Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board

On the alien flora of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Author(s): NIILO SÖYRINKI
Source: Annales Botanici Fennici, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1991), pp. 59-79
Published by: Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23725348
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Ann. Bot. Fennici 28:59-79, 1991

On the alien flora of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

NULO SOYRINKI

Sôyrinki, N. 1990: On the alien flora of the province of Buenos Aires,

Argentina. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 28:59-79. Helsinki. ISSN 0003-3847
The province of Buenos Aires is situated on the eastern side of central
Argentina. Its area is 307 563 km2 and it extends westward from the coast
of the Atlantic Ocean for ca. 600 km. The topography mainly consists of
pampa, which today is in agricultural use. During four journeys lasting
altogether ca. six months in 1967, 1974, 1978 and 1983, I had the oppor
tunity to study the flora of Argentina, of which alien immigrants form a
considerable part, particularly in the capital Buenos Aires and its sur
roundings. This paper lists after the continent of origin all the alien species
reported in the floras evidenced as found in the province of Buenos Aires.
These number 404, making up 23.4% of the total 1 730 species of the

province. Europe has contributed 337 species (83.5% of the aliens), Afri
ca 23 (5.7%), Asia 21 (5.2%), North America 20 (5.0%) and Australia and
New Zealand 3 (0.7%). The frequency of the aliens in the province is
estimated on a scale from 1 to 5. All the 29 species in the highest category
5 are of European origin, and only four of the 66 species in category 4 are
from outside Europe. The aliens have often proved superior to the indige
nous species in a cultivated environment, and many of them have intruded
into more or less natural vegetation, too, e.g. pastureland, marshes, coastal
dunes and the forest belt along the Atlantic shore. The role of horses and
cattle in dissemination and the status of aliens is discussed.

Key words: Alien flora, Argentina, Buenos Aires, pampa

Niilo Sôyrinki, Topeliuksenkatu 10 A 20, SF-00250 Helsinki, Finland

CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION
I. Introduction 59 jn Argentina and the neighbouring countries of South
n"
yhc !,tU?y area^ ; J* America, the attention of early3 travellers was often
1. SituaUon and physical features 62 ,, , , , ,. .
2 vegetation ... 62 attracted by the abundance of alten plant species in
3. Colonization 62 the landscape. In 1833, Darwin (1967: 113) reported
III. The alien plants of the province of Buenos Aires 63 that fennel (Foeniculum officinale) in great
grew
1. Species from Europe 63 on the banks of ditches in the neighbour
profusion
2. Species from Africa 69
hood of Buenos Aires and other towns, and that the
3. Species from Asia 70
4. Species from North America cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), which occurred in
72
5. Species from Australia and New Zealand 73 Chili, Argentina andUruguay, probably covered
IV. Origin and frequency of the species 73 several hundred square miles in the latter country
V. Role of horses and cattle in disseminating aliens 74 with a prickly to man or beast. "I
mass, impenetrable
VI. Comparison with neighbouring provinces 75 doubt whether any case is on record of an invasion
on so gn,nd a seale of one plan, ove, .he aborigines."

References 79 Darwin also mentioned another giant cardoon with

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60 Niilo Sôyrinki ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991)

* HM ;

Fig. 1 (Above). Silybum marianum vegetation in the pampa. N. SOyrinki 17.XII.1979.

Fig. 2 (Below). River landscape in the pampa with Scirpus californicus, Stipa carruana, S. hyalina, Piptochaeticum stipoides,
Ludwigia uruguayensis, etc. In the foreground the aliens Cynara cardunculus and Anthémis cotula. W of Magdalena. N. Soyrinki
10.XII.1967.

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ANN. BOT. FENNICI 28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 61

/><

—
Figs. 3 and 4. Fig. 3 (Above): On islets of Delta del Río Paraná the forest has become infested with e.g. Ligustrum lucidum,
L. sinense and Lonicera japónica. Río Antequera y Paraná de las Palmas. N. Süyrinki 20.11.1974. — Fig. 4 (Below): Cakile
marítima and Senecio crassifolius (in the foreground) on a sand dune of the Atlantic coast. Villa Gesell. N. Soyrinki 24.XI. 1979.

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62 Niilo Sôyrinki ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991)

variegated leaves, which was common on the pampa, II. THE STUDY AREA

probably Silybummarianum 1), a species

(Fig. which
j s¡tuat¡on and h ¡ca| features
nowadays can stdl be seen covering the pampa with
its pink inflorescences as far as the eye can reach. The province of Buenos Aires is situated on the eastern border
There are no other adventitious central Argentina, on the coast of the Atlantic ocean, be
probably plant
56'3°'E and 11
r
species which have conquered the habitat and land- '"f" "A™d 4Î'S «Jversf
« . j lit. 307 653 km2, which is more than one tenth of the whole of
scape on so large a scale and so completely as these
Argentina 2 280 000 km2
two composites on the plains of the pampa, but there The province consists of a vast plain, which rises gradual
are many which at least locally have notably dis- ly from the level of the Atlantic coast in the east to an altitude
turbed the physiognomy of the native vegetation and of about 150 m in the west. Two mountain ranges give variety
"tonotonous plain landscape. One of them is about
its traditional selection of species.
In October 1983, ' the airport area of Rio Gallegos 5™.m hlgh
. r c „ of the province to near the Atlantic coast. The other uf' "T
N-S trend
in the Patagonian province of Santa Cruz was cov-
¡ng range is located in the southwest, its summits exceeding
ered with a bright yellow mantle of the flowers of Ta- \ 000 m (Tres Picos 1 243 m).
raxacum officinale, and the roadsides and pastures in The plain is crossed by some slowly flowing rivers and
Tierra del Fuego were adorned with the same Euro- there are lagoons and marshes, some of which are salt, since
thc °f °'d the Pr°v"
pean composite. It was perhaps still more surprising bSltom: In, íc
i « • .r r> i *f r incearea^onsJs'f
is bounded by the Rio Parana and Rio "ort^,1
de la Plata and m
to find the tiny cruciferous Erophila verna, one of the lhe south_west by\e estuary of ^ Rio Negro.
earliest spring plants flowering on dry rocky fields the province belongs to the southern
Climatologically,
in the culture landscape of Southern Finland, and the temperate zone. The average temperature of the warmest
North American Eschscholzia month, January, is 20-24'C and that of the coldest month,
californica growing by
Río Aluminé near of the Cordillera Ju'y- 8-10°c In 8reatcr P31"1of thc province the annual
the eastern rand
in the province of Neuquén, tens of kilometres from PreciPitado" * ™m; the ««hasten, coastal zonc
, , ,,. », i ,• ,• , ,■ it amounts to 1 7^900
000 m and in j" the south-westernmost comer it
human dwellings. No less disturbing was the disco- declines to 400 mm.
very of Digitalis purpurea at a height of 2 030 m in
the Alnus jorullensis belt at
Camping del Alisar in the
province Jujuy in the northwestern
of corner of 2. Vegetation
Argentina, where it was apparently as acclimatised as
^ original vegetation of the province of Buenos Aires
in the Atlantic mountains of Western Europe.
XT ». , , ,ii,, , mainly consisted of a treeless savannah, the pampa, formed by
Numerous studies have been published about the
Stipa species and other graminides and herbs (Fig. 2) (Cabrera
alien plants in Argentina, e.g. Hauman (1925, 1927), 1963-1970; I). Only the riverside and delta islets of the Rio
Molfino (1926), Parodi (1926), Burkart (1957), Paraná and a narrow zone in the east along the coast of the
Moore & Goodall The records of all alien Atlantic Ocean were covered with forest vegetation (Fig. 3).
(1977).
17ie and tbc with low precipitation
plants and newcomers have also been included in the mountaj"s ^°uthvyest part
are «^"Pred by xerophyüc bush vegetation. On the low flood
Flora of Buenos Aires /Cabrera
(Cabrera 1963 1Q70
1963-19/1), Pahrera
Cabrera
ed terra¡n of thc coastal and ^ ^ jnland riverS) ^
& Zardini 1978) and Flora of Tierra del Fuego various edaphic plant communities, and the shore of thc Atlan
(Moore 1983) and in the floras under preparation for tic Ocean also has sand dune vegetation,
the provinces Entre Ríos (Burkart 1969-1987), Pata- Today the whole plain of the pampa is used to cultivate
and Jujuy (Cabrera cereals and fora8c PIants or as pasture land, and covered by
gonia (Correa 1969-1988) 1977,
cultural or semicultural plant communities. Original vegeta
1978 1983)
tt' ... . tion is found only in small patches on uncultivated places such
Hauman (1927) dealt with the various aspects of as railway embankments and on shores and salt marshes. The
the influence of human activities upon the original coastal forest zone has been considerably narrowed and de
vegetation in Argentina and gave numerous exam- pauperated, and many alien plant species have become estab
of the and establishment of alien plant lisbed there
ples spread
species in natural habitats. He also made a catalogue
of all alien plants found in Argentina, with details of , ,
their colonization
frequency and
way of migration. Since Hau-
man s time, knowledge of the flora of Argentina has The area of Buenos Aires was first visited by Europeans in
been considerably augmented; a number of new 1536, when the Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza landed on 3 Feb
alien species have been found and many of the ear- mary on the shore of the Río de la Plata, with an expedition
lier records have erroneous. composed of 11 ships, l 200 men and a troop of horses. The
proved Nevertheless,
r ,i , , , continuing attacks of the native tribes, however, made life so
vast areas of the country have received no more than
m)ublcsoge for ^ Spanish colonists that ^ abandoned the
a preliminary investigation, and a complete flora has
place in 1541 and moved to Asuncion in today's Paraguay,
been published only for the province of Buenos Aires. Not until 1580 did the Spaniards return under the command of
Consequently, this study deals only with the alien JuandeGaray and found, on 11 June, a town called "Ciudad de
flora of that province. 'a Santísima Trinidad y puerto de Santa María del Buen Ayre"

