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    IV.5 Tietze Extension Theorem

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    Mohammad Sauban
    The Tietze extension theorem states that if X is a normal space and A is a closed subset of X, then any continuous function f from A to the interval [a,b] can be continuously extended to a function f' defined on all of X. The proof constructs a sequence of continuous functions on X that converge uniformly to the desired extension f'. This shows f can be continuously extended from A to all of X.

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    IV.5 Tietze Extension Theorem

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Sauban
    295 views2 pages
    The Tietze extension theorem states that if X is a normal space and A is a closed subset of X, then any continuous function f from A to the interval [a,b] can be continuously extended to a function f' defined on all of X. The proof constructs a sequence of continuous functions on X that converge uniformly to the desired extension f'. This shows f can be continuously extended from A to all of X.

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    4.5.TietzeThm.pdf

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    The Tietze extension theorem states that if X is a normal space and A is a closed subset of X, then any continuous function f from A to the interval [a,b] can be continuously extended to a function f' defined on all of X. The proof constructs a sequence of continuous functions on X that converge uniformly to the desired extension f'. This shows f can be continuously extended from A to all of X.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    295 views2 pages

    IV.5 Tietze Extension Theorem

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Sauban
    The Tietze extension theorem states that if X is a normal space and A is a closed subset of X, then any continuous function f from A to the interval [a,b] can be continuously extended to a function f' defined on all of X. The proof constructs a sequence of continuous functions on X that converge uniformly to the desired extension f'. This shows f can be continuously extended from A to all of X.

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    IV.

    5 Tietze extension theorem


    Theorem 1 (Tietze Extension Theorem) Let X be a normal space and
    A be a closed subset in X. If f : A → [a, b] is a continuous function, then f
    has a continuous extension f : X → [a, b], i.e., f is continuous and f |A = f .
    Proof. We may assume that [a, b] = [−1, 1].
    Step 1.
    Let g : A → [−c, c] be a continuous function. Then C = g −1 ([−c, −c/3]) and
    D = g −1 ([c/3, c]) are closed in A, and hence closed in X. By Urysohn Lemma,
    ∃ĝ : X → [−c/3, c/3] such that ĝ(C) = −c/3 and ĝ(D) = c/3.
    Note that kĝk ≤ c/3 and kg − ĝkA ≤ 2c/3.

    Step 2.
    Start with f : A → [−1, 1]. (c=1 in Step 1.)
    Let f1 := fˆ. Then kf − f1 kA ≤ 2/3 and kf1 k ≤ 1/3.
    f − f1 = f − fˆ : A → [−2/3, 2/3].
    Now apply Step 1 to this function f − f1 with c = 2/3:
    Let f2 := (f − f1 )ˆ . Then kf − f1 − f2 kA ≤ (2/3)2 and kf2 k ≤ 1/3 · 2/3 = 2/9.
    In this way, we can obtain a sequence (fn ) with the property that
    (1)kf − f1 − f2 · · · − fn kA ≤ (2/3)n
    (2)kfn k ≤ 1/3 · (2/3)n−1 .

    Step 3.
    Let sn = f1 + f2 · · · + fn .
    Then (sn ) is a Cauchy sequence in C(X, R) since
    ksn − sm k = kfn+1 + · · · + fm k ≤ kfn+1 k + · · · + kfm k
    ≤ (1/3)((2/3)n +· · ·+(2/3)m−1 ) < (1/3)(2/3)n (1+2/3+(2/3)2 +· · · ) = (2/3)n
    By the completeness of C(X, R), sn → f uniformly and f ∈ C(X, R).
    Now we claim that f is a desired extension of f :
    Step 2(1) ⇒ kf − sn kA ≤ (2/3)n ⇒ sn → f uniformly on A⇒ f = f on A.
    Note that ksn k ≤ kf1 k + kf2 k · · · + kfn k ≤ 1/3 · (1 + 2/3 + (2/3)2 + · · · ) ≤
    1/3 · 3 = 1 for all n, and hence kf k ≤ 1.

    Remark sin(1/x) on (0, 1] can not be extended to [0,1].

    Remark The followings are equivalent.


    (i) X is normal
    (ii)∀ disjoint and closed A, B ⊂ X, ∃f : X → [0, 1] s.t. f (X) = 0, f (B) = 1.

    1
    (iii) ∀Aclosed ⊂ X andf : A → [0, 1], ∃f : X → [0, 1], an extension of f .

    Proof. ”(i)⇒(iii)” is theSTietze extension theorem.


    (iii)⇒(ii): Define g : A B S → [0, 1] by g(A) = 0 and g(B) = 1. Then g is
    continuous on a closed set A B and has an extension f : X → [0, 1].
    (ii)⇒(i): f −1 ([0, )) and f −1 ((1 − , 1]) are disjoint open neighborhoods of A
    and B respectively.

    Remark In Tietze extension theorem. [a, b] can be replaced by (a, b) or R.

    Proof. Let A be a closed subset of a normal space X, and let f : A → (a, b) ⊂


    [a, b]. Here we may assume [a, b] = [−1, 1]. Then by Tietze extension theorem,
    −1 −1
    f has an extension f : X → [−1, 1] and let C1 = f (−1) and C2 = f (1).
    Then C1 , C2 , and A are disjoint subsets of X and hence there exist separating
    open neighborhoods V1 , V2 and W respectively. Choose open sets Ui (i=1,2)
    such that Ci ⊂ Ui ⊂ Vi , and bump functions ϕi such that ϕi (Ui ) = 0 and
    ϕi (Vi c ) = 1. Then ϕ1 ϕ2 f is an extension of f with the range in (−1, 1).

    Theorem 2 Let X be a normal space and let A be a closed subset of X. Then


    a continuous function f : A → I n = [0, 1]n has an extension defined on X.

    Proof. By Tietze extension theorem fi = pi ◦ f : A → I has an extension fi


    defined on X. Now f = (f1 , · · · , fn ) is an extension of f on X.

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