lmk-ywþ ^enXwþ P\n-¨-Xv.

a\p-jy Pohn-X-¯n BZ-y´w{]X-y-£-s¸-Sp¶ lmk-¯n\v þ Nncn¡v þ

t{]c-I-amb at\m-`m-h-§Ä Nne-t¸mÄ ]c-kv]c hncp-²-§sfm hy-X-y-kvX-§sfm

BImw. Nncn-bpsS DÛ-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v a\:-im-kv{X-Ú-·mÀ \ÂIp¶ ]e Adn-hp-

Ifpw Hcp ]t£ \s½ AÛp-X-s¸-Sp-¯n-tb-¡pw. Zp:-J-¯n \n¶pw t{Im[-¯nÂ

11
\n¶pw Nncn-bp-æm-Imw. am{X-aà \nv, shdp-¸v, hnUvVn-¯w, {`m´v, BËm-Zw, hnP-

bw, A\p-I¼ F¶o hy-X-y-kvX-amb `mh-§-fn \n¶p-t]mepw Nncn-bp-f-hm-Ipw.11

HcmÄ¡v Hcp kvÀ`-¯n Nncn¡p Imc-W-am-Ip¶ A\p-`hw Xs¶ asäm-c-h-k-c-

¯n Abmsf Nncn-¸n-¡W

- s
- a-¶n-Ã. at\m-`m-h¯
- n-\pw, kvÀ`-¯n\pw hy-àn-IÄ¡p-

a-\p-k-cn¨v lmk-¯nsâ BhnÀ`m-h-¯nepw {]I-S-\-¯nepw hn`n-¶-X-IÄ hcpw.

kmln-X-y-¯n Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ lmk-amWv lmk-km-ln-X-yw. kl-

{km-_vZ-§Ä¡p ap¼p apX lmks¯¸än-bpÅ NÀ¨ ]mÝm-Xy ]uc-kvXy \mSp-

I-fn Dæm-bn-«p-æv. t¹täm-bnepw `c-X-ap-\n-bnepw XpS-§p¶p B NÀ¨-IÄ. lmk-y-

s¯bpw AXnsâ Ahm-´c hn`m-K§

- sfbpw Ipdn¨v IqSp-XÂ hni-Za
- mb ]T\w Dæm-

bn-«p-ÅXv ]mÝm-Xy \mSp-If

- n-em-Wv. F¶m hy-àa
- m-sbmcp \nÀÆ-N\w lmk-y¯
- n\v

\ÂIm³ BÀ¡pw Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. “Hcp \nÀÆ-N-\-¯nsâ \mep Nph-cp-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ

]nSn¨p \nÀ¯m-hp¶ H¶Ã AXv. AXv Pohn-Xs¯ t]mse ]c-¸mÀ¶Xpw Bg-ta-dn-

bXpw Øqe-X-chpw kq£va-X-c-hp-am-Wv. am{X-aà AXv Pohn-X-¯nsâ A`n-¶-amb

Hcp LS-Ih
- p-am-Wv. Pohn-Xs¯ Bsc-¦nepw Xr]vXn-Ic - mbn \nÀÆ-Nn-¨n-«p-tæm? Dsæ-
- a

¦n Nncn-tbbpw \nÀÆ-Nn-¡mw. F¶m CtX hsc-bpÅ A\p-`hw h¨p t\m¡n-

- m-bn-«mWp ImWp-¶Xv”F¶n§s\ lmk-y¯

bm cæpw Akm-[y- a - nsâ \nÀÆ-N\
- m-

Xo-X-amb kz-`m-hs¯ Fw.-]n. t]mÄ hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p-æv.12

lmk-y kmln-Xy- s
- ¯-¡p-dn¨v Hcp teJ\w Fgp-tXæn h¶-t¸mÄ kRvPb
- -

\p-æmb A\p-`hw At±lw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-æv. lmkykmln-X-y-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Rm³

H¶v Btem-Nn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶n-Ã. Btem-Nn¨p Ipd¨p Ign-ª-t¸m-gmWv Fsâ DÅn-eÃ

Rm³ hnj- b - ¯ nsâ DÅn- e m- s W¶v s]s«¶v Hcp t]SntbmSpIqSn Rm³

Iæp-]n-Sn-¨Xv. hnjbw A{Xbpw hn]p-e-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnÂIqSn ASnbpw Icbpw

ImWmsX \o´n-¡p-g-§nb Fsâ _p²ntbm hfsc ZpÀº-e-hpw.

12
 “XnXoÀjpÀ ZpkvXcw tamlmþ

ZpUp-t]-\mkvan kmKcw

(sN-dnb tXmWn-bn ]c-¶-h-¦-SÂ

IS-¡p-hm³ tamln-¨n-d-§n-Sp-¶p Rm³)

F¶v alm-Ihn Imfn-Zm-k³ (hn-\bw tlXp-hmbn am{Xw) ]d-ªXv F\n¡v

F{Xtbm ]c-amÀ°-ambn tXm¶n.”13

]mÝm-Xy Nn´-Icpw lmk-y-¯nsâ \nÀÆ-N-\m-XoX-amb AhØ hy-à-am-

¡n-bn-«p-æv. lyq-aÀ F¶ ]Zw \nÀÆ-N\£a-as

- ̦pw \nˮ-N\
- ¯
- n\p {ian-¡p-¶Xp

Xs¶ lmk-y-t_m-[-¯nsâ A`m-h-s¯-bmWv hy-à-am-¡p-¶-sX¶pw Pn.-sI.

sNÌÀ«¬ ]d-bp-¶p.14 hnÃyw aIvUu-K F¶ {]kn-²\

- mb a\:imkv{X-Ú\
- mWv

Nncn¡v a\:-im-k{v X-]c

- a- mbn Gähpw {it²-bhpw hntÚ-bh
- p-amb hni-Zo-Ic
- Ww \ÂIn-

bn-«p-ÅX
- v. At±lw a\p-jy- sâ ]Xn¶mev Gj-WI-fn (Instincts) H¶mbn Nncnsb

AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. lmtk-ymÂ]m-Z-\-¯n\v cæp tlXp-¡-fp-sæ-¶-t±lw ]d-bp-¶p.

Pohn-X¯
- n-epÅ GsX-¦nepw s]mcp-¯t- ¡Sv AsÃ-¦n A\u-Nn-Xyw Nncn IqSmsX

ho£n-¡p-Ib
- m-sW-¦n \ap¡v A{]o-Xn-Ic
- a
- m-bn-¯o-cp-sa-¶p-ÅXv H¶m-as¯ tlXp.

\mw Xs¶ A\p-`-hn-¡p-Itbm AsÃ-¦n {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-t¼mÄ \ap¡v

cq£-a-Ãm¯ im´-am-bþ \nÊm-c-amb thZ\ P\n-¸n-¡p¶ GsX-¦nepw kvÀ`tam

s]cp-am-ätam AXv XXv¡mew A\p-`h

- n-¡p-Itbm {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Itbm sN¿p¶ asäm-

cmÄ¡v cq£-amb thZ\ P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xmbn \mw Adn-bp-t¼mÄ A¦p-cn¡p-¶-XmWv

cæm-as¯ tlXp.15

amIvkv CuÌp-am³ “Zn sk³kv Hm^v lyq-aÀ”F¶ IrXn-bn ]d-bp¶p

“\ap-¡p-æm-Ip¶ \ncm-i-I-sfbpw RSp-¡p¶ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-sfbpw {IoUm at\m-

`m-h-t¯msS kzo-I-cn-¡m\pw Zpc-Zr-jvS§sf Ign-hXpw DÃm-k-]qÀÆw kln-¡m\pw

13
\s½ k¶-²c
- m-¡p-hm³ {]IrXn hn\y-kn-¨n-«pÅ Hcp P·-hm-k\
- b
- mWv lmkw. lmk-

¯nsâ imco-cn-Ia
- mb hi-s¯-Ip-dn¨v slÀ_À«v kvs]³kÀ ]d-bp-¶p. ]pXnb Nn´-

I-tfbpw hnIm-c-§-tfbpw Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³ sNe-hn-tS-æ-Xmb kncm-ssN-X\ys¯

s]s«¶p XSªp \nÀ¯p¶p. A§s\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ssNX\yw A\y{X

hn\nÀK-a\ amÀ¤s¯ At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. XXv^e

- a
- mbn C{vnb\nth-Z\
- ¯
- n GÀs¸-

«n-cn-¡p¶ knc-I-fn IqSn Hcp ssNX\y{]hmlw Dæm-hp-Ibpw B {]hmlw

hnhn[§fmb amwkt]in-If
- n {]k-cn¨v Ah-bpsS £n{]-kt- ¦mN hnIm-k§
- Ä¡v

Imc-Wa
- m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Cu ]cn-hÀ¯-\§
- s - .v ”16
- f-bmWv \mw Nncn F¶p ]d-bp-¶X

^enXw ImgvN¸
- m-Snsâ eLp-Xz-¯n \n¶p P\n-¡p¶ Nncnbà ; AXp a\p-

jym-hØbpsS ad-ªn-cn-¡p¶ hi-§sfIpdn-¨pÅ \nco-£-W-amWv F¶v sI.-]n.

A¸³ hne-bn-cp-¯p¶p.17 asäm-ch

- k
- c
- ¯
- n km[m-cWKXn-bn I¬ap-¼n-epÅ Hcp

Ncn{XbmYmÀ°y-¯nsâbpw Hcm-tem-N\
- b
- p-sSbpw Dc-ke
- n \n¶mWv lmkyw Dæm-

Ip-¶Xv F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.18 Nncn-bn Nncn-¡epw Nncn-¸n-¡epw Nncn F´m-

sW¶v Adn-bepw aq¶v `n¶-kn-²n-I-fmbn hne-bn-cp-¯p¶ kpIp-amÀ Ago-t¡mSv

Nncnbpw I®ocpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯bpw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-æ.v a\pjyPohn-X¯

- nsâ

Hc-Xn-cmWv Nncn; aäXv I®ocpw. ]t£ cæpw IqSn IeÀ¶mWv ImW-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.

I®o-cnsâ sXfnª tNme-bn Nncn-bpsS imc-Zm-Imiw \ng-en¨p \nev¡p-t¼mÄ

Nncn-bpsS {]Imiw \ndª BIm-i-¯n kq£n¨p t\m¡n-bm ]Sn-ªm-d³ Ncn-

hn I®o-cnsâ ambm¯ ag-hnÃv hncnªv \nev¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.19

Pn.-sI. sNÌÀ«sâ hm¡p-Ifpw ChnsS HmÀ¡mw. FÃmw Adn-bp¶ Adnhv

a\p-j-ysâ aæ-¯-chpw hn[nbpw HmÀ¯v av-l-kn¡p-¶p-æm-hpw. Cu ]nt¶m¡w

t\m¡-en Nncnbpw I®ocpw H¶p Xs¶.20 Nncn-bpsS ASn-bnse A{ip[mc bYmÀ°

14
lmk-y-¯nsâ AYhm lmk-y-Im-csâ ka-{K-Po-hnX ho£-W-¯nsâ \nZÀi-\-ambn

]ecpw Nqæn-¡m-Wn-¨n-«p-æv. tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS Zpc´\mS-I-§-fn an¡-Xn-t\bpw

{SmPnIv tIma-Un-Is
- f¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¨Xpw I®o-cn\pw Nncn¡pw aÀX-yP
- o-hn-X¯
- n-epÅ

AssZ-zX`mhw Iæ-dn-ªh
- c
- m-Wv. D¶-Xa
- mb ]cn-lmkw al¯-za
- pÅ a\-Ênte A¦p-

cn-¡q. a\p-jy- \
- p-ambn _Ô-s¸« Imc-y§
- f
- mWv lmkyw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶X
- v. arK-IY
- I
- fpw

aäpw lmtkm-±o-]-am-Ip-¶Xv Ahbv¡v a\p-j-y-tcmSv Fs´-¦nepw kmZr-iyw Dæm-Ip-

t¼mtgm Ah-bn a\pjyXzw Btcm-]n-¡p-t¼mtgm am{X-am-Wv. hnIm-cs¯ XmXv¡m-

en-Ia
- m-bn-s«-¦nepw tcm[n-¨mte lmkyw Xfn-cn-Sp-Ib
- p-Åq.

lmkyw þ `mc-XobZÀi\w

\mS-yi
- mkv{X IÀ¯m-hmb `c-Xa
- p-\n-bmWv BZ-ya
- mbn lmkw F¶ Ømbn-

`m-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw AXnÂ\n¶p P\n-¡p¶ lmk-y-c-k-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

lmk-y¯
- nsâ Bßmhv lmk-sa¶ Ømbn-`m-ha
- m-Wv. AXnsâ Dev]¯
- n-¡pÅ hn`m-

h-§Ä(-Im-cW
- §
- Ä) hnIr-Xa
- mb A\-ysâ thjw, Ae-¦m-cw, eÖ-bn-Ãm-bva, sImXn,

C¡n-fn-s¸-Sp-¯Â, Akw-_Ôw ]d-bÂ, tIm¦-®v, apS-¼Ãv apX-emb AwKsshIrXw

ImW Cu hI Ipä-§-sf-¸än ]d-b apX-em-b-h-bm-Wv. Npæpw aq¡pw Ihnfpw

kv]vn-¡p-I, I®p Iq¼p-Ibpw Ip\n-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-I, hnbÀ¡p-I, apJw XpSp-¡pI

]mÀizw ]nSn-¡pI XpS-§nb A\p-`m-h-§sf sImæv þ Imc-y-§sf sImæv þ BWv

- n-t¡-æX
B lmkw A`n-\b - .v AXnsâ k©mcn `mh-§f
- m-Is« Ah-ln-°w, Be-kyw,

X{v, \n{Z, kz-]v\w, {]t_m-[w, Akqb apX-em-b-h-bm-Wv.21

Imh-y\
- m-SI
- §
- f
- n ckw \njv]¶
- a
- m-Ip-¶Xv hn`m-hm-\p-`mh hy-`n-Nm-cn-If
- psS

kwtbmKw sImæm-sW¶v `c-Xa

- p\n kn²m-´n-¡p-¶p. ck-§f
- psS Dev]¯n am{X-aÃ

Hmtcm-¶n\pw DNn-X-amb \nd-§fpw A[n-tZ-h-X-Ifpw BNm-c-y³ \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p-æv.

15
irwKm-cw, hocw, cu{Zw, _o`Õw F¶o \mep ck-§Ä aäp ck-§f
- psS Dev]¯
- n¡p

Imc-W`- q-X§
- f
- m-Ip-¶p. irwKm-c¯ - p-æm-Ip-sa¶p ]dª BNm-cy³
- n \n¶p lmk-ya

irwKm-cs¯ A\p-Ic
- n-¨m-emWv AXv lmk-ya
- m-bn-¯o-cp-¶s
- X¶v hy-àa
- m-¡p-¶p.