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ANN. BOT. FENNICI 28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 63

(Irazusta 1982). Thus originated the present capital of the Avena fatua L. Weed on grain fields, railway embankments,
republic of Argentina. etc. (4)
At the beginning the life and activity of the colony was Avena sativa L. Cultivated and adventitious (3)
gready restricted by the hostile Indians of the pampa; even the Avena sterilis L. Cultivated as ornamental, adventitious on
food for the people and the forage for domestic animals mostly roadsides and railways (3)
had to be transported from Europe. As time went on, however, *Briza maxima L. Cultivated as ornamental, sometimes es
the town of Buenos Aires grew larger, and in 1833 Darwin caped (2)
(1967: 114) estimated the number of its inhabitants at 60 000. Briza minor L. Cultivated, naturalised on natural meadows (5)
According to Hauman (1927: 8), by 1925 it already amounted *Bromus arvensis L. Found once in Buenos Aires (1)
to two million. Today, the town area proper is inhabited by *Bromus commutatus Schrader. Adventitious (2)
about four million people and together with the immediate sur- Bromus hordeaceus L. (B. mollis L.). Weed in fields of alfalfa,
roundings it contains about 12 million; the total population of Linum and Triticum (5)
Argentina numbers 31 million. *Bromus madritensis L. Found once in La Plata (1)
*Bromus racemosus L. Occasional, adventitious (2)
*Bromus rigidus Roth. Found in Las Flores, Pinamar, Buenos
III. THE ALIEN PLANTS OF THE PROVINCE OF Air(* ViHa Cesell (ipse) (2)
„ !?79
RI rFNOS a yo pc Catapodium rigidum (L.) Hubbard (Scleropoa rígida (L.) Gris.).
BUtlNua AIKL5
Gn modified soils ^glands and stubble (4)
In this chapter are listed, under the continent of origin, all the Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Lawn grass and naturalised weed
alien plant species which according to the floras of Cabrera (5)
(1963-1970) and Cabrera & Zardini (1978) have been found in *Cynosurus crislatus L. Occasional (1)
the province of Buenos Aires. The nomenclature and the order Cynosurus echinatus L. Occasional (2)
of the families follow these works, with some corrections, Dactylis glomerata L. Cultivated and sometimes adventitious
primarily according to Flora Europaea (Tutin et al. 1964- (2)
19g0) Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scopoli. Weed in summer crops,
Those species which are not mentioned by Hauman (1927) gardens and parks (5)
+ Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link (Panicum colonum L.). Weed
are marked with a before the name. The species which are
cultivated fields (4)
given by Hauman, but whose occurrence in the province of 'I1
Buenos Aires has not been confirmed in the floras of Cabrera *Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. On cultivated soils (3)
and Cabrera & Zardini are put in parenthesis. Elymus repens (L.) Gould (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.).
Found near Buenos Aires (2)
^Eragrostis barrelieri J. Davean. Found only in La Plata (1)
The frequency of occurrence of the species in the province is ^Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. Lutati. Naturalised on
estimated with a scale from 1 to 5 as follows: modified soils (4)

1 = found in only 1-2 places 'Eragrostis minor N.T. Host. On the streets of Buenos Aires
very rare or occasional,
2 = rare, found in a few places
(2)
3 = scattered, found here and there
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv On stteets, wastelands, etc. (3)
= "rondinacea Schreber. Culttvated, naturalised in
4 fairly common or in some places very abundant Fesiuca
= Merras de Balcaice (2)
5 common-very common
(Festuca ovina L.).
(Gastridium ¡endigerum (L.) Gaud.).
*Gaudinia fragilis (L.) Beauv. On modified soils (3)
1. Species from Europe (Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br.).
Holcus lanatus L. Cultivated, occasionally escaped (naturalised
Cvneraceae
in Andino-Patagonia) (1)
Cyperus rotundus L. Very common on modified soils, a noxi- *Hordeum geniculatum All. In salt meadows (2)
ous weed (5) *Hordeum glaucum Steudel. Weed in fields (3)
Hordeum leporinum Link (H. murinum L. subsp. leporinum).
In N and E of the province (3)
*
Hordeum murinum L. On modified soils (4)
Poaceae
*Lagurus ovatus L. Cultivated, ornamental, sometimes adven
Agrostis palustris Huds. (A. stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) titious (2)
Farw., in e.g. Rosengurtt et al. 1970, Widén 1972). *Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench. Cultivated, ornamental, ad
Naturalised by Río de la Plata (3) ventitious in La Plata (2)
Aira caryophyllea L. On mountains of the province (3) Lolium multiflorum Lam. Cultivated, escaped and adventitious
(Alopecuros aequalis Sobol.) (A. aristulatus Mich.). Confused (5)
w Lolium
Alopecuros agrestis L. On rubbish heaps and ballast (3) perenne L. Cultivated, sometimes spontaneous (2)
(Alopecurus geniculatus L.) Lolium temulentum L. Weed of Linum and cereals, on modi
(Alopecurus pratensis L.) Bed soils (3)
*Anthoxanthum odoratum L. On humid soil on shores (3) Lophochloa phleoides (Vill.) Reichenb. (Koeleria phleoides
*Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Cultivated and adventitious (Vill.) Pers.). Naturalised in campos and modified soils (5)
(2) Monerma cylindrica (Willd.) Cosson et Durieu (Lepturus cyl
Avena barbota Pott. Frequent on modified soils (4) indricus (Willd.) Trin.). In salt meadows (3)
Avena byzantina C. Koch. Cultivated, sometimes adventitious *Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Benth. et Hook. Only on Isla Maciel,
(2) Avellaneda (1)

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64 Nulo Sôyrinki ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991)

Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb. (Lepturus incurvatus (L.) Polygonaceae

Druce). Naturalised on salt soils (4) .
'Phaiaris aquatica L. Cultivated, escaped on roadsides (3)
Emex spinosaÇL.) Campdera. On Isla Mactel, Avellaneda, and
's'a Martin García (2)
'Phaiaris arundinacea L. Cultivated, sometimes spontaneous
(2) Polygonum aviculare L. Naturalised on modified soils (5)
Phaiaris canadensis Desv. Cultivated and escaped (3) Polygonum convolvulus L. (Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Love).
'Phaiaris coerulescens Desv. Adventitious on Isla Maciel, 'n stubble fields and modified soils (4)
Avellaneda (Polygonum dumetorum L.) (Fallopia dumetorum (L.) J.
(1)
*Phaiaris minor Retz. Cultivated, occasionally spontaneous (2) Holub).
Phaiaris paradoxa L. Weed in fields (2) 'Polygonum lapathifolium L. On motst soils and by brooks
Phleum pratense L. Cultivated, sometimes spontaneous (2) W
Poa annua L. Very common weed in cultivated environment 'Polygonum maritimum L. Found only near Mar del Plata (1)
(5) MPolygonum persicaria L. By lagoons and brooks (2)
Rumex acetosella L. At Quilmes and Bella Vista (2)
'Poa compressa L. Found in the neighbourhood of the capital
Rumex conglomerate Murray. In moist and saline fields (4)
(2)
Poa pratensis L. Common on modified soils (4) Rumex crispe L. On moist soils, ditches, etc. (5)
Poa trivialis L. Naturalised in the woods by Río de la Plata (Rumex maritime L.)
Rumex obteifolie L. On modified soils (3)
(3)
Rumex pulcher L. On humid campos (4)
'Polypogon maritime Willd. Found in the depression of Sa-
lado (1)
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Established in low and
saline fields (4) Chenopodiaceae
'Polypogon semiverticillate (Forsk.) Hyland. On modified
soils (3) Atriplex hastata L. Ruderal and weed on somewhat alkaline
*Schisme barbate (L.) Thellung. Occasional s°''s (4)
(2)
'Secale cereale L. Cultivated, sometimes spontaneous (2) (Atriplex hortensis L.)
(Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.) 'Atriplex patula L. On saline and modified soils (4)
Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Cultivated and spontaneous (3) Atriplex rosea L. In S of the province on modified somewhat
Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Common on modified soils (4) alkaline soils (3)
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. In various surroundings (3) 'Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) O. Kunze. Rare weed in fields (2)
'Trage racemose (L.) All. Found on the railway at Capitán Beta vulgaris L. var. perennis L. (var. maritima (L.) Koch.).
Sarmiento (1) On saline soils (3)

Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray (V. dertonensis (All.) Gola; Chenopodium album L. On cultivated and modified soils (4)
Festuca bromoides L.). Rare (2) (Chenopodium foetidum Schrad.) According to Flora Europaea
0. schraderanum Schultes from E. Africa
(Vulpia delicatula (Lag.) DumorL) (Festuca delicatula Lag.)
(Vulpia megalura (Nutt.) Rydberg) (Festuca megalura Nutt.). (Chenopodium glaucum L.)
Indigenous Chenopodium murale L. On modified soils (3)
Vulpia myuros (L.) Gmel. (Festuca myuros L.). Frequent on (Chenopodium rubrum L.)
the steppe (4) Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrader. Weed in fields in W of province
(Vulpia sciuroides (Roth) C.C. Gmel.) (Festuca sciuroides (3)
Roth.). Synonymous with Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Salsola kali L. Near roads etc. on dunes; on cultivated and
modified soils (5)
Gray
'Salsola soda L. Only in Bahia Blanca (2)
(Salsola vermiculata L.)

Juncaceae

Junce bufonie L. Swamplands and shores of rivers (4) Amaranthaceae

Amaranthe livide L. Only near Buenos Aires (2)

Iridaceae
'Iris pseudacore L. On flooded shores of Delta and Río de Portulacaceae
la Plata (3)
Portulaca olerácea L. Ruderal in gardens and modified soils
(4)
Urticaceae

(Parietaria debilis ForsL). Probably original Caryophyllaceae

(Parietaria leitanica L.)
'Parietaria officinalis L. Gardens, walls, wood by La Plata (3) Agrostemma githago L. In fields of Triticum and Linum (3)
(Parietaria ramiflora Moench). Confused with P. officinalis? Arenaria serpyllifolia L. On sandy soils (3)
Unica dioica L. Occasional (2) 'Cerastium arvense L. Frequent in Sierra de la Ventana (3)
(Urtica pilulifera L.) Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. On modified soils (4)
Urtica urens L. Weed on modified soils, occupies natural (Cerastium semidecandrum L.)
habitats, too. (5) Gypsophila muralis L. Only in Buenos Aires (1)

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ANN. BOT. FENNICI 28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 65

'Hemiaria hirsuta L. On sandy soils in S of province (2) Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris (L.) lanchen (fl. campestris
llolosteum umbellatum L. Cabrera has not seen any specimen L.). On cultivated soils (4)
(1) Cakile marítima Scop. On dunes of Adantic coast (3) (Fig. 4)
Lychnis flos-cuculi L. Cultivated, sometimes escaped (2) Cornelina alyssum (Mill.) Thellung. In fields of Linum and
Polycarpon lelraphyllum L. On fertile soils and edges of trails modified soils (3)
(5) 'Cornelina microcarpa Andrz. In W of Pampa region (2)
Sagina apétala Ard. On cultivated and humid soils (4) *Cornelina sativa (L.) Crantz. On modified soils and fields of
Sagina procumbens L. In cracks in streets and trails (3) Linum (3)
Saponaria officinalis L. Cultivated, ornamental, rarely adven- Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus. On modified soils (4)
titious (2) (ICapsella rubella Reuter). Confused with C. bursa-pastoris
'Scleranthus annuus L. Found at Daireaux in fields of Trili- x rubella
cum (1) 'Cardamine hirsuta L. On modified soils, gardens, roadsides,
'Silene alba (Miller) Krause. Occasional (1) etc. (4)
Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. (Melandrium silvestre Roehl.). Cardaría draba (L.) Desv. (Lepidium draba L.). In gardens
Occasional (2) and cultivated soils (3)
Silene gallica L. Weed on modified soils, fields of Linum, (Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb)
Triticum and alfalfa; roadsides (5) Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Naturalised on dunes and coastal
'Silene marítima Withwring. Found at Carmen de Patagones woods (3)
(1) 'Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Invasive weed in the region (3)
(Silene noctíflora L.) (Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fries) (Draba muralis L.)
(Silene nocturna L.) Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. Weed on
*Silene péndula L. Cultivated, sometimes escaped (2) cultivated pastures chiefly in region of Bahia Blanca (3)
Silene vulgaris (Mocnch) Garcke (S. venosa Aschers.) Weed (Erysimum aff. hieraciifolium L.)
inalfalfa fields (3) 'Erysimum repandum L. Rare weed in cultivated fields in W
Spergula arvensis L. Weed on cultivated soils (2) and SW (2)
Spergularia bocconii (Scheele) Fougaud. (Exsiccata: Cabrera) Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. On modified soils (3)
(1 ) Lobularia marítima (L.) Desv. (Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam.).
Spergularia media (L.) C. Prest (S. margínala (DC.) Kittel). Cultivated, frequently escaped on old walls, coastal dunes,
In somewhat saline fields (3) etc. (3)
Spergularia rubra (L.) J. etC. Presl. (5. campestris (L.) Ascher- Malcolmia marítima (L.) R. Br. Cultivated, ornamental,
son). On sandy and rocky soils (3) sometimes escaped (2)
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Weed on modified soils, gardens and 'Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. In fields of Triticum and Linum
alfalfa fields (5) (1)
Vaccaria pyramidata Medikus (V. segetalis Garcke). In NE of 'Raphanus raphanistrum L. Occasional (2)
province in fields of Linum and Triticum (3) Raphanus sativus L. Cultivated and common weed in fields
(5)
Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. Weed on cultivated and waste
'an<* ^ ^
Ranunculaceae
Rorippa islándica (Oeder) Borbás (Nasturtium palustre (L.)
'Ranunculus bulbosus L. In SW of province (2) DC. Moist soils near Buenos Aires and on Delta of Para
Ranunculus muricatus L. On moist soils in SE of province (3) ná (3)
Ranunculus repens L. Frequent on moist soils on Delta and Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek (Nasturtium offici
shores of Río de la Plata (3) nale R. Br.). Cultivated and naturalised in ditches, pools
and rivulets (4)
(IRorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser) (Nasturtium silvestre (L.) R.
Papaveraceae ®r-)
*Sinapis arvensis L. On cultivated soils and roadsides (2)
'Fumaria agraria Lag. In Pergamino in fields of Linum (2) *Sisymbrium altissimum L. On modified soils (?2)
Fumaria capreolala L. In NE on cultivated and uncultivated Sisymbrium irio L. Weed of some importance in W of prov
soils, margins of roads and canals (4) ince (3)
Fumaria officinalis L. On modified soils, fields of alfalfa and Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. On weedy land and winter
Linum (3) crops (3)
Fumaria parviflora Lamarck. (2) Sisymbrium orientale L. In S of province (3)
'Papaver dubium L. Found in E of province (2)
Papaver rhoeas L. (2)

Resedaceae

Brassicaceae *Reseda luteola L. Cultivated, ornamental. Sometimes on ref

USe heaps ®
'Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. On mountains of S naturalised
for more than 50 years and on dunes near coast (4)
(Arabis muralis Bertol.)
Brassica napus L. Cultivated (easily confused with B. rapa) Crassulaceae
(2)
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. On railway embankments and (ICrassula aquatica (L.) Schônl.). Confused
modified soils (3) (Sedum rupestre L.)

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66 Nulo Sôyrinki ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991)

Fig. 5. Rapistrum rugosum, Conium maculatum and Cynara cardunculus on moist roadside with Scirpus californicus,
Juncus sp. and Senecio bonariensis. Pinamar. N. SOyrinki 25.XI.1979.

