Atlas of The Global Egg Industry

Atlas of the Global Egg Industry
Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst, IEC Statistical Analyst

in co-operation with Barbara Grabkowsky (Lohmann Animal Health)
and Anna Wilke (WING, University of Vechta)
INDEX OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION AND HOW THIS ATLAS WORKS 3 The main objectives of this atlas
REFERENCES AND AUTHOR INFORMATION 4 are:
•฀to฀present฀maps,฀graphs฀and฀
PART 1: A GLOBAL VIEW
tables฀showing฀the฀spatial฀patterns฀
FIGURE TOPIC PAGE and dynamics of global egg
1a GLOBAL LAYING HEN POPULATION AND PREVALENT HOUSING SYSTEMS IN IEC MEMBER COUNTRIES 6 production฀and฀egg฀trade,
1b EUROPEAN LAYING HEN POPULATION AND PREVALENT HOUSING SYSTEMS IN IEC MEMBER COUNTRIES 6 •฀to฀present฀maps,฀graphs฀and฀
2 SHARE OF LAYING HENS BY CONTINENT 7 tables฀of฀the฀spatial฀patterns฀and฀
3a PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF SHELL EGGS IN IEC MEMBER COUNTRIES 8 dynamics฀of฀the฀global฀production฀
3b SELF-SUFFICIENCY RATE BY COUNTRIES IN IEC MEMBER COUNTRIES 8 and฀trade฀of฀egg฀products,
3c LAYER FEED COSTS IN IEC MEMBER COUNTRIES 8
•฀to฀present฀maps,฀graphs฀and฀
4a PROJECTED GLOBAL POPULATION 9
tables฀on฀the฀development,฀
4b GLOBAL PER CAPITA PURCHASING POWER 9
regional฀patterns฀and฀dynamics฀
5a PROJECTED DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBAL POPULATION BY REGION 10 of฀egg฀production฀and฀egg฀trade฀
5b PROJECTED DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBAL POPULATION BY CONTINENT 10 for Russia and selected emerging
6 LAYING HENS IN IEC MEMBER COUNTRIES IN 2011 AND BROWN TO WHITE RATIO 11 countries.
7 SHELL EGG PRODUCTION IN BY COUNTRY 12
8a THE LEADING 15 SHELL EGG PRODUCING COUNTRIES 13
8b SHELL EGG PRODUCTION: THE SHARE OF THE CONTINENTS 13
9 PRODUCTION OF EGG PRODUCTS IN IEC MEMBER COUNTRIES 13
10a TRADE OF SHELL EGGS BY COUNTRY AND BALANCE OF TRADE 14
10b TRADE OF SHELL EGGS BY COUNTRY AND BALANCE OF TRADE IN EUROPE 14
11a EXPORT VOLUME OF LIQUID EGG PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY 15
11b EXPORT VOLUME OF LIQUID EGG PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY IN EUROPE 15
12a IMPORT VOLUME OF LIQUID EGG PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY 16
12b IMPORT VOLUME OF LIQUID EGG PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY IN EUROPE 16
13a EXPORT VOLUME OF DRIED EGG PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY 17
13b EXPORT VOLUME OF DRIED EGG PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY IN EUROPE 17
14a IMPORT VOLUME OF DRIED EGG PRODUCTS IMPORTS BY COUNTRY 18
14b IMPORT VOLUME OF DRIED EGG PRODUCTS IMPORTS BY COUNTRY IN EUROPE 18
15a BALANCE OF TRADE OF EGG PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY 19
15b BALANCE OF TRADE OF EGG PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY IN EUROPE 19
PART 2: SELECTED COUNTRY FOCUS

COUNTRY PAGE
ARGENTINA 21
BRAZIL 22
CHINA 24
INDIA 26
MEXICO 28
RUSSIAN FEDERATION 30
SOUTH AFRICA 32
THAILAND 34
2 INTERNATIONAL EGG COMMISSION ATLAS OF THE GLOBAL EGG INDUSTRY SEPTEMBER 2013
INTRODUCTION HOW THIS ATLAS WORKS
In September 2010, the “Atlas of the European Egg Industry” was The atlas is organised in two parts.
presented to the delegates at the IEC conference in Prague. Due to the The first part presents maps, graphs and tables of the laying hen population,
very positive acceptance of the atlas, the senior author suggested to egg production and the trade of eggs and egg products on a global scale.
the Economics Committee an “Atlas of the Global Egg Industry”. This The second part of the atlas deals with the patterns and dynamics of egg
suggestion met the demand for a visualisation of the available statistical production and egg trade in Russia and selected emerging countries which are
data at both continent and country level. A first concept was developed already ranked among the leading countries of egg production but in parallel
and successfully presented to the members of the Economics Committee. have increasing prospects for an significant population increase and a correlated
It was soon realised that preparing an atlas of global patterns and demand to nourish the growing population with egg proteins.
dynamics would be a difficult task due to the immense volume of data and Due to the lack of available data for all relevant countries, we chose the following
the lack of detailed and reliable data for many countries. After decisions ones:
about the organisation of the atlas were made, data collection began.
Without the co-operation of the IEC Rapporteurs, colleagues and friends

Mexico South Africa India Russian
from industry and research, the second part of the atlas, which gives Federation
Brazil China
an overview about the egg industry in Russia and selected emerging
Argentina Thailand
countries, would not have been possible.
To enrich the database and the related world maps, IEC data was merged
together with data from FAO keeping in mind that the data may differ from
that provided by the industry. Nevertheless, the presented maps, graphs
and tables give an excellent overview on the past dynamics, present
pattern and future development of the global egg industry.
INTERNATIONAL EGG COMMISSION ATLAS OF THE GLOBAL EGG INDUSTRY SEPTEMBER 2013 3
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Professor Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst Dr Barbara Grabkowsky Anna Wilke
Professor Windhorst is scientific director of the Science Dr Barbara Grabkowsky is Solutions Director at Anna Wilke graduated in environmental sciences with
and Information Centre Sustainable Poultry Production Lohmann Animal Health, Cuxhaven. Her department a special focus on vector borne diseases especially
(WING), University of Vechta, Germany and IEC provides preventive services for the livestock industry on habitat preferences of Malaria transmitting
Statistical Analyst. in the fields of zoonoses prevention, animal health and mosquitoes.
animal welfare optimisation.
Much of his work involves investigating regional and Since 2010 Anna has been a research associate
sectoral patterns in the egg industry. He studied at the Barbara graduated in environmental sciences of Prof. Dr. Windhorst at the University of Vechta.
University of Muenster and gained a PHD in 1969 and (University of Vechta) and holds a PhD in livestock Her main research focuses on comparative and
then gained a postdoctoral qualification in 1977. epidemiology. Her expertise lies in the fields of geographical analyses of the structure of global poultry
general supply chain management, communication, production as well as the importance of bacterial
Professor Windhorst has had a long-standing
biosecurity, risk assessment as well as process and infections and their introduction risk into poultry
involvement with the IEC, and together with Peter
quality management. houses.
van Horne is developing the Economic and Statistical
service that the IEC provides to members. Prior to her current position, Barbara successfully
worked in several internationally recognised research
projects on livestock epizootics such as Avian Influenza
and was in charge of the cluster management for the
food industry in Northwest Germany.
IEC ATLAS ON GLOBAL EGG PRODUCTION – DATA SOURCES
PART I: Analysis of global egg production patterns PART II: Analysis of Russia and emerging countries of egg
•฀Nicolas฀Sakoff฀(FAO)฀ ฀ ฀ production
•฀FAOSTAT฀database http://faostat.fao.org/ 1. Argentina: Juan Daniel Irigoyen, Cámara Argentina de

Productores Avícolas
•฀IEC฀rapporteur฀database฀www.internationalegg.com
2. Brazil: Relatório Anual 2012 of UBABEF (Brazilian Poultry
•฀United฀Nations,฀Department฀of฀Economic฀and฀Social฀Affairs,฀฀ Association União Brasileira de Avicultura)
Population Division (2011).
World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM 3. China: Lohmann Animal Health Beijing Representative
Edition. http://esa.un.org/wpp/ Office, China
•฀The฀World฀Bank฀database฀(Data฀purchasing฀power)฀ ฀ 4. India: BSR Sastry, National Egg Coordination Committee