‘irwKm-cm²n `th-²m-tkym

cu{Zm¨ IcptWm ck:

hocm ss¨hmZv `qtXm-Xv]¯

- nÀ

_o`-Õm¨ `bm-\-I:

irwKm-cm-\p-Ir-XnÀ bmXp

klm-ky- kvXp {]IoÀ¯n-X:’22

lmk-y¯
- n\v \ndw shfp¸pw A[n-tZ-hX
- I
- Ä inh-]m-cn-jZ- ·
- mcpw Bbn Iev]n-

¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. {]Ir-Xn, {]I-S-\w, Dev]¯n F¶n-hsb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n ]e hn`-P-\-

§fpw BNm-c-y³ \S-¯n-bn-«p-æv. Cu lmkw Bß-Øw, ]cØw F¶v cæv hn[w

Dæv. thj-ssh-Ir-Xm-Zn-IÄ Iæv kzbw Nncn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦n AhnsS lmkw

BßØw thj sshIr-Xm-Zn-IÄ sImæv A\-ys\ Nncn-¸n-¡p-Ib

- m-sW-¦n AhnsS

lmkw ]c-Øw.

Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ lmk-`m-h-¯n\v IhnKXw, CXn-hr-¯-KXw F¶p cæv

hn`m-K§
- Ä Iev¸n-¡p-¶p. Ihn¡v Xms\-Sp¯ CXn-hr-¯¯
- nsâ t\À¡pÅXv Ihn-K-

Xw, cæm-at¯Xv þ IYm-]m-{X§Ä¡v ]c-kv]cw Dæm-Ip-¶Xv .23

lmkys¯ {]I-S\
- ¯
- nsâ ASn-Øm-\¯
- n Bdmbn hn`-Pn-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-

\nse D¯-a, a[y-a, A[a {]Ir-Xn-¡mÀ¡v Ch-bn GXv lmky {]I-S\

- a
- mWv F¶pw

BNm-cy³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

16
 kvanXaY lknXw hnl-knX þ

ap]-l-knXw Nm]-l-knXaXn-l-knXw

sZzu sZzu t`Zu kymXmþ

ap¯a a[ym-[a {]IrXu24

kvanXw, lknXw F¶nh D¯-a·

- mÀ¡pw hnl-kn-Xhpw D]-lk
- n-Xhpw a[y-

a-·mÀ¡pw A]-lk
- n-Xhpw AXn-lk
- n-Xhpw A[-a·
- mÀ¡pw hn[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ihn-fp-

IÄ Aev]w hnI-kn¨pw Ag-In ISm-£n¨pw ]Ãp-Im-Wn-¡m-sX-bp-apÅ Nncn-bmWv

kvanXw. apJhpw I®pw sXfnªv IhnÄ hnSÀ¶v ]Ãv IptdsÈ ImWp-amdv {]Im-in-

¸n-¡p¶ Nncn¡v lknXw F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. CXv cæp-amWv D¯-a·

- mÀ¡v \nÀt±-in-¨n-

«p-ÅXv. I®pw Ihnfpw Npfp§n i_vZ-t¯m-Sp-IqSn apJw sXÃp Nph-¡p-amdv DNnX

Ime-¯p-æm-Ip¶ Nncn hnl-kn-X-am-Wv. aq¡v hnSÀ¶p h{I-Zr-jvSn-sImæp t\m¡n

tXmfpw Xebpw Aev]w Ip\n¨v Nncn-¡p-¶Xv D]-l-knXw. a[ya IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v

]d-ªn-«p-ÅXv CXmWv. DNn-X-a-Ãm¯ kvÀ`-¯n I®oÀs]m-Snªpw tXmfpw

Xebpw Ipep-¡nbpw DÅ Nncn A]-l-kn-X-amWv hnIm-cm-thit¯mSp IqSn I®nÂ

shÅw s]m«n -H¡¯p ssIIp¯n Dds¡ \o«n¨ncn¡p-¶Xv AXn-l-kn-Xhpw. A]-

l-kn-Xhpw AXn-l-kn-Xhpw BWv A[-a-·mÀ¡p-Å-Xv.

- nse lmky-kv
\mS-I¯ - À`-§f
- n IYm-]m-{X-§Ä F{]-Im-ca
- mWv lmkyw

{]tbm-Kn-t¡-æXv F¶-XmWv BNm-cy³ hyà-am-¡p-¶Xv. AXp-sIm-æp-Xs¶ lmky-

hn-`-P-\hpw NÀ¨bpw _mly-X-e-¯n am{Xw HXp§n\n¶p. lmtkymÂ]-¯n¡v

\nÀt±in-¨n-«pÅ hn`m-h-§Ä kq£va-ambn hne-bn-cp-¯n-bm sshcp²yZÀi-\-amWv

lmky-¯n\v \nZm\w F¶ k¦ev]w t_m[y-amIpw. irwKm-c¯

- n\pw lmky-¯n\pw

X½n-epÅ At`-Zy-_Ôw `mc-Xob Imhy-ao-amw-k-I-·mÀ a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.

17
 A`n-\h
- K
- p-]vXsâ A`n-\h
- `- m-cX
- n-bn \mSy-im-kv{X-Im-csâ A`-n{]mb¯n\v

]pXnb Hcp hymJym\w \ÂIp¶p. irwKm-c¯

- nÂ\n¶v irwKm-cm-`m-ktam irwKm-cm-

\p-Im-ctam am{Xta Dæm-hp-I-bpÅq. irwKm-cm-`mkw AsÃ-¦n cXym-`mkw lmky-

¯n\p hI-\ÂIpw. F¶m irwKmcw t]mse Xs¶ FÃm ck-§fpw e£yw ]ng¨v

B`mkcq]-ambn hcp-t¼mÄ lmky-amIpw F¶v A`n-\hKp]vX³ Nqæn-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p.25

imc-Zm-X-\-bsâ `mh-{]-Im-i-¯nepw inMvK-`q-]m-esâ ckmÀ®-h-kp-[m-I-c-¯nepw

irwKmcP\y-amWv lmkyw F¶ `c-Xm-Nm-cysâ aXs¯ kaÀ°n¨p ImWp¶p.

ckmÀ®-h-kp-[m-I-c-¯n ssIin-Io-hr-¯n- hn-hcn¡p¶ L«-¯n \À½-¯nsâ

kz`m-hhpw lmky-¯nsâ \m\m-`m-h-§fpw hnh-cn-¡p-¶pæv.

\À½w irwKmc`qbn-jT
v h
- pw {Kma-ya
- Ã
- m-¯X
- p-amb ]cn-lm-ka
- m-W.v AXv irwKmc

lmk-yw, ip²-lm-ky- w, `blmkyw F¶v aq¶v Imc-W§

- f
- m DZv`q-Xa
- m-Ip-¶p-sh¶pw

BNm-c-y³ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

B\v hÀ²-\³ ck-[z- \

- n-bpsS {]m[m-\yw FSp¯p ]d-bp-¶p. XoÀ°hmln-

\n-bn \n¶qdnhcp¶ ]pW-y-Pew t]mep-Å, HmÀt¯mÀ¯p ckn-¡m-hp¶ ^enXw

ck-[-z-\n-bpsS Xe-¯n-te-¡p-b-cp-¶p. “Nncn¨p sImæp ]dª hm¡n\v Hcn-¡epw

hmN-ymÀ°-¯n-eà - y- w.”26
- tÃm Xmev]c

Ip´-Isâ ht{Imàn hnh-cW

- ¯
- nepw lmtk-ym-]m-[n-IÄ ImWm³ Ign-bpw.

`ma-l³ Hcp k{¼-Zm-ba

- mbn \nÀt±-in¨ ht{Im-ànsb Imh-yP
- o-hs
- \¶v hnfn¨v DbÀ¯n-

bXv Ip´-I\
- m-Wv. {]Xn-`m-[\
- \
- mb Ihn-bpsS sshZ-Kv²yhnti-j¯
- m ]mackm[m-

c-Wa- mb hy-hl
- mc`mj-bn-enÃm-¯Xpw klr-ZblrZ-tbm-Ãm-kI
- h
- p-amb `wKn-ssh-hn[yw

hcp-¯n-sIm-æpÅ hmKÀ°hn\-ym-k-amWv `ma-lsâ ht{Imàn. AaqÀ¯-¯nÂ

aqÀ¯m-tcm]w ]pcpj hN-\- enwK ImcI hn]-cy- mkw F¶n-§s\ hy-hl

- mc `mj-bn-
18
en-Ãm¯ Ht«sd sshNn-{X-y-§Ä Imh-y-`m-j-bn ImWmw. Ip´I³ ]Zh{IX,

hmIyh{I-X, hÀ®h{IX XpS§n Bdphn[w h{I-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. lmkyw

krjvSn-¡m-\pÅ k^-ea
- mb D]m-[n-If
- mbn {]Xn-`m-[\
- c
- mb Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Ch-sbÃmw

D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-æv.

]mÝm-X-y-cpsS Gähpw ]pXnb lmk-y-Nn-´-sb-t¸mepw ]n´-Åp¶ ap´nb

\ne `mcXobcpsS lmk-y-Nn-´-bv¡p-sæ¶v kpIp-amÀ Ago-t¡mSv ]d-bp-¶p. `c-X³

FSp¯p ]d-bp¶ F«p ck-§f

- n irwKmcIcp-W§
- Ä¡v lmkyw AS-¡a
- pÅ _m¡n

ck-§f
- n \n¶v Hcp hy-Xy- mkw ap\n kqNn-¸n-¨n-«pÅ Imc-ya
- mWv Ago-t¡mSv hni-Zo-

I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. irwKm-c-s¯-¸än ]d-bp-t¶-S¯p “cXnØmbn`mh {]`-h:” F¶pw Icp-

W-s¯-¸än ""timI-Øm-bn-`mh {]`-h'': F¶pw ]d-bp¶ ap\n aäp ck-§-sf-¸än ]d-

bp-t¶-S¯p thsd ssien {]tbm-Kn¨p ImWp-¶p. ""Ømbn-`mh {]`h'': F¶-Xn\p

]Icw ""Ømbn-`m-hm-ßI
- '': F¶mWv {]tbm-Kw. BZ-yt- ¯-Xn\v Ømbn-`m-h¯
- n \n¶v

Dæm-Ip-¶Xv F¶pw, cæm-at- ¯-Xn\v Ømbn `mh-cq]w BbXv F¶pw BWv AÀ°w.

irwKmc Icp-W§
- Ä hy-àn-_Ô
- §
- sf B{i-bn-¨n-«pÅ ck-§f
- m-W.v F¶mÂ

lmky cu{Zm-Zn-IÄ Ømbn-`m-hP

- \
- y- §
- s
- f-¶X
- n-s\-¡mÄ Ømbn-`m-hm-ßI
- §
- f
- m-Wv.

Nncn Df-hm-¡p¶ at«mSp IqSnb IYm-]m{Xw aäp IYm-]m-{X-§t- fmsSm Xt¶mtSm Hcp

khn-tij _Ô-¯n s]«-h-\m-b-Xp-sIm-æà Nncn-bp-f-hm-Ip-¶-Xv. Abm-fpsS Hcp

Ah-Øtbm kz-`m-htam BWv lmk-yI

- m-cW
- w. hy-àn-_Ô
- §
- sf B{i-bn¨p \nev¡p-

¶nà AXv. AXn-\m lmkyw XpS-§nb ck-§Ä IYm-]m{Xw A\p-`h

- n¡p¶ AtX

tXmXn klr-Z-b\pw A\p-`-hn¨p ckn-¡m³ ]äpw. kmln-X-y-¯n {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡-

s¸- S p¶ `mh- § - s f- ¡ p- d n¨p Nn´n¨ ]mÝm- X - y À¡p `c- X ³ ck- N n- ´ - b nÂ

{]ZÀin-¸n¨ Cu AXn-tem-e-amb kq£vaX ImWn¡m³ Ignªn«n-Ã.27

19
]mÝm-XyaXw

]s¯m³]Xmw iX-I-¯nsâ Bcw-`-¯n tImf-dnUvPv F¶ Bwt¥b

]WvUn-X³ ]d-bp-I-bp-æmbn. kIe a\p-jycpw H¶pIn Hcp t¹tämWnÌv AsÃ-

¦n Hcp Acn- t Ìm- « n- e n- b ³ Bbn- « mWv P\n- ¡ p- ¶ Xv F¶v . [À½imkv { Xw,

Pohimkv{Xw, X¯z-imkv{Xw XpS-§nb ]e-hn-j-b-§-sfbpw Dt±-in¨v tImf-dnUvPv

]dª Cu A`n-{]mbw kmlnXy imkv{Xs¯ kw_-Ôn¨pw XnI¨pw icn-bm-Wv.

lmky kmln-Xy-s¯-Ip-dn¨v bqtdm-¸n-ep-æm-bn-«pÅ GXp kn²m-´¯

- nsâ ]n¶nepw

Acn-tÌm-«n-en-tâtbm t¹täm-bp-tStbm t{]cW Hcp hn[-¯n-e-sÃ-¦n asämcp hn[-

¯n \ng-en¨pw \n¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.28

_n.-kn. \memw \qäm-æn Pohn-¨n-cp-¶ t¹tämbp-tSbpw Acn-tÌm-«n-entâbpw

IrXn-I-fn XpS-§p¶p ]mÝmXy lmkyNn´-IÄ. kw-`m-jWcq]-¯n-epÅ ap¸-

¯n-bt- ©mfw Ub-tem-KpIfmWv t¹täm-bpsS IrXn-IÄ. FÃmhn[ lmkymkzZ-\§

- -

fp-tSbpw \mcm-bt- h-cmbn Akq-btbm hntZz-jtam sImSnb]Itbm Dæm-bn-cn¡psa¶v

t¹täm A`n-{]m-bs
- ¸-«n-«pæv. tIm]-¯n\v hiw-hZ- \
- m-bmÂt]mepw ]c-]c
- n-lm-k¯
- n\v

Hcp-§c-- p-sX¶v At±lw \nÀt±-in-¨n-cp-¶p. Xsâ BZÀi dn¸-»n-¡n Ihn-IÄ¡v

Øm\w A\p-hZ- n-¡m³ aSn ImWn-¨Xv, a\p-jysc ]cn-lk

- n-¡m-\pÅ ZpÀÆm-k\ Ihn-

IÄ¡v IqSpw F¶ Imc-W¯

- m-emWv.

hncq]-tam- hn-Ir-Xtam BbXp ck-Ic

- a
- mbn¯ocp-t¼m-gmWv lmkyw P\n-¡p-

¶Xv F¶mWv Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ A`n-{]m-bw. tIma-Un-I-fn ]cn-lm-kyX Bbn-«p-

ÅXv hncq]amsW¶v Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ ]£w. aäp-Å-hÀ¡v thZ-\tbm t{Zmltam

hcp-¯m¯ Hcp sXtäm sshIr-Xtam BWv ]cn-lmkyw F¶v At±lw \nÀÆ-Nn-

¡p¶p29.