Saxifragaceae (Lupinus hirsutus L.). Confused with L. bracteolaris Desr., of

Uruguay (Burkart in Cabrera 1963-1970: III)
Mderacea L )
)caxll?aga Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. On meadows, very abundant in
(Saxífraga tridactyhtes L.)
rainy ^ (4)
Medicago lupulina L. Established in nearly whole province on
meadows, etc. (5)
Rosaceae Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. Naturalised to great extent (4)
,,, , . _ , _ , (Medicago orbicularis All.). Confused with M. polymorpha
(Alchemtl a arvensis L.) Scop.) var cgffmis (Koch ) Qoststroom et Reichgelt (Burkart in
Alchemilla vulgaris L. Mentioned by Molfino (1926), no
Cabrera 1963-19701 III)
specimen (?1)
Medicago polymorpha L. (M. hispida Gaertn.). Common in
'Rubus mtidus Weihe et Nees (R. divaricatus P.J. Mueller).
whole p,.ovince. Many varieties (5)
°n la P'ata (2)
MB d? Medicago sativa L. Cultivated, important fodder plant. On
wRubus D®ltaJ.a"d of^° ,
ulmifolius Schott. On Delta and shore of Rio de la
, ,
roadsides ' etc (3)
iPlata
iaui \
'Medicago truncatula Gaertner. In Carmen de Patagones (2)
Melilotus albus Medikus. Cultivated, spontaneous on stubble
fields, wasteland, dunes, etc. (3)
Fabaceae Melilotus indicus (L.) All. On modified soils (4)
_ ... », r , ., Melilotus messanensis (L.) All. On low, saline terrain (3)
Coronilla varia L In N of provmce on clayey sods (2)
^Melilotas officinalis (L.) Pallas. Found near Buenos Aires (2)
Cytisus monspessulanus L. Cidtivated, ornamental, frequently *Sarothamnus scoparius (l.) KoCh. Cultivated, naturalised in
naturalised in gardens and on open and waste land (4)
Tandil (1)
Galega officinalis L. On humid soils, railways, etc. (4)
-Spartium junceum L. Cultivated, sometimes naturalised, in
Lathyrus hirsutus LOnrslets ofDelta (2) Sierras de Balcarce, too (3)
Lathyrus latifolius L. Cultivated, ornamental, sometimes
.Trifolium bonanml j. et K Presl. Naturalised in various dis
escaped (San Isidro) (1) tricts on low, moist soils (3)
... .
c°rniculatus L. Someümes culüvated; rarely escaped on
"f *Trifolium duhlum Slbthorp. Naturalised in Delta, Buenos
fertile soils (2)
Aires and U Plata (3)
Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit. Cultivated, naturalised on clayey
<Tnfolmm pratense L Culüvated, naturalised in Delta and
and saline meadows, in places very abundant (4)
^ Qther ,aces (3)

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ANN. BOT. FENNICI 28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 67

Trifolium repens L. Cultivated, nearly ubiquituous on fertile Rhamnaceae

soils (5)
Rhamnus catharticus L. Spontaneous in Delta and near San
Ulex europaeus L. Cultivated, sometimes spontaneous (2)
Isidro (3)
'Vicia angustifolia L. In N and centre common in herbaceous
fields (4)
'Vicia articulata Hornemann. In Pergamino 1959 with Lens
from Chile (l) Malvaceae
'Vicia disperma IX!. In Pergamino cultivated and spontaneous
*Lavatera arbórea L. Cultivated, ornamental, sometimes spon
taneous on modified soils (2)
Vicia sativa L. Cultivated, adventive on modified soils (3)
Vicia villosa Roth. Occasionally cultivated, adventive near {Malva crispa L.) (Ai. verticillata L p.p.)
Buenos Aires (1) Malva neglecta Wallr. (M. rotundifolia L.). On modified soils
(3)
Malva nicaensis All. On modified soils (2)
Malva parviflora L. In whole province on modified soils (4)
Oxalidaceae Malva sylveslris L. Cultivated, spontaneous on modified soils
Oxalis corniculata L. On modified and cultivated soils (5) (4)

Geraniaceae Guttiferae

Hypericum perforatum L. Accidental in province (1)

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Herit. In fertile fields and pastures
(3)
Erodium malacoides (L.) Willd. Naturalised on modified soils
(4) Frankeniaceae
Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Herit. Adventitious (2) ,
'Frankenia pulverulenta L. Found near Buenos Aires (1)
Geranium dissectum L. Fairly common (3)
Geranium molle L. Widely spread ruderal (4)
Geranium robertianum L. Found in Delta and southern moun
tains (2) Tamaricaceae
Geranium rolundifolium L. Adventitious (2) ,,
'Tamarix galltca L. Cultivated for fixing dunes. Spontaneous
in S (2)

Linaceae

'Linum usitatissimum L. Cultivated and escaped on railways, Cistaceae

roadsides, etc. (4)
'Helianthemum chamaecistus Miller. Found once at General
Arenales (1)

Zygophyllaceae

'Tribulus terrestris L. Sporadically in Sierras and near Buenos Violaceae

Aires (2"l
v ' Viola arvensis Murray. In cultivated fields (3)
(1Viola hirta L.)
Viola odorata L. Cultivated, ornamental. Spontaneous in
Rutaceae woods near Buenos Aires, Magdalena and Punta Indio (3)
{Viola sylveslris Lam.) {V. reichenbachiana Jordan)
Ruta chalepensis L. Cultivated, ornamental. On modified soils
(3)
'Ruta graveolens L. Cultivated. Sometimes spontaneous (1)
Lythraceae

Lythrum hyssopifolia L. On humid soils in Delta and Isla Mar

t,n Garcia (3)
Euphorbiaceae
{Peplis portula L.)
'Euphorbia charadas L. Occasionally cultivated, adventive in
Bahía Blanca (1)
'Euphorbia dendroides L. Collected at Morón (1)
Onaeraceae
°
'Euphorbia helioscopio L. Weed on waste and cultivated soils
in Pellegrini district (2) {Epilobium palustre L.)
Euphorbia lathyris L. Cultivated, ruderal on modified soils and
gardens (3)
Euphorbia peplus L. Established weed in various fields, parks Araliaceae
and gardens (4)
Euphorbia platyphyllos L. Found as weed at Morón (1) 'Hederá helix L. Cultivated, spontaneous in marginal woods
Mercurialis annua L. Found in harbour of Buenos Aires (1) of Delta and shore of Río de la Plata (3)

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68 Niilo Sôyrinki ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991)

Apiaceae Buglossoides arvensis (L.) T.M. Johnston (Lithospermum ar

vense L.) On modified soils (3)
{Aethusa cynapium L.)
Cynoglossum creticum Miller. Accidental (1)
Ammi majus L. In NE and NW of province on modified soils Echium plantagineum L. On modified soils and weed in fields
(?) of alfalfa, Linum etc. (5)
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. In E and centre of province on modi-
Myosotis laxa Lehm. In moist places near Buenos Aires (2)
fied soils (4)
Myosotis verna Nuttal. Found in mountains (2)
(lAnethum graveolens L.). Not mentioned in Cabrera
{Symphytum officinale L.)
(,)Apium graveolens L. Cultivated, in E and S on rubbish
heaps and modified soils (3)
*Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. In S of province on roads,
Lamiaceae
wastelands, etc. (3)
'Bupleurum lenuissimum L. Occasional, found in Azul and
(Ajuga reptans L)
Maipú (2) *Ballota nigra L. Collected in vicinity of Buenos Aires (1)
Comum maculatum L. Frequent on railways, roads, etc. (5) Lamium amplexicaule L. On modified soils, gardens, parks,
Coriandrum sativum L. In E of province (Isla Santiago) (2) etc ^
(Daucus carola L.) 'Leonurus cardiaca L. Accidental (1)
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. In E and SW on modified soils,
{Lycopus europaeus L)
railway embankments, etc. (4) Marrubium vulgare L. Naturalised on modified soils, railway
(Oenanthe fistulosa L.) embankments, roadsides, etc. (5)
Oenanthe globosa L. Found in E of province (2)
Melissa officinalis L. Cultivated, medicinal, sometimes es
Pastinaca sativa L. Found in SE of province (2)
caped (2)
{Smyrnium olusatrum L.) Mentha aquatica L. On moist soils (2)
{Tordis anlhriscus (L.) Gaertn. (T. japónica (Houtt.) DC.?) Mmtha x piperila L Qn moist soils (3)
Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. On steppes and pastures in E (3) <♦>Mentha pulegium L. In central zone of province (3)
Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Hudson. On moist and modified soils
(3)
Primulaceae Moluccella laevis L. Found on Sierras de Balcarce (1)
MNepeta cataría L. Found at Azul (1)
Anagallis arvensis L. Naturalised on modified soils, weed in Prunella vulgaris L. Naturalised on modified soils (4)
gardens and fields (5) {Sa!via aethiopis L.)
{Usterohnon linum-stellatum (L.) Duby). Confused
verbenaca L. Cultivated, spontaneous on roadsides
Centunculus minimus L. (,Anagallis minima (L.) E.H.L. ^ (3)
Krause). On damp, open soils (2) in NW of province
Stachys arvensis L. On moist soils (3)