Srinivasa Hatcheries Group, India
http://data.worldbank.org/
5. Mexico: Sergio Chavez, UNA-DEE / Investigación directa con
nuestras asociaciones locales.
6. Russia: Norbert Mischke, LTZ
7. South Africa: Magda Prinsloo, South African Poultry
Association
8. Thailand: Thanakrid Luupanyalerd, Lohmann Animal Health
Thailand
PART 1: A GLOBAL VIEW
LAYING HEN POPULATION: SPLIT BY HOUSING SYSTEM
According to FAO, the global laying hen population has data was used. For the IEC member countries the prevalent In Europe, the prevalent housing systems differ considerably
reached a volume of about 6.5 billion birds. One has to housing systems are documented as a percentage of the total as can be seen from Figure 1b. In the EU, the banning of
consider, however, that there is no exact data base for many number of layers. conventional cages thoroughly changed the prevalence
developing countries, as the number of backyard flocks is One can easily see that there are several clusters. One is of housing systems. In some countries, such as Austria,
very often only estimated. But even in developed countries the agglomeration in Eastern, Southern and South Eastern Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, the barn system
the data base may differ considerably from country to country Asia. A second is the agglomeration in Europe, a third the reached the highest percentage. In the United Kingdom,
depending on the statistical methods. In some countries the USA-Mexico cluster and a fourth Northern Africa and the Ireland and the Czech Republic free range systems were
number of layers is only counted from a particular flock size Near East. favoured. In contrast, in most of the Southern and Eastern
upwards, in others the number of layer places is counted and European countries, conventional and enriched cages are still
The dominance of cage systems (this includes enriched
not the number of birds which are kept at a certain date. the dominant housing system.
cages in EU member countries in Southern and Eastern
In Figure 1a, wherever data from IEC rapporteurs was Europe) in Asia, North and South America, Africa as well as
available, that data set was used, for all other countries FAO in Eastern and most Southern European countries is obvious.
Figure 1a: Laying hen population (2011)
Figure 1b: Laying hen population, European region close-up (2011)
Number of laying Scale Share฀of฀prevalent฀housing฀ Non-IEC countries

hens in millions in km systems in IEC member
countries IEC rapporteur data
1,400
Non-IEC member
700
FAO database
Laying hens
Free range
350
countries
Cage
0 2500 5000
Barn
Source: FAO-database and IEC Rapporteurs
Number of Scale
laying hens in km
in millions
140
70
35
0 500 1000
LAYER POPULATION: CONTINENTAL
Figure 2 shows the contribution of the continents to the global
laying hen population in 2011. According to our data analysis,
about 4.7 billion laying hens were in production. To this Asia
contributed almost 2.9 billion birds or 61.5% of the global layer
population. It was followed by Europe with 631 mill. layers
(13.5%), North America with 454 mill. (9,7%) and Africa with
397 mill. (8.5%). For the IEC member countries we used the
data given by the rapporteurs, for all other countries FAO data.
Figure 2: Laying hens continental distribution (2011)
0.5%
Share of laying hens by Africa

continent Asia
6.3%
8.5%
* Canada, Mexico, USA Europe
9.7%
Source: FAO-database North America*
Central and South America
Oceania
13.5%
100%
61.5%
CONSUMPTION, SELF SUFFICIENCY AND FEED COSTS
Figures 3a, 3b and 3c document the per capita consumption, the lowest was found in the United Arab comparable data for production costs, data for layer
consumption of shell eggs per year, the self sufficiency Emirates, Nigeria and India (57 eggs per capita). feed was used to document the broad variety of costs
rate and the market price for layer feed in IEC member In 2011, the Netherlands had the highest self sufficiency on a country basis. When comparing the data one has to
countries. The data refer to the year 2011, however, for rate with 328%, followed by Poland (127%), Turkey consider that the quality of feed may differ considerably.
some countries older data had to be used. (125%), Belgium (114%) and Spain (114%). The lowest Feed costs were very high in Japan (715 US-$/t) and
The average per capita consumption of shell eggs was self sufficiency rates were found in Germany (66%), Switzerland (689 US-$/t). The lowest costs were to be
200 pieces/year. With over 350 eggs, Mexico showed Switzerland (52%) and the United Arab Emirates (50%). found in Argentina (267 US-$/t), Thailand (264 US-$) and
the highest value, followed by Japan, the Ukraine and India (257 US-$).
Between 60% and 70% of the production costs for
China. In Europe, Denmark and Hungary had the highest shell eggs are feed costs. Due to the lack of reliable and
Figure 3a Egg consumption by country (2011)
400
358
350
329
305
300
295.2
260
250
249
247
246.7
242
241.7
235
234
234
232.8
227
Average per capita consumption

222
216
212
207
Per capita consumption (eggs/year)
206
207
202
200
189
188
185.5
180.9
175
172.4
168
165
165
165
151.7
150
155
151.7
144
144
144
134
134
100
New Zealand
South Africa
Netherlands
Switzerland
Guatemala
Czech Rep
Nigeria 62
Argentina
Colombia
India 62
Denmark
Australia
Germany
Thailand
Slovakia
Portugal
Sweden
Belgium
Hungary
Norway
50
Canada
Ukraine
Finland
Mexico
Austria
Ireland
Turkey
Greece
Cyprus
France
Poland
Russia
Japan
China
Brazil
Spain
Peru
Italy
Iran
UAE
USA
UK
0
Source: IEC Rapporteurs
Figure 3b Self sufficiency rate (2011)
350
300
250
200
150
Self sufficiency rate in %
100%
100
New Zealand
South Africa
Netherlands
Czech Rep
Switzerl’d
Argentina
50
Denmark
Australia
Colombia
Germany
Slovakia
Hungary
Portugal
Belgium
Sweden
Norway
Canada
Austria
Mexico
Cyprus
Ireland
Russia
Poland
Turkey
China*
Japan
Spain
Brazil
India
Peru
Italy
USA
Iran
UAE
UK
0
Source: IEC Rapporteurs * Estimated data
Figure 3c Layer feed cost (2011)
800
714.9
700
689.0
600
540.0
509.9
500
480.0
465.0
458.9
438.2
431.9
410.5
404.4
401.4
403.1
400
400.0
397.6
390.1
383.3
382.1
381.4
376.1
372.0
370.0
369.2
365.0
364.2
360.0
336.1
329.0
322.5
320.3
300
Prices layer feed (in US$)
267.0
263.3
256.8
200
New Zealand
South Africa
Netherlands
Switzerland
Argentina
Colombia
Denmark
Australia
Germany
Thailand
Portugal
Hungary
Slovakia
Belgium
100
Canada
Norway
Mexico
Nigeria
Austria
Ireland
Cyprus
Poland
Turkey
Russia
Japan
Spain
China
India
Peru
USA
Iran
UAE
UK
0
HUMAN POPULATION: PROJECTED GROWTH AND PURCHASING POWER
Between 2010 and 2025, the global population is projected Figure 4b shows the annual per capita purchasing power population development and purchasing power is obvious.
to increase from 6.9 billion to 8.0 billion or by 16.1%. in 2011 on a country basis. The values differ from 86,435 In most countries with a high per capita purchasing power,
Figure 4a shows that with the exception of several Central, US-$ in Qatar to 343 US-$ in the Democratic Republic of the population is either low or slowly growing, possibly
Eastern and South Eastern European countries and Japan, Congo. Clusters of countries with a high purchasing power even decreasing. In countries with a high population and/
all other countries show an increase in population. The are located in Central, Western and Northern Europe, the or high growth rates, the purchasing power is mainly low.
population cluster in Eastern and Southern Asia is obvious. USA and Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Japan, South An increasing empowerment of the local industries and a
A high increase in population will also take place in the USA, Korea and Singapore. The purchasing power in Southern related increased availability of money in these countries to
Mexico and Brazil as well as in several Eastern and Western and South Eastern Asia is very low, with the exception of buy food will result in a significant rise of demand for animal
African countries and in the Near East. Singapore. This is also true for nearly all African and most protein and necessitate its production or import.
of the South American countries. The discrepancy between
Figure 4a Projected population (2025)
Projected฀population฀฀ Decrease between Increase between No data Scale

