Cabreros, Marrianne Kaye M.

Capinpin, Jessa Mae P.

10-Descartes

08/14/15

Research Plan

Title:

The feasibility of Canarium ovatum (Canarium ovatum) as an

alternative fuel extender.

A. Statement of the Problem:

This study aims to determine the productivity Canarium

ovatum (Canarium ovatum)as an alternative fuel extender.
Specifically it pursues to answer the following questions:

a. How long will this product last?

b. Is the product preservable?

c. The difference of the alternative fuel extender to the

commercial ones and its benefits.

B. Hypothesis and Objectives

Hypothesis:

The alternative fuel extender is more effective

and cheap than the commercial ones.

Objectives:

General Objective:

To produce an alternative fuel extender that is

cheaper but more effective than the commercial ones.

Specific Objectives:

a. To know the specific component of Canarium

ovatum (Canarium ovatum) that helps in less
consume of fuel
 b. To identify how long the product will be
effective.

c. To distinguish if the product is possible or

not.

C. Methods and Procedures:

Collection of
Heating Filtration
the materials

Preparation of
Juice extraction
the Canarium
using manual Testing
ovatum (Canarium
method
ovatum)

Washing or
Rinsing in water
Final
of Canarium Maceration
Verification
ovatum (Canarium
ovatum)

Field Evaluation
Soaking in water
Depulping of the Tested
for 5 minutes.
Fuel Extender
 Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

National Capital Region

Division of City Schools

Lagro High School

Lagro Subdivision, Quezon City

The feasibility of Canarium ovatum (Canarium ovatum) as an

alternative diesel fuel extender.

By:

Cabreros, Marrianne Kaye M.

Capinpin, Jessa Mae P.

10-Descartes

Ms. Charo Gimolatan

Research Adviser

TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. CHAPTER I

Background Of The Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Statement Of The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Research Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Significance Of The Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Scope And Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Definition Of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

B. CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Review of Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C. CHAPTER III

Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER I. Inroduction

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nowadays, many natural resources are consumed and

destroyed due to natural calamities and activities done in our
country. One of these is the loss of sources of fuel, fuel are
any materials that store potential energy in forms that can be
practicably released and used for work or as heat energy. It is
one of the major problems that our world is facing right now.

Fuels serves as a major part of our energy requirement.

Petroleum, one of the major fuel that is widely used in our
daily lives and is also used for heating and electricity
generation, asphalt and road oil, and the feed stocks used to
make chemicals, plastics, and synthetic materials found in
nearly everything we use today. Fuels are combustible substances
of organic origin or artificially obtained substances, which are
used for producing heat and energy. Fuels also play an important
role in our everyday life because they are used in homes,
transport and industry for providing energy.

Pili Nuts or commonly known as Canarium ovatum that is

frequently eaten and used as an additive on foods especially on
chocolates. Canarium ovatum belongs to the genus Canarium and is
one of approximately 600 species in the family Burseraceae.

Since we are all worrying about the continuous oil price hike as
well as the passengers’ unstable fare, the researchers think
about an alternative diesel fuel extender that will surely
satisfy our expectations. This diesel fuel extender is one of
the effective and cogent alternative that can be considered as
the solution to the problem that we are facing right now.

The fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of pili nut

(Canarium ovatum) oil and fractions were analyzed by gas
chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid
chromatography, respectively. The oil obtained by solvent
extraction was low in polyunsaturated fatty acids and high in
saturates. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (18∶2 and 18∶3)
contents were less than 11%, whereas palmitic (16∶0) and stearic
acid (18∶0) were 33.3 and 10.9%, respectively. The saturated
fatty acid level of the low-melting fraction oil was reduced
from 44.4 to 35.5% and the total unsaturated fatty acid levels
were increased from 55.6 to 65% by fractional crystallization.
Triacylglycerol analysis showed that the high-melting fraction
(HM) from pili nut oil consisted of POP, POS, and SOS+SSO
(P=palmitic acid, O=oleic acid, and S=stearic acid) in the
proportion of 48.6, 38.8, and 8.7%, respectively. The
physicochemical properties of the HM fraction were studied using
differential scanning calorimetry and pulsed nuclear magnetic
resonance. The results showed that the melting range and solid
fat content of the HM fraction were very similar to those
isolated from cocoa butter and olive oil. The content of POP
played an important role in determining the melting range of the
HM fraction. It is suggested that this HM fraction may have
applications as a cocoa butter substitute in confectionery
products.
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the productivity Canarium

ovatum (Pili Nuts)as an alternative fuel extender. Specifically
it pursues to answer the following questions:

a. How long will this product last?

b. Is the product preservable?

c. The difference of the alternative fuel extender to the

commercial ones and its benefits.

C. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES

Hypothesis:

The alternative fuel extender is more effective

and cheaper than the commercial ones.

Objectives:

General Objective:

To produce an alternative fuel extender that is

cheaper but more effective than the commercial ones.

Specific Objectives:

a. To know the specific component of Canarium

ovatum (Pili Nuts) that helps in less consume of fuel.

b. To identify how long the product will be

effective.

c. To distinguish if the product is possible or

not.

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers supposed that one of the biggest problem in

the community, especially the drivers of any transportation
device like jeepneys and buses are the price of the fuel and the
fuel itself. The significance of this study for the drivers are
very substantial and by this alternative fuel extender we can
react to the continuous oil price hike that also affects the
transportation fare and the passengers as well. The researchers
will also conduct a survey with a few number of drivers
regarding what brand, qualities and features of fuel extender do
they usually use.

E. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research was conducted to determine the possibility to

create an alternative fuel extender that is cheaper to the
drivers and passengers or commuters as well especially when oil
price hike approach. This research is useful to the drivers and
this can also help in less consume of fuel. This study will not
cover the exact time that the fuel extender will cover during a
trip.

F. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Fuel - the product that comes from extracting the

Canarium ovatum (Pili Nuts).
Oil - viscous liquid derived from the alternative
fuel.
Extract - the oil that has been obtained from extracting
the Canarium ovatum (Pili Nuts), for example by
means of a chemical or industrial process.
Biodiesel - the product that has been made by extracting
the Canarium ovatum (Pili Nuts)
- a renewable fuel that can be manufactured from
vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled
restaurant grease for use in diesel vehicles.
Depulping – process used in removing
the soft moist part of the Canarium ovatum (Pili
Nuts)
Filtrate – fluid that has passed through a filter; the
Canarium ovatum (pili nuts) oil
Maceration – process used to separate into constituent
elements by or as if by steeping in fluid;
broadly.
CHAPTER II

A. Review of Related Literature

Fig. 1 Shelled Canarium ovatum

The edible seeds of which taste like a sweet almond. The

nut of any tree of the genus Canarium (family Burseraceae),
particularly the edible nut of the Philippine tree Canarium
ovatum. In the South Pacific the Canarium ovatum nut is a major
source of fat and protein in the diet. The densely foliated
tropical tree grows to 20 metres (65 feet) in height and
produces up to 32 kilograms (70 pounds) of nuts annually. The
fruit is 6–7 centimetres (2 1/4–3 inches) long, with a hard,
thick-shelled, triangular nut surrounded by a small amount of
pulp. The pulp is edible when cooked, but the main food source
is the roasted nut, similar in shape and taste to the almond.
The uncooked nuts are used as a laxative. The shell is removed
by dipping the nut in hot water. Canarium ovatum nuts are high
in fat content and easily digestible. The sweet oil is used in
confectionary. Roasted and powdered Canarium ovatum nuts are
sometimes used to extend chocolate. (“Pili nut”, 2015)
 Traditional uses of this nut is often used in oriental
desserts such as a Christmas cake called “bobengka.” During the
moon festival in the middle of autumn, it is used to prepare the
mooncake. It has traditionally been used to treat skin diseases
in humans, such as scabies. It is also used to de-worm
livestock. The Canarium ovatum nut is the main ingredient in the
moon cakes, a very important and traditional symbol for nearly 2
Billion Chinese all over the world. And it’s medical uses; the
amino acids in the Canarium ovatum nut help with healthy blood-
sugar levels, muscle-tissue development, production of hormones,
regulation of energy, healthy bones and skin, nerve-cell health,
detoxification, and balance in the brain. Magnesium supports
healthier nerves of the liver, bones and muscle. In addition to
healthier skin, the omega fatty acids support immune functions
and aid in protection from various diseases, including
cardiovascular diseases by helping to prevent cholesterol from
turning into plaque. The Canarium ovatum nut contains 302 mg of
magnesium which is more magnesium than any other nut, per 100gm.
Although its makeup is similar to olive oil, the nut has more
beta carotene, which makes it more nutritious. It also has a
purgative effect, which assists people going through
detoxification. The tree bark from the Canarium ovatum nuts is
also a source of latex. (Martinez, 2013)