20
 Cw¥ojv `uXn-I-hmZn-bmb tXmakv tlmºkv 1651  cNn¨ "ehnbm-¯³'

F¶ {KÙ-¯n a\pjy kz`m-hs

- ¯-Ip-dn¨v A`n-{]m-bs
- ¸-Sp¶ L«-¯n lmkys¯

Ipdn¨v C§s\ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. A\y-cpsS ZuÀº-ey-§f

- p-ambn Xmc-Xa
- y-s¸-Sp-¯p-Itbm

AsÃ-¦n \ap¡v Xs¶ ap¼p-æm-bn-cp¶ ZuÀº-ey-§-fp-ambn X«n-¨p-t\m-¡p-Itbm

sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ ^e-am-bn -s]-s«-¶v- \½n P\n-¡p¶ DXv¡Àj-t_m[amWv lmky-

¯n\p tlXp.30

{IoUm at\m-`m-h-¯ntâbpw A\p-I-¼-bp-tSbpw kt½-f\ ^e-ambn«mWv

lmkyw kwPm-Xa
- m-Ip-¶s
- X¶v s{]m^: sPbnwkv kÅn A`n-{]m-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶p. lyq-aÀ

F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ kmX-znIlmkw am\-kn-I-amb Hcp Zzn-t\{Xo Zqc-ZÀin-\n-bn IqSn-

bpÅ ho£-W-amWv F¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.31

lmkytNX-\b
- psS Dev]¯n kap-Zm-b¯
- n \n¶m-sW¶pw kmap-Zm-bn-Ia
- mtb

AXn\v AkvXn-X-z-ap-Åp-sh¶pw tPmÀÖv sacn-U¯v kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. lmky tNX-

\sb tImanIv kv]ncnäv (Comic Spirit) F¶mWv hyhl-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp lmk Ihn-

bpsS Npa-Xe a\p-jytemIs¯ _m[n-¨n-«pÅ £p{Z-tcm-K-§Ä Iæp-]n-Sn¨v shfn-

¨¯v sImæp-h¶v Nncn-bm-Ip¶ t`jPw sImæv t`Z-am-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-Wv.32

lmkvenäpw BÀXÀ sImbvke

- dpw sshcp-²y t_m[-¯n-emWv lmk-y¯
- nsâ

{]`hw Isæ-¯p-¶Xv. ]mkv¡Â F¶ {^©v Nn´-I³ sshcp-²yw am{X-aà A]qÀÆ

kmZr-iy- hpw kZr-ia

- m-bh
- b
- psS BhÀ¯-\hpw lmtkm-±o-]I
- a
- m-Im-sa¶v A`n-{]m-b-

s¸-Sp-¶p.33

"Nncn¡v hnj-b-amb P´p' F¶v a\p-j-ys\ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p¶ {^©v Nn´-I-

\mb slân _À¤v-k¬ Nncn F¶ {]_-Ô-¯n lmk-s¯bpw lmk-y-s¯bpw

bpàn-bp-àamw hn[w hni-I-e\w sNbvXn-«p-æv. {]X-y£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm

21
am\p-jnI_Ô-apÅ GsX-¦nepw H¶n\p am{Xta lmkw Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-hm³

Ign-hp-Åq. lmkw D]m-{i-bn-¡p-¶Xv _p²n-i-ànsb am{X-am-Wv. hnIm-c-§sf AXv

]n¶n \nÀ¯p-¶p. lrZ-b¯

- nsâ sshIm-cnI {]hÀ¯-\§
- ġp Xm¡m-en-Ia
- mb

Hcp hncmaw AYhm \njv{In-bX

- zw BWv AXn\v Bh-iy- w. lmkw kmap-Zm-bn-Ia
- mb

Hcp {]{Inb-bm-Wv.34

kz-]v\¯
- nsâ F¶ t]mse lmk-y¯
- n-tâbpw Dd-hnSw At_m[aWvUe
- a
- m-

sW¶p hmZn-¡p¶ t{^mbnUv F´pw Npcp¡n Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m-\pÅ D]-t_m[a\-

Ênsâ {]h-WX ^en-X¯

- nepw {]Xn-^e
- n¨p ImWp-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. t\cn-«pÅ hnImc

{]I-S-\-§Ä \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ e£yw t\Sm³ ]än-b-hbpw {]bm-k-¡p-d-

hpÅhbp-amb ]tcm£ amÀ¤-§-fn¡qSn Ahsb \nd-th-äp-hm³ a\Êv sN¿p¶

bXv\a
- mWv ^en-X¯
- nsâ þ ]cn-lm-k¯
- nsâ þ Dd-hn-Shpw t{]c-Ii
- à
- n-bp-am-bn-cn-¡p-

¶-X.v t{^mbnUv, ^en-Xs¯ \nÀtZm-j (-ip-²) ^en-Xs

- a¶pw tkmt±-iy ^en-Xs
- a¶pw

cæmbn XcwXncn-¡p-¶p. ^en-X-¯n\p thæn ]d-bp¶ ^en-X-amWv \nÀt±mj þ

ip² þ ^en-Xw. ]Z\njvT-ambpw Bib\njvT-ambpw AXv BhnÀ`-hn-¡p-¶p. BI-

- p-amb s]m«n-¨ncn tkmt±-iy^en-Xs¯ XpSÀ¶p-æm-Ip-¶p.35

kvan-Ihpw A{]-Xn-tcm-[y- h

Pohn-X¯
- nse s]mcp-¯t- ¡-Sp-Isf lmk-y¯
- n\p \nZm-\a
- mbn ImWp¶ hnÃyw

aIvUuKÂ F¶ a\:-im-kv{X-Ú³ kl-Po-hn-I-fpsS hnI-e-X-Ifpw hnUvVn-¯-c-

§fpw ImcWw a\-Ên-ep-æm-Ip¶ ¾m\X \o¡p-hm³ {]IrXn hn\-y-kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶

Nncn A\p-I¼
- b - p-¶m-sW¶pw (an antidote to sympathy) ]d-bp-¶p. \mw
- v¡pÅ adp-ac

Nncn¡p-¶Xv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Gähpw at\m-lc

- hpw kq£vah
- p-amb Hcp kwhn-[m\ Iui-

- nsâ hmZw.36
e-am-sW-¶mWv aIvUu-Ke

I®o-cnsâ \\-hpÅ lmkys¯ DZm-¯a

- mbn Icp-Xp¶ Ìo^³ eot¡m¡v

PohnX-¯nse s]mcp-¯t- ¡-Sp-IÄ ac-Whpw Pohn-Xh

- m-RO
v bpw X½n-epÅ kwLÀjw

22
t\«-§f
- psS AÀ°-iq-\y-Xsb Ipdn-¨pÅ t_mt[m-Zbw AXo-XI
- me kvac-Wb
- p-fh
- m-

¡p¶ Btßm-]-lmkw Ch-sbÃmw D¯atImSn-bn s]Sp-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. lmky-

¯nsâ BZn-a-cq]w hm¡p-IÄ sImæà {]hr-¯n-IÄ sImæm-bn-cp¶p hyà-am-¡n-

bn-cp-¶Xv. `mj cq]wsImæp Ign-ª-t¸mÄ hnt\m-Z-I-ctam Bt£]-I-ctam Bb

Bi-b§
- Ä hm¡p-IÄ aptJ\ Bhn-jI
v c
- n-¨p. F¶n-§s\ lmky-¯nsâ Dev]¯
- nsb
37
kw_-Ôn¨ \nco-£-W-§fpw At±lw \S-¯p-¶pæv

lmky-s¯-Ip-dn-¨pÅ ]mÝm-Xy-cpsS ]T-\-§-sfÃmw Xs¶ tIma-Un-sb-Ip-

dn-¨pÅ ]T-\-hp-ambn sI«p-]n-Wªp InS-¡p-¶p. {]mNn\ {Ko¡p-ImÀ ImÀjnIkar-

²n-bp-sSbpw aZy-¯n-sâbpw A[o-it- Z-h\

- mb Ub\o-jy-kns\ Bcm-[n-¡p¶ ]cn-]m-

Sn-IÄ hnf-sh-Sp¸pIme¯p \S¯nh¶n-cp-¶p. A¶v AhÀ Be-]n-¨n-cp¶ Km\-§-

fn tZhkvXpXn¡p ]pdsa Xcw-In-«n-bh

- s
- c-sbms¡ A[n-t£-]n-¡p-Ibpw ]cnl-kn-

¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ `mK-§fpw [mcmfw Dæm-bn-cp-¶p. tZh-kvXpXn \S-¯n-bn-cp¶

{]Ѷthj-cmb Cu KmbIkwL-§Ä tImtamkv F¶-dn-bs

- ¸-«n-cp¶p. tImtam-knsâ

]m«p-Ifpw hmKzm-Z§
- f
- p-amWv Imem-´c
- ¯
- n tIma-Un-bm-bn c
- q-]m-´c
- s
- ]-«X
- v.

Nncn-bpsS Dd-hnSw tXSnt¸mb ]mÝmXyNn´-IÀ a\p-jysâ imco-cnI sshI-

ey-§Ä, hntZz-jmZn hnIm-c§

- Ä, Ne-\§
- f
- nse bm{´n-IXzw, Hu¶-Xy-t_m[w, {IoUm

hmk\, Zzne-áa
- \
- Ê
- nsâ {]hÀ¯\w XpS-§n-bh
- s
- bms¡ lmtkymÂ]-¯n¡v \nZm-

\-ambn Isæ-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. lmkyw kz]v\k

- a
- m\am-sW¶ hmZhpw sshcp-²y-§-

fn \n¶v ]nd-¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶ kn²m-´hpw KW-\o-b-§-fm-Wv. sshcp²yw Nncn¡p

Imc-W-am-Ip¶p F¶ ho£Ww `mc-XobkmlnXyNn´-bnepw ImWp-¶pæv. `c-X-

ap\n lmky-¯n\p \nZm\w hkvXp\njvTa

- mb sshIr-X¯
- n-emWv Isæ-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-

¶X.v Cu kn²m-´-§Ä FÃmw kXy-am-Ip¶p. Ch-bpsS kwtbm-K-amImw Hscmä

- mWv 38
Nncn-bp-æm-¡p-¶Xv F¶ tPmÀÖv ssa¡vknsâ v \ne-]mSv IqSp-XÂ {it²-ba
23
 lmky-¯nsâ Dd-hn-Sw, e£yw, {]Xn-]m-Z\
- c
- oXn {]tbm-àm-hn-sâ at\m-`mhw

XpS-§n-bh
- sb ap³\nÀ¯n ]mÝmXyImhy-ao-amw-kI
- À lmky-¯n\v ]e hn`m-K§
- fpw

Iev]n¨n«pæv. hnäv, lyqaÀ, kä-bÀ F¶o aq¶v {][m\ hn`m-K§

- fpw kä-bd
- n\v ]mc-

Un, _ÀekvIv, sFd-Wn, F¸n-{Kmw, emw]q¬, Imcn-t¡-¨À XpS-§nb Ahm-´chn`m-

K-§fpw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. tIh-el

- m-kyw, tkmt±ilmkyw F¶n-§s
- \-bpÅ Hcp

hn`-P-\-co-Xnbpw ImWmw. {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ coXn-sIm-tæm, kmt¦-XnI sshZ-Kv²y-

¯mtem B\-v{- ]-Za

- m-bn-¯o-cp-¶X
- m-Wv tIh-el
- m-kyw. ip²-lm-kyw,\nÀt±mjlmkyw

F¶pw CX-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. hyà-amb Nne e£y-§-tfmsS hyàn-I-fp-sS-tbm, kwL-

S-\-I-fp-sS-tbm, kaq-l-§-fp-sS-tbm- t\À¡v {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ^en-X-amWv tkmt±-

iy-lm-kyw. CX-\p-k-cn¨v Dànlmky-s¯ (Wit) tIh-e-lm-ky-am-bpw, \À½,

Bt£]cq]-§sf (Humour, satire) tkmt±ilmky-ambpw ]cn-KW

- n-¡mw.

hnäv-þ-D-àn-lmkyw

Nn´sbbpw {]Xn]mZ-\s¯bpw Bcpw Icp-Xm-¯-hn[w at\m-l-c-ambn

tNÀ¯v t{imXm-¡sf BÝ-cym-\-v-§Ä¡v ASn-a-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-XmWv Dàn-lm-

ky-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\w. {]Xn-]m-Z-\-¯nsâ þ ]d-¨n-en-sâþ coXn sImæp-f-hm-Ip¶

lmky-amWv CXv. {]Xn-]m-Zy-amb Bi-b-§-tf-¡mÄ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ coXn-hn-ti-j-

amWv lmtkymÂ]m-Z\
- a
- m-Ip-¶X
- v. AXp-sImæv Dàn-lmkyw F¶ t]cv AXn\v A\p-

tbmPy-am-sW¶v tas¡mà ]c-ta-iz-c³]nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p39. ]d-ªp-^-en-¸n-

¡pI hnänsâ kz`mhhntijw BI-bm ^enXw F¶ kwkvIr-X-hm-¡p-sImæv

AXv hyh-lc - ¸-Sp-¶p. Xami F¶ Ad-_nIv ]Zhpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-æv. \À½w,

- n-¡s

t\cw-t]m¡v F¶o ]Z-§fpw Cw¥o-jn tPm¡v (Joke), ^¬ (Fun) F¶o ]Z-§fpw

GI-tZiw CtX AÀ°-¯n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

24
 Bi-b§
- sf, DÅ-S¡
- hpw B´-c_
- Ô
- hpw t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Ah IS-Ih
- n-cp-²-

§-fm-sW-¦nepw AÛp-X-I-c-amb thK-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]c-kv]cw kt½-fn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ

kmaÀ°y-amWv ^en-Xs¯ P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-sX¶ hnjzcpsS (Vischer) A`n-{]mbw

tas¡mà D²-cn-¡p-¶pæv.40 Ak-Zr-i-§-fmb Imcy-§-fn kmZriyw Iæp-]n-Sn-¡m-

\pÅ kmaÀ°y-amWv ^en-Xw. AXm-bXv {]Xy-£¯

- n IæpIq-Sm¯ þ Kp]vXa
- mb

þ kmZr-iy-§Ä Iæp-]n-Sn-¡p-I. {]mNo-\-Imew apX Cu \nÀÆ-N\w AwKo-I-cn-¨n-

- mbn tas¡mà ]c-ta-iz-c³]nÅ ‘lmky-ZÀi-\’-¯n ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p.

cp-¶X

Bi-b§
- sf AÛp-XI
- c
- a
- mb sshZ-Kv²y-t¯msS Iq«n-bn-W¡n ck-Ic
- a
- mbn

Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ Hcp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-Iu-i-e-amWv ^en-X-¯n-ep-Å-Xv. kÀÆ-km-[m-c-W-

amb Bi-b§
- Ä
- t]mepw {]Xn-]m-Z\
- ¯
- nsâ ]pXp-abpw ckn-IX
- b
- pw-sImæv ^en-X]
- -

Z-hn-bn-te¡p-b-cp-¶p. ^en-X-¯n\v ASn-Øm-\-amb ]e hkvXp-X-Ifpw AXyp-àn-I-

tfm, Ak-Xy-§tfm BWv. i_vZw, AÀ°w, kvÀ`w, hyàn Ch-bpsS kz`m-h- k-hn-

ti-j-X-bnÂ\n¶pw Dàn-lmkyw P\n-¡pw. hm¡p-Isf ]ncn-¨p-amän ASp-¯pÅ aäp

]Z-§-tfmSp LSn-¸n¨pw ^enXw krjvSn¡mw. tIÄhnbn H¶p-t]m-epÅ cæp- i-

_vZ§
- Ä AÀ°-hy-Xym-ka
- pÅhbm-sW-¦n AXn-sem-¶nsâ sXämb D]-tbm-Kh
- pw

lmky Imc-W-amWv. `mjm-´-co-I-c-W-¯n sshI-ey-§-fp-æm-Ip-t¼mÄ ^en-X-ap-

æm-Ipw. AÀ°-a-dn-ªp-Iq-Sm-sX-bpÅ hm¡p-I-fpsS {]tbm-Kw, tÇj{]tbmKw,

ZzbmÀ°{]tbmKw XpS-§n-bh
- bpw ^enXw Dæm-¡p-¶X
- m-Wv.

i_vZ-]cw, AÀXv-Y-]cw F¶v Dàn-lmkyw cæp-hn-[w. ^enXw D]-tbm-Kn-

¡p¶ kvÀ`hpw hàm-hn-sâ-bpw, t{imXm-hn-sâbpw kz`m-hhpw CXn \nÀ®m-bI

- -

am-bn-cn-¡pw. im_vZn-I-^-enXw ]Z-§sf ]e-hn-[-¯n {Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sSbpw

tNÀ¯p-sNm-Ãp-¶X
- n-eq-sSbpw D]-kÀ¤-§Ä
- tNÀ¯v AÀ°-hy-Xymkw hcp-¯p-¶X
- n-

eq-sSbpw ZzbmÀ°-{]-tbm-K-§-fn-eq-sS-bpw, tÇtjm-àn-bn-eq-sS-bp-saÃmw Dæm-Imw.