in millions 2010 and 2025 2010 and 2025 in km
1,460
730
365 0 2500 5000
Source:OECD
Figure 4b Purchasing power (2011)
Purchasing฀power฀ No data Scale

per฀person฀in US$ in km
87,000
43,500
21,750
0 2500 5000
Source:Worldbank
HUMAN POPULATION: DYNAMICS
A more detailed overview of the dynamics and the population increase between 2010 and 2050. In Asia, share of Asia will decrease from 60.4% in 2010 to 55.3%
distribution of the population in the continents and their the population is projected to grow by another billion. In in 2050. In contrast, the contribution of African countries
sub-regions for the years 2010, 2025 and 2050 is contrast, the population figure in Europe will decrease by will grow from 14.8% to 23.6%. Europe will lose 3%,
documented in Figure 5a. One can easily see that the 19 million or 2.6%. Northern America 0.3% and Central and South America
population dynamics differ considerably between the The differences in the dynamics of population 0.4%. The share of Oceania will increase by 0.1%
regions. It is worth mentioning that Africa shows the development will result in a changing contribution of the because of the high relative growth rate of 50.9%.
highest absolute (+ 1.17 billion) and relative (+ 114.4%) single continents to global population (Figure 5b). The
Figure 5a Human population distribution detail
MAJOR AREA OR REGION 2010 2025 2050

TOTAL POPULATION TOTAL POPULATION TOTAL POPULATION POPULATION POPULATION
000s 000s 000s INCREASE/DECREASE INCREASE/DECREASE
2010-2025 IN% 2010-2050 IN%
WORLD 6,895,889 8,002,978 9,306,128 16.1 ■ 35.0 ■ ■ Population increase ≥ 50%

More developed regions 1,235,900 1,286,739 1,311,731 4.1 ■ 6.1 ■ ■ Population increase 20 - < 50%
18.7 ■ 41.2 ■
■ Population increase 10 - < 20%
Less developed regions 5,659,989 6,716,239 7,994,397
AFRICA 1,022,234 1,417,057 2,191,599 38.6 ■ 114.4 ■
■ Population increase 5 - < 10%
Eastern Africa 324,044 471,034 779,613 45.4 ■ 140.6 ■
Middle Africa 126,689 180,581 278,350 42.5 ■ 119.7 ■ ■ Population stagnation 0-5%
Northern Africa 209,459 260,320 322,458 24.3 ■ 53.9 ■ ■ Population decrease
Southern Africa 57,780 62,788 67,327 8.7 ■ 16.5 ■
Western Africa 304,261 442,334 743,850 45.4 ■ 144.5 ■
ASIA 4,164,252 4,730,130 5,142,220 13.6 ■ 23.5 ■
3.5 ■ -3.9 ■
* Canada, Mexico, USA
Eastern Asia 1,573,970 1,629,474 1,511,963
South-Central Asia 1,764,872 2,118,563 2,475,684 20.0 ■ 40.3 ■ Source: OECD
Central Asia 60,726 71,382 81,799 17.5 ■ 34.7 ■

Southern Asia 1,704,146 2,047,181 2,393,885 20.1 ■ 40.5 ■
South-Eastern Asia 593,415 682,694 759,207 15.0 ■ 27.9 ■
Western Asia 231,995 299,398 395,367 29.1 ■ 70.4 ■
EUROPE 738,199 743,890 719,257 0.8 ■ -2.6 ■
Eastern Europe 294,771 284,941 256,946 -3.3 ■ -12.8 ■
Northern Europe 99,205 107,010 114,036 7.9 ■ 14.9 ■
Southern Europe 155,171 158,789 155,227 2.3 ■ 0.0 ■
Western Europe 189,052 193,150 193,048 2.2 ■ 2.1 ■
CS AMERICA 476,659 547,744 607,031 14.9 ■ 27.4■
Caribbean 41,646 45,457 47,314 9.1 ■ 13.6 ■
Central America 42,458 54,457 71,644 28.3 ■ 68.7 ■
South America 392,555 447,830 488,073 14.1 ■ 24.3 ■
N AMERICA* 457,952 519,506 590,787 13.4 ■ 29.0 ■
OCEANIA 36,593 44,651 55,233 22.0 ■ 50.9 ■
Australia/New Zealand 26,637 31,607 37,063 18.7 ■ 39.1 ■
Melanesia 8,748 11,655 16,585 33.2 ■ 89.6 ■
Micronesia 536 634 726 18.2 ■ 35.4 ■
Polynesia 673 756 859 12.4 ■ 27.7 ■
Figure 5b Contribution of continents to global population (in %)

2025
2050
Africa
2010
0.5 0.6 0.6
6.9 6.8 6.5 Asia

14.8 6.5 17.7 6.3
6.6 23.6
Europe
7.7 North America *
10.7 9.3
Central and South America
100% 100% 100% Oceania
* Canada, Mexico, USA
Source: OECD
60.4 59.1 55.3
LAYER POPULATION: BROWN/WHITE EGG RATIO
Figure 6 shows the number of laying hens in IEC member Brown eggs dominate in Europe; the highest percentages In Nigeria 99% of produced eggs are brown, in South
countries and the brown to white ratio. The figure again are found in the United Kingdom (99%), Germany, Spain Africa 70% of eggs are white. In Oceania, brown eggs also
documents the clusters of the laying hen population in Asia, and Poland (90% each). Only in Russia, the ratio is 50% dominate; in New Zealand no white eggs are produced,
Europe and Northern America. to 50%. in Australia white eggs only contribute 2% to the total
One can easily see that the preference for brown or white In Asia, white eggs are preferred, in Iran (95%), India production volume.
eggs differs considerably from country to country and also (92%) Turkey (66%) and Japan (61%); on the other hand,
from continent to continent. In the Americas, white eggs brown eggs have a share of 70% in China and 100% in
dominate. In Mexico, 95% of produced eggs are white, in Thailand.
the USA 93%, in Canada 90% and in Brazil 75%.
Figure 6 Laying hens and brown to white ratio (2011)
Number of laying Brown to white IEC member No data Scale

hens in millions ratio country data in km
1,460
730
365
Brown
0 2500 5000
White
GLOBAL EGG PRODUCTION
In 2011, global egg production reached a volume of the 1970 and early 1980s. On the American continent there leading egg producing countries were Nigeria (640,000 t)
65.0 mill. t. Figure 7 shows the spatial pattern on a is a cluster in Northern America (USA, Mexico) and another and South Africa (490,000 t); in Europe Russia (2.3 mill. t),
country basis. One can easily see that several clusters cluster under development in South America with Brazil and France (840,000 t) and Spain (830,000 t).
have developed over the past decades (see also Figures Colombia.
8a and b). One cluster includes Eastern Asian countries The leading egg producing country in 2011 was China with
(China, Japan and South Korea), a second is represented 24.1 mill. t or 37.2% of the global production volume. It was
by Southern and South Eastern Asia with India, Indonesia, followed by the USA with 5.4 mill. t (8.3% of global egg
Malaysia and Thailand. A new cluster is under development production), India with 3.5 mill. t (5.4%) as well as Japan
in the Near East with Turkey and Iran. Then there is the and Mexico with 2.5 mill. t each (3.8%). In Africa, the
European cluster which dominated global egg production in
Figure 7 Egg production (2011)
Egg฀production฀ No data Scale