When organically produced and processed using the latest

healthy methods, Canarium ovatum nuts contain the following
health benefits:

a. A rich source of heart healthy omegas, which play an

important role in brain function and may aid in the prevention
of cardiovascular disease.

b. Contain all 8 essential amino acids (externally sourced

protein), which have been found to support healthy blood sugar
levels, development of muscle tissue, hormone production, energy
regulation, healthy bones and skin, brain balance, liver
detoxification, and nerve cell health.

c. Many bio-available minerals, including the highest magnesium

content of any nut. Magnesium helps support healthy nerves,
muscles and bones.
d. More Vitamin E than any other nut. Vitamin E supports healthy
skin, immune function, and protection against various diseases
due to its antioxidant qualities. Vitamin E also protects
against cholesterol turning into plaque, thus helping prevent
cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases.

The seeds or kernels of pili (Canarium ovatum) are edible

nuts, thus, the words “Canarium ovatum” are derived.
However, Canarium ovatum are not just for consumption. Let’s
first look at the characteristics of pili as well as its
benefits.

The pili tree is regarded as an organically grown tree

(without any application of chemicals, pesticides,
and fungicides for the duration of growth, fruit production, and
harvest). The average tree starts bearing fruits six to seven
years after planting with an estimated average fruit yield of
1,000-2,000 fruits per tree. However, there are certain
varieties that bear flower at three to four years after
planting. Pili trees could grow and last for a century.
Pili trees vary much in their fruit-bearing capacity. The poor-
bearing trees may produce 500 fruits each or less, and the high-
yielding or heavy fruit producers can give 3,000 to 5,000 fruits
per season. The older the tree, the more fruits it bears. It is
estimated that an average tree produces 33 kilograms of Canarium
ovatum in one year.
The pili fruit is a drupe, 4-7 centimeter long, 2.3-3.8
centimeter in diameter and has a weight of 15.7-45.7 grams. The
skin is smooth, thin, shiny, and turns purplish black when the
fruit ripens. The pulp is fibrous, fleshy, and greenish yellow
with a pointed shape-end hard thick shell. Within the shell is
an embryo seed with thin brownish fibrous coating.

Bicol (Region V) accounts for 82 percent of national pili

production, the bulk of which comes from Sorsogon, hence, the
province has been dubbed as “commodity champion” for pili.
The processed pili kernel is delicious, thus, it can be used in
the preparation of many food products. It is also a source of
edible oil of excellent quality for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics,
and for salad dressing. The pulp of pili is used as vegetable,
pickle, flour, puree, sauce, and feeds for swine. The shell is
used as fuel, growing medium for orchids and anthuriums, and
crafted as fashion accessories. The resin is used as lacquer,
varnish adhesive, and manila elemi. The trunk is made
into furniture and wood panels. With these various uses, there
is no doubt that pili is considered a high-value commercial
crop.
The Philippines is the only country that produces and
processes pili in commercial quantity (Coronel, 1978) and has
the monopoly of processed pili in the foreign market. Bicol
Region is known for its pili candies and confectioneries which
are sold in different product forms and in various packaging
containers. These products are exported to Australia,
Guam, Canada, Japan, Hongkong, China, UK, Korea, Singapore,
Hawaii, Germany, France and the United States.
Because of its high commercial value, the nut is the most
important product from the pili. When raw, it may resemble the
flavor of roasted pumpkin seed, and when roasted, its mild,
nutty flavor and tender crisp texture is superior to that of
almond.
The country’s growing spa phenomenon continues to discover
ways to natural wellness. One indication is a newly opened spa
in Camarines Sur, Bicol, which makes use of the pili fruit in
giving a restful experience to “spa-goers.” Canarium ovatum has
good moisturizing properties because of its high
moisture content.
One of the pioneers in the Philippine
spa industry accredited by the Department of Tourism (DOT),
“Nurture Spa” opened its branch at the Camarines Sur Water
Sports Complex (CWC). This spa chain is known for its use of
local ingredients grown from where its branches are located.
Foreign or local personalities who enjoy extreme water sports at
the CWC would agree that after having a long, tiring day,
revitalizing spa treatments may not just be a luxury but a
necessity. This need for a haven of rest in an active
environment leads to a bankable niche for Nurture Spa.
“Pili is an excellent antioxidant. It has good moisturizing
properties. It is rich in vitamin E. What we do is we crush it
to extract its wonderful properties,” stated Cathy Brillantes-
Turvill, Nurture Spa’s chief executive officer.
As underscored by the DTI-Bicol, the only known fruit oil of
commercial importance in the world market today are olive and
palm oils but the pili kernel is another oil source with a big
market potential of good use in the manufacture of soaps,
pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