25
ht{Im-àn, hymtPm-àn, hymP-kvXp-Xn, hymP-\n-v, ]Zm-\p-I-cWw F¶n-h-tbbpw

im_vZnI ^enX hn`m-K¯

- n s]Sp-¯m-hp-¶X
- m-Wv. C.-hn. IrjvW] - psS ‘s]¬
- n-Åb

]nd-t¶m³’ C½m-Xncn ^enXhm¡n-\p-Zm-lc

- W
- a - sâ ‘kvIqÄIp-«n-If
- m-Wv. kRvPb - psS

Ipgt¼m-kn-j³’ Im¨n-bn-cn-¡p-I-sb¶ \c-I-in£ F¶n-Ss¯ tImt¼m-kn-j-\p-]-

Icw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ hm¡v asäm-cp-Zm-lc - w. ‘D½m³ X¶m A½m-h³, CsÃ-

- W

¦n Np½m-h³’ F¶ ]g-s©m-Ãnse Np½m-h\pw CXp-t]m-ep-æm-Ip¶ ]Z^en-Xa

- m-

Wv.

BÀ°nI Dàn-lmkyw ]e Xc-¯n-ep-æv. bpàn-c-ln-X-amb Akw-_Ô

{]kvXm-h-\-IÄ P\n-¸n-¡p-¶h, bpàym-`mkw sImtæm, Ipbpàn {]tbm-Knt¨m

- nsâ ^e-am-bp-æm-Ip-¶h
Akm-[m-cW coXn-bn Nn´n-¡p-¶X - , sFI-cq-]y-apÅ Bi-

b-§Ä Xncn-¨pw adn¨pw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼m-gp-æm-Ip-¶-h, Ip¯p-hm¡v AY-hm Xncn-¨-

Sn-bn \n¶p-æm-Ip-¶-h, tNcm¯ Imcy-§Ä tNÀ¡p-t¼m-gp-æm-Ip-¶-h. {]kvXp-X-

amb hm¡p-IÄ A{]-kvXp-Xa

- mb asäm-cm-ib
- s
- ¯-tbm, kw`-hs
- ¯tbm HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-

¶-Xnsâ ^e-ambpæmIp-¶h. C§s\ ]e hn`m-K-§-fmbn Xncn-¡m-hp¶ ^en-X-

§Ä C¡q-«¯
- nÂs¸-Sp-¶p. {]kn-²§
- f
- mb ]g-s©m-Ãp-It- fbpw temtIm-àn-It- fbpw

hf-s¨m-Sn-¨pw ]pXnb ]Z-§Ä k¶n-th-in-¸n-¨pw, hnNn-{X-amb D]amIev]-\-IÄ

sImæpw Dàn-lm-ky-ap-æm-Ipw.

tIh-e-lmkyw (Humour)

lmky¯nsâ FÃm hn`m-K-§-tfbpw kqNn-¸n-¡p¶Xn\p-thæn Cw¥o-jnÂ

lyqaÀ F¶ ]Zw C¶v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. {]mNo\ emän³`m-jb

- nÂ\n-¶mWv Cu ]Z-

¯nsâ \njv]¯
- n. Hcp kzmZv, Hcp `mhw, tIhew hkvXp-¡sf t\m¡n-Im-Wp-¶c
- oXn

F¶n-h-bmWv Cu ]Z-¯n\v BZyw Dæm-bn-cp¶ AÀ°w. {]Xn-]m-Z\ ckn-I-X-bnÂ

\n¶v A\y-am-b, lmky-hn-`m-K¯

- nse Gähpw DÂIr-jvShpw kmXzn-Ih
- p-amb hn`m-K-

26
s¯-bmWv lyqaÀ AÀ°-am-¡p-¶X
- v. AÀ°-hn-Imkw kw`-hn¨v C¶v Cu ]Zw lmky-

¯nsâ kmam-\y-\m-a-ambn amdn. Fw.-]n. t]mÄ t\mhÂkm-ln-Xy-¯n ]c-a-amb

lmkyw F¶mWv hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. KmV-ambn X¯z-Nn-´\w sNbvXv a\p-jy-Po-

hn-X-¯nsâ £W-`w-Kp-cXzw euInI hymtam-l-§Ä ]c-a-amb A´yhpw a\p-jy-

cpsS k¦p-Nn-X-amb at\m-c-Y-§fpw X½n-epÅ A´cw F¶n-Xp-IÄ a\-Ên-em¡n

temI \S-]-Sn-IÄ Ah-[m-\-]qÀÆw kao-£Ww sN¿p¶ Hcp almNn´-Isâ at\m-

`m-h-s¯-bmWv ]c-a-amb lmkyw F¶v hnh-£n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.41

km[m-cW ZrjvSn-IÄ¡vv A{]m-]y-amb hncp-²`- mh§-fpsS kwtÇ-jW

- ¯
- mÂ

DZv`q-X-am-Ip¶ tIh-e-lmkyw hnt\m-Z-t¯m-sSm¸w Kl-\-amb B´-cmÀ°w IqSn

kv^pcn-¸n-¡pw. D¶-X-amb Hcp ImgvN-¸m-tSm-Sp-IqSn Pohn-X-t¯bpw Cu temIs¯

Xs¶bpw t\m¡n-Im-Wp¶ ZmÀi-\n-Icpw {Im´-ZÀin-I-fp-amb [À½n-jvT-cn \nt¶

lyqaÀ Dæm-Iq. D¶-Xc

- mb lyqa-dn-Ìp-IÄ kt´m-jk
- ´
- m-]§
- sf ka-Nn-¯X
- t- bmsS

ho£n-¡p-¶p. temIw anYy-bm-sW-¶pw {]]©w kÀtÆ-iz-csâ Hcp eoe-bm-sW¶pw

Iæ-dn-bp-¶-hsâ A\p-I-¼-bn ]nd-¡p¶ Cu \nÊw-K-X-bpsS Nncn ZmÀi-\n-Icpw

{Im´-ZÀin-I-fp-amb Fgp-¯p-Im-cpsS cN-\-I-fn Ahn-`m-Py-am-bn-¯s¶ Dæm-Ipw.

ZpxJmß-I-X-bpsS \ng-ep-IÄ Ie-cp¶ lmky-¯nsâ Cu atlm-¶X`mh-s¯-¡p-

dn¨v BZy-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶Xv Bwt¥b Nn´-I-\mb tPmÀÖv sacn-U-¯m-

Wv. DbÀ¶ lyqa-dn-Ìp-IÄ lmky-Ih

- n-IÄ¡v k¦-ev]n-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ hncp² `mh-

§-fpsS kwtÇ-jW
- a
- mWv ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶X
- .v hniz-hn-im-ea
- mb hnIm-c§
- sf Xmtem-

en-¡p¶ atlm-¶X lmky-Im-c³am-cpsS Nncn-bn ZpxJm-ß-I-X-bpsS Zo]vXn hnf-

§n-¡mWpw.42 IcpWck-¯n\v Xpey-amb Øm\w lyqa-dn\v Iev]n-¡p-¶h

- cpw Dæv.

D¶-X-amb lyqa-dns\ Hcp PohnX \nco-£W k{¼-Zm-b-ambn Icp-Xp¶ Ìo^³

27
eot¡m¡v AsXmcp ]n´n-cnªpt\m«-am-sW-¶pw, B t\m«-¯n Pohn-X-¯nsâ

sshcp-²ym-ßI
- X H¶msI hyà-am-Ip-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. tIh-e^
- e
- nXw Hcp sshIm-

- m-sW¶v sPbnw-kvXÀ_À.43
cnI Iem-]a

ZpxJs¯ Nncn-bm¡n amäpI F¶Xv km[m-cW a\p-jyÀ¡v Akm-[y-amb

Imcy-am-Wv. Úm\n-IÄ¡pw. Nn´-I³amÀ¡pw am{Xw {]m]y-amb Hcp at\m-`m-h-

¯nÂ\n¶p am{Xta Cusbmcp AÛp-Xh

- nZy km[y-am-Iq. Xosc Btem-Nn-¡m-¯h
- ³

Nncn-bn F¯p-t¶-bn-Ã. hfsc Btem-Nn-¡p-¶-h³ Nncn-bn-e-ÃmsX F¯p-I-bn-Ã

- n-¡p-¶p44 C¡m-
F¶ Fw. BÀ. \mb-cpsS hm¡p-IÄ Cu Bi-bs¯ ASnhc-bn-«p-d¸

cy-¯n t{^mbn-Unsâ A`n-{]m-bhpw kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv. Hcm-fn lyqa-dns\ kw_-

Ôn-¡p¶ B\vw P\n-¸n-¡p¶ am\-kn-I-hr¯n F§-s\-bm-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶v ]d-ª-

dn-bn-¡m³ Ffp-¸-a-Ã. lyqa-dn\v Imc-W-¡m-c-\mb a\p-jys\ A\p-I-¼m-]qÀÆw a\-

Ên-em-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦n lyqaÀ \evIp¶ B\vw \ap¡pw e`n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.45

‘Bcm-¨m-cpsS sh¬agp Igp-¯n ]Xn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Hcp \nanjw ap³]v \nc-

]-cm-[n-bmb Fsâ XmSn-aoi H¶p amän-s¡m-Ås« AXv F´n\v in£-tb¡p¶p’

F¶p ]dª tXmakv aqdnsâ Ah-km\ hm¡p-IÄ D¶-X-amb lyqa-dn\v H¶m-´-c-

ap-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv. Ejn-kl
- P
- a
- mb a\-ÊnÂ\nt¶ C¯cw h
- m-¡pIÄ ]pd-s¸-Sq. Npäp-

]m-Sp-IÄsImæv {]£p-_v[-\m-Im-sXbpw \ncm-i-s¸-Sm-sXbpw s]cp-am-dp¶ At±-l-

¯nsâ am\-knI al-¯z-amWv lyqa-dn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶-Xv. h[-in£ \S-¸m-¡m³

sImæpt]m-Ip¶ Ah-kc
- ¯
- nÂ, Pe-tZmjw ]nSn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ Igp¯p aqSp-¶X
- n\v

IÀNo^v Bh-iy-s¸« a\p-jysâ IY t{^mbnUpw DZm-l-cn-¡p-¶pæv 46

hymkhnc-Nn-X-amb alm-`m-cXw C¯-c-¯n-epÅ Hcp alm-a-v-lm-k-¯nsâ

{]kv^p-c-W-am-Wv. a\p-jy-cnse hntZz-jhpw shdp¸pw Al-¦mchpw Alw-`m-hhpw

28
hymtam-l§fpw KÀÆhpw aÕ-c-§fpw hnP-b-§fpw ]cm-P-b-§fpw ZpxJ-§-fp-saÃmw

kz]v\Xpeyw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶Xpw kI-eXpw \nÊm-ca

- m-sW¶pw ip²iq\y-am-sW¶pw

Hcp Nncn-bn IqSp-Xsem¶pw AÀln-¡p-¶n-söpw t_m²ys¸-Sp-¯n-¯-cp¶ alm-

`m-c-Xw-t]mse al-¯-c-amb Hcp lyqaÀ Iæp-In-«m³ {]bm-k-am-Wv. Pohn-X-¯nse

GXp Imcy-¯n\pw Kuch]qÀ®-amb Hcp hihpw lmkym-ßI

- a
- mb adp-hi
- hpw Dsæ-

¶v alm`mcXw ASn-h-c-bn-«p-d-¸n-¡p-¶p. alm-`m-c-X-¯nse AwKnbmb ckw im´-am-

sW¶pw aäp ck-§Ä AXn-sâ- AwK§fm-sW¶pw [z\n-Im-c³ kaÀ°n-¨n-«pæ.v

lyqadpw hnäpw bYmÀ°-¯n cæp Xe-§f

- n-emWv hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv. Bi-b-

§-fntem ]Z-{]-tbm-§f
- ntem ImWp¶ A{]-Xo-£X
- a
- mb kw_-Ôtam s]mcp-¯t- ¡-

tSm- hn-än\p Imc-Wa

- m-Ip-t¼mÄ lyqaÀ Iq-sd-IqSn hym]-Ihpw kq£vahpw IYm-]m-{X-

§-fpsS BN-cW
- s¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p-¶X
- p-am-Ip-¶p. ss[j-Wn-Ia
- m-Ib
- m Dàn-lmkyw

aqÀ¯hpw Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw \nb-am-\p-kr-Xh

- p-am-bn-cn¡pw. \½psS hnIm-c§
- t- fmSv kwh-

Zn-¡p¶ tIh-e^
- e
- nXw IqSp-XÂ ÇYhpw ]e-t¸mgpw Ab-YmÀ°-hp-am-bncn¡pw. Dàn

lmky-¯nsâ hym]mcw Nne ]cn-[n-IÄ¡pÅn-em-bn-cn¡pw. Pohn-X-¯nsâ ap-IÄ

]c-¸n IsÃ-dnªp ckn-¡p¶ Dàn lmky-¯n\v Hcp `mh-s¯-s]mepw DÄs¡m-

Åm³ sIev]nÃ. Poh-Xs

- a¶ {]Xn-`m-ks¯ \nkw-Ka
- mbn ho£n¨v I®o-cn ap«p¶

Nncn-bp-ambn \nev¡p¶ tIhelmky-¯nsâ Hu¶Xyw cmK-tZz-j§

- f
- n {IoUn-¡p¶

DIvXn-lm-ky¯n\v Hcn-¡epw {]m]y-aÃ

- .

tIhelmky-¯n\pw ^en-X¯
- n\pw at²y Hcp hn`m-Ks¯ t{^mbnUv Iev]n-

¡p¶p. At_m[\À½Pev]-\wþ s\bvhv (The Naive) F¶mWv CXn\v \ÂInbncn-

¡p¶ t]cv. ^en-Xw-t]mse t_m[-]qÀÆw krãn-¡p-¶X

- Ã
- CXv. hm¡p-IÄ AÀ°w

Adn-bmsX A_-²-ambn {]tbm-Kn¡pI, Bi-b-§-fntem kvÀ`-§-fntem Akw-_-

Ôtam hnUvVn-¯tam DÄs¡m-fn-¡p-I, Adn-bmsX AÇo-e-X-IÄ {]I-S-am-¡pI

29
Ch-bn GsX-¦nepw H¶v At_m[\À½Pev]\
- ¯
- n ImWmw. tZi-t`-Z¯
- n-\\
- p-k-

cn¨v AÀ°hyXymkw hcp¶ ]Z-§Ä t\bvhn-\p-Zml-c-W-am-Wv.