in million tonnes in km
24
12
6
0 2500 5000
Source:FAO database
The regional concentration in global egg production has three in the Americas. In 1971, seven European countries its former share. A similar development can be found in
been very high over the past four decades as can be seen were found among the fifteen leading egg producing Northern America with 8.5%, on the one hand because of
from Figure 8a. Between 76% and 78% of the global countries. the dynamic development in Asia but also because of the
production was concentrated in only 15 countries. China The remarkable spatial shift which occurred in world egg high growth rates in several countries in South America. In
alone contributed 37.2% to the global production volume in production is documented in Figure 8b. In 1971, Europe 2011, Asian countries dominated global egg production with
2011, followed by the USA, India and Japan. In 1971, the was still the dominant continent with a contribution of a share of 58.8% (38.2 mill. t). This continent was the big
USA ranked as number one, followed by the USSR, Japan, 42.5% (20.2 mill t) to the global production volume, winner whereas Europe lost another 14.8% and Northern
China and Germany. In 1991, China already ranked as followed by Asia and Northern America with 23.8% each. America 2.5%. The data documents the globalisation of egg
number one, followed by the USSR, USA, Japan and Brazil. Twenty years later, Asia had already surpassed Europe production which has shifted from Europe to Asia, the new
Of the fifteen leading egg producing countries in 2011 six and shared 40.9% of global egg production (36.5 mill. unchallenged centre.
were located in Europe (this includes Russia), six in Asia and t), Europe ranked second, but had already lost 11.3% of
Figure 8a The 15 leading egg producing countries in 1971, 1991 and 2011
1971 1991 2011
COUNTRY PRODUCTION SHARE COUNTRY PRODUCTION SHARE COUNTRY PRODUCTION SHARE
฀ (1,000฀t)฀ (%) (1,000฀t)฀ (%)฀ ฀ (1,000฀t)฀ (%)฀
USA 4,126 20.4 China 7,589 20.8 China 24,149 37.2 * sum does not add because of rounding
USSR 2,486 12.3 USSR 4,478 12.3 USA 5,419 8.3 Source: FAO database
Japan 1,800 8.9 USA 4,114 11.3 India 3,490 5.4
China 1,584 7.8 Japan 2,498 6.9 Japan 2,483 3.8
Germany 1,165 5.8 Brazil 1,315 3.6 Mexico 2,459 3.8
United Kingdom 879 4.3 India 1,210 3.3 Russia 2,284 3.5
France 647 3.2 Mexico 1,141 3.1 Brazil 2,037 3.1
Italy 588 2.9 Germany 922 2.5 Indonesia 1,166 1.8
Spain 494 2.4 France 918 2.5 Ukraine 1,064 1.6
Poland 396 2.0 Italy 715 2.0 France 840 1.3
Brazil 355 1.8 Netherlands 646 1.8 Spain 830 1.3
Mexico 350 1.7 Spain 641 1.8 Turkey 810 1.2
Canada 333 1.6 United Kingdom 634 1.7 Germany 777 1.2
India 308 1.5 Thailand 482 1.3 Iran 741 1.1
Netherlands 265 1.3 Republic of Korea 422 1.2 Italy 737 1.1
15 countries 15,776 *78.1 15 countries 27,724 *76.0 15 countries 49,286 75.8
World 20,206 100.0 World 36,453 100.0 World 65,003 100.0
Figure 8b Egg production share by continent Figure 9 Liquid egg production (2011)
The data base for the production of liquid and dried egg with 503,000 t, followed by the Netherlands (240,000 t),
5.6 3 1971
products is very poor. This makes it impossible to present France (197,000 t) and Spain (116,000 t). In many developing
0.5 a reliable overview on the global situation. Figure 9 is a and threshold countries, but also in developed countries, egg
23.8 23.8 compromise again. In the diagram, the data received from the processing is comparatively unimportant in so far as these
IEC rapporteurs were used. One can easily see that the USA countries have to import liquid and dried egg products. A more
100%
dominated egg processing in 2011. Of the 1.4 mill. t which were detailed overview on the exports and imports of these products
produced in this country, 1.3 mill. t were liquid egg products, as well as the trade balance of dried and liquid eggs is shown in
mainly for the domestic market. Japan ranked in second place Figures 11 to 15.
42.5
1400
1991
4.3
7.7
0.6 1200
15.3
Production of egg products in IEC member countries [1,000 t]
40.9
100% 1000
31.2
800
2011
4.1 600
7.5
* Canada, Mexico and USA Source: FAO database
12.8 0.4
400
100%
16.4
58.8
200
Europe 0
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**
n
Be il
*
s
UK
Uk l
nd
**
pa
Ira
ga
in
Th Per
di
p
Cz fric
az
ai
US
nd
ss
iu
Sw ga
na
ay
an
ra
i
rk
So ed
la
Re
Africa
ra
nd
nt
la
Ch
In
Sp
North America *
lg
Ja
rtu
Br
Ru
la
st
Tu
er
n
rw
Ca
Fr
Fin
Sw
ge
la
Hu
h
h
ec
No
ai
th
ut
Ne
Asia Central & South America

* year 2010 ** year 2007 *** year 2006 Source: IEC Rapporteurs
Europe Oceania
SHELL EGGS: GLOBAL TRADE
Global trade of shell eggs grew only slowly between 1970 second in the Near East and in a third in South Eastern Asia have a negative trade balance (Figure 10b). In the Near
and 1990, from then onwards the trade volume increased between Singapore and Malaysia. East, Iraq has to import almost all eggs for consumption;
rapidly in Europe and Asia. In 2010, about 2 mill. t of Figure 10a shows the countries with a surplus or deficit in on the other hand Turkey, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Iran have
shell eggs were exported, to which European countries the trade of shell eggs. In the Americas, the United States a high surplus. In Southern Asia, India shows a high trade
contributed 67.0% and Asian countries 26.5%. In all other and Brazil have a considerable surplus even though the surplus, this results in considerable export to the United
continents trade of shell eggs was of minor importance. trade volume is much lower than in Europe. In Europe, the Arab Emirates. A close trade relationship exists between
The fact that shell eggs cannot be frozen results in Netherlands, Spain, Poland and several Eastern European Malaysia and Singapore. Singapore imports almost all eggs
comparatively short transportation distances for table countries have a positive balance of trade whereas for consumption from Malaysia and Singapore is the most
eggs. From the map one can easily see that there are three Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the Czech Republic important country of destination for Malaysia´s egg exports.
main clusters of the egg trade. One is located in Europe, a
Figure 10a Shell eggs surplus/deficit (2010)
Figure 10b Shell eggs surplus/deficit, European region close-up (2010)
Shell eggs: Export Import Deficit Surplus No data Scale

import/export฀ in km
share
in 1,000 tonnes
780
390 0 2500 5000
195
Source:FAO database
Shell eggs: 780 Scale

import/export฀ in km
390
share
195 0 500 1000
in 1,000 tonnes
LIQUID EGG PRODUCTS: EXPORT VOLUME
In 2010, 273,000 t of liquid egg was exported. Figure 11a this commodity is the fact that liquid egg products can only map one can easily see that in most countries the export
shows that on a global scale European countries dominated be transported over relatively short distances to maintain volume increased.
the trade of this product. They contributed 87% to the the quality and safety of the products.
global trade volume, followed by North American countries, In order to get a more detailed impression of the situation
this includes Mexico, with a share of 7%. Compared to in the European cluster, Figure 11b documents the export
2000, the export volume decreased in several countries, volumes for the single countries in 2010. The Netherlands
such as the USA, India, Malaysia and Australia. Trade of exported about 125,000 t of liquid egg, i.e. 45% of the
liquid eggs in the other continents was of minor importance. global export volume, followed by France (18,000 t), Spain
The steering factor behind the spatial pattern of trade of (15,000 t), Poland and Germany (14,000 t each). From the
Figure 11a Liquid egg exports (2010)
Figure 11b Liquid egg exports, European region close-up (2010)
Liquid egg Increase Decrease No No data Scale

exports฀ change in km
in 1,000 tonnes resp฀no฀
imports
125
63
0 2500 5000
31
Source:FAO database
Liquid egg 125 Scale

exports฀฀ 63
in km
in 1,000
31 0 500 1000
tonnes
LIQUID EGG PRODUCTS: IMPORT VOLUME
Global liquid egg imports reached a volume of 271,000 t Europe shared 85% of the global imports, followed by Asia From Figure 12b one can see that in most European
in 2010. Figure 12a shows that the spatial pattern is very with 7% and North America with 3%. countries the imports of liquid egg increased between
similar to that of exports. Nevertheless, there are some With an import volume of almost 64,000 t, Germany 2000 and 2010. Of the major egg producing countries, the
obvious differences. Japan, the United Arab Emirates, shared 24% of the global liquid egg imports, followed by import volume only decreased in Italy.
Saudi Arabia, Oman, China, the three NAFTA member France (30,000 t), the United Kingdom (26,000 t) and
countries and Singapore as well as South Korea are found Belgium (22,000 t). Japan, the only non-European country
among the major importing countries even though their among the ten leading importing countries, ranked as
import volume is much lower than that of the leading number 9 with an import volume of 9,700 t.
European countries.
Figure 12a Liquid egg imports (2010)
Figure 12b Liquid egg imports, European region close-up (2010)
Liquid egg Increase Decrease No No data Scale

