5.

Analysis and Evaluation of issues / problems

i. Theory behind the issues

Water pollution

Water pollution usually occurred due to human activities. Water pollution occurs

when the water sources are introduced to the surrounding. A wide spectrum of chemicals,

pathogens and physical changes of the water such as temperature are some of causes that can

lead to water pollution. Usually, water pollution are occurred when human does not handle

trash or garbage wisely. They usually just throw the garbage on the ground. During rain,

rainfall will washed the rubbish and the water will flow to the sea or river and make the water

contaminated. Sea water usually gets polluted due to oil spilled from the ship that are

travelled at the sea. As we already know, oil did not dissolved in the water. So it will a thick

sludge that will polluting the water. Other causes that leading to water pollution are dumping,

industrial waste and acid rain.

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Shortage of clean water

Water shortage is serious problem worldwide especially in recent years. Water

shortage of clean water occurs due to does not have enough amount of high quality water.

This is because of the serious issues which is lake pollution and sea pollution. The increasing

of world population and improving living standard are driving to the large amount of water

needed. Amount of fresh water on this earth is nearly 3359 cubic miles. From this, only 5000

cubic kilometres of water being used and reused. Because of that, based on theory, more than

enough freshwater available for living things on the earth. But because of unequal

geographical distribution, some place that contain fresh water cannot be discovered. When

human does not used water wisely, this will cause the shortage of clean water occurred.

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ii. Mechanism

Water pollution

Contamination of water body that usually caused by human activities also known as

water pollution. Examples for water body is lake, sea and river. When the contaminants are

introduced to surrounding, and interact with natural environment will causes the water

pollution.

Shortage of clean water

Our society need to adapt with clean water shortage issues due to the lack of fresh

water available nowadays. We have enough amount of fresh water , but due to increasing of

population and industrial, some of fresh water resources cannot be discovered.

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iii. Example of application

Water pollution

The cause of water pollution is included the urbanisation. As the population of

human increased, the amount of food and house needed also increased. More fertilizers used

to grow more food. This will cause the acidity of soil increased and during raining, rainfall

will cause the fertilizer from the soil will flow to river and sea. When the plant died and

decays, the bacteria used the oxygen from the water. The lack of oxygen amount caused the

death of aquatic flora and fauna because they also need oxygen to survive. Other than that,

deforestation also can cause water pollution. During clearing the land for agriculture, soil is

stripped from its protective vegetation that can leads to increase in murkiness of water. There

are many more human activities that can cause the water pollution such as accidental water

pollution and destruction of wetland.

Water shortage of clean water

Water shortage are caused by climate change such as floods, pollution and human

demand and overuse of water. Some people used too much water for irrigation purposes that

can cause the shortage. Pollution also one of the cause for water shortage because when water

pollution occurs, not enough fresh water can be use.

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iv. Advantage and disadvantage to the society

Water pollution

Pollution prevent reduces the generation of wastes at the source, or result in less

toxic waste. Disadvantage of water pollution are water is no longer can be drink. Water

sources also become toxic. Water pollution also can causes the death of aquatic flora and

fauna. Water pollution also can cause the disease for people who drink the water such as

cholera and diarrhoea.

Shortage of clean water

Disadvantage of water shortage is people does not have enough clean water for

drink. People also difficult to grow the crops due to the dryness area that are caused by water

shortage. It also can cause deadly diarrheal diseases, cholera and other water-borne illnesses.

Water shortage of clean water does not have any advantage.

v. How it boost the engineering, manufacturing and research industries?

Water pollution

Manufacturing process produced many useful products but some of the materials

give harm to environment. Manufacturing can cause water pollution. Manufacturing methods

use large amount of water. Waste water from the process were released to the river that can

cause the water pollution. Manufacturing also use chemicals such as chlorine and benzene to

produce textile and paper. So when the manufacturing increase, the water pollution also

increases.