Bt£-]-lmkyw þ kä-bÀ (Satire)

emän³ `mj-bnse km¨pdm (Satura) F¶ ]Z-¯n \n¶mWv kä-bÀ F¶

- v. CXn\v ( Mixture, Medley) Iq«q-Id

hm¡p-æm-bX - n, an{i-Km\w Fs¶m-s¡-bm-WÀ°w.

BZy-Ime kä-bd
- p-If
- n ]Zy þ K
- Zy, AsÃ-¦n t{ijvT þ \oN, an{i-kz-`mhw ImWmw.

_n. kn. Ggmw iX-I-¯n Pohn-¨n-cp¶ {Ko¡p Ihn-bm-b- BÀ¡ntem¡ÊmWv

47
BZys¯ kä-b-dnÌv F¶p ]d-b-s¸-Sp¶p

CXc kmlnXycq]-§sf At]-£n¨v ]e {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw kä-b-dn ZÀin-

¡mw. kaq-l¯
- nepw hyàn-If
- n-epw- Im-Wp¶ sshI-Ãy-§t- fbpw hyXn-Ne
- \
- §
- t- fbpw

Bt£-]n-¡p-Ibpw hnanÀi-\m-ßI
- a
- mbn Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-Ib
- mWv CXnsâ

apJy-kz-`m-hw. Ch kmaqlybmYmÀ°y-§t- fm-Sv cq-£a

- mbn {]Xn-Ic
- n¡p-¶p. \hoIcn-

¡m\pw ]p\-cp-²-cn-¡m-\p-apÅ ià-amb B{K-l-amWv AhÀ¡v {]tNm-Z-\-am-Ip-¶-

Xv. ""kaq-l-¯n\v t\sc-bpÅ Nm«-hm-dp-IÄ'' F¶v hneyw BÂ{^UvFÍn kä-b-dn-

kvd-dp-Isf hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ AÀ°-am-¡p-¶Xv CXmWv. 48

\·sb BZcn-¡p-Ibpw Xn·sb shdp-¡p-Ibp sN¿p¶ Hcp [À½n-jvT\

- mWv

Bt£-]l
- m-ky-Im-c³ F¶v A\yÀ¡v tXm¶-Ww. F¦n am{Xta hmb-\¡
- mÀ kmln-

Xy-Im-csâ ]£-¯m-hp-Ib
- p-Åp. khn-ti-ja
- mb kmln-Xy-{]-Xn` DÅ-hÀ¡p am{Xta

CXn\p Ign-bp-Ib
- p-Åp. kaqlbmYmÀ°y-¯nsâ FÃm-tIm-Wp-Ifn-te¡pw Xpf-¨p-I-

- p-æm-bn-cn-¡W
bd-¯¡ A´ÀZr-jvSnbpw Úm\-Zr-jvSnbpw Bt£-]lm-ky-Im-c\ - w.

Hcp kä-b-dnÌv FÃm sseäp-Ifpw sXfn¨p Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶- Hcp ÌpUn-tbm-

bnse¶h®w {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Rms\mcp Iyma-db

- m-Wv, Rms\mcp tS¸v dnt¡mÀUÀ

30
BWv F¶v AbmÄ Dcp-hn-Sp¶p lb-änsâ Cu Be-¦m-cnIhnh-cWw Bt£-]-lm-

ky-Im-csâ kq£va \nco-£W]mShw hyà-am-¡p¶p. 49

""`mj-bpsS \nb-{´-Wa
- mWv Hcp Bt£-]l
- mky IrXn-bpsS hnP-bs
- ¯tbm

]cm-Pb
- s - ¸-Sp¶p.50
- ¯tbm \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶ LSIw'' F¶v sPbnwkv tlm A`n-{]m-bs

shfn-hm-¡-en-tâbpw t_m²y-s¸-Sp-¯-en-tâ-Xp-amb Cu Ie hnZKv[-amb `mjm

{]tbmKw sImæmWv kmam-t\y\ Bkzm-ZI

- sc BIÀjn-¡p-¶X
- v. Cu AÀ°-¯nÂ

Bt£-]l
- m-kys¯ {]`m-jWIe-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯m-dpæv. aäp-Åh
- sc BIÀjn-

¡p-Ib
- pw k
- zm-[o-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ hn[-¯n Iem-]c
- a
- mbn `mjsb {]tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶-h\ - ³. 51 {]`m-jWw {]t_m-[\

- mWv {]`m-jI - h
- p-ambn _Ô-s]-«n-cn¡p¶p. Bt£]

lmky-Ie {]t_m-[\
- Iebp-ambn _Ô-s¸«XmWv F¶v sPbnwkv kXÀem-³Uv Ah-

Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶p.52 BÀXÀ s]mfmÀUv BIs« Bt£]lmky-I-hnsb Hcp D]-tZ-in-

bm-bn-«mWv hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. 53

km[m-cW Ihn-IÄ kuv-cym-ßI

- a
- mbn t\m¡nImWp-¶ t- em-Is¯ hnaÀi-

\m-ß-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-¯m-\mWv Bt£-]-lm-ky-Im-c³ {ian-¡p-¶Xv. CXn\v \Ã

hnth-In-Xbpw HuNn-Xyhpw \nin-X-amb kmaq-lnI t_m[hpw sImæp ip²o-I-cn-¡-

s¸« a\-Êp-æm-hW
- w. `mh-\b
- v¡Ã _p²n-]c
- X
- b
- v¡mWv ChnsS {]m[m\yw. t_m[-a-

\Ênsâ a\x-]qÀÆ-apÅ krjvSn-If

- mWv Bt£-]l
- mkyIrXn-IÄ. kmlnXyw kuvcy-

t_m[hpambn kwh-Zn-¡p-sa¶v ]d-bp-sa-¦nepw Bt£-]lm-kyIrXnIÄ Gsdbpw

kwh-Zn-¡p-¶Xv kmaq-ly-t_m-[h
- p-am-bn-«m-Wv.

Bt£-]l
- m-ky-Im-c³ kmaqlnI bmYmÀ°y-§Ä ]qÀ®-ambn DÄs¡m-Åp-

sa-¦nepw AXv A§s\Xs¶ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m-dn-Ã. kXy-¯nsâ Hcp hiw am{X-sa- AbmÄ

]pd¯p ImWn-¡m-dp-Åp. AXpw- bYmXYambn«m-bn-cn-¡n-Ã. AXn-i-tbm-àn-bpsS

31
\nd-¸In-«p-IÄ AXn Isæ¯mw. F¶mÂ- CXv Xncn-¨d
- n-bm³ Ign-bm¯ hn[-¯nÂ

{]Xn-]m-Z\ `wKnbpw ^en-Xhpw sImæv Bkzm-Z-Is\ hio-Icn-¡p¶p. Xsâ hmZw

Øm]n-¡m³ thæn sXfn-hp-I-fn hen-sbmcp `mKw Dt]-£n-¡m\pw _m¡n-bp-Å-

hsb Bh-iym-\p-kc
- W
- w- hepXm¡ntbm sNdp-Xm-¡n-tbm- lm-Pc
- m-¡m-\pw- aSn¡m¯

Hcp h¡o-en-t\m-SmWv Bt£-]l

- m-ky-Im-cs\ sPbnwkv kXÀem³Uv kmZr-iy-s¸-Sp-

¯p-¶Xv. 54 kaq-l-¯nsâ s]mXp\·sb e£y-am-¡n-bm-IWw Cu bXv\w

k¦ev] bmYmÀ°y-§Ä X½n-epÅ A´cw Ipd-bv¡m-\pÅ ]cn-{i-a-amWv

Bt£-]-lm-ky-Im-c-tâ-Xv. a\p-jysâ km·mÀ¤nI hnIm-c-§sf Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡m\pw

BZÀim-ßI a\p-jy-Xz-¯n-te¡v IqSp-XÂ ASp-¸n-¡m-\p-Å {ia-am-Wv- C-hnsS \S-

¡p-¶-Xv. ""kaqlw kwi-b-t¯mSpw A{]o-Xn-tbmSpw IqSn ho£n-¡p¶ kXy-k-Ô-

\mb Hcp a\p-jys\ tXSn Bt£-]-lm-ky-Im-c³ Xsâ hnf-¡p-ambn \t½m-sSm¸w

FÃm-bvt¸mgpw DæmIpw'' F¶ hneyw BÂ{^Uv FÍn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw CXv hyà-

55
am-¡p-¶p.

]cm-aÀin-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶ hkvXp-¡s
- ftbm X¯z-§s
- ftbm Npäp-]m-Sp-It- ftbm ASn-

Øm-\a
- m¡n hyàn-]c
- w, kmaq-ln-Iw, cmjvSo-bw, km·mÀ¤n-Iw, kmln-Xy-]cw F¶n-

§s\ kä-bd
- ns\ ]e-Xmbn Xncn¡mw. kq£va]cn-tim-[\
- b
- n Ch ]c-kv]cw _Ô-

s¸Sp \nev¡p-¶X
- mbpw ImWmw.

hyàn-]-c-amb kä-bÀ

Hcp hyànsb e£y-am-¡n-sIm-æpÅ Bt£-]-lm-ky-Ir-Xn-I-fmWv Cu

hn`mK¯nÂs]-Sp-¶X
- .v Akm-am-\y-amb cN\mkmaÀ°yw Dsæ-¦n am{Xta C¯cw

IrXn-IÄ Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bp-I-bpÅp. ^enXa[p IeÀ¯n ]cn-l-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶-

hÀ¡pt]mepw Nncn Df-hm-I¯

- ¡
- h
- ®w ]cn-lmkw Bhn-jI
v c- n-¡W
- w. A[n-Im-cn-Is
- ftbm

D¶XØm\o-b-scsbm FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v ^enX]qÀ®-amb hmKvi-c-§Ät]mse

32
DNn-Xa- mb asäm-cm-bp[w Dæm-hp-Ib
- nÃ. ""A[n-Im-cn-IÄs¡-Xn-sc-bp-Å hn¹-hI
- m-cn-If
- psS

Bbp-[a
- mWv kä-bÀ'' F¶ \nÀÆ-N\w Cu ]Ým-¯e
- ¯ - m-Ip-¶Xv 56 .
- n-emWv {]k-àa

Cu hyàn]cn-lmkw Nne-t¸mÄ hntZz-j-¯n \n¶pZn¡p¶ ]I-t]m-¡-

em-bn -Xo-cm-dpæv. C.-hn. X\n-¡v hn-tZz-j-ap-æm-bn-cp-¶-hsc iIm-cn-¡m\pw kvt\l-ap-

æm-bn-cp-¶h
- sc {]iw-kn-¡m\pw Cu coXn-{]-tbm-P\ - ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶p F¶v “Po-hn-X-
- s

kva-c-W-I-fn” Xpd¶p ]d-ªn-«p-æv. {]mNo-\-Imew apX Xs¶ hyàn-]-c-amb

kä-bÀ \S-¸n-en-cp-¶-Xmbn {Ko¡v tIma-Un-I-fn \n¶v hy-à-amIpw Acn-tÌm^

\nÊnsâ ‘taL-§Ä’, ‘ Xhf-IÄ ’ -F¶o {]l-k-\-§Ä tkm{I-«o-kns\bpw bqdn-

¸n-Un-kn-s\bpw ]cn-lk
- n-¡p-¶- Ir-Xn-If
- m-Wv. C.-hn. IrjvW]
- n-Åb
- psS ckn-I³ Xqen-

Im-Nn-{X-§Ä- FÃmw Xs¶ hyàn-]c

- a
- mb kä-bd
- n\v D¯-tam-Zm-lc
- W
- §
- fmWv. ]-cn-

lkn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶h
- s
- c-t]mepw Nncn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ Akm-am\y]mShw Ip©³ \¼ymÀ¡p-

æm-bn-cp-¶p. cmP-tk-hI
- \
- mb ssI¸ng \¼q-Xn-cnsb Ah-tl-fn-¡m-\mbn Hcp ]m{Xw

\ne-¯n«v i_vZw tIĸn-¨n«v AsX-´m-sW-¶v- At\zjn¨ alm-cm-Pm-hn-t\mSv

\¼qXncnbpsS ap¼n h¨p-Xs¶ ssI¸ng h¶-Xp-sIm-æpÅ {Kl-¸ng F¶p-]d-

ª-t¸mgpw A¶-s¯- {]amWnbm-bn-cp¶ \¼n-t¸m-än-bp-ambn [n¡m-c-]qÀÆw kwkm-

cn¨v hg-¡p-æm-¡n-bn-«v, AX-dnªv Ip]n-X-\mbn¯oÀ¶ -a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-t\mSv

""\¼n Bsc¶p tNmZn¨p

\¼n-bm-sc¶p sNmÃn-t\³

\¼n-tI-«Y tIm]n¨p

X¼p-cmt\ £an-¡tW''

F¶v t_m[n¸n-¨-t¸m-gpw Cu ^enX{]tbmK kmaÀ°y-amWv At±-l-¯n-

\vkl
- m-bI - m-bn-cp-¶Xv 57
- a

33
kmaq-ln-I cmjv{So-b- --- k-ä-bÀ (Social and Political satire)

hyàn-Isf {]tXy-I-ambn e£y-am-¡msX kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb

Nne Ah-Ø-I-sftbm hyh-Ø-I-sftbm ]cn-l-kn-¡m³th-æn- c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp¶

teJ-\-§fpw IrXn-I-fp-amWv Cu hn`mK-¯nÂs]-Sp-¶X.v kaq-l-¯n s]mXp-sh-

ImWp¶ Xn·IÄs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ Bt£-]l

- m-ky-am-Wn-Xv. X§Ä¡v Npäpw ImWp¶

AXn-hn-Ie
- hpw hnIr-Xh
- p-amb temI-¯nsâ ARvPm-Xa
- pJw A\phmN-Ic
- psS ap¼nÂ

A\mhcWw-sN-bvXv- A-hÀ¡v ]pXnsbmcp Nn´m-hn-jbw \ÂIp-I-bmWv Bt£-]-

lm-ky-Im-c³ sN¿p-¶X
- v. AXn-eqsS ka-Ime kmaq-ln-Im-hvØI
- s
- ftbm a\pjysâ

Zpjv {]h-WX-It- ftbm XIÀ¡p-Ib

- mWv Bt£-]l
- m-ky-Im-csâ e£yw .Cu AÀ°-

¯n-emWv sI¶¯v ssS\³ (Kennath Tynan) _ÀWmUvjmsb \io-Ic

- W
- hnZ-Kv²³

(Demolition export) F¶v hntijn-¸n-¨Xv .58 ae-bm-f¯

- n \¼ymsc¡qSn Cu hntijW

]cn-[n-bnÂs¸Sp¯mw.

kmaq-lnI cmjv{Sob cwK-§Ä PoÀ®X \ndª C¡m-e¯v C¯cw IrXn-

I-fpsS {]kàn Gsd-bm-Wv. GsX-¦nepw amÀ¤-§-fn IqSn t]mcm-bva-IÄ ]cn-l-cn-

¡-s¸-Sp¶tXmsS Cu IrXn-bpsS {]kàn CÃm-XmIpw. kRvPb

- sâ \nc-h[n teJ-

\-§f
- psSbpw I
- h
- n-XI
- f
- p-sSbpw ØnXn CXm-Wv. tImgn-t¡mSv \K-c¯
- nse kmaqlnI

{]iv\§
- f
- m-bn-cp¶p Ch-bnse {]Xn-]mZyw. cmjv{Sob kä-bd
- p-IÄ F{X-t¯m-fw ià-

§-fm-Ip-¶pthm A{X-t¯mfw A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS FXnÀ¸pw -i-à-amIpw. ]mÝm-Xy-

km-ln-Xy-¯n cmjv{So-bh
- pw k
- m-aq-Zm-bn-Ih
- p-amb hninjvS kä-bd
- p-IÄ cNn¨hcnÂ

{]Y-a-K-W-\o-b³ Acn-tÌm-^-\okv BWv. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn \n¶v \nc-h[n ]oU-

\-§Ä At±lw A\p-`h

- n-¨n-«p-W.v cmjvSob kä-bd- n-Ìp-If
- psS Iq«-¯n kztZim`nam\n

cma-Ir-jvW]
- n-Åb
- psS t]cpw kvacn-¡mw.