imports฀ change in km
in 1,000 tonnes resp฀no฀
imports
64
32
16 0 2500 5000
Source:FAO database
Liquid egg 64 Scale

imports฀ in km
32
in 1,000
16
tonnes 0 500 1000
DRIED EGG PRODUCTS: EXPORT VOLUME
In contrast to liquid egg, dried egg products can be In 2010, almost 56,000 t of dried egg products were The dynamic development in India over the past years is
shipped over long distances due to their longer durability. exported, of which Europe contributed 52%, North remarkable and it has become one of the major exporting
So it is not surprising that the spatial patterns of trade with America 29%, Asia 14% and South America 5% (Figure countries.
these products differs considerably from those of liquid 13a). Of the ten leading exporting countries, six were In Europe, the Netherlands, France, Germany and Belgium
egg. But it is worth mentioning that the export volume of located in Europe, two in Asia, one in North and one in were the leading exporting countries (Figure 13b). In most
dried egg is much lower than that of liquid egg. This is South America. The USA ranked in first place with an European countries the export volume increased between
due to the fact that the production process for dried egg export volume of 15,400 t, i. e. 27.5% of the global export 2000 and 2010.
requests less technical installations and know how. volume, followed by the Netherlands, France and India.
Figure 13a Dried egg exports (2010)
Figure 13b Dried egg exports, European region close-up (2010)
Dried egg Increase Decrease No No data Scale

exports฀ change in km
in tonnes resp฀no฀
exports
16,000
8,000
4,000 0 2500 5000
Source:FAO database
Dried egg 7,000 Scale

exports฀ in km
3,500
in tonnes
1,750
0 500 1000
DRIED EGG PRODUCTS: IMPORT VOLUME
The longer durability of dried egg products which allows Canada, Mexico, countries on the Arabian Peninsula, and Denmark were not only the three leading importing
longer transport distances explains the spatial pattern of Indonesia, Russia and Australia. Of the ten leading countries in Europe, but also on a global scale. Together
the imports of this commodity (Figure 14a). In 2010, the countries eight were located in Europe, one in Asia and they shared 31% of the global import volume. A
imports reached a volume of 59,200 t, of which Europe one in North America. comparison of Figure 13b and 14b reveals that many
shared 71%, Asia 19% and North America 5%. It is worth As can be seen from Figure 14b, the import volume of Central and Western European countries, with the
mentioning that besides the European cluster several dried egg increased in almost all European countries exception of the United Kingdom, are to be found among
other countries imported dried egg, such as Japan, between 2000 and 2010. Germany, the United Kingdom the leading dried egg exporting and importing countries.
Figure 14a Dried egg imports (2010)
Figure 14b Dried egg imports, European region close-up (2010)

Dried egg Increase Decrease No No data Scale
imports฀ change in km
in tonnes resp฀no฀
imports
6,600
3,300
1,650 0 2500 5000
Source:FAO database
Dried egg 6,600 Scale

imports฀ 3,300 in km
in tonnes 1,650 0 500 1000
EGG PRODUCTS: BALANCE OF TRADE
Figure 15a shows the balance of trade with egg products products or had a negligible deficit. In Asia, India, Netherlands had the highest surplus with almost
on a country basis for 2010. The European cluster with Thailand, China and Saudi Arabia showed a trade surplus, 132,000 t, followed by Poland (7,500 t), Italy (6,000 t)
high surplus and high deficit countries is obvious. In North Japan, South Korea, the Philippines and Indonesia a and Portugal (3,000 t). The highest negative balance
America, the USA and Canada had a trade surplus of deficit. For most of the African countries, no data was of trade for egg products was found in Germany with
28,000 t, Mexico a deficit of 3,000 t. In South America, available; trade with egg products is of minor importance. 52,500 t, followed by the United Kingdom (27,600 t),
Brazil and Argentina had a combined surplus of Most of the European countries showed a negative Japan (14,700 t) and Denmark (12,200 t).
4,500 t. All other countries either did not trade in egg balance of trade for egg products (Figure 15b). The
Figure 15a Egg products: balance of trade (2010)
Figure 15b Egg products: balance of trade, European region close-up (2010)
Egg฀products฀ Surplus Deficit No data Scale

balance of trade in km
(liquid฀&฀dried)
in 1,000 tonnes
114
57 2500 5000
29 0
Source:Own calculations
Egg฀products฀ 114 Scale

balance of trade in km
57
(liquid฀&฀dried) 29 0 500 1000
in 1,000 tonnes
PART 2 COUNTRY FOCUS
Patterns of the egg industry in Russia and selected emerging countries
ARGENTINA
With a volume of 721,393 t, Argentina ranked as number concentration was comparatively low. The five leading The value of egg production in 2010 was as high as
16 among the egg producing countries and contributed companies contributed only 14.7% to the overall production 543 mill. US-$ or 1.0% of the total value of agricultural
1.1% to global shell egg production. volume. production, ranking in 15th place.
Of the 1,642 market-oriented layer farms which were With a per capita consumption of 242 eggs, this includes Argentina´s egg industry is confronted with several
counted in 2011, 875 were located in the province of egg products, the total demand reached 9.9 billion eggs or challenges. The major topics are high labor and feed
Buenos Aires and 394 in Entre Rios. In addition to the high 630,800 t meaning that Argentina would have been able to costs, followed by environmental problems which demand
regional concentration of farms, a similar concentration of export shell eggs. However, the export volume of reactions. Animal health is ranked number four, whereas
layer flocks can be observed. Of the 42.5 mill. layers, 6,935 tonnes was relatively low; egg imports were not animal welfare is ranked sixth.
25.9 mill. were held in the Buenos Aires province and registered in 2011.
9.9 mill. in Entre Rios. In contrast, the sectoral
General฀data฀(2011) Layer฀farms฀by฀region฀(2011) Laying฀hens฀by฀region฀(2011)
Production data
Number of commercial layer farms 1,642
Number of laying hens (in millions) 42.5
Feed consumption per laying hen to
produce one egg (in grams) 175
Average laying rate per hen and year 243 394 farms 10 mill
Entre Rios Entre Rios
Production shell eggs (metric tonnes) 721,393 province
Consumption eggs total
(eggs+egg products/year) 242 875 farms 26 mill
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires
Average egg weight (in grams) 63.5
province province
Total population (in millions) 41.0
124 farms 2 mill
Mendoza Mendoza
province province
Main egg producers

Number of layers
Ovobrand 24,700 t in millions
Number of layer
Codepra 24,200 t farms 26
880 13
A. de Plata 20,900 t 7
440
Rothex 19,000 t 220
Roth 17,100 t
0 300 600 km 0 300 600 km
Source:IEC Rapporteur Source:IEC Rapporteur
Sum top 5 105,900 t
Contribution of top 5 companies
to overall production 14.7% Agricultural฀commodities฀ranking฀(2010)
40.0
Challenges 16000
Main challenges for the domestic egg industry in

Argentina, ranked in order of importance 1-7, 1
14000 35.0
being most important
12000 30.0
Animal Animal Environ. Rising 24.9 25.0

10000
welfare health challenges feed costs
6 4 3 2
Share of total agricultural production value [%]
8000 20.0
Gross Production Value [mill. US-$]
6000 15.0 15.0

Qualified Trade Labour
personnel barriers costs 11.5
7 5 1 4000 10.0
Source:IEC Rapporteur
Source:FAO database
Juan Daniel Cámara, Argentina de Productores 2000 5.0
0 Soybeans Indigenous Grapes Hen eggs, 0.0

Rank 1 cattle meat Rank 3 in shell
Rank 2 Rank 15
INTERNATIONAL EGG COMMISSIONATLAS OF THE GLOBAL EGG INDUSTRY SEPTEMBER 2013 21