Gentianaceae
Solanaceae
Blackstonia perfoliata (L ) Huds. On sandy soils at San
{Hy0Scyamus niger L.). Not mentioned in Cabrera
Clemente del Tuyu and La Margarita on Atlantic coast (2)
{Solanum nigrum L.). According to Cabrera confused with S.
Centaurium minus De Gars. Found once at Hurhngham near
sublobatum WiUd., which is original
Buenos Aires (1)
*Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. A recent newcomer,
propagating on humid soils (3) , , .
Scrophulanaceae

*Antirrhinum majus L. Often cultivated, escaped on old walls

Apocynaceae (2)
.... Bellardia trixago (L.) All. Found on meadows near La Plata
Vinca minor L. Cultivated, spontaneous in shady places (3) xandil (2)
Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn, Meyer et Scherb. {Linaria cym
balaria Mill.). On old walls (3)
Convolvulaceae {Parentecuellia viscosa (L.) Caruel)
„ . . ,. , Verbascum thapsus L. Found only at Tigre by capital (1)
Calystegia soldane la (L.) Roemi et SchulL Naturalised on Verbascum virgatum Slokes. 0n embankments, roadsides,
dunes of the Atlantic coast (3)
stubble fields of various crops (4)
Convolvulus arvensis L. Invasive weed on modified soils and
{Veronica agrestis L )
fields (5)
*Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. In ditches at Buenos Aires,
{Cuscuta epilinum Wedie) Carmen ^ Palagones and villa Gesell (3)
{Cuscuta epithymum Murr.) Veronica arvensis L. On modified soils of various kinds,
gardens, alfalfa fields, stubble fields, etc. (5)
Veronica pérsica Poir. {V. buxbaumii Jen.). In gardens and

Boraginaceae parks, weed in some fields (4)

*Veronica polita Fries. In gardens and parks, in wood by town
Anchusa officinalis L. Rare (1) La piata (3)
Borago officinalis L. Cultivated, ornamental, rarely sponta- {^Veronica praecox All.)
neous (1) Veronica scutellata L. Collected once in Buenos Aires (1)

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ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 69

*Veronica serpyllifolia L. Found once in district of Tomquist Centaurea melitensis L. Weed on modified soils (4)
(1) *Centaurea repens L. Found only near Laguna de Espuma, W
of Carmen de Patagones (1)
Centaurea solstitialis L. Frequent W of Buenos Aires (3)
Cichorium intybus L. Cultured, weed on modified soils (4)
Plantaginaceae
Cirsium vuigare (Savi) Ten. (C. lanceolatum (L.) Scop.).
Plantago lanceolata L. In E of province on humid soils (3) Naturalised on pastures and modified soils (4)
Plantago major L. In NE of province on modified soils (2) *Coleostephus myconis (L.) Reich, fil. (Chrysanthemum my
(Plantago marítima L.) conis L.). Found only in Partido de Saladillo (1)
*Crépis capillaris (L.) Wallroth. Accidental (1)
(Crépis foetida L.)
Rubiaceae Crépis setosa Hall. fil. On modified soils (4)
Cynara cardunculus L. Often dominant on meadows (5)
Galium aparine L. Naturalised on dumping grounds and (Geropogon glaber L.). (Tragopogón hybridus L. in Hora
embankments (4) Europaea)
'Galium mollugo L. Found only in district of Carlos Casares Hedypnois crética (L.) Wild. On modified soils (3)
(1) Hypochoeris glabra L. On sandy soils (2)
(Galium murale L.). No specimens according to Cabrera *Hypochoeris radicata L. On modified soils and natural fields
*Galium palustre L. Only in rush thickets and meadows of as well (4)
Punta Lara (2) (Lactuca muralis (L.) Gaertn.)
Sherardia arvensis L. On moist meadows and roadsides (3) *Lactuca saligna L. In parks (2)
*Lactuca sativa L. Cultivated, sometimes escaped (1)
Lactuca serriola L. (L. scariola L.). On modified soils (3)
Valerianaceae Lapsana communis L. Ruderal (2)
'Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Merat. In humid fields in
*Valerianella olitoria (L.) Pollich. Found only in Sierra de la district of Dolores (2)
Ventana (1) <♦>Leucanthemum vuigare Lam. (Chrysanthemum leucanthe
(Valerianella vesicaria (L.) Neck.) mum L.). Cultivated, ornamental, spontaneous in gardens,
etc. (3)
Matricaria chamomilla L. On ruderal soils, roadsides, etc. (4)
(F|8- 6)
Dipsacaceae
(IMatricaria inodora L.)
Dipsacus fullonum L. Naturalised in E and centre of province MOnopordon acanthium L. On roadsides, etc. (3)
(3) (Onopordon arabicum L.). Confused with O. acanthium
Dipsacus sativus (L.) GarsaulL Naturalised in mountains in S Pic ris echioides L. Established weed on modified soils (4) (Fig.
of province (2) 7)
'Scabiosa atropurpúrea L. Cultured, ornamental, spontaneous Scolymus hispanicus L. Adventitious (2)
in SE (2) Senecio vulgaris L. Ruderal (3)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Often abundant on pastured
fields (5)
(Sonchus arvensis L.)
Compositae
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Established ruderal (5)
Achillea millefolium L. In gardens and modified soils, not Sonchus oleraceus L. Established ruderal (5)
frequent (3) Sonchus tenerrimus L. Accidental (1)
(Anthemis arvensis L.) Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. (Chrysanthemum parthe
Anthemis cotula L. Naturalised on modified soils (4) nium (L.) Bernh.). Cultured, ornamental, sometimes es
Anthemis mixta L. On Isla Maciel, Avellaneda (1) caped (2)
Arctium minus (Hill) Bemh. Occasional (2) wTanacetum vuigare L. (Chrysanthemum vuigare (L.) Bemh.).
Artemisia absinthium L. Cultured and spontaneous (3) Cultured, ornamental, sometimes escaped (2)
'Artemisia annua L. Sporadic (2) 'Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrzejowski. Weed on Taraxa
(Artemisia vulgaris) cum kok-saghyz fields (2)
Calendula arvensis L. Found a few times (2) Taraxacum officinale Web. Naturalised on modified soils (4)
Carduus acanthoides L. Weed in agricultural regions (4) <♦>Tragopogón dubius Scop. (T. majus Jacq.). Accidental weed
Carduus pycnocephalus L. Occasional (2) in W and S of province (2)
Carduus tenuiflorus Curtis. Naturalised in agricultural regions Tragopogón porrifolius L. Cultured, sometimes escaped on
(4) rubbish heaps (2)
Carduus thoermeri Weinm. (C. nutans auct., non L.). In Tragopogón pratensis L. Adventitious (1)
pastured fields (4) Urospermum picroides (L.) Desf. Accidental (1)
Carthamus lanatus L. On pastures (4)
Centaurea calcitrapa L. On modified soils (4)
Centaurea cyanus L. Cultured, ornamental, sometimes es- 2 ' Sûecies
w from Africa
caped (2)
'Centaurea dubia Suter subsp. vochinensis (Bernh.) Hayek. Liliaceae
Found only in Pergamino (1) , _ , .
'Asparagus denstflorus (Kunth) Jesop. Culuvated, ornamental.
'Centaurea ibérica Trev. Found only in Mercedes (1)
Centaurea jacea L. In surroundings of La Plata (3) Escaped (2)

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70 Nulo Sôyrinki ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 ( 1991 )

*Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jesop. Cultivated, ornamental. *Senecio micanoides Otto ex Walp. Cultured, ornamental.
Escaped (2) Escaped (2)

Iridaceae 3. Species from Asia

'Crocosmia x crocosmiflora (Nichols) N.E. Brown. Culti-
Zingiberaceae
vated, ornamental. Spontaneous on Delta and shore of the
Río de la Plata (2) Hedychium coronarium Koenig. Cultured, ornamental. Natu
ralised on reedy shores of Delta and Río de la Plata (3)

