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Simple Statement
1. I am proud to be a Cordilleran.
>> can be represented by a variable p.
Compound Statement
1. I will be eating at the canteen or I will be going to the
MATH 100
library.
Mathematical Language and Symbols >>I will be eating at the canteen (p)
SMA
>> I will be going to the library (q)

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2. Logical Connective
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) combine simple statements into compound
Father of Symbolic Logic statements
Developed a symbolic language or calculus *represented by logical symbols( -, ̴, ^, ↔, →,
that could be used to settle all form of ˅, …)
disputes.

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Propositional Connective Symbols Name Use or Rule

Logic s

Negation not
- or ̴ Negative sign
or Tilde
To deny a statement

1. Statement/ Propositions Conjunction and

^ or ↑ or Wedge or To assert truth of both
 assertion which can be regarded as & or . or +
Arrow or
ampersand
statements

true or false. or dot or plus

Simple Statement Disjunction or

/ or v Slash or To assert that least 1 statement
descending is true.
- single statement wedge
Compound Statement Conditional If … then
→ or Ↄ Arrow or To assert a conditional
horseshoe relationship between two
- two or more statements statements such that the first
*a variable( p , q, r ,…,z ) is used to conditions the second

represent one simple statement or Biconditional if and only if

↔ or Ξ Double
arrow, triple
To assert a mutual relationship
between two statements such
proposition. or = bar or double that each is condition for each
bar other.

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Propositional Symbols Name

Logic

Either...or, or, unless, neither ... nor, etc.

Negation
̴ Tilde

Example:
Conjunction
^ Wedge

Disjunction
v descending
wedge I will be eating at the canteen (p) or
Conditional
→ Arrow I will be going to the library (q). (p v q)
Biconditional
↔ Double arrow
We either go home now (p) or stay (q).
(p v q)

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 Not, no , it’s not the case that, it is false that, it cannot be that,  If ...then ,If, only if, in case where, just in case,
it is impossible that, it is not true that, there is no way that, etc. on the condition that, provided that, given that,
Example: in event that, etc.
She is sick. ( p)
Example:
She is not sick. ( ̴ p)
 It can also be expressed by negative prefixes.
If you will study (p) , then you will have good
grades( q) . (p → q)
Example :
The work is unfinished. ( ̴ p)

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 And, both... And, but, yet, although, whereas,  If and only if, when and only when, it is only the
while, however, as well as, now,nevertheless, condition that, then and only then.
etc. Example:
Example: You will pass the midterm exam (p) ,if and only if
you will study hard (q). (p ↔ q)
Santorini is found in Europe (p) and Baguio
is found in Benguet(q) . (p ^ q)

He won a point (p) , nevertheless lost the

case (q). (p ^ q)

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1.It is false that he attended the class yesterday.

 summary of all possible truth values of a
2.He coaches as well a plays in the finals. statement
3.If you love me, then you will accept me for what I am.
4.When you pass the board exam , then and only then you can
practice your profession. Truth value:
5.There is no way that you can pass without studying. TRUE – T
6.It is raining and John is at home.
FALSE - F
7.You will pass this subject if and only if you can meet the cutoff
grade.
8.You will study unless you fail.
9.He is talking or listening.
10.Triangle has three sides and three angles.

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Consider the following statements:

Harry is not happy. p
Harry is going to watch a volleyball game. q p
It is going to rain. r
T
Today is Sunday. s
F

1. Today is Sunday and Harry is not happy.

2. Today is Sunday and Harry is not going to watch a volleyball p Assertion
game.
T A triangle has three sides.
3. If it is going to rain, then harry is not going to watch a volleyball
game. F A rectangle has five right angles.
4. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game if and only if he is
happy.

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Consider the following statements:

Adele is a singer. (p)
Adele is a songwriter. (q)
Adele is an actress. (r )
Proposition p -p Negation
If Adele is an actress, then Adele is not a singer
and Adele is not a songwriter.
p -p All cordillerans
All cordillerans
r→( ̴p^ ̴q) are filipinos.
T F are not
T F filipinos.
If Adele is a singer and Adele is a F T Pepito Pepito Manaloto
songwriter, then Adele is not an actress. Manaloto is the is not the
F T
( p^ q)→̴ r president of the president of the
Philippines. Philippines.

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Propositions p q p ^ q Propositions P q p ↔ q
Donaire are
Manny Paquiao and T T T T T T
boxers.
Manny Paquiao whil Dionisia is a You will
T F F T F F
is a boxer e senator. only have a you buy a
if and
as chance in lotto ticket.
Manny Paquiao Rodrigo only if
well F T F winning the F T F
is the president Duterte.
as lottery
Manny Paquiao now Jingky is the F F T
F F F
is the president , first lady.

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p p q p^q p q pvq
Propositions P q pvq p -p
T T T T T T
T
T F
oranges are T F F T F T
Violets are blue or T T T F F T
sweet. F T F F T T
Either violets oranges are F F F F F F
or T F T
are blue red.
Baguio is either p q p→q p q p↔q
north of
south of or F T T T T T T T T
Cotabato.
Visayas T F F T F F
you will be
You will be able F T T F T F
or able to F F F
to fly
teleport. F F T F F T

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Given p: 72 = 49 True
q: A rectangle does not have 4 sides. False
Propositions P q p → q r: Harrison Ford is an American actor. True
Problem Write each sentence below in symbolic form. Then
determine its truth value.
T T T
1. If 7² = 49, then a rectangle has 4 sides.
T F F 2.If 7² is not equal to 49, then a rectangle does not have 4 sides.
the ground is
If it rains then 3.If a rectangle has 4 sides, then Harrison Ford is not an American actor.
wet.
F T T 4.If Harrison Ford is an American actor, then 7² is not_equal 49.
5.If 7² = 49 or a rectangle does not have 4 sides, then Harrison Ford is not an
American actor.
F F T

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p q pvq ̴p (p v q ) ^ ̴ p

T T T F F
T F T F F

F T T T T

F F F T F

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p q p^q ̴q (p ^ q ) → ̴ q

T T T F F

T F F T T

F T F F T

F F F T T

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