BRAZIL
With a volume of 1.9 mill t, Brazil ranked as number seven With two billion US-$, hen egg production contributed
among the egg producing countries and contributed 3.1% 1.3% to the total value of agricultural production and
to global shell egg production. In 2012, 85.6 mill. hens ranks 15 among the agricultural commodities in 2010.
were held in approximately 1,700 commercial layer farms The main three challenges for Brazil´s egg industry
which are defined by more than 10,000 hen places. The are rising feed costs, lack of qualified personnel and
leading state in egg production was Sao Paulo with sustaining animal health. Environmental problems,
28 mill. hens, followed by Minas Gerais with 9 mill. layers trade barriers and animal welfare are currently of less
and Espiritu Santo with 6 mill. hens. All states are located importance to the egg industry.
in the Southeast region and represent the major cluster
of egg production in Brazil. Together, these three states
contributed 50.2 % to Brazil´s total shell egg production.
General฀data฀(2012) Laying฀hens฀by฀region฀(2012)
Production data
Number of commercial layer farms 1,641*

produce one egg (in grams) 105
Average laying rate per hen and year 300 9 Mill.
Minas Gerais
Production shell eggs (metric tonnes) 1,893,000
6 Mill.
(eggs+egg products/year) 163
Espirito Santo
Average egg weight (in grams) 60
Total population (in millions) 194 28 Mill.
Sao Paulo
*2006 data
Number of layers
Challenges in millions
Main challenges for the domestic egg industry in 29
Brazil, ranked in order of importance 1-7, 1 being 15
7.5
most important
0 500 1000 km
Source: Relatório Anual 2012, Lohmann Animal Health Brazil
Animal Animal Environ. Rising Agricultural฀commodities฀ranking฀(2010)

6 3 4 1
25000 25.0
Qualified Trade
20000 20.0
personnel barriers
2 5
1 6 .7
Source: Relatório Anual 2012, Lohmann Animal Health Brazil
1 5 .2
15000 15.0
Gross Production value [in mill. US-$]
11. 6
10000 10.0
5000 5.0
Source:FAO database
1. 3
0 Soybeans Cattle meat Sugar cane Hen eggs 0.0

Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 in shell
Rank 15
With a per capita consumption of 163 eggs, the total
demand reached 31.6 billion eggs or 1.893 mill t so most
of the produced eggs were needed to meet the domestic
demand. The self-sufficiency rate in 2012 was 101%.
Therefore, only insignificant import volumes can be stated.
Brazil´s egg exports reached 26,853 t in 2012. The top
five countries of destination were Angola, UAE, Bolivia,
Democratic Republic of Congo and Japan.
Egg฀exports:฀principal฀countries฀(2012)
Saudi Arabia Japan

297 t 402 t
Cape Verde Islands
149 t
UAE
10,290 t
Guinea-Bissau
126 t
Bolivia
939 t
Dem. Rep. Congo

931 t
Unspecified
662 t Angola
Uruguay
12,748 t
309 t
CHINA
With a volume of 24.2 mill. t, or 37.2% of the global in Liaoning; they shared 61.3% of the 1.4 billion layers and rising feed costs. Animal welfare is ranked in seventh
production volume, China dominated global egg which were counted in China in 2011. place of the main challenges for the Chinese egg industry.
production in 2011. The value of agricultural production reached a volume As another major challenge China placed low egg prices at
The maps showing the distribution of layers and layer of almost 840 billion US-$ in 2010. To this, shell eggs farm gate at rank four since major Chinese egg producers
farms visualise the cluster of egg production in Eastern contributed 23.9 billion US-$ or 2.9% of the total value of currently have difficulties to realise adequate margins.
China. Over 80% of all layer farms were concentrated all agricultural commodities, ranking 12th.
there. 28,000 farms were located in the province of The main challenges which the Chinese egg industry has
Shandong, 27,000 in Henan, 23,000 in Hebei and 19,000 to cope with are animal health, environmental challenges
General฀data฀(2011) Layer฀farms฀by฀region฀(2011)
Production data
23,000฀farms฀Hebei
Number of laying hens (in millions) 1,400 28,000฀farms฀Shandong
produce one egg (in grams) 150 27,000฀farms฀Henan
Average laying rate per hen and year 300

Production shell eggs Number 28,000
of layer 14,000
(metric tonnes) 24,000,000 7,000
farms
0 500 1000 km
(eggs+egg products/year) 295 Source: Lohmann Animal Health China
Total population (in millions) 1,360
Laying฀hens฀by฀region฀(2011)
Main egg producers

209 Mill. Hebei
Producer 1 36,000 t
Producer 2 18,000 t
237 Mill. Shandong
Producer 3 14,400 t
240 Mill. Henan
Producer 4 14,400 t
Producer 5 9,000 t
Number 240
of layers 120
60
Sum Top 5 91,800 t in millions
Contribution of top 5 companies 0 500 1000 km

to overall production 0.4% Source: Lohmann Animal Health China
Challenges
Agricultural฀commodities฀ranking฀(2010)
China, ranked in order of importance 1-7, 1 being
30.0
most important 120000
100000 25.0
Animal Animal Environ. Rising

welfare health challenges feed costs 80000 20.0
7 1 2 3
60000 15.0
11.9
Qualified Trade Low egg

40000 10.0
personnel barriers prices at
farm gate
7.0
5 6 4 5.8
Source:FAO database
20000 5.0
2.9
Source: Lohmann Animal Health China
0 Indigenous Rice, Maize Hen eggs, 0.0

pigmeat paddy Rank 3 in shell
Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 12
With a per capita consumption of 295 eggs, the annual
demand reached a volume of 401 billion pieces or
25.3 mill. t. Despite the calculated deficit of
1.3 mill. t., China exported considerable amounts of shell
eggs to Hong Kong, Macao and Singapore. This shows that
the production or the consumption data may be incorrect,
due to estimated production in backyard flocks and the per
capita consumption in rural areas.
Egg฀imports:฀principal฀countries฀(2010)
France
2t
Hungary
USA 93 t
66 t
Source:FAO database
USA
1,512 t China, Hong Kong SAR
83,413 t
China, Macao SAR

7,913 t
Indonesia
1,433 t
Singapore
2,120 t
Source:FAO database
INDIA
With a production volume of 3.5 mill. t or 5.4% of global The value of agricultural production reached a volume The main challenges which egg producers in India are
shell egg production, India ranked as number three of 245 billion US-$ in 2010. To this, shell eggs confronted with are rising feed costs, health of the layer
among the egg producing countries in 2011. contributed 2.5 billion US-$ or 1.0% of the total value of flocks and the recruitment of a qualified and sufficient
The number of market oriented layer farms was estimated all agricultural commodities, ranking in 24th place. The work force. Animal welfare is the least relevant topic for
at 13,000. As can be seen from the two maps, the five leading egg producing companies contributed about the Indian egg industry and can be found on rank 7.
regional concentration of layer farms is very high, for 958,000 t or 28% to India´s shell egg production.
8,458 farms were located in Andhra Pradesh. Of the 187
mill. commercial layers 73 mill. were located in Andhra
Pradesh, 40 mill. in Tamil Nadu and 19 mill. in Haryana.
These three states shared 71% of India´s layer flocks.
523 farms Haryana

Production data Haryana 19 Mill

Number of laying hens (in millions) 187
Feed consumption per laying hen
to produce one egg (in grams) 123
(eggs+egg products/year) 62
8,458฀farms฀ Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh 73 Mill
Total population (in millions) 1,210
1,535฀farms
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
40 Mill
Number 8,460
Main egg producers of layer 4,230 Number 73,000
2,115 of layers 36,500
farms 18,250
Sakku Agro India Pvt. Ltd. 492,750 t in฀1,000s
Sun Foods 197,100 t

No data No data
Jhansi Laxmi Poultry Farm 131,400 t
Parameswari Poultry Farm 82,125 t 0 500 1000 km 0 500 1000 km
Sivian & Shivika Poultry Farm 82,125 t
Sum top 5 985,500 t Agricultural฀commodities฀ranking฀(2010)

Contribution of top 5 companies
to overall production 28.2% 60000 30.0
Challenges
50000 25.0
India, ranked in order of importance 1-7, 1 being 22.7
most important
40000 20.0
30000 15.0
Shareof total agricultural value [%]
Gross production value [mill. US-$]

10.6
7 2 4 1 20000 10.0
8.4
10000 5.0
Source:FAO database
Qualified Trade Lacking Unorganised

