City Sanitation Plan Tumkur

CITY SANITATION PLAN
TUMKUR, KARNATAKA
Draft Report | February 2012
Submitted to
Directorate of Municipal
Administration
Government of
Karnataka
Submitted by
Administrative Staff
College of India,
Hyderabad
Supported by In coordination with
Ministry of Urban City Managers

Development Department Association Karnataka
Government of India
City Sanitation Plan | Tumkur
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Forward ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
The Team - ASCI ............................................................................................................................................... 7
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 8
1.1 Preamble ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Objectives of City-Wide Sanitation Plan ........................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Scope, methodology and limitations .................................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Process, detailed steps and limitations .......................................................................................................... 13
1.5 Primary survey ........................................................................................................................................................... 16
1.5.1 Methodology adopted for the sample surveyed .................................................................................. 16
1.5.2 Communication Needs Assessment ........................................................................................................... 17
1.6 Verification of MoUD checklist ........................................................................................................................... 18
1.6.1 Content Self Assessment ................................................................................................................................. 18
1.6.2 Process Self Assessment .................................................................................................................................. 20
1.7 Chapter Plan ................................................................................................................................................................. 21
2 State Urban Sanitation Policies & Programs–A Review ............................................................ 22

2.1 National Urban Sanitation Policy and National Sanitation Awards ................................................ 22
2.1.1 Components of National Urban Sanitation Policy ............................................................................. 22
2.1.2 National award scheme for sanitation for Indian cities ................................................................. 22
2.1.3 Concept of totally sanitized cities .............................................................................................................. 22
2.1.4 Rating and categorization of cities ........................................................................................................... 23
2.2 Municipal Solid Waste 2000 Rules ................................................................................................................... 24
2.3 Karnataka Urban Drinking Water & Sanitation Policy, 2002 ............................................................. 25
2.4 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation .......................................................................................................................... 26
2.5 Asha Kiran Mahiti ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.6 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana ........................................................................................................... 26
2.7 Rajiv Aawaz Yojana................................................................................................................................................... 27
2.8 Jawaharlal Urban Renewal Mission ................................................................................................................. 27
2.9 Namma Mane Yojane (Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor) ........................ 28
2.10 The 13th Central Finance Commission ............................................................................................................ 28
2.11 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat ...................................................................................................... 28
3 Profile of Tumkur City ........................................................................................................................ 29

3.1 Introduction and brief history ............................................................................................................................ 29
3.2 Location and regional settings............................................................................................................................ 31
3.3 Climate and rainfall .................................................................................................................................................. 31
3.4 Topography .................................................................................................................................................................. 32
3.5 Soil, geology and hydrology ................................................................................................................................. 32
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3.6 Economy ......................................................................................................................................................................... 32

3.7 Industries ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
3.8 Literacy rate ................................................................................................................................................................. 32
3.9 Demography ................................................................................................................................................................. 33
3.9.1 Population projections .................................................................................................................................... 33
3.9.2 Ward wise distribution and growth potential ..................................................................................... 34
3.10 Land use and spatial growth................................................................................................................................ 36
3.11 Slums and squatter settlements......................................................................................................................... 38
3.12 Major tourist places in Tumkur.......................................................................................................................... 40
4 Environmental Sanitation – An Assessment................................................................................. 41