34
km·m-À-¤nI kä-bÀ (Moral Satire)

a\p-jy-kz-`m-h¯
- n-epÅ sshI-ey-§sfbpw \yq\-XI
- sfbpw ]cn-lm-kh
- n-t[-

b-am-¡n ]cn-l-cn-¡m-\p-t±-in¨v cNn-¡-s]-Sp¶ lmkyIrXn-I-fmWv km·mÀ¤nI

kä-bÀ. hyàn-]c
- hpw kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw cmjv{So-bh
- p-am-b käbÀI-fnepw ]cn-lk
- n-¡-

s¸-Sp-¶Xv a\p-jy-cpsS k·mÀ¤ {`wi-§fpw BZÀi-¯n \n¶pÅ hyXn-N-e-\-§-

fp-am-W.v kaq-l¯
- nsâ km·mÀKnI \nb-a§
- f
- p-am-bn-_Ô
- s
- ¸-«mWv CXnsâ \ne-\nev].v

km·mÀKnI hyh-Øbpw k¦-ev]-§fpw Hmtcm-X-c¯n-em-bn-cn¡pw. tamj-Ww, aZy-

tk-h, hy`n-Nm-cw, Im]Syw anYym-`n-am\w F¶nh ]cn-lm-ky-am-Ip-¶-Xn-eqsS kmaq-

ln-I-amb ta· ssIh-cn¡p-I-bmWv C¯cw IrXn-I-fpsS e£yw. {]mNo\ aWn-{]-

hmfIrXn-I-fneqw N¼p-¡-fnepw, Iq¯v, IqSn-bm«w, XpÅÂ XpS-§nb Iem-cq-]-§-

fnepw ImWp¶ amXrI tIc-fo-bÀ km·mÀ¤nI hnj-b-§Ä¡p \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶

{]m[m\yw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

kmln-Xy-]-c-amb kä-bÀ

A[-aa
- mb kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Is
- ftbm kmlnXy{]Øm-\§
- sftbm ]cn-lm-km-

ß-Ia
- mbn Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¨p-sImæv Ah-bpsS \ne-hmcapbÀ¯m-\pÅ {ia-amWv kmlnXy

kä-bÀ. ]mc-Unbpw _ÀekvIpw kmlnXy kä-b-dnÂs]-Spw.- a-e-bm-f-¯n \nc-h[n

{]Øm-\-§-fn A\p-I-c-W-§-fpsS s]cp-sh-Å-]m-¨n-en\v hncmaw C«Xv Bt£-]-

lm-ky-Ir-Xn-If
- n-eq-sS-bmWv. N¡o-N¦
- cw, ]d-t§mSn ]cn-Wb
- w, ZmXyql ktviw XpS-

§nb IrXn-IÄ Dlm-cWw. D®p-\oen ktv-iw-t]mepw ktvi Imhy-§sf ]cn-l-

kn¨v Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-sW¶v amcmÀ A`n-{]m-bs¸Sp¶p.59

35
]mcUn (lm- k ym- \ p- I - c - W w) Parody

KZy¯n-tem, ]Zy-¯ntem DÅ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If

- psS ]cn-lm-tkm-t±-iyt¯m-

Sp-Iq-Sntbm AÃm-sXtbm DÅ hnISm-\p-Ic

- W
- a
- mWv ]mc-Un. Hcp Ihn-Xsb ]cn-lk
- n-

¡m³ XÂIÀ¯m-hnsâ ssieo-ssh-Ir-Xnbpw Ihn-Xb

- psS cq]`mh-§f
- n-epÅ Akm-

[m-c-W-Xz-§fpw X·-b-Xz-t¯msS asämcp cq]-¯nepw `mh-¯nepw Bhn-jvI-cn¨v

]cn-l-kn-¡p¶ k{¼-Zm-b-s¯-bmWv BZy-Im-e-§-fn ‘]mcUn’ F¶ ]ZwsImæv

- ¸-«ncp¶-Xv. ‘Paraodie’ F¶ kwÚbv¡v ‘HmUv’ F¶ `mh-Ko-X¯

hnh-£n-¡s - nsâ

AÀ°s¯ hnIr-X-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ asämcp HmUv F¶mWv {Ko¡p-`m-j-bn AÀ°w. 60

Bt£]lmky-¯nse Gähpw BËm-Z-I-chpw kzm`m-hn-Ihpw Xr]vXn-I-chpw ^e-

{]-Zh
- p-amb cq]-§f
- n-sem-¶m-Wv ]mscmUn. \½psS lmky-t_m-[¯
- nÂ\n¶v CXv P\n-

- f-¡p-dn¨v B\-vI
¡p-Ibpw sshcp-²y-§s - c
- a
- mb Adnhv \evIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p F¶v

tdm_À«v ssläv ]mc-Un-bpsS {]`-hhpw kz`m-hhpw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.61 sIm¨p-Ip-«n-I-

fp-sSbpw arK-§f
- psS Ipªp-§f
- p-sSbpw eoem hnem-k§
- Ä IuXp-II
- c
- a
- mbn tXm¶p-

¶Xv, AXv apXnÀ¶-hc

- psS s]cp-am-ä¯
- nsâ At_m-[]
- qÀÆ-amb ]mcUn Bb-Xp-sIm-

æm-Wv.62

]mc-Un-IÄ cæp-hn[w Dæv. {]i-kvXa

- mb aqe-Ir-Xn-Isf ]cn-lk
- n-¡p-Itbm

hnaÀin-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶h
- sb ssieo-]m-cU
- n-IÄ AsÃ-¦n `mh ]mc-Un-IÄ F¶p

]d-bp-¶p. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnepÅ sshI-ey-§Ä ]Z-[qÀ¯v, Ae-¦mc _lp-eX

- , \ncÀ°I

i_vZ{]tbm-Kw, {]tbm-P-\-cm-ln-X-yw, A\p-Nn-X-amb hnIm-cm-[n-Iyw, ipjvIX XpS-

§nb \yq-\-X-IÄ þh-y-à-am-I-¯-¡-hn[w cNn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wn-Xv. Ihn-IÄ X§-fpsS

IrXn-IÄ¡v Hcp amXr-Im-cq]w \ÂIp-¶-Xn\p thæn am{Xw {]J-ymXIrXn-I-fpsS

cq]-`m-hm-Zn-I-fpsS \ng-ens\ B{i-bn-¡p-¶-h-bmWv cæm-as¯ hn`m-Kw. ]Z-]m-c-Un-

IÄ AsÃ-¦n cq] ]mc-Un-IÄ F¶v Chbv¡v t]cp \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. 63

36
 Db˦ ]mWvUn-Xy- hpw kmln-Xy ]cn-Nb
- h
- pw, \ncq-]W kmaÀ°-yhpw

^enX t_m[hpw H¯n-W-§n-b-hÀ¡p am{Xta ssieo ]mc-Un-bn hnP-bn-¡m³

Ign-bp-Ib
- p-Åq. kwkvIrX ]Z-§fpw ssien-Ifpw A\m-hi
- y- a
- mbn {]tbm-Kn-¡m-dpÅ

kmln-Xy]©m-\\
- sâ ssien-tbbpw BibkaÀ°\coXn-tbbpw kRvPb
- ³ kc-

k- a mbn D]- l - k n- ¡ p- ¶ Xp ssieo ]mc- U n¡pw ]Xn- ¶ mep hr¯- ¯ nse

‘Ia-em-Im-´sâ Imcp-W-y-io-esâ’ F¶ Ihn-Xm-`m-Ks¯ tImgn-t¡mSv ap\n-kn-¸m-

enän hnem]w F¶ ]mc-Un-bn kRvPb

- ³ A\p-Ic
- n-¡p-¶Xv ]Z-]m-cU
- n¡pw DZm-l-

c-W-§-fm-Wv. tIcfob ]mc-Un-Ìp-I-fn A{K-K-W-y-\mb ]n. {io[-c³]nÅ þ koXm

cmasâ þ ]mc-Un-If - mWv ‘AcW’. Ipam-c\

- n {it²-ba - m-imsâ Icp-Wb
- psS lmk-y-

hn-Uw-_\
- a
- m-Wn-Xv. Bimsâ X¯z {]Xn-]m-Z\
- ¯
- n-epÅ Aan-Xa
- mb {]m[m-\yw Nn{Xo-

I-cW
- ¯
- nse kmt¦-XnIamÀ¤w, ]Z{]tbm-K¯
- n-epÅ \njvIÀj-Ifpw \nÀ_-Ô§
- fpw,

Ch-sbm-s¡-bmWv lmk-yh
- X
- vIc
- n-¡p-¶X
- v. ""ssZhta ssIsXmgmw'' F¶p XpS-§p¶

{]mÀ°-\bv¡v A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡À cNn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ]mcUn {]kn-²-am-Wv.

ssZhta ssIsXmgmw tIÄ¡p-am-dm-IWw

t_md-\m-sa¶ \o Im¡p-am-dm-IWw

IÅw ]d-bp-hm³ {XmWn-bp-æm-IWw

IÅ-¸W - nsâ amÀ¤-ap-æm-¡Ww

- ¯

I¼\n IqSp-t¼mÄ I¼-yq-«d

- m-¡Ww
64
I½n _P-änsâ Imap-I-\m-¡-Ww

bYmÀ° ]mc-Un-IÄ¡v kmln-Xy- ¯

- n hfsc D¶-Xa
- mb Hcp Øm\-am-Wp-

Å-X.v Ah kmln-Xy- I
- m-cs\ KmV-ambn Nn´n-¸n-¡p-¶p. Bß]-cn-tim-[\
- bv¡v t{]cW

\ÂIp¶p kmln-Xy- s
- ¯-bmsI ip²o-Ic
- n-¡p-¶p. F¶m ]mc-Un-IÄ þ ]tcm-]P
- ohn

þ lmk-yI
- r-Xn-If - ¸-«n-«p-æv. Ah-bnse lmky-
- m-sW¶v Ìo^³ eot¡m¡v A`n-{]m-bs

¯n\v ]tcm]Pohnlmkyw (Parastic humour)F¶mWv At±lw ]cn-lmk\maw

37
\ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. aqe-Ir-Xn-bn-sÃ-¦n ]mc-Un-bp-anà F¶mWv AXn\v At±lw
65
]d-bp¶ \ym-bw.

_ÀekvIv (J-WvU-\m-ßI lmk-ym-\p-I-cWw (Burlesque))

al-¯mb Hcp IrXn-bpsStbm Hcp kmln-Xycq]-¯n-sâtbm Bi-bs

- ¯tbm
66
Bhn-jvImccoXnsbtbm JWvU-\m-ß-I-ambn A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv _Àe-kvIv.

Bt£-]-lm-kyw F¶ AÀ°-¯n Cäm-en-b³ `mj-bn-epÅ _Àe (Burla)F¶

]Z-¯n \n¶mWv CXnsâ hyp-Xv]¯

- n. Bt£-]¯
- n-sâtbm ]cn-lm-k¯
- n-sâtbm

kz-c¯
- n \yq-\X
- I
- sf Ah-Xc
- n-¸n-¡p¶ coXn-bn-emWv ChnsS lmk-y¯
- nsâ Bhn-

jvI-c-Ww. _ÀekvIv Ihn-X-bpsS P\-bn-Xm-hmbn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv _n.-kn. Bdmw

iX-I¯ - nse lnt¸m-\mIvkv (Hipponax of Ephesus) BWv.

- n Pohn-¨n-cp¶ F^o-kÊ

]mc-Unsb _Àe-kvInsâ `mK-am-bn«pw _Àe-kvIns\ ]mc-Un-bpsS `mK-am-

bn«pw IW-¡m-¡p-¶-hÀ Dæv. kq£va]T-\-¯n Ch hy-X-y-kvXX ]peÀ¯p-¶Xp

ImWmw. ]mcUn Hcp-Xcw aWvU\ hnaÀi-\a

- m-Wv. _lp-am-\n-¡p¶ IrXn-Is
- f-bmWv

]mc-UnÌv A\p-Ic
- W
- ¯
- n\p thæn B{i-bn-¡m-dp-ÅX
- v. F¶m _ÀekvIv JWvU

\m-ßI hnaÀi-\a
- m-Wv þ cq£-amb ]cn-lm-ka
- m-W.v ]mcUn ]e-t¸mgpw kä-bÀ BImdn-

Ã. F¶m _ÀekvIv Hcn-¡epw kä-bÀ BIm-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. CXmWv Ch-bpsS

{][m\ hy-Xy- m-kw. ]mc-Un-bp-tSbpw _Àe-kvIn-sâbpw henb ]cn-anXn CXn\v Imen-

Itam Ncn-{X-]-ctam Bb {]k-àntb Dæm-Im-dpÅq F¶XmWv.

AXn-{]m-No\ Imew apX Xs¶ \à _Àe-kvIp-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n Dæm-

bn-«p-æv. AÀ°-an-sÃ-¦nepw A\-z-b-an-sÃ-¦nepw ]Z-§Ä \nc¯nh¨v ba-I-{]mkw

\nÀ½n¨p IhnX Fgp-Xp-¶-hsc ]cn-l-kn-¨p-sImæpÅ tXmesâ IhnX Xs¶

BZy DZm-lc
- W
- w. ktvi Imh-y§
- f
- psS A\pI-cW {]hm-ls¯ AW-sI«n \nÀ¯nb

_Àe-kvImWv iohÅn\¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS ZmXyqlktv-iw. ap³jn cma-¡p-dp-¸nsâ N¡o-

38
N-¦cw \mSIkmln-Xy- ¯
- n-sebpw tNe-¸d- ¼p\¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS ]m«p®n NcnXw B«¡Ym

kmln-Xy- ¯
- n-sebpw _Àe-kvIp-If
- m-Wv.

