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    Independent Reactions Because They Are Not Directly Driven by Light

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    Pauline Tayaban
    The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reaction that fixes carbon from carbon dioxide in plants. Carbon dioxide enters the chloroplast and the carbon atoms are incorporated into organic molecules through a three stage process. First, carbon fixation combines carbon dioxide with a five-carbon acceptor to form a six-carbon compound. Second, reduction uses ATP and NADPH to convert this into a three-carbon sugar. Third, regeneration recycles some of the sugar to regenerate the starting acceptor molecule, using ATP. For every one molecule of sugar that exits the cycle, three carbon dioxide molecules enter and are fixed.

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    Independent Reactions Because They Are Not Directly Driven by Light

    Uploaded by

    Pauline Tayaban
    29 views3 pages
    The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reaction that fixes carbon from carbon dioxide in plants. Carbon dioxide enters the chloroplast and the carbon atoms are incorporated into organic molecules through a three stage process. First, carbon fixation combines carbon dioxide with a five-carbon acceptor to form a six-carbon compound. Second, reduction uses ATP and NADPH to convert this into a three-carbon sugar. Third, regeneration recycles some of the sugar to regenerate the starting acceptor molecule, using ATP. For every one molecule of sugar that exits the cycle, three carbon dioxide molecules enter and are fixed.

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    The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reaction that fixes carbon from carbon dioxide in plants. Carbon dioxide enters the chloroplast and the carbon atoms are incorporated into organic molecules through a three stage process. First, carbon fixation combines carbon dioxide with a five-carbon acceptor to form a six-carbon compound. Second, reduction uses ATP and NADPH to convert this into a three-carbon sugar. Third, regeneration recycles some of the sugar to regenerate the starting acceptor molecule, using ATP. For every one molecule of sugar that exits the cycle, three carbon dioxide molecules enter and are fixed.

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    29 views3 pages

    Independent Reactions Because They Are Not Directly Driven by Light

    Uploaded by

    Pauline Tayaban
    The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reaction that fixes carbon from carbon dioxide in plants. Carbon dioxide enters the chloroplast and the carbon atoms are incorporated into organic molecules through a three stage process. First, carbon fixation combines carbon dioxide with a five-carbon acceptor to form a six-carbon compound. Second, reduction uses ATP and NADPH to convert this into a three-carbon sugar. Third, regeneration recycles some of the sugar to regenerate the starting acceptor molecule, using ATP. For every one molecule of sugar that exits the cycle, three carbon dioxide molecules enter and are fixed.

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    of 3

    CALVIN CYCLE

    In plants, carbon dioxide (\text{CO}_2CO2C, O, start subscript, 2, end


    subscript) enters the interior of a leaf via pores called stomata and diffuses
    into the stroma of the chloroplast—the site of the Calvin cycle reactions,
    where sugar is synthesized. These reactions are also called the light-
    independent reactions because they are not directly driven by light.

    In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms from \text {CO}_2CO2C, O, start


    subscript, 2, end subscript are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules)
    and used to build three-carbon sugars. This process is fueled by, and
    dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Unlike the light
    reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the
    Calvin cycle take place in the stroma (the inner space of chloroplasts).
    Reactions of the Calvin cycle
    The Calvin cycle reactions can be divided into three main stages: carbon
    fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the starting molecule.

    Here is a general diagram of the cycle:

    Carbon fixation. A \text {CO}_2CO2C, O, start subscript, 2, end


    subscript molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule,
    ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). This step makes a six-carbon
    compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound,
    3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). This reaction is catalyzed by the
    enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, or rubisco.
    Reduction. In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to
    convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar,
    glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This stage gets its name because
    NADPH donates electrons to, or reduces, a three-carbon intermediate
    to make G3P.
    Regeneration. Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while
    others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor.
    Regeneration requires ATP and involves a complex network of
    reactions, which my college bio professor liked to call the
    "carbohydrate scramble." ^11
    In order for one G3P to exit the cycle (and go towards glucose
    synthesis), three \text {CO}_2CO2C, O, start subscript, 2, end
    subscript molecules must enter the cycle, providing three new atoms
    of fixed carbon. When three \text {CO}_2CO2C, O, start subscript, 2,
    end subscript molecules enter the cycle, six G3P molecules are made.
    One exits the cycle and is used to make glucose, while the other five
    must be recycled to regenerate three molecules of the RuBP acceptor.

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