1.0
personnel barriers workforce trading
0 Rice, paddy Buffalo milk, Wheat Hen eggs, 0.0
3 6 =5 =5 Rank 1 whole, fresh
Rank 2
Rank 3 in shell
Rank 24
Source: IEC Rapporteur: BSR Sastry, National Egg Coordination

Committee; Srinivasa Hatcheries Group, India
With a per capita consumption of 62 eggs and a
population of 1.21 billion, the annual egg demand was
as high as 68.9 billion eggs or 3.8 mill. t. Despite the
calculated deficit, India exported 23,300 t of shell eggs
to Afghanistan in 2011. The difference in the calculation
of the demand and the official production data may be
due to an estimate of egg production in small backyard
flocks.
Middle East
2,395 t
Afghanistan
23,316 t
East Africa
7,184 t
Source:FAO database
MEXICO
According to official data from the Unión Nacional de Puebla. These two states shared 79% of the hen flocks. Due to the severe economic losses which resulted from
Avicultores, 145.7 mill. laying hens were held by Mexican This is also reflected in the number of laying flocks in avian influenza outbreaks in the main producer states,
egg farmers in 2011. With a laying rate of 310 eggs per production owned by the five leading egg producing Jalisco in 2012 and Aguascalientes in 2013, the Unión
hen per year in commercial farms, the layers produced companies. As these companies keep 40.2% of the overall Nacional de Avicultores ranked animal health as the major
2.54 mill. t of shell eggs. Mexico ranked as number layer population of Mexico, the sectoral concentration is issue for the domestic egg industry. As a consequence, the
four among the leading egg producing countries and comparatively high. industry is currently working on a decentralisation concept
contributed 4.4% to global egg production. The value of agricultural production reached a volume for the densely populated poultry areas and implementing
The regional concentration of the laying hen population of 22.8 billion US-$ in 2010. To this, egg production prevention programs for epizootic diseases.
in Mexico is very high. Almost 80 mill. layers were contributed 2.4 billion US-$ or 5.7%, which ranked it in
concentrated in the state of Jalisco, and 25 mill. in seventh position amongst the agricultural commodities.
General฀data฀(2011) Laying฀hens฀by฀region฀(2011)
Sonora
11 Mill.
Production data
Number of commercial layer farms 900
(eggs+egg products/year) 358 Jalisco
80 Mill.
Total population (in millions) 113 Puebla
25 Mill.
Source: IEC Rapporteur
Main egg producers (layers in production)

Proteina Animal 25,200,000 Number 80
of layers 40
Bachoco 11,100,000 in millions 20 0 250 500 km
El Calvario 8,800,000
Empresas Guadalupe 7,470,000
Socoro Romero Sáncez 6,000,000 Agricultural฀commodities฀ranking฀(2010)
Sum layers of top 5 58,570,000 6000 24.0
Share of top 5 companies of

total layer population 40.2%
5000 20.0
Challenges
Mexico, ranked in order of importance 1-7, 1 being 4000 16.0
most important
12.3 12.1 12.0

3000 12.0

welfare health challenges feed costs 2000 8.0
7 1 6 2 5.7
1000 4.0
Source:FAO database
Qualified Trade Feed

0 Indigenous Maize Indigenous Hen eggs, 0.0
personnel barriers quality cattle meat Rank 2 chicken meat in shell
Rank 7
5 4 3 Rank 1 Rank 3
Source: IEC Rapporteur Sergio Chavez, UNA-DEE
With 358 eggs, Mexico had the highest per capita
consumption worldwide. This resulted in an egg demand
of 2.5 mill t which was directly covered by domestic egg
production. Therefore, the export volume of 19,990 t
was relatively low. With 69%, the major share of the
Mexican export volume was distributed to Japan. Shell
egg imports amounted to 11,406 t and originated from
the United States only.
USA
11,406 t
Source:FAO database
Japan
13,720 t
Liberia
1,846 t UAE
1,460 t Hong Kong
1,176 t
Angola
1,788 t
Source:FAO database
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
According to FAO data, 2.3 mill. t of shell eggs were Of the 83.4 mill. layers which were counted in 2011, The per capita consumption in 2011 was 260 eggs. This
produced in the Russian Federation in 2011, i. e. 3.5% 23 mill. were held in the Volga District, 19 mill. in the resulted in a shell egg demand of 36.9 billion pieces or
of the global production volume. Among the leading egg Central District, 13 mill. in the Northwest District and 2.3 million tonnes.
producing countries Russia ranked as number six. 10 mill. in the Urals District. Despite quite large egg farms, The Russian egg industry is confronted with similar
The number of market-oriented layer farms is estimated the sectoral concentration in the Russian egg industry is challenges as in European countries, but the recruitment
at about 250. Of these 72 were located in the Volga rather low, for only 11.4% of the total production volume of qualified personnel and the supply of high-quality feed
District, 59 in the Central District and 37 in the Siberian was concentrated in the leading five companies. The value are special problems for this country.
District. The spatial pattern reflects the distribution of the of shell egg production in 2010 reached 3.1 billion US-$
population as well as the centres of feed production which or 4.4% of the total value of all agricultural commodities,
are both located in the western part of Russia. ranking eighth.
Production data
to produce one egg (in grams) 130-150
Average laying rate per hen and year 291 59 farms 72 farms 37 farms
Central Volga Siberian
District District District Number 72
Consumption eggs total of layer 36
(eggs+egg products/year) 260 farms 18 0 500 1000 km
Source: Lohmann Tierzucht
Total population (in millions) 142
Main egg producers

Seniavinskaya 63,000 t
Borowskaya 54,000 t
Sverdlowskaya 52,200 t
Roskar 50,700 t
Chelybinskaya 41,400 t
19 Mill 23 Mill. 13 Mill.
Central Volga North Number 23,000
District District western of layers 11,500
Sum top 5 261,300 t District in 1,000s
5,750
Contribution of top 5 companies 0 500 1000 km
to overall production 11.4% Source: Lohmann Tierzucht
Challenges Agricultural฀commodities฀ranking฀(2010)
Russia, ranked in order of importance 1-7, 1 being 14000 35.0
most important
12000 30.0
10000 25.0
7 2 5 1 8000 20.0
18.6
Gross production value [mill. US-$]
6000 15.0
12.5
Qualified Trade Feed

4000 10.5 10.0
personnel barriers quality
3 6 4
Source:FAO database
2000 4.5 5.0

Source: Lohmann Tierzucht
0 Cow milk, Indigenous Indigenous Hen eggs, 0.0

whole, fresh pig meat cattle meat in shell
Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 8
The trade volume of shell eggs was comparatively low
in relation to the production volume. In 2010, about
12,890 t of shell eggs were exported and 16,740 t imported.
The main countries that Russia imported shell eggs from
were the Netherlands, Germany, the United States, Ukraine
and Spain. The major destinations for shell egg exports were
Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Whereas,
the exports were mostly destined to Central Asian countries,
imports came from European countries and the USA.
Netherlands
8,390 t
USA
1,395 t
Spain Ukraine
737 t 1,021 t
Source:FAO database
Kazakhstan
3,159 t
Mongolia
3,207 t
Unspecified
726 t
Kyrgyzstan
3,218 t Tajikistan
2,451 t
Source:FAO database
SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa ranked as number 26 among the egg The value of agricultural production reached a volume in rank four and feed quality. Labour unrests are a crucial
producing countries with a production volume of of 19.3 billion US-$ in 2010. To this, egg production challenge for South Africa and expressed by strikes for
467,100 t. According to official data from the South contributed 574 million US-$ or 4.6 %, which resulted higher wages in a struggling economy.
African Poultry Association, 26.3 million layers were held in its ranking at number 7 amongst the agricultural
in 333 commercial egg farms. As can be seen from the commodities.
two maps, egg farms and layer flocks were more or less The top three challenges for egg farmers in South Africa
evenly distributed with the exception of the Northern Cape are rising feed costs, animal health and the recruitment of
Province. The spatial pattern reflects the distribution of the qualified personnel, followed by environmental problems
population.
61 Farms Gauteng
Production data
Number of laying hens (in millions) 26.3 56 Farms KwaZulu Natal

to produce one egg (in grams) 144.7
69฀Farms฀Western฀Cape
Production shell eggs (metric tonnes) 467,100
Number 69
Consumption eggs total of layer 35
(eggs+egg products/year) 153 farms 17 0 250 500 km
Average egg weight (in grams) 58.1
Main egg producers