Ime-tZ-im-Xn-hÀ¯n-If
- mbn hni-zk
- m-ln-Xy- ¯
- n Ønc-{]-XnjvT t\Snb Nne

_Àe-kvIp-IÄ Dæv. kmap-Zm-bnI, cmjv{Sob hnj-b-§-fpsS Hcp _Àe-kvImWv

KÅn-h-dpsS k©mcIY-IÄ. hoc-km-l-knI IY-I-fpsS hnI-Sm-\p-I-c-W-§-fmWv

- nsâ ‘Im³UnUv AYhm ip`m]vXn

skÀhmân-knsâ tkm¬I-zn-Ivtkm-«pw, thmÄ«-bd

hni-zmkw’ F¶ IrXn-bpw.

sFdWn ({]-Ѷ lmk-yw) Irony

B[p-\nI kmln-Xy- ¯
- n Gähpw A[nIw D]-tbm-Kn-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶ lmkym-hn-

jvIc
- W hn`m-Ka
- mWv sFd-Wn. hàm-hnsâ hm¡p-IÄ¡pw hnh-£n-X¯
- n\pw X½nÂ

- o-Xyw þD-æm-bn-cn-¡p-Ib
sshPm-Xyw þssh-]c - mWv sFd-Wn-bpsS kz-`m-hw. hmN-ymÀ°-

¯n\p hn]-co-X-amb asäm-cÀ°w IqSn [z-\n-¸n-¡p¶ cN\mX{´-am-Wn-Xv. AXp-sIm-

æmWv {]Ѷlmk-yw, hncp-t²màn Fs¶ms¡ sFdWn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. hm¡p-

I-fpsS _ml-y-X-e-¯n-\-¸p-d-¯pÅ tKm]-y-amb þ{]-Ñ-¶-amb þHcp lmk-y-am-Wn-Xv.67

{]Ѷthj-¡m-c³ F¶À°-apÅ sFsdm¬ (eiron) F¶ {Ko¡p-]Z- ¯

- nÂ

\n¶mWv sFdWn F¶ hm¡nsâ \njv]-¯n. ]pdta Im«p-¶-sXm¶v bmYmÀ°yw

thsdm¶v F¶ ]ZmÀ°w Xs¶-bmWv sFd-Wn-bpsS kz-`m-hw. {]Ѷlmkyw F¶

kwÚ A\-zÀ°-am-Ip-¶p. Bt£-]l

- m-ky-Im-csâ sshIm-cn-Ia
- mb \nÊw-KX
- zw {]I-

Sn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ Ignhv sFd-Wn-¡p-æv. {]iw-km-cq-]¯

- n Ah-tl-fn-¡p-¶X
- nt\m \nvm-

cq-]-¯n kvXpXn-¡p-¶-Xnt\m CXn\v km[n-¡p-¶p. hym-P-kvXpXn Ae-¦m-c-¯nsâ

kz-`mhw CXp-Xs¶. bYm-{ip-X-amb AÀ°-¯n\pw hnh-£n-X-¯n\pw X½n-epÅ

sshPmXyw hgn¡v Bt£-]-cq-]-amb kzm-`n-{]mbw IqSp-XÂ Xo£-W-X-tbmsS

39
{]Im-in-¸n-¡p-hm³ hàm-hn\v DX-Ip¶ Hcp {]Xn-]m-Z\coXn-bmWv sFdWn F¶p

\nÀÆ-Nn-¡p¶ sI. tKmZ-hÀ½ apJw-aq-Sn-bW

- nª Hcp Iem-X{- ´-am-bmWv sFd-Wnsb

t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶-Xv. 68

kmln-X-ym-Nm-c-y-·mÀ sFd-WnIv ]e hn`m-K-§fpw Iev]n-¡p-¶p-æv. Pn.-Pn.

skUvPv-hn¡v sFd-Wnsb aq¶mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p.69 (1) tkm{Im-«nIv sFdWn

(Socratic Irony) AÚX `mhn-¨p-sImæv hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z¯

- n GÀs¸-Sp¶ tkm{I-«o-

Ênsâ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. FÃm-a-dn-ªp-sImæv H¶pw Adn-bm-¯h

- s
- \-t¸mse \Sn-¡p-¶-

Xn-emWv ChnsS sFd-Wn. 2. {Uam-änIv sFdWn (Dramatic irony)\mS-I§

- f
- n kw`-

hn-¡m³ t]mIp-¶Xv F´m-sW¶v Adnªp IqSm¯ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä Adw-t]mse

`mhn-Im-cy- §
- Ä ]dªp t]mIp-¶X
- p-sImæv Dæm-Ip-¶X
- m-Wn-Xv. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä ]d-

bp-¶Xv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X¯

- n Xs¶ h¶p`hn-¡p-¶X
- p-sImæv Zpc´sFdWn (Tragic

Irony)F¶ t]cpw CXn-\p-æv. 3. sd«-dnIv sFdWn (Rhetoric Irony)]Z-§-fpsS khn-

tijk¶n-thiw sImæp-æm-Ip¶ hncp-t²m-àn-bm-WnXv. \yq-t\màn sImæp-æm-

Ip¶ sFdWn (Irony of under statement)F¶pw hm¡p-I-fpsS sFdWn (Verbal

Irony)F¶pw CXn\v t]cp-æv. Cu hncp-t²m-àn-bmWv sFdWn F¶-Xp-sImæv C¶v

Gsdbpw AÀ°-am-¡p-¶X
- v.

ae-bmf lmk-y]
- m-c¼
- c
- y- ¯
- nsâ km£-y]
- {- X-§f
- m-bn-«pÅ ]g-s©m-Ãp-If
- nÂ

sFd-Wn-bpsS KqV-lmkw \ng-en¨p \n¡p-¶Xp ImWmw. "-ssI-emkw \¶m-hm³

{]tZmjw t\m¡p-¶p', "]s¿ ]d-ªm ]d-hqÀ tIÄ¡mw' XpS-§nb \nc-h[n DZm-l-

c-W§
- Ä Dæv. hym-Pk
- vXp-Xn, Bt£]w F¶o Ae-¦m-c§
- f
- n hncp-t²mànlmkw

ImWmw. \mbnI Zq-Xnsb kvXpXn-¡p-¶Xv \nv-bn ]c-y-h-km-\n-¡p¶ tÇmI-amWv

hym-Pk
- vXp-Xn¡v DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn `mjm-`q-jW
- ¯
- n \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶X
- v.

40
 “\ns¶-t¸m-emÀ¡p Iqsd-¶nþ

en¶p \osb³ \nan-¯-ambv

sN¶p ZqXn s]mdp-¯ntÃ

\¶mbv Z´ \J-£Xw”70 hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ ‘inj-y\pw aI\pw’ F¶ IrXn-

bnse ]mÀÆ-Xn-bpsS inthm-]m-ew`w asämcp \Ã sFd-Wn-bm-Wv.

‘In«o-etbm Z£nW thæp-thmfw

hnin-jvS\mw inj-y-\n \n¶n-Zm\ow

Znh-ym-bp[w hÃ-Xp-apæp _m¡n

sb¶m-eXpw \ÂIn-b-\p-{K-ln¡’ 71

F¸n{Kmw ((Epigram))

]cn-lm-k¯
- nsâ IqÀ¯-ap\ tNÀ¯ HcpXcw {lkzIhn-Xb
- mWv F¸n-{Kmw.

Cu ]Zhpw Cu ]Z-yc
- o-Xnbpw {Ko¡p-`m-jb
- n-emWv cq]-sa-Sp¯Xv. F«p-hc
- n-bn HXp§n

\n¡p-¶Xpw Nne {]tX-yI hr¯ \n_-Ô-§-tfmSp IqSn-b-Xp-am-bn-cp¶p F¸n{Kmw

Ihn-XI
- Ä. Cu {]Øm-\¯
- n IqSn kp{]-kn-²\
- mbnXoÀ¶ e¯o³ kmln-Xy- I
- m-c-

\mb amÀjz CXn\v cq]-¯nepw `mh-¯nepw ]cn-jvImcw \ÂIn. Ihn-Xb

- psS Ah-

km\ `mK¯v ]cn-lmkw tNÀ¡p-¶X

- mWv CXnsâ coXn. eoemXne-I¯
- n D²-cn-¨n-

«pÅ \nc-h[n Ihn-X-IÄ F¸n-{Km-ansâ hn`m-K-¯n s]Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. hn`m-h-

\bv¡v t\Àhn-]-co-XmÀ°w hcp¶ hnti-tjmàn Ae-¦m-c-¯n\p \ÂIp¶ DZm-l-

cWw

t{]aw Xptemw s]cn-bntX Ia-em-\-t\- \n³

sIm¦¯-Sm´aW-hm³ sImXn-bn-Ãb
- Ã

Dss¨ kvXcm-sa-fn-bc
- m-InepsamâpWÀ¯mþ

saâpw ]nd-À¡p -h-b-sa-¨n-se-Sp-¸n-Xn-Ã.72 Ffn-b-h-\mWv Rm³ F¦nepw

41
F¨n-se-Sp-¡m³ CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶nà F¶pÅ {]kvXm-h-\-bn \mbnI {]`p-Ip-am-cn-bm-

sW-¦nepw AhÄ ]c`pàbm-sW¶p [z-\n-¸n-¡p-¶n-S¯

- mWv ]cn-lm-kw. tNe-¸d
- ¼p

\¼q-Xn-cn-bp-tSbpw aäp sh×Wn Ihn-I-fpsSbpw \nc-h[n tÇmI-§Ä Cu hn`m-K-

¯n s]«-Xm-Wv. B[p-\nI Ihn-I-fn A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡À, Ipªp®n F¶n-h-cpsS

Nne Ihn-X-IÄ F¸n{Kmw Ihn-X-I-fm-Wv.

B hcp-¶-sXm-cm\
Cu hcp-¶-sXm-co¨
B\-bp-ao-¨b
- p-a§
- s
- \-b§
- s\
ASp-¯-Sp¯p hcp¶p
B\-bv¡ptæm t]Sn
Cu¨-bv¡ptæm t]Sn
B\ Xmtg t]mbv

Cu¨ tate t]mbv 73 Ipªp-®n-bpsS Cu Ihn-Xb

- psS Ah-km-\s¯ cæp

hcn-IÄ hmb-\¡mÀ hfÀ¯n sImæp h¶ PnÚm-ksb ]cn-lmk hnt[-b-am¡n

ian-¸n-¡p¶p.

emw]q¬ (i-Imc lmk-yw) Lampoon

hy-àn-Isf kw_Ôn¡p¶ ]cpj-amb ]cn-lm-khpw iIm-ch

- p-amWv emw]q-

Wnsâ kz-`m-hw. AXp-sImæp Xs¶bmWv iIm-c-lm-kyw F¶v CX-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

{lk-z-amb Hcp kmln-X-y-cq-]-amWv CXv. {Kokn Bän¡ (Attica)bnemWv CXnsâ

Bcw`w. {Ko¡v \mS-I§

- f
- psS Dev]¯
- n-tbmSv _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv emw]q-Wn-s\-¡p-

dn¨pw ]d-bm-dp-ÅX
- v. Ub-\o-jy- kv tZhsâ DÕhthf-bn ImWn-If
- n Nne hy-àn-

Isf t\m¡n No¯hnfn-¡p¶ ]Xnhv XpS-§n. {ItaW CXv BänIv tIma-Un-I-fpsS

`mK-am-hp-I-bpw, hyàn]cn-lmkw Ak-`yKm\-§-fm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hy-àn-Isf

sXcªp ]nSn¨p ]cn-l-kn-¡p¶ Cu k{¼-Zmbw \mS-I-th-Zn-bn Hcp iÃ-y-am-bn-

42
 74
¯oÀ¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶v Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ teJ-\-§-fn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶pæv. ae-bm-f-

¯nse ]qc-¸m-«p-Ifpw `cWn¸m«pIfpw CXn-t\mSv kmZr-iyw ]peÀ¯p-¶p.

kmapZm-bn-Itam cmjv{So-btam Bb Im]-S-y-§-tfbpw s]mÅ-¯-c-§-tfbpw

- p-æv. NmI-ymÀIq¯n NmI-ym-·mÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶

Xpd¶p ImWn-¡p¶ emw]q-Wp-If

]cn-lmkw C¯-c¯
- n kvacn-¡m-hp-¶X
- m-W.v C.-hn.-bpsS XqenIm Nn{X-§f
- n ]eXpw

emw]q-Wp-IÄ¡v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. "]n³h-en¨ cmPn' F¶ IhnX asäm-cp-Zm-l-c-Ww.

sslt¡m-SX
- n-bp-am-bpÅ A`n-{]mb hy-Xy- mkw aqew DtZ-ymKw cmPnh¨ {]i-kvX\
- mb

Hcp ap³kn-^ns\ ]cn-lk

- n-¨p-sImæv Fgp-Xn-bX
- m-Wv. cmPn [oc-amb {]hr¯n F¶v

]ecpw ]pI- g v ¯ n. F¶m B {]ikv X n t\Sn- b - X n\p tijw ap³kn^v

\ni-_vZ-ambn cmPn ]n³h-en-¨p. CXmWv C.-hn. ]cn-lmkhnj-b-am-¡n-b-Xv.

hy-àn-]-c-amb iImcw kä-b-dn DÄs¸-Sptam F¶Xv XÀ¡ hnj-b-am-Wv.

]cn-lm-khpw iIm-chpw H¶Ã cæm-Wv. C¡m-c-y-¯n kRvP-bsâ \nÀt±iw C-

hnsS HmÀ¡mw.

“]cn-lm-ks
- a-¶m iImcw am{X-aþ

sÃmcn-¡e
- p-aXp ad-¡c
- p-Xmcpw

]cn-lm-k-¸pXp ]\oÀs¨-Sn-s¡tSm

75
Nncn-bt{X ]pjv]w; iImcw apÅp Xm³”

Imcn-t¡-¨À (Xq-enIm Nn{Xw) Caricature

Nn{X-I-e-bn ImÀ«q¬ F¶p hnfn-¡p¶ lmk-y-Nn-{XamWv kmln-X-y-I-e-

bn Imcn-t¡-¨À F¶-dn-bs

- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v. XqenImNn{Xw, lmkyNn{Xw Fs¶ms¡ CXv

- ¸-Sm-dp-æ.v AXn-Nn-{XWw F¶À°-apÅ ‘Imcn-¡m-äqdm (Caricatura)’F¶ Cäm-

Adn-bs

en-b³ ]Z-¯n \n¶mWv Imcn-t¡-¨-dnsâ \njv]¯n. {][m\ hy-àn-I-tftbm

43
kw`-h§
- t- ftbm AXn-it- bmàn IeÀ¯n ]cn-lm-kc
- q-]¯
- n Bhn-jI
v cn¡pI-bmWv

CXnsâ k{¼-Zm-bw. ]mc-Un-sb¶ t]mse Imcn-t¡-¨-dn-sâbpw iàn ]cn-lm-k-y-

\mb hy-àn-bpsS {]i-kvXn-bn-emWv IpSn sImÅp-¶-Xv. IYm-]m-{X-§-tfm-SpÅ

kvt\ltam hntZ-z-jtam BWv XqenIm Nn{X-§Ä krjvSn-¡m³ Iem-Im-cs\

t{]cn¸n¡p-¶X
- v.