4.1 Household sanitation............................................................................................................................................... 41
4.1.1 Standardized service level indicators for waste water management ....................................... 43
4.2 Slum sanitation ........................................................................................................................................................... 44
4.2.1 Findings from primary survey ..................................................................................................................... 45
4.3 Open defecation.......................................................................................................................................................... 46
4.4 Public conveniences ................................................................................................................................................. 48
4.4.1 Public toilets ........................................................................................................................................................ 48
4.4.2 Community toilets ............................................................................................................................................. 51
4.4.3 Institutional sanitation................................................................................................................................... 52
4.4.4 School sanitation ............................................................................................................................................... 53
4.4.5 Sanitation in commercial areas.................................................................................................................. 54
4.5 Septage management .............................................................................................................................................. 55
4.6 Waste water management .................................................................................................................................... 57
4.6.1 Waste water from meat shops..................................................................................................................... 58
4.6.2 Future projection of waste water .............................................................................................................. 59
4.7 Storm water drainage.............................................................................................................................................. 60
4.7.1 Flood prone areas and disaster preparedness ..................................................................................... 61
4.7.2 Management of water bodies ...................................................................................................................... 62
4.8 Solid Waste Management ...................................................................................................................................... 63
4.8.1 Waste generation, quantity and characteristics ................................................................................ 63
4.8.2 Primary collection and coverage ............................................................................................................... 64
4.8.3 Transportation of solid waste ..................................................................................................................... 67
4.8.4 Treatment and disposal of solid waste .................................................................................................... 68
4.8.5 Disposal of municipal solid waste .............................................................................................................. 68
4.8.6 Health of sanitary workers ........................................................................................................................... 70
4.8.7 Standardized service level indicators for solid waste management ......................................... 70
4.8.8 Future demand and gap ................................................................................................................................. 71
4.9 Water supply ................................................................................................................................................................ 72
4.9.1 Source of water................................................................................................................................................... 72
4.9.2 Existing transmission and distribution ................................................................................................... 73
4.9.3 Non-revenue water ........................................................................................................................................... 74
4.9.4 Tariff structure ................................................................................................................................................... 75
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4.9.5 Water quality ...................................................................................................................................................... 76

4.9.6 Standardized service level indicators for water supply................................................................... 76
4.9.7 Drinking water supply in slums .................................................................................................................. 76
4.9.8 Future demand and gap ................................................................................................................................. 78
4.9.9 Future project: Stage II................................................................................................................................... 79
4.10 National sanitation ranking parameters and observations on Tumkur ....................................... 80
5 Institutional Capacity and Finance ................................................................................................. 84

5.1 Directorate of Municipal Administration ...................................................................................................... 84
5.2 Urban Development Department ...................................................................................................................... 84
5.3 Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development & Finance Corporation ....................................... 84
5.4 Existing institutional structure .......................................................................................................................... 85
5.4.1 Particulars of organization, functions and duties of Public Authority..................................... 85
5.4.2 Procedures for the decision making process, supervision and accountability...................... 86
6 City Sanitation Plan – The Strategy and Approach ..................................................................... 88

6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 88
6.1.1 Vision statement ................................................................................................................................................ 88
6.2 City-wide sanitation planning ............................................................................................................................. 88
6.3 Guiding principles ..................................................................................................................................................... 89
6.4 Strategy formulation ................................................................................................................................................ 89
6.4.1 Components of strategies .............................................................................................................................. 89
6.4.2 Assumptions, norms and units costs ......................................................................................................... 91
6.5 Various occurrences of issues versus consequences .............................................................................. 92
6.5.1 Subsector strategies ......................................................................................................................................... 92
6.5.2 Open defecation free status by ensuring access to all ...................................................................... 93
6.5.3 Household sanitation arrangements........................................................................................................ 93
6.5.4 Slum sanitation provision.............................................................................................................................. 94
6.6 Community/Public toilets ..................................................................................................................................... 95
6.6.1 Sanitation arrangements for floating population ............................................................................. 96
6.6.2 Estimation of proposed Pay & Use complex (Each unit) ................................................................. 97
6.7 School sanitation provision .................................................................................................................................. 99
6.7.1 School sanitation strategies proposed..................................................................................................... 99
6.7.2 Provision of sanitation in other areas for achieving citywide sanitation ............................ 100
6.8 Promoting sustainable waste water management .................................................................................104
6.8.1 Technical options for fecal treatment and waste water treatment ....................................... 104
6.8.2 Sustaining good sewerage.......................................................................................................................... 106
6.8.3 DEWATS: Sewage treatment .................................................................................................................... 108
6.9 Cost and impact matrix.........................................................................................................................................112
6.10 Improvement of Integrated Solid Waste Management ........................................................................112
7 Enabling and Sustaining Strategies .............................................................................................. 116