Poaceae
Poaceae
*Chloris gayaría Kunth. Cultivated. Frequently adventitious
(3) Arundo donax L. Cultured. Naturalised on Delta and shores
*Cynodon hirsutus Stent. Adventitious on roadsides (3) of Río de la Plata (3)
Diplachne fusca (L.) Beauvois. Found in Avellaneda (1) *Avena ludoviciana Durieu. On wasteland, pastures and fields
*Erharta villosa Schult. Cultivated. Naturalised on dunes of of cereals and Linum (3)
Villa Gesell (2) Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner. On modified soils (2)
'Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf et Hubb. On humid soils Hordeum vuigare L. (//. hexastichon L.). Cultured. Escaped
in Delta and on Río de la Plata (3) (3)
Pennisetum villosum R. Br. Cultivated, ornamental. Escaped 'Phyllostachys aurea A. et C. Riviere. Cultured, ornamental.
in the wood of La Plata and in Buenos Aires (2) Sometimes on roadsides and railway embankments (2)
'Rhynchelylrum repens (W.) Hubbard. In N of the province Triticum aestivum L. Cultured. Escaped on roads, railways and
on railway embankments (2) port areas (3)
Sorghum halepense Pers. Very noxious weed for agriculture
(3)
*Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench. Cultured. Sometimes Dioscoreaceae
spontaneous on roadsides (2)
*Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf. Collected by capital in San (Dioscorea balaras DC.)
Isidro (ipse 1967) (1)

Cannabinaceae
Fabaceae
*Humulus japonicus Sieb. et Zucc. Cultured, ornamental.
Melilolus indie us (L.) All. Naturalised on modified soils (4) Sometimes on wasteland and rubbish (Punta Lara, Paler
mo, Tigre; ipse in Bs As Florida 1983) (2)

Oxalidaceae

'Oxalis pes-caprae L. Found on Delta (1) Polygonaceae

Polygonum orientale L. Cultured, ornamental. Accidental on

moist soils (1)
Euphorbiaceae

Ricinus communis L. Weed on wasteland and rubbish heaps

W Brassicaceae

*Rorippa sinapis (Burm. f.) Macbride. Found on Delta (1)

Lamiaceae

Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R. Br. Adventitious on modified _

soils (3) Rosaceae

Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke. Naturalised in parks and

woods on shore of the Río de la Plata (3)
Compositae

'Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. Cultured, orna

mental. Sometimes spontaneous on wasteland and rubbish Meliaceae
(2)
(Melia azedarah L.)
'Coleostephus myconis (L.) Reich.f. Adventitious (1)
Cotula coronopifolia L. In semi-flooded places (4)
Cryptostemma calendula (Willd.) R.Br. (Arclotis calendula
cea Willd.). On Isla Maciel near Buenos Aires (1) Violaceae
*Senecio madagascariensis Poir. (= S. burchellii DC, in
Cabrera). Naturalised on hills of Balcarce and Mar del Pla- 'Viola metajaponica Nakai. Cultured, ornamental. Escaped
ta (3) (1)

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ANN. BOT. FENN1CI28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 71

m
Fig. 6. Matricaria chamomilla on wasteland in Buenos Aires, Florida. N. SOyrinki 20.XI.1979.

Fig. 7. Picris echioides in company of Ipomoea cairica and Wedelia glauca on wasteland in Buenos Aires. N. Sóyrinki
20.XI.1979.

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72 Niilo Sôyrinld ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991)

Oleaceae *Centaurea diffusa Lam. Found at Carlos Casares and Olavar

ria (2)
Ligustrum lucidum Ait. (L. japonicum Thunb.). Cultured. 'Centaurea ibérica Trev. Found only at Mercedes (1)
Spontaneous and invasive in woods of Delta and shore of Tanacetum balsamita (L.) Sch. Bip. (Chrysanthemum balsami
Río de la Plata (3)
ta L.).' On stubble fields (2)
Ligustrum sinense Lour. Cultured. Spontaneous on Delta (2)
(Fig. 8)

4. Species from North America

Lamiaceae
Cyperaceae
*Leonurus sibiricus L. Adventitious (2)
'Carex marcida Boott. On low fields in surroundings of La
Plata (2)

Solanaceae

Datura ferox L. On modified soils (3) Poaceae

'Bothriochloa edwardsiana (Gould) Parodi. On ravines of

Caprifoliaceae
'Eragrostis neomexicana Vasey. Principally on modified soils,
Lonicera japónica Thunb. (L. confusa DC.). Cultured, orna- but can also grow on steppe (3)
mental. Naturalised on Delta and shore of Río de la Plata (Festuca octoflora Walt.)
(3) *Panicum capillare L. Adventive in Buenos Aires (2)

Compositae Ulmaceae

Artemisia verlotorum Lamotte. A very noxious weed (3) *Celtis occidentalis L. Cultured, sometimes spontaneous (2)

V ,

Fig. 8. Ligustrum sinense with Hyplis lappacea on an islet in Delta del Río Paraná. Río Antequera y Paraná de las
Palmas. N. Sôyrinki 20.11.1974.

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ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 73

Amaran thaceae 5. Species from Australia and New Zealand

'Amaranthus albus L. In SE and W of province (3) Poaceae

*Agrostis avenacea Gmel. Established adventive in the de

pression of Salado (3)
Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca americana L. Sometimes in N on roads and rail

ways (2) Lemnaceae

(Lemna disperma Hegelman). Found according to Giardelli de

Braceo (Cabrera 1963-1970:1) at La Plata and Altamirano.
Caryophyllaceae Confused with L. gibba L. (Landolt 1986)
*Silene antirrhina L. Common on sandy soils in Sierra de la
Ventana and on littoral dunes (3)
Aizoaceae

Tetragonia telragonoides (Pall.) O. Kunze (T. expansa Murray).

Fabaceae
Cultured. Naturalised in coastal regions of Mar del Plata,
Miramar and Necochea (3)
*Amorpha fruticosa L. Cultured, ornamental. Naturalised in
various places (San Isidro, islets of Delta) (2)
Gleditsia triacanthos L. Cultured. Spontaneous e.g. in San
Isidro and on islets of Delta (2) Compositae

Cotula australis (Sieb.) Hook. In gardens, streets and humid

places (4)
Aceraceae

*Acer negundo L. Cultured. Naturalised on islets of Delta (2)

Convolvulaceae
IV. ORIGIN AND FREQUENCY OF THE SPECIES
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. var. americana (Sims) Kita
The previous chapter lists 404 alien plant species
garva. On shore of Río de la Plata and islets of Delta (3)
*Cuscuta pentágona Engelm. var. calycina Engelm. Parasite of from different continents which according to Cabrera
alfalfa and other cultivated and indigenous plants (3) (1963-1970) and Cabrera & Zardini (1978) have
been in the province
found of Buenos Aires. As the
total number of species given in their floras is 1 730,
Lamiaceae the alien plants make up 23.4%, or nearly a quarter,
of the flora
of the province (Table 1).
*Salvia microphylla Kunth. Cultured. Escaped in San Isidro
and Tandil (2) Since
the study of Hauman (1927), knowledge
of the flora of Buenos Aires has considerably in
creased. The present list contains 151 alien species

Scrophulariaceae not mentioned by Hauman in the province (marked

with +), and the occurrence of 12 species which he
Veronica peregrina L. subsp. xalapensis (HBK.) Pennell. On
modified soils in coastal zone near capital, in Sierra de had provided with a question mark has been con
la Ventana and Lavalle (3)

Plantaginaceae
Table 1. The distribution of the alien plants of the province
*Plantago heterophylla Nutt. In moist fields in NE of province
of Buenos Aires by the continent of origin.
(2)

Aliens % of aliens % of the flora

Compositae of Buenos Aires
*Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Cultured, ornamental. Sometimes
spontaneous (2) Europe 337 83.5 19.5
'Uelianthus annuus L. Cultured. Frequently spontaneous on Africa 23 5.7 1.3
stubble fields and roadsides (3) Asia 21 5.2 1.2
*Helianlhus x lactiflorus Pers. Very abundant in some zones North America 20 5.0 1.2
near Buenos Aires (3) Australia and New Zealand 3 0.7 0.2
*Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Adventitious in E of province (2)
Total 404 100.0 23.4