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 Industrialization is major initiator of development and urbanization. It also known

as major threat to the environment as it release many kind of chemical to surrounding that can

cause land pollution, air pollution and also water pollution. Water become the most affected

due to their drive for development. Effective wastewater treatment is needed before their

eventual discharge to prevent water pollution. In research industries, various conventional

wastewater treatment methods are available. Due to economic disadvantages, many industries

avoid from using the conventional wastewater. By using the conventional wastewater

treatment, water can be protected from polluted.

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Shortage of clean water

Engineering offers many opportunities and approaches in designing facilities that

are water efficient. According to International Water Management Institute, 70% of water

withdrawals is use for crop irrigation, is constantly competing with domestic, industrial , and

environment uses for a scare water supply. In order to fix this, many method had been tried.

One of the method is irrigation management. Irrigation is a method to transport water to crops

to minimize the use of water. In technology, desktop and laptop computers or other

electronics gadget is used to make communication more easier. But for semiconductor plants,

they needed as much as amount of water to produce their products. But because of water

shortage, there are not enough of water available, so plants cannot manufacture product

anymore. As the global population is expected to grow , that’s mean huge amount of water

will be needed for drink, food and other activities in daily live. If water shortage is become

worse, that will give big impact to our lives. When water shortage become worse,

manufacturing and industrial process also will be affected because does not have enough

water to produce new products.

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vi. Effective solutions and strategies to solve the problems

Wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment consists of removing pollutants from wastewater through a physical,

chemical or biological process. There are some activities involve such as bathing, washing,

using the toilet, and rainwater runoff. The aim of this treatment is to reduce the contaminants

to be acceptable levels to make the water safe for discharge back into the environment.

Biological waste treatment plants use biological matter and bacteria to break down waste

matter. Physical waste treatment plants use chemical reactions as well as physical processes

to treat wastewater. Biological treatment systems are essential for treating wastewater from

households and business premises. Physical wastewater treatment plants are mostly used to

treat wastewater from industries, factories and manufacturing firms. The more efficient these

processes are, the cleaner the water becomes, the more safety the water is.

Green agriculture

Green agriculture uses well-developed modern farming and sustainability concepts to

improve natural agricultural techniques to deal with weed, pest management, organic

fertilizers and seeds. Globally, agriculture accounts for 70% of water resources, so it is

essential to have climate-friendly crops, efficient irrigation that reduces the need for water

and energy-efficient for food production. Green agriculture is also crucial to limit the

chemicals to enter the water.

Stormwater management

Stormwater management is a way to reduce runoff of rainwater or melted snow into streets

and lawns. It is important to avoid pollutants from contaminating the water and helps to use

water more efficiently. When stormwater is absorbed into the soil, it is filtered and will flows

14
into streams and rivers. However, when heavy rainwater hits, ground saturated by water

creates excess moisture that runs across the surface and into storm sewers and road ditches.

This water often carries pollutants such as debris, chemicals, bacteria, eroded soil and carries

them into streams, rivers, lakes or wetlands.

Water conservation

Water conservation is a practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary water usage.

water conservation is important because fresh clean water is a limited resource, as well as a

costly one. It also important because water conservation helps save energy, protect wild

animals, and prevent people from using so much water that it cannot be replaced with rain.

When we use the water saving technique, it can save us some money and diverts less water

from seas and rivers. If we fail to conserve water, we may face a lot of difficulties to have a

clean and safe water such as water shortages, food shortages and ecological consequences.

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vii Appendix

Wastewater treatment

Green agriculture

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Stormwater management

Water conservation

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viii. Conclusion

Water is capable of dissolving a variety of different substances, which is why it is such a

good solvent. In fact, water is called the universal solvent because it dissolves more

substances than any other liquid. This is important to every living thing on earth. Water is

essential of life because of four important properties: cohesion and adhesion, water has a high

specific heat capacity, water expands when it freezes and water acts as a versatile solvent

where its ability to dissolve in variety of substances.

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References

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Sup

plemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_

of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Unusual_Properties_of_Water

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water

https://www.google.com/amps/s/schoolworkhelper.net/unique-properties-of-water/amp/

www.researchgate.net

www.greencityplumber.com

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution

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