7.1 Awareness raising, hygiene promotion and community participation .......................................116
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7.1.1 Subjects of IEC.................................................................................................................................................. 121

7.2 Financing mechanisms .........................................................................................................................................123
7.3 Monitoring mechanism.........................................................................................................................................125
7.4 Institutional arrangement and responsibility ..........................................................................................126
7.4.1 Urban Local Body level institutional set up ....................................................................................... 126
7.4.2 State Urban Sanitation Cell ....................................................................................................................... 128
8 Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 131

8.1 Monitoring and review .........................................................................................................................................131
8.1.1 Launching reward scheme ......................................................................................................................... 132
8.1.2 Incentives and disincentives by MC/NPS ............................................................................................. 132
8.2 Project components and costs ..........................................................................................................................133
9 Annexure .............................................................................................................................................. 137

Annexure 1: CSTF Constitution .......................................................................................................................................137
Annexure 2: CSTF Orientation Workshop .................................................................................................................138
Annexure 3: CSTF 2nd Round Meeting.........................................................................................................................141
Annexure 4: Data Formats .................................................................................................................................................143
Annexure 5: Methodology for primary survey ........................................................................................................149
Annexure 5.1: Household survey .................................................................................................................................. 150
Annexure 5.2: Institutions............................................................................................................................................... 155
Annexure 5.3: Community toilets ................................................................................................................................ 156
Annexure 5.4: Public toilets............................................................................................................................................ 157
Annexure 5.5: Hospitals ................................................................................................................................................... 158
Annexure 5.6: School Sanitation .................................................................................................................................. 159
Annexure 5.7: Slaughter house ..................................................................................................................................... 162
Annexure 5.8: Industries .................................................................................................................................................. 163
Annexure 5.9: Water bodies ........................................................................................................................................... 164
Annexure 6: Communication Needs Assessment: Focused Group Discussion .......................................165
Annexure 7: Secondary reports - Checklist ...............................................................................................................167
Annexure 8: Technology options in urban sanitation .........................................................................................169
Annexure 9: Good practices .............................................................................................................................................173
10 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 177
11 Glossary ................................................................................................................................................ 178
12 References ........................................................................................................................................... 180
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“Water is life and sanitation is dignity”…..
We wish to thank DMA, GoK for having entrusted the preparation of the City Sanitation Plans (CSP) for
selected 8 cities of Karnataka, Tumkur being one of them. Great acknowledge is extended to the MRC
of DMA, GoK in furnishing the digital maps and sharing slum surveyed details under the programme
Asha Kiran Mahiti. To ensure and monitor the progress of CSP, we are acknowledged to the CMAK for
rendering their support in regularly coordinating with the city ULBs during the preparation of CSP.
In order to ensure the authenticity and good judgement of the data collected and surveyed our sincere
acknowledgement to Mr. Anurag Tiwari, Former Commissioner, Tumkur City Corporation, Mrs. Savitri,
Commissioner, Tumkur City Corporation, Mr. Shiva Shankar and Mr. Shivaprasad, Community
Development Officer, Tumkur City Corporation. The ULB officials have not only lent their expertise
and word but also gathered data, assessed environmental issues but also debated their causes and
effects for better planning of CSP. Greater acknowledgement is extended to the CSTF members who
have actively participated in the regular meetings and shared their views and concern on the
development of the city’s infrastructure. I also thank the Bhageerath team for their dedicated efforts
made during the primary survey. This report is built on data gathered in 2010-2011, the relevance of
which cannot be underestimated.
The report also benefitted greatly from a large number of constructive comments from the MoUD, GoI
and Water Sanitation Programme (WSP), New Delhi for building an operational framework and
provided assistance in formulating the report.
Lastly, appreciation and greater acknowledgement goes towards our team of ASCI who has committed
constructively during the meetings, workshops, discussions, data collection, analysis and documenting
the City Sanitation Plan for Tumkur in a good shape.
The Tumkur CSP looks forward to develop effective strategies for safe disposal of solid and liquid
waste generating in the city by suggesting environment friendly with low cost technology options for a
better living. I wish Tumkur city achieves its goal in providing its city with 100% sanitation
infrastructure as drafted in this CSP which could as well improve the sanitation ranking at national
level.
Prof. Srinivas Chary Vedala

