Calvin Cycle

calvin cycle
CALVIN CYCLE
by group 3
introduce
DR. MELVIN
CALVIN melvin
The process was first calvin
identified by American
biochemist Dr. Melvin
Calvin in 1957
CALVIN CYCLE
The second stage of photosynthesis is known as the
Calvin cycle, or the light-independent reactions.
The transformation of Carbon dioxide to carbohydrates is
called Calvin Cycle or C3 cycle and is named after Melvin
Calvin who found it.
The plants that go through the Calvin cycle for carbon
fixation are called C3 plants.
The Calvin cycle is a progression of reactions that
happens in the stoma of chloroplasts in a plant cell.
CALVIN CYCLE
The chemical reactions convert carbon dioxide into
glucose with the assistance of ATP and NADPH.
These reactions occur in the stoma, the inward space or
fluid-filled region of a chloroplast. Dissimilar to other light
reactions, this occurs outside the thylakoid membranes.
These reactions are likewise called light-independent
reactions because they are not straightforwardly driven
by light.
CALVIN CYCLE
A significant part of the Calvin cycle is the catalyst
ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase, otherwise called
RUBISCO. It creates a triplet of items in the C3 cycle which
are 3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), glyceraldehyde 3-P
(GAP), and dihydroxyacetone phosphate or DHAP.
Plants cell produce organic molecules utilizing the
products of light reactions like ATP and NADPH.
These reactions take the ATP and NADPH and perform
further chemical processes on them.
CALVIN CYCLE
The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and reduces
the power of NADPH from the light-reliant reactions to produce
three-carbon sugars. It is also defined as the series of chemical
reactions of plants by turning or reducing carbon dioxide into
glucose. It is also called the C3 cycle, or otherwise called the
Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. C3 cycle alludes to the
dark response of photosynthesis. It is by implication subject to
light, and the fundamental energy carriers are the results of
light-dependent reactions.
STEPS OR STAGES OF THE CALVIN CYCLE
There are three main stages of the
Calvin cycle:
Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration.
STEP 1: CARBON FIXATION
In the initial stage of the Calvin cycle, a CO2 molecule is
incorporated. The catalyst Rubisco (the most plentiful
enzyme on the planet) catalyzes the carboxylation of a
5-carbon compound called ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
(RuBP) with carbon dioxide molecule, coming about of
a sum of 6 carbons. Then it is parted into 2 molecules of
3-PGA (3-phosphoglycerate), a 3-carbon compound.
It includes a two-step reaction: Page 06 of 15
1. The result of the initial 2. The CO2 that is caught by

step is an enediol- enediol in the second step
enzyme that can catch delivers an unsteady six-
CO2 or O2. Hence, the carbon compound called
enediol enzyme 2-carboxy 3-keto 1,5-
complex is the correct biphosphoribotol that
carboxylase or quickly parts into 2 particles
oxygenase. of 3-phosphoglycerate, a 3-
carbon compound.
STEP 2: REDUCTION
This stage utilizes energy from ATP and
NADPH created in the light-dependent
reactions of photosynthesis. The manner by
which plants convert energy from sunlight
into long-term storage molecules like sugars.
The energy from the ATP and NADPH is moved
to the sugars.
STEP 2: REDUCTION
Phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation
of 3-PGA by ATP. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate and ADP are
the items. Two ATPs are used.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes
the reduction of 1,3BPGA by NADPH. Glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate is created, and NADPH changes to NADP+.
Two NADPH are used.
STEP 3: REGENERATION.
This is the final stage of the Calvin cycle. The other G3P
should be reused to recover or regenerate the five-carbon
RuBP compound that is utilized to acknowledge new carbon
molecules during some glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate
molecules go to make glucose. The recovery process
requires ATP. It is a complex process including many steps.
Since it takes six carbon particles to make glucose, this cycle
should be rehashed multiple times to make a single
molecule of glucose.
IMPORTANCE
The Calvin cycle is important to perform chemical
reactions by plants to fix carbon from CO2 into three-
carbon sugars.
Afterward, plants and creatures can transform these
three-carbon compounds into amino acids, nucleotides,
and more complex sugars like starches.
This course of carbon fixation is the means by which
most new natural matter is made.
IMPORTANCE
The sugars made in the Calvin cycle are additionally utilized
by plants for long-haul energy capacity, unlike ATP, which is
spent rapidly after it is made.
These plant sugars can likewise turn into a wellspring of
energy for creatures who eat the plants, and hunters who eat
those herbivores
The Calvin cycle is controlled by ATP and NADPH, which are
made by outfitting the energy from photons in the light-
reliant responses
FUNCTIONS
Calvin cycle makes three-carbon sugars, which can likewise
use to make different sugars like glucose, starch, and
cellulose.
This is utilized by plants as a primary structural material.
The Calvin cycle removes particles of carbon directly from the
air and transforms them into plant matter.
The Calvin cycle makes fundamental for the presence of
most environments.
FUNCTIONS
Where the plants structure the foundation or base of the energy
pyramid.
Without the Calvin cycle, plants would not be able to store
energy in a structure that herbivores could process. Carnivores
would in this way not approach energy put away in that frame of
the body of herbivores.
The Calvin cycle likewise controls the degrees of carbon dioxide,
an ozone-harming substance, in the Earth’s climate.
FUNCTIONS
The carbon made in the Calvin cycle is additionally utilized by
plants and creatures to make proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and
a wide range of various structural forms of life.
PRODUCTS
To produce sugar, at each and every turn one single carbon
molecule is fixed.
It takes three turns to create one molecule of G3P.
Two molecules of G3P (glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate) are
combined to make one single molecule of glucose.
It takes six turns of the Calvin cycle to create two molecules of
glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate.
PRODUCTS
Calvin cycle uses up 3 ATP and 2 NADPH in the reduction of 3-
phosphoglyceric acid (3 – PGA) to convert G3P (glyceraldehyde-
3 phosphate) and regenerate RuBP.
To produce a single molecule of glucose, 18 ATP and 12 NADPH
are consumed.
Can the Calvin cycle occur without light?
Does the Calvin cycle happen in the day?
Is it possible for dark reactions to occur at night?
Does the Calvin cycle require sunlight?
Is the Calvin cycle able to release oxygen?
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

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calvin cycle

1. The result of the initial 2. The CO2 that is caught by

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