C.-hn.-bp-tSbpw kRvPb
- t- âbpw aäpw XqenIm Nn{X-§Ä DZm-lc
- W
- §
- f
- m-Wv.

Cvp-teJ t\mh-ense kqcn\¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv F¶ IYm-]m{Xw XnIª Imcn-t¡-¨-

dmWv.

lmtk-ymÂ]m-Z-\-¯n\p ]änb GsX-¦nepw khn-ti-j-X-Isf B hy-àn-

bn \n¶-SÀ¯n-sb-Sp¯v AXn-it- bmàn IeÀ¯n Ah-Xc

- n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv anI¨ lmky-

Im-c-·m-cpsS Hcp Iem-X{´w Xs¶-bm-Wv. kä-b-dn ImWp-¶Xpw CtX Bhn-jvI-

76
cW coXn Xs¶-bm-Wv. kä-bÀ Imcn-t¡-¨À Xs¶ F¶ A`n-{]m-bhpw Dæv. .

ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bn lmkyw F{]-Imcw Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip¶p F¶v ]Tn-

¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- ]Ým¯e-am-bn-«mWv lmkyX¯z-§Ä hni-I-e\w sNbvXXv.

]ÝmXy]uckvXy Nn´-IÀ lmky-s¯-¸-änbpw Ah-bpsS Ahm-´chn`m-K-§-sf-¸-

änbpw khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-«p-æv. sshcp-²y-amWv lmky-¯n\p Imc-W-am-Ip¶p

F¶ X¯zw s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Nncn-¡m-\pÅ Ignhv a\p-jy\v am{X-apÅ

khn-ti-jX
- b
- m-W.v ae-bm-fn-bpsS kl-Ph
- m-k\
- I
- f
- n H¶mb \À½-]m-Sh¯nsâ ASn-

Øm\kz`mhw F´mWv F¶ At\z-j-W-amWv ASp¯v `mK¯v \S-¯p-¶-Xv.

44
 ASn- ¡ p- d n- ¸ p- I Ä
1. A-ac
- t- Imiw {XnthWn hym-Jy- m\w : hmN-k] - ³ aqÊXv 1956 ]pdw 56
v Xn ]c-ta-iz- c
2. CZw AÔw Xa-IrÕv\w
PmtbX `ph-\{- Xbw
bZn i_vZm-lz- bw tPymXn
cmkw-kmcw \ Zo]-ytX þ BNm-c-y-ZWvUn Imh-y-mZÀiw
3. Ip-«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ, kmln-Xy-hnZy. ]pdw 21
4. a½-S³, Imhy-{]-Im-iw
5. Ip«n-IrjvWamcmÀ, lmky-km-lnXyw 1990. ]pdw 22,27
6. Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ, t\mh kmln-X-yw
7. ck-Ic
- a
- m-Inb IY-IÄ ]d-bW
- þ
aXn-\m-WtÃm am\p-jP
- ·w
IY tIÄt¸m-cpsS ImXn³ \ofw
Ihn-bpsS \mhn\papsæ-¶m-InÂ
apjn-hd
- n-bn-Ãm; tIÄ¡p-¶h
- cpw
]d-bp-¶-h-cp-samtc Nc-SmIpw (A-¿¸ ]Wn-¡À; IpSpw_ ]pcm-Ww)
Nncn-¡p¶ IY tI«m-encn¡pamb-Xs
- Ã-¦nÂ
¯ncn-¡p-a-§s\ `mhn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ `S-·msc
Nncn-¡msX ckn-¸n-¡m-s\m-cn-¡e
- p-sa-fp-Xs-Ãþ
¶ncn-¡p-s¶-¦n-e½
- m{X apc-bv¡m-sa-¶tX thæq
(Ip-©³ \¼-ymÀ, Ipw`-IÀ® h[w)
Ien-Im-e§
- f
- n-epÅ ImWn-IÄ¡p IY-tI-«mÂ
^en-Xap-ÅtX \Ãq ]eÀ¡p-a-§s\ Xs¶
hep-¸-ap-Å-hÀIÄ¡pw hbÊp sN¶-hÀIÄ¡pw
Nncn-¸m³ kwK-Xn-bpÅ Ihn-IÄ sNmÃn-sb-¦n t¡þ
«ncn-¸m-\m-{K-l-ap-æmw. (Ip-©³ \¼-ymÀ, l\p-a-ZpÛ-hw)
8. kn.-]n. {io[-c³, C¶s¯ kmln-Xy- I - mÀ. 1969.]pdw 136
- m-c·
9. _m-eI
- r-jvW]
- nÅ tIkcn F., N§-¼pgbpsS X¯-zi
- mkv{Xw þ tIk-cn-bpsS
kmln-Xy hnaÀi-\-§Ä 1984 ]pdw 249
10. \mcm-b-W³: tUm: ioshm-Ån, sh×Wn-Ir-Xn-IÄ 1991 ]pdw 93
45
11. lm-ky- {- ]-Im-iw, kRvPb
- ³ kvamcI {KÙw. lmk-y¯
- nsâ Nne hi-§Ä. Fw.-
]n. inh-Zm-k-ta-t\m³, tImgn-t¡mSv amXr-`qan 1958 ]pdw 1þ5
12. t]mÄ Fw.-]n. Imh-ym-ZÀiw, lmk-y-¯nsâ Dev]¯n 1975 ]pdw 10
13. \mbÀ Fw.-BÀ. kRvP-b³ hmeyw cæv. lmkkmln-X-yw. 1986 ]pdw 84
14. Humour - It is a term which not only refuses to be defined but in a sense boasts of being

indefinable; and it would commonly be regarded as a deficiency in humour to search for definition
of humour. Encyclopedia Britanica chicago. the University of Chicago 1927 - Page 8.

15. ]-ct- a-iz- c

- ³ ]nÅ tas¡m-Ã, lmk-y¯
- nsâ hnhn[ apJ-§Ä. `mjm t]mjnWn
Dec - Jan - 77þ78 ]pdw 7.
16. D-dp-aokv Xc-I³ ]md-bn “ kmln-Xy-¯nse lmky ckw”D-dp-aokv Xc-Isâ
D]-\ym-k-§Ä ]pdw 107.
17. - n \n¶v au\¯n-te¡v ]pdw 45.
A-¸³. sI.-]n., hc-Ifpw hÀ®-§fpw ^en-X¯
18. A-¸³ sI.-]n., amdp¶ ae-bmf t\mh ]pdw 107

19. kp-Ip-amÀ Ago-t¡m-Sv:, hni-z-km-ln-Xy ]T-\-§Ä, lmky cl-kyw ]pdw 191

20. Ip-«n-IrjvW amcmÀ. lmkykmln-Xyw ]pdw
21. \m-cm-bW ]njm-cSn sI.-]n. (hn-h.) `c-Xa - mkv{Xw Vol. 1 ]pdw 253
- p-\n-bpsS \mS-yi
22. AXn Xs¶. ]pdw 249
23. Ip-«n-Ir-jvWamcmÀ lmky-kmlnXyw: ]pdw 47
24. \m-cm-bW ]njmcSn sI.-]n(-hn-h)-`-c-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSyimkv{Xw ]pdw 254
25. - Ä Un. kn. _p¡vkv tIm«bw 1986
kp-IpamÀ Ago-t¡m-Sv. hniz-km-lnXy ]T-\§
]pdw 199
26. Ip-«n-IrjvW amcmÀ, `mcX ]c-y-S-\w, ]pdw 79
27. kpIp-amÀ Ago-t¡mSv, hni-z-km-ln-Xy ]T-\-§Ä, 1986 ]pdw 198.
28. ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ tas¡mÃ, lmky-ZÀi\w tIm«bw 1982 ]pdw 33
29. kp-Ip-amÀ Ago-t¡mS,v hniz-kmlnXy- ]T-\-§Ä ]pdw 198
30. ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ tas¡mÃ, lmky-ZÀi-\w. tIm«bw 1982 ]pdw 39
31. Humour is a kind of binocular mental vision, Prof. James Sully Essay on Laughter
Page.153

46
32. George Meredith. Essay on Comedy
33. Fw.-]n. t]mÄ, kmln-Xy hnNm-cw. ]pdw 76
34. ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ tas¡mÃ, lmky-ZÀi\w. 1982 ]pdw 45
35. Sigmund Freud, Wit and its Relation to the unconscious 1905

36. William McDougall, An outline Psychology. 1923

37. Stephen leacok, Humour its theory and technique 1944
38. George mikes, Humour in Meomorium
39. ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ tas¡mÃ, lmky-ZÀi-\w. 1982, ]pdw 58
40. AXn Xs¶. ]pdw 62

41. Fw.-]n. t]mÄ, t\mhÂkm-lnXyw BZÀiw. 1969 ]pdw 142

42. George Meridith ‘Essay on comedy’ tas¡mà D²-cn-¨Xv lmky-ZÀi\w 1982

]pdw 411
43. Quoted by George mikes Humour in Memorious Page 35
44. Fw.-BÀ. \mbÀ kRvP-b³ `mKw 2 lmk-km-lnXyw ]pdw 87
45. It is not easy to tell what happens during the production of humoristic pleasure
in a person. By sympathetically understanding the humoristic person are get the
same pleasure. Wit and its relation to the unconcious. Page 372
46. ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ tas¡mÃ, D²-cn-¨Xv lmky-ZÀi\w. 1982 ]pdw 33
47. The First satirist we know about Arochilochns(7th century BC. )was a Greek
poet who followed Homer, Ashley Brown & Kimmey John Satire(The Modes
of literature series) Columbus, Chaks E Mersill publishing company 1968 page1
48. Alfred Eddy william. Swifts satires and personal writings (Introduction) London
oxford unty. press 1967 Page15
49. Highet.Gilbert, The Anatomy of satire London Prineeton University press 1962
Page 3.
50. Jame Howe The Making of style New York Chilton Book Company 1972 Page 110
51. Rhetoric “ The art of Using language so as to persuade or influence others
oxford English Dictionary

47
52. The art ofsatirist then, is an artof persuasion James sutherland English Satire
Cambridge : Cambridge Uty. Press 1958 Page 5
53. Pollard Arthur, Satire (The Critical Idiom ) London: Methuen and Co. Ltd. 1976
Page1
54. He is the advocate pleading a cause and to secure our argument he is prepared
to ignore much of the evidence an exaggerate the rest James Sutherland English
satire. ‘The nature of satire Cambridge. Cambridge University Press 1956 Page
15-16

55. The satirist who has always been among us with his lantern looking for an honest
man, has been eyed with suspicion and disfavour by society ‘ Alfred Eddy william,
Swifts satires and personal writings London oxford University Press 1967 page22.
56. Satire is often the weapon of rebels aganist authority Alfred Eddy William swifts
satires and personal writings . London Oxford University press 1967 Page 17
57. tUm. hn.-Fk
- .v iÀ½, Ip©³ \¼n-bmcpw At±-l¯
- nsâ IrXn-Ifpw 1982 ]pdw 44

58. James suther land, Englsih Satire TheNature of Satire Cambridge; Cambridge
Unity.Press1958. page1
59. - m-cmÀ, lmky-km-lnXyw þap-æb
Ip«n-Ir-jvWa - v¡Â ktviw Hcp apgp¯ Nncn
]pdw 54
60. ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ tas¡mÃ, lmky-ZÀi\w. 1982 ]pdw 331
61. Parody is one of the most delightful form of satire, one of the most natural,
perhaps the most satisfying and often the most effective. It spring from the very
least of our sense of comedy which is the happy perception of incongruity. Highet
Gilbert The Anatomy of satire London princeton Uty. Press 1962 page 67
62. Playfull behaviour in young animals and children is amusing because it is an
unintentional parody of adult behaviour, which it imitates or anticipates’.
Encyclopedia Britannica Chicago. The university of Chicago 1977 Page 9
63. ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ tas¡mÃ, lmk-yZ- Ài\w. 1982 ]pdw 331, 332.
64. A¿-¸]
- W
- n-¡À, A¿-¸]
- W - psS IrXn-IÄ 1981-89 ]pdw 101
- n-¡c
65. -]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ tas¡mÃ, lmk-y-ZÀi-\w, 1982 ]pdw 347

48
66. Burlesque is often defined as an incongruous imitation that is it imitates the
matter or maner of serious Literacy work or Literacy genre, Abrams M.H. A
Glossary of Literary terms Holt Rinchart and Winston Inc. 1971 Page - 17
67. Whatever his technique the writer demands that the reader perceive the
concealed meaning that lies beneath this surface statement. Karl Beckson and
Arthur Ganz. A Reader’s Guide to Literary terms -Vishal Publishers and
Distributors 1982 Page 106
68. sI. tKmZ-hÀ½, {]_Ô kam-lm-cw, 1954 ]pdw 23
69. G.G. Sedge Wick Of Irony, Especially in Drama oxford University Press London 1948
70. F.-BÀ. cmPm-cm-P-hÀ½, `mjm-`q-j-Ww: 1982 ]pdw 73
71. hÅ-t¯mÄ \mcm-bW tat\m³, hÅ-t¯mÄ IrXn-IÄ; inj-y\pw aI\pw
72. eoem-Xn-eIw hym-J-ym: Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ. 1985 ]pdw 251
73. Ipªp-®n, Ipªp®n Ihn-X-IÄ, {]Xn`m _pIvkv 1984 ]pdw 163
74. ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ tas¡mÃ, lmk-y-ZÀi\w 1982 ]pdw 391.
75. k-RvPb - n. ]pdw 14
- ³: lmk-ym-RvPe
76. “The satire is a verbal caricature that shows a deliberately distorted image of a
person; institution or society” Encyclopedia Britanica, Chicago: The University
of Chicago 1977 Page 8

49
`mKw c
cææ v : ae- b m- f - ¯ nsâ lmky- ] m- c - ¼ cyw .................... 50-102
cyw....................

lmkyw ]g-s©m-ÃpIfn .............................................................. 52

\mS³]m«p-I-fnse lmkyw............................................................. 55

ISwIY-Ifnse lmkyw .................................................................. 58

IYm-Km-\§fnse lmkyw ............................................................. 59

cwKIe-Ifnse lmkyw................................................................... 61

Im¡-mcnÈn \mSIw ................................................................ 62

s]mdm«p \mSIw ...................................................................... 63

kwL-¡fn ................................................................................. 63

Fgm-a-¯p-Ifn........................................................................... 65

tImXm-aq-cn-bm«w ...................................................................... 65

]S-bWn....................................................................................... 65

apSn-tbäv ....................................................................................... 68

Iq¯pw IqSn-bm-«-hpw ............................................................. 70

XpÅ-ense lmkyw .............................................................. 74

IY-I-fn-bnse lmkyw ......................................................... 79

ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nse lmkyw ................................................ 81