Dean and Director
Centre for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance
and Infrastructure Development (CEEUG&ID)
Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad
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FORWARD
CSTF Chairperson
Tumkur
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THE TEAM - ASCI
The team of ASCI that has put forth dedicated efforts towards the completion of Tumkur City
Sanitation Plan includes the following members:
1. Prof. Srinivas Chary Vedala Team leader and Task Manager | Overall
Dean and Director, Centre for coordination and guidance, inputs on
Energy, Environment, Urban institutional arrangements and finances
Governance and Infrastructure
Development (CEEUG&ID)
2. Mrs. Vasavi Narla Senior Urban Planner & Additional Task

Assistant Professor Manager | Project coordination,
infrastructure inputs and plan and over see
activities regularly.
3. Ms. Uzra Sultana Local Coordinator | Local coordination,

Senior Research Associate organizing workshops, data collection and
gap analysis, data validation, stakeholder
consultations and report preparation.
4. Ms. Sneha Mala Kesiraju Environmental Planner | Inputs of

Senior Research Associate environmental planning
5. Ms. Krithika Sridharan Urban Planner | Expert inputs of

Senior Research Associate demographic analysis
6. Ms. Lakshmy Poorna Urban Planner | Analyses of primary

Senior Research Associate survey data
7. Bhageerath Consultant Primary survey
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) 2008 envisages “All Indian cities and towns become
totally sanitized, healthy and livable with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation
facilities for the urban poor and women.” The policy aims to ensure sustained public health and
environmental outcomes for all cities by making them free of open defecation; providing adequate
and properly maintained individual, community and public sanitation facilities, especially for the
poor; ensuring safe and sanitary disposal of waste; altered mindsets, collective behavior change and
health and hygiene practices, and re-oriented institutions that work collaboratively to achieve and
sustain health and environmental benefits. The overall goal of National Policy is to transform Urban
India into community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns. Specific goals
include:
a) Awareness generation and behavior change,
b) Open defecation free cities,
c) Integrated town-wide sanitation,
d) Sanitary and safe disposal, and
e) Proper operation &maintenance of all sanitary installations.
Against this background, and in recognition of its importance to national and state development,
the Integrated Town-Wide Sanitation Plan for Tumkur City is prepared to provide town-wide
systematic approach and framework to achieve the goals contemplated under NUSP.
1.2 Objectives of City-Wide Sanitation Plan

NUSP mandates ULBs for universal access, safe management of human excreta, including its safe
confinement, treatment and disposal and associated hygienic related practices. Hence, city-wide
strategies are important as they prioritise investment needs and can directly fund to, where they
are most needed. CSP not only emphasis on the physical infrastructure but also focus on behaviour
change outcomes, proper usage, institutional reorientation, regular upkeep and maintenance,
increased accountability and service delivery by ULBs and their partners. The main objectives of
the CSP are:
 To achieve better sanitation, addressing the issues of spatial imbalances especially in slums and
peri-urban areas in access, treatment of waste water, solid waste management, etc.
 To carry out consultations with all concerned stakeholders and bring consensus on the strategic
approach to safe and environmental sanitation practices and adopt locally suitable methods,
technology and materials.
 To workout the institutional and financial implications of managing urban sanitation and ensure
an optimum use of funds allocated under various schemes so that the agencies may align their
plans on similar lines.
 To encourage community and private participation and define their role in creation and
maintenance of sanitation infrastructure, thereby ensuring a sense of ownership and behavior
change.
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1.3 Scope, methodology and limitations