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74 Nulo Sôyrinki ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991)

firmed. On the other hand, 72 alien species given arrived very early with agriculture or moved from
in his catalogue from the province of Buenos Aires their natural habitats on shores, rocks and other open
have never been collected there, most of them hav places to cultivated land and the surroundings of
ing been erroneously determined. The number of human dwellings offering favourable conditions for
cultivated food and ornamental plants found in a wild their existence.
state is 62. The representatives of this element include the
The
plants of European origin, 337 species, make following species:
up 83.5% of the aliens and 19.5%, or approximately
Poa annua
one fifth, of the whole flora of the province of Bue
Poa pratensis
nos Aires. The other continents have contributed on Juncus bufonius
ly 67 species, 16.5% of the aliens and 3.9% of the Polygonum aviculare
flora of the province. Thus, the number of European Polygonum convolvulus
exceeds the number from other con Rumex crispus
species greatly
tinents. Atriplex patula
Chenopodium album
Fairly many of the European aliens belong to the Slellaria media
Mediterranean floristic element, distributed in the Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris
surroundings of the Mediterranean, in both South Capsella bursa-pastoris
Europe and North Africa Minor. or Asia
They have Trifolium repens
of course Lamium amplexicaule
been transported to Argentina mainly from
Veronica arvensis
Europe, particularly Spain, from which country the
Prunella vulgaris
traffic has been most active. It is possible that even Cirsium vulgare
some species originating from other continents, Sonchus asper
migrated through Europe, after becoming naturalised Sonchus oleraceus
there. Taraxacum officinale.

The results of grouping the species according to Most of these and of the other
species, many
the frequency scale is shown in Table 2. aliens, have abundant and seed production,
flowering
Thus, group 5, containing species estimated as which allow them to spread rapidly and effectively
common and very common, has 29 species, and to new habitats. The of some aliens to con
capacity
group 4 with fairly common aliens has 66 species. vast stretches of land is best illustrated
quer by the
The species placed in group 5 are all of European cardunculus and Silybum maria
composites Cynara
origin, and in group 4 only four species are natives num, which in places have totally changed the veg
of other continents (Helianthus indicus, Ricinus etation of the pampa.
communis, Cotula coronopifolia, and C. australis).
These figures emphasize the part of the European
species among the alien plants and in the flora of
V. ROLE OF HORSES AND CATTLE IN DIS
the province of Buenos Aires.
SEMINATING ALIENS
Many of the most common alien plants in the
province are
widely distributed weeds and other The first diaspores of alien plants obviously arrived
which in Europe extend at the time when the colony was established about
anthropochores, up to
Scandinavia and Finland in the north, where four hundred years ago, with the loads of food,
they
forage and other supplies.dwelling The
areas of the
colonists offered suitable conditions for growth and
the plants began to spread into the surrounding ter
Table 2. The results of grouping the alien species of the prov rain as human the environment
activity changed
ince of Buenos Aires according to the frequency scale. and created habitats favourable for the aliens.
The Spaniard Felix de Azara, who travelled ex
tensively in Argentina and Paraguay in the years
Species writes in a striking
1781-1801, manner about the
Total From Europe From other continents
spread of alien plants in the tracks of man: "He ob
servado igualmente mil veces que alrededor de las
1 63 54 9
2 casas o de todo paraje donde el hombre se establece
122 94 28
3 124 98 se ven nacer al instante malvas, cardos,
26 ortigas y
4 66 62 4 otras muchas
plantas, cuyo nombre ignoro, pero que
5 29 29 - nunca había encontrado en los lugares desiertos y
a veces a más de treinta leguas a la redonda. Basta
Total 404 337 67
que el hombre frecuente, aun a caballo, un camino

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ANN. BOT. FENNICI 28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 75

cualquiera, para que nazcan en sus orillas algunas far from the area permanently colonized by the Eu
de estas plantas, que no existían antes y que no se ropeans. The numerous animals moving in different
encuentran en los campos vecinos, y basta cultivar directions on the pampa carried seeds in their ex
un jardín para que en él crezca verdolaga. Parece, tremities, hair cover and alimentary canal, and by

y de los cuadrúpe- the cover and the

pues, que la presencia del hombre disturbing vegetation pawing
dos ocasiona un cambio en el reino vegetal, destruye ground they prepared soil patches suitable for the
las plantas que crecían naturalmente y hace nacer germination of the seeds.
otras nuevas" (Azara 1969: 80). Important migration routes for the alien plants
The horses mentioned by Azara, and other do- were the roads through the pampa, where the loads
mestic animals brought from Europe, evidently had were transported in wagons drawn by several pairs
a remarkable role in spreading the diaspores of alien of oxen. On the pampa the breadth of the road might

species far outside the area of permanent Eu- be tens of metres, and the ground which was
plant
ropean colonization. In addition to the tame herds stamped and crushed by the wheels of the wagons
of horses and cattle, troops of wild animals, origi- and hooves of the oxen offered plenty of more or
nating from horses and cows escaped from the pas- less bare and soft soil for the seeds to grow. Even

tures, wandered back and forth on the pampa in nowadays the roadsides are typical habitats of many
search of food and water. Azara (1969: 175) gives alien plants, even on modern macadamized roads,
an idea of the size of these fierce untamed herds and they are also refuges for numerous original plant
when he tells that he more than once saw the corpses species which have lost their natural habitats because
of over a thousand dead horses sunk in mud at a of the activities of man. Later on the railway em
at full gallop, the ani- bankments and
surroundings of storehouses in the
drinking place. Approaching
mais had fallen on the soft littoral soil and those railyards likewise became places for the propagation

following behind
had trampled the foremost to death. and spreading of alien plants.
Before long the Indians too learned to ride and
to use horses and cattle as food. They captured wild
animals and received horses and cows from the Eu-
VI COMPARISON WITH NEIGHBOURING
ropeans in payment for the land they surrendered to
PROVINCES
them. The Indians also often stole animals which
excursions The number of alien plant species varies in the
were at pasture. Their martial and thieving
continued until about when were different parts of Argentina as do the natural condi
1880, they finally
to the south of the Rio Negro. It was not tions and the history and course of settlement. There
expelled
a question of small numbers of animals; one are differences in the species composition of the
year
the Indians succeeded in driving 40 000 head of alien flora, too, though many of the species are

stolen cattle to Patagonia found in several provinces.

(Zeballos 1986).
If we also consider that the In Table 3 the numbers of aliens in seven families
military troops
the Indians were on horses in the province of Buenos Aires are compared with
fighting against moving
and always a herd of horses with them as the records in Flora Patagónica (Correa 1969-1988)
brought
a living food supply, it is easy to understand how and Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Burkart 1969—

the diaspores of many plants could be transported 1987).

Table 3. Numbers of the alien plant species of seven families in the provinces Buenos Aires, Patagonia and Entre Ríos with
the number of species which are not found in Buenos Aires.

Family Buenos Aires Patagonia Entre Rfos

Aliens Aliens Not found in Buenos Aires Aliens Not found in Buenos Aires

Poaceae 89 76 23 57 10

Polygonaceae 12 16 4 8 1

Chenopodiaceae 10 12 3 6 2
26 22 5 11 1
Caryophyllaceae
Brassicaceae 30 43 21 15 1
Fabaceae 32 28 9 18 2
67 50 7 34 2
Compositae

Total 266 247 72 149 19

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76 Niilo Sôyrinki ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 ( 1991 )

In the
province of Buenos Aires these seven In
the sparsely populated western and northern
families comprise 266 alien plant species, in Pata- territories,which are climatologically more different

gonia 247 and in Entre Ríos 149 species. Patagonia from Europe than the provinces in central Argentina,
has 72 aliens not found in Buenos Aires; while Entre the alien flora is poorer and does not add consider
Rios has 19. In Patagonia 21 of these 72 species be- ably to the number of species. In the province of

long to the Brassicaceae and 23 to the Poaceae, the Jujuy, for example, situated in the northwestern cor
number of the aliens in the Brassicaceae being even ner of the country, Cabrera (1978) reports that only

clearly higher than in Buenos Aires. Only two of 15 alien composites have been collected, in contrast
the species lacking in Buenos Aires are found in both to 67 in Buenos and
only two of these, the
Aires,
Patagonia and Entre Ríos, viz. Avena strigosa and North American Cosmos
bipinnatus and Dyssodia
Stellaria pallida. papposa, have not been reported from the provinces
The of alien plant species
number is thus a little of Buenos Aires, Patagonia or Entre Ríos,