6.0 Mill. Gauteng
Sum top 5 producers 156,270 t
Contribution of top 5 companies to
overall production 36.2%
Challenges
4.7 Mill. Free State
South Africa, ranked in order of importance 1-7, 1 5.2฀Mill.฀Western฀Cape

being most important
Number 6,000
of layers 3,000
in 1,000s 1,500 0 250 500 km

welfare health challenges feed costs Agricultural฀commodities฀ranking฀(2012)
6 2 4 1
4000 32.0
3500 28.0
Qualified Trade Labour

personnel barriers unrest 3000 24.0
3 7 5
2500 20.0
Source: IEC Rapporteur Magda Prinsloo,
South African Poultry Association 17.4

2000 16.0
14.3
1500 12.0
10.6
1000 8.0
4.6
500 4.0
0 Poultry meat Maize Cattles and Hen eggs, 0.0

Rank 1 Rank 2 calves slaughtered in shell
Rank 3 Rank 7
With a per capita consumption of 153 eggs, including
egg products, the domestic demand reached a volume
of 8.0 billion pieces or 465,580 t in 2012. South Africa
exported and imported shell eggs to a small extent. The
countries of origin of the egg imports were EU member
countries, the USA and Thailand; all export destinations
were located in Southern and Eastern Africa.
France Denmark
78,636 t 14,102 t
USA
19,825 t Italy
153,647 t
Taiwan
Germany Thailand 216 t
174 t 16 t
UK
41 t
China
120 t
Congo
8t
Nigeria
20 t
Mozambique
3,936 t
Angola
1,721 t
Unspecified
25 t
Zimbabwe
Namibia 342 t
37 t
THAILAND
In 2011, Thailand produced 10.7 billion shell eggs in 1,948 The five leading egg producing companies held 15.3 mill. The main challenges for the egg farmers in Thailand are
commercial farms which held 39.5 mill. layers. With a layers or 34.5% of the total layer flock of Thailand. They rising feed costs, sustaining animal health and trade
production volume of 585,500 t, it ranked as number 22 produced 261,000 t or 44.6% of the overall Thai shell egg barriers.
among the leading egg producing countries. The regional production volume in 2011.
as well as the sectoral concentration is quite high as can The value of agricultural production reached a volume
be seen from the two maps. However, the spatial patterns of 47.1 billion US-$ in 2010. To this, egg production
differ considerably. Whereas most of the egg farms are contributed 892 million US-$ or 1.9%, which resulted
located in the provinces Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen and in it ranking at number 11 amongst the agricultural
Chiang Rai, the layers are concentrated in the provinces commodities.
adjacent to Bangkok, Chon Buri and Chachoengsao.
132 Farms
Chiang Rai
277 Farms
Production data Chiang Mai

Production shell eggs (metric tonnes) 585,500
3.1 Mill.
Consumption eggs 209 Farms Nakhon Nayok
total (eggs+egg products/year) 144.1 Khon Kaen
3.9 Mill.
Average egg weight (in grams) 59 Chachoengsao
2.5 Mill.
Chon Buri
Source: Lohmann Animal Health Thailand
Source: Lohmann Animal Health Thailand

Number of layer
farms
277
Main egg producers
139 Number of layers
CP 109,620 t 69 in 1,000s
Laemthong 45,675 t 4,000

2,000
1,000
Betagro 36,540 t No data
Saeng thong 36,540 t
0 100 200 km 0 100 200 km
Fah sai 32,886 t
Sum Top 5 261,261 t Agricultural฀commodities฀ranking฀(2010)

Contribution of top 5 companies to
overall production 44.6%
14000 35.0
Challenges
Main challenges for the domestic egg industry in 12000 30.0
Thailand, ranked in order of importance 1-7, 1 being 27.7

most important
10000 25.0
21.1
8000 20.0

6000 15.0
4 2 6 1
4000 10.0
7.3
Trade Feed
Source: FAO-Database
Qualified 2000 5.0

personnel barriers quality
1.9
5 3 7
0 Rice, paddy Natural Bananas Hen eggs, 0.0
Source: Lohmann Animal Health Thailand Rank 1 rubber Rank 3 in shell
Rank 2 Rank 11
With a per capita consumption of 144 eggs per year,
the domestic demand reached a volume of 10.1 billion
pieces or 591,000 t in 2011. Despite the calculated
deficit, Thailand exported about 8,800 t of shell eggs, of
which 74% were destined for Hong Kong.
France Netherlands
1t 2t
Poland
9t
USA Japan
10 t 7t
Saint Kitts Gambia Myanmar Lao People’s

and Nevis 137 t 223 t Democratic Republic
1,853 t 25 t
China, Hong
Kong SAR
6,551 t
The International Egg Commission Phone: +44 (0) 20 7490 3493
89 Charterhouse Street Fax: +44 (0) 20 7490 3495
London EC1M 6HR Email: info@internationalegg.com
United Kingdom Web: www.internationalegg.com
The IEC Support Group

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Atlas of The Global Egg Industry

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Atlas of the Global Egg Industry

Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst, IEC Statistical Analyst

PART 2: SELECTED COUNTRY FOCUS

Without the co-operation of the IEC Rapporteurs, colleagues and friends

that provided by the industry. Nevertheless, the presented maps, graphs

and tables give an excellent overview on the past dynamics, present

pattern and future development of the global egg industry.

Professor Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst Dr Barbara Grabkowsky Anna Wilke

IEC ATLAS ON GLOBAL EGG PRODUCTION – DATA SOURCES

•฀FAOSTAT฀database http://faostat.fao.org/ 1. Argentina: Juan Daniel Irigoyen, Cámara Argentina de

•฀The฀World฀Bank฀database฀(Data฀purchasing฀power)฀ ฀ 4. India: BSR Sastry, National Egg Coordination Committee

Figure 1a: Laying hen population (2011)

Figure 1b: Laying hen population, European region close-up (2011)

Number of laying Scale Share฀of฀prevalent฀housing฀ Non-IEC countries

Source: FAO-database and IEC Rapporteurs

Figure 2: Laying hens continental distribution (2011)

Share of laying hens by Africa

Figure 3a Egg consumption by country (2011)

Average per capita consumption

Figure 3b Self sufficiency rate (2011)

Figure 3c Layer feed cost (2011)

Figure 4a Projected population (2025)

Projected฀population฀฀ Decrease between Increase between No data Scale

Figure 4b Purchasing power (2011)

Purchasing฀power฀ No data Scale

Figure 5a Human population distribution detail

MAJOR AREA OR REGION 2010 2025 2050

WORLD 6,895,889 8,002,978 9,306,128 16.1 ■ 35.0 ■ ■ Population increase ≥ 50%

Central Asia 60,726 71,382 81,799 17.5 ■ 34.7 ■

Figure 5b Contribution of continents to global population (in %)

0.5 0.6 0.6

6.9 6.8 6.5 Asia

* Canada, Mexico, USA

Figure 6 Laying hens and brown to white ratio (2011)

Number of laying Brown to white IEC member No data Scale

Source: IEC Rapporteurs

Figure 7 Egg production (2011)

Egg฀production฀ No data Scale

Asia Central & South America

Figure 10a Shell eggs surplus/deficit (2010)

Figure 10b Shell eggs surplus/deficit, European region close-up (2010)

Shell eggs: Export Import Deficit Surplus No data Scale

Shell eggs: 780 Scale

Figure 11a Liquid egg exports (2010)

Figure 11b Liquid egg exports, European region close-up (2010)

Liquid egg Increase Decrease No No data Scale

Liquid egg 125 Scale

Figure 12a Liquid egg imports (2010)

Figure 12b Liquid egg imports, European region close-up (2010)

Liquid egg Increase Decrease No No data Scale

Liquid egg 64 Scale

Figure 13a Dried egg exports (2010)

Figure 13b Dried egg exports, European region close-up (2010)

Dried egg Increase Decrease No No data Scale

Dried egg 7,000 Scale

Figure 14a Dried egg imports (2010)

Figure 14b Dried egg imports, European region close-up (2010)

Dried egg 6,600 Scale