The CSP detailed out how city plan
deliver the sanitary outcomes defined in Box 1: National Urban Sanitation Policy
NUSP and state strategy, in coordination Vision of NUSP: All Indian cities and towns become
totally sanitized, healthy and livable; and ensure and
with other line departments to ensure a sustain good public health and environmental outcomes
well collaborated approach engaging all for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and
stakeholders including governmental affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and
and nongovernmental service providers. women. To transform urban India into community-
driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and
The scope of the CSP includes but not towns, the policy sets out the following goals:
limited to the following major tasks:  Awareness generation and behavior change
 Open defecation free cities
a) Collection of secondary data:  Integrated city-wide sanitation
Secondary data collection and review 1. Reorienting institutions and mainstreaming
sanitation
of available data from various
2. Sanitary and safe disposal: 100% of human excreta
sources as per demands of CSP (the and liquid wastes must be disposed of safely
officials of City Municipal 3. Proper operations and maintenance (O&M) of all
Corporation, Water Boards or other sanitary installations
The policy envisages the preparation of state sanitation
parastatal agencies). strategies within the overall national policy framework.
b) Preparatory work (profiling of In turn, cities are expected to prepare their city-wide
sanitation plans that need to be prepared in a
ULB and preparing city report): As consultative and participatory manner and using an
a preparatory work, a preliminary incremental approach to addressing the issue of
profiling of ULBs undertaken using sanitation in a comprehensive city-wide manner.
SLB indicators and city ratings to Source: NUSP, 2008
highlight the open defecation free
(ODF) status, sanitation situation, health indicators and current projects. This also guided
further investigation through field visits and primary data collection.
c) Stakeholder analysis and City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) constitution: As per the
requirement of CSP, major role is to be played by the members of institutions, NGOs,
organizations, individuals, academics, journals, local councilors, industry owners, consultants,
representatives of private sector, etc. Constitution of CSTF was facilitated by drawing members
from these groups in consensus with the ULB to constantly support the CSP preparation by
analyzing the strengths and competencies required to overcome the current situation and for
better sanitation facilities.
d) Primary data collection and sampling: Data collection to a limited extent through rapid field
surveys, case studies, consultations, transacts walks, FGDs, etc., to validate and supplement the
secondary data. The data collected as per formats/templates and questionnaires after brief
orientation to the stakeholders. Random stratified sampling in typical cases (slums, schools,
wards commercial places, public latrines, surface drains, solid waste arrangements, industries,
health and educational institutions, etc.) evenly distributed all over the city to cover all
representative types of situations.
e) Review/study of the current practices: This included a review of sector strategies in water,
sanitation and solid waste management at state and city level. DPRs prepared on these sectors
and studied in detail and analysed.
f) Condition assessment: Choices of toilet in the city and their effectiveness along with pictures
on super structure, below ground, design models and materials used for different uses like
residential, industries, public spaces and new areas captured.
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g) Ward profiling as per City Sanitation Ranking parameters: City as a number of spatial units
looked at indicators pertaining to the practice of open defecation, access to sanitation
(individual, community and public), collection, treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes,
proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure, clear institutional roles and
responsibilities and improvements in health and environment as per the City Sanitation Rating.
h) Communication gap and needs assessment: IEC needs assessment carried out and broad
communication strategy developed in consultation with the ULB officials and other stakeholders.
i) Developing a situation analysis report: The situation analysis, prepared by taking into
consideration the ground realities, local conditions and assessment of the present sanitation
situation. It included inputs from all the above activities with the details of existing household
sanitation arrangements, public sanitary conveniences, wastewater disposal, solid waste
management and water supply. The report also included an analysis of the ULB’s legal
framework and byelaws and financial analysis, data on key public and environmental health,
user charges, willingness to pay, etc.
j) Formulation of vision: This involved understanding the major aspirations with respect to
urban development in the state through consultations and building an overarching vision that
may be appropriate to the articulations. This involved the following ;
 Secondary information, data analysis and report review
 Brainstorming with key stakeholders and focus groups
 Understanding visions of concerned sectors and other constituents e.g., cities and
development agencies and concerned authorities.
k) Development of strategy: This involved understanding of major issues of the sector, major
priorities laid down and an assessment of how the current arrangements are working with
respect to urban development in the city. Also