higher in Buenos Aires than in Patagonia, though the

area of the latter region, ca. «00 (XX) km2 is nearly
vn ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE ALIEN
three times as large (the area of Flora Patagónica PLANTS
comprises the administrative provinces Rio Negro,
Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego). The flora of the province of Buenos Aires comprises
Neuquén,
The abundance of aliens in the province of Buenos 1 730 species of vascular plants (Cabrera 1963
Aires is of course chiefly due to the stronger set- 1970, Cabrera & Zardini 1978), of which 404 spe
tlement: the area of cultivated land in Patagonia is cies, or 23.4%, are alien immigrants from outside
200 000 ha, but in Buenos Aires 11 000 000 ha South America. Most of these, 337 species or
only
(Census national 1989). Buenos Aires 83.5%, have their origins in Europe and 67 species,
agropecuaria
has a larger number of cattle, too, 16 863 000 head, or 16.5%, in other continents,
23 species viz.
in
as opposed to only 756 000 in Patagonia. Africa, 21 in Asia, 20 in North America, and 3 spe
A considerable cies in Australia and New Zealand. The aliens in
part of Patagonia is sparsely pop-
ulated, more or less semi-desert-like with elude 62 food and ornamental plants, which have
country
low precipitation, mainly suitable for sheep escaped from cultivation.
pasture.
In the number of sheep, in fact, it beats Buenos Thus, the flora
of the province has been con
Aires: 13 255 000 vs 4 539 000 animals. With the siderably enriched
by the immigration of alien plant

sheep and the wear of the natural vegetation and soil species: they form nearly a quarter of the whole flo
erosion caused by them, many alien plants have es- ra. Their principal habitats are man-made or influ
tablished themselves and spread to the remotest cor- enced man,
by such as cultivated fields, gardens,
ners of the plains and mountains of Patagonia. The parks, pasture and wasteland, roadsides (Fig. 9),
low number of alien and even streets in the towns
relatively plants in Entre Ríos railways (Fig. 10).
is in agreement with the small area of the province, They are often so abundant that they become domi
which constitutes nant in the vegetation. The ruderal assemblies
only about one fifth of that of plant
Buenos Aires, as with more mononous in the surroundings of human dwellings often re
topography
and poorer selection of habitats. semble rural scenes in South Europe, with
Economically,
Entre Ríos is mostly engaged in agriculture and cattle
Rapistrum rugosum
breeding. In this respect it is superior to Patagonia Conium maculatum
with 1 250 000 ha cultivated land and 3 568 000 Foeniculum vulgare
head of cattle, but lags behind Buenos Aires in re- Marrubium vulgare
311(1 Centaurea species
gard to traffic connections and settlement history. <iarctuus
Hauman (1927) gives 430 alien species for Ar-
Cynam TarfZulus
gentina. The number of species found in the prov- Cichorium intybus
ince of Buenos Aires alone now amounts to 404 and Matricaria chamomilla
seven families in Table 1 have 89 species not found Picris echioides
in Buenos Aires, which makes about 500 aliens. The and other alien
bright-flowered immigrants,
number of aliens has thus increased considerably The abundance of alien in this
plants foreign
since Hauman, and it will become still greater, when continent their ability to compete with the rep
proves
the flora of the whole
country has been inventoried, resentatives of the native flora under conditions
that of such intensively cultivated created
particularly prov- by man. It should be remembered that before
inces as Cordoba and Santa Fé, though the alien flo- the arrival of the European colonists the area of the
ra of these provinces largely consists of the same contained no towns or smaller human
province
species as that of Buenos Aires, which has served communities living in a landscape modified by man,
as the main route of immigration. a scattered Indian whose
only population, primitive

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ANN. BOT. FENNICI 28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 77

Fig. 9. Anlhemis colula, Cynara cardunculus, Marrubium vulgare, Gaudinia fragilis, etc. on the bank of a brook
by road. Near Magdalena. Liisa Sdyrinki de Martínez 10.XII.1967.

fig. W. Trifolium repens, Hypochaeris radicata, Sonchus asper, Poa annua and Cynodon dactylon with Conyza
bonariensis and Bromus unioloides in the street. Florida, Buenos Aires. N. Sóyrinki 19.XI.1983.

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78 Niilo Sôyrinki ANN. BOT. FENNICI28 (1991)

life style was adapted to nature. Accordingly, there Although the introduction of alien plants can be
were no assemblies of anthropophilous plant species harmful to the native flora and vegetation, we should
such as have arisen in Europe and particularly in the remember what the conquest of new territory means
Mediterranean countries during their many mille- to the alien plant species themselves. This can in
niums of civilisation. Weeds of this kind and other certain cases be of decisive importance, e.g. if the
anthropochores brought by the colonists were better conditions in the homeland of the species have
fitted to occupy the new man-made habitats than changed so much that its existence is menaced. This
most of the native species, which were adapted to has been the lot of a number of formerly more or
live and fight for their existence in a vegetation cov- less common weeds and other plants of human set
er undisturbed by man's activities. tlement, which are threatened by new methods of
The alien plants have not spread only to habitats cultivation, herbicides, afforestation of former pas
created or modified by man, but many of them have tures and wasteland, replacement of open ditches
intruded into more or less original vegetation com- with covered drains, surfacing of roads and poison
munities. The plains of the pampa now contain al- ing of roadsides with chemicals, in short, economic
most no patches of the former savannah that have use of the whole landscape that leaves no living
not been invaded by alien gramineous plants. Low space for "unnecessary" wild plants,
saline meadows near the ocean have provided a suit- The list of aliens includes a number of species
able habitat for Beta vulgaris var. perennis and some which have become rare or threatened in the densely
other aliens, and on the sand dunes of the Atlantic populated European countries and which have found
coast the native psammophilous plants are fighting a refuge in Argentina, where there are still many
for space with Salsola kali, Cakile marítima and Ca- suitable habitats in the vast pasture plains of the

lystegia soldanella. pampa and on the roadsides and sites modified by

Aliens from other continents have even intruded settlement. Even here, the spread of such plants,
into the forest vegetation that covers the islets of the particularly agricultural weeds, has been reduced by
Delta of the Río Paraná and forms a narrow belt on tighter control of the purity of crop and forage plant
the shore of the Atlantic Ocean. Among the alien seeds and the use of herbicides, and some of them

species penetrating this geographically interesting are now quite rare. The distribution of diaspores has

vegetation are the asiatic Ligustrum lucidum and also been diminished by motorization of the road
Lonicera japónica. These escapes from cultivation traffic and substitution of the tractor for horses and
now form dense thickets in the forest which has oxen in agriculture. In addition, the immigration of
served as the southernmost refuge for subtropical new alien species has been made more difficult by
forest plant species in Argentina and the whole of modern methods of transport and reduced need of
South America. supplies from foreign countries.
While considerably enriching the flora of Ar- It will be long, however, before the large and
gentina as
well as that of the province of Buenos sparsely populated Argentina becomes as inhospi
Aires, the plant species arriving with the European table to anthropophilous plants as present-day Eu
colonizers have also deteriorated the living condi- rope. Thus, many of the European aliens which are
tions of the original flora and infected the natural more or less threatened in their old homelands can
vegetation with foreign elements. Of course, Argen- find a safe refuge in Argentina and the province of
tina is not the only country where aliens brought by Buenos Aires, at least for the present,
colonists or spread with them have become a threat
to the indigenous plants and the original landscape;
this has occurred nearly everywhere as a result of
the European expansion. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In South Africa some Acacia and Pinus species
's my Picas3"' duty 10 express my deep grautude to the
and other alien plants have become a national plague
j , , . , ,. . .. directors of the Insututo Darwinion, San Isidro, the late Prof,
and it has been necessary to begin to eradicate them
Jng Agron Burkart and u, l. Cabrera,
systematically in order to protect the rare endemic and to the specialists of various plant groups in the Institute
species of the Proteaceae and other families threat- for their valuable help in identifying my plant samples,
ened with extinction I am also grateful to Dr. Ulrich G. Eskuche, Corrientes,
by the intensive propagation of
these called "the cancer" and Prof- Dr- W R- M¡¡Uer-Stoll, Potsdam, who kindly read
aliens, green (The Control
of Alien Committee manuscript and comments. The English
Vegetation Kirstenbosch 1959). !he mad^usefAul
.c . r , , .. „ language was revised by Mrs. Anna DamstrOm, M.A.
Evidence abounds of the homogenization of the fio- Last but not least, I want to give my warm thanks to Dr.
ras of the world as a result of the replacement of Veter. Jorge A. Martínez and his wife, my daughter Lusa, for
indigenous species with ubiquitous weeds spread by their company and help during excursions in the mountains and
man's activities. plains of Argentina.

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ANN. BOT. FENN1CI28 (1991) Alien flora of Buenos Aires, Argentina 79

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Received 8 June 1990

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