In Nurture Spa, pili is explored and used as a component in

services such as facials, body scrubs, and body wraps.
The one-hour “El Ray Malumoy Facial” is a natural relaxing
facial of honey, pili, and yogurt capped with a soothing mask of
cucumber aloe vera and an acupressure facial massage. According
to Brillantes-Turvill, it is perfect in softening and
moisturizing sun-burned and wind-hissed skin.
Another spa treatment is the one-hour Daraga Pili Polish, an
exfoliating pili scrub that removes dead skin, followed by a
mini massage using rich moisturizing aloe vera and coco-butter
base. Also introduced is the Magayon Coco Pili Body Cocoon,
which is a one-hour nourishing wrap using freshly squeezed
virgin coconut milk and mashed Canarium ovatum bursting
with vitamins and minerals.

Posing significance in the spa industry, Canarium ovatum

definitely have very high export potential. The demand for
Canarium ovatum is high but the supply is barely met. This is
due to some limitations in the post-production operation
and processing.
In this regard, the presence of Bicol Pili Board, Inc. in
the region serves as a vehicle to link various key commodity
players to ensure the sustainability of the industry. This is
supported by the existence of organized pili growers’ and pili
processors’ associations which can be tapped to produce and
supply fresh, semi-processed, or processed Canarium ovatum. With
the unified efforts of the private sectors earlier mentioned and
the government, development of state of the art processing
equipment such as depulping machine, sheller, and oil extractor
and establishment of collection and processing centers in major
producing area were realized.

We have known for a fact that Canarium ovatum can be

further processed into a variety of already known
confectioneries, baked products and other delicacies. On the
other hand, its great prospect in the spa industry is relatively
“new.” This in turn around means bright opportunity for growers
and processors of Canarium ovatum.

The stony outer shells of the pili nut may be used as fuel
or as growing material for some orchids, so gardeners say. That
means that all of the fruit has some value, although at the
moment it is not being used to its full capacity, which may or
may not be a good thing for the preservation of the pili nut
tree
Fuel Extender

An efficient and cost competitive fuel extender for mixing with

lead-free gasoline used for driving internal combustion engines
is provided which makes use of low grade, inexpensive naphtha as
its principal ingredient that is upgraded in combination with
anhydrous ethanol, toluene, aromatic benzene, xylene and a class
of stabilizing and water repellent chemicals, all in a critical
range of content. Its synergistic content provides a resultant
product that is usable as a compatible additive for lead-free
gasoline; it is extremely low in cost, and does not require any
engine adjustments or fuel line protection measures. (Dorn &
Gilbert, 1989)

B. Review of Related Studies

Properties of Rapeseed Oil for Use as a Diesel Fuel Extender.

Based on this research, the researchers distinguished that the

semi-refined Rapeseed Oil (SRO) fuel is a low-sulfur, high
oxygen fuel giving SRO a more favorable emissions profile than
pure diesel fuel.

Genetic Characterization of Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) from

Albay, Camarines Norte, and Camarines Sur Through Isozyme
Analysis
 III. Methodology

A. Materials

a. Canarium ovatum (Pili Nuts)

b. Water

c. Heat (Stove)

d. Bowl

B. General Procedures

Collection of
Heating Filtration
the materials

Preparation of
Juice extraction
the Canarium
using manual Testing
ovatum (Canarium
method
ovatum)

Washing or
Rinsing in water
Final
of Canarium Maceration
Verification
ovatum (Canarium
ovatum)

Field Evaluation
Soaking in water
Depulping of the Tested
for 5 minutes.
Fuel Extender
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel.html

http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/unit-3.pdf

http://www.jatpower.com/blog/parts-of-a-diesel-generator/

http://www.mynrma.com.au/motoring-services/petrol-watch/bio.htm

http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/types-fuel-cells

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/publications/search/keyword/?q=renewa
ble%20hydrocarbon%20biofuels

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/33798.pdf

http://search.usa.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=afdc.energ
y.gov&query=fuel+extender

http://www.pinoybisnes.com/agri-business/pili-nuts-and-its-
uses/#ixzz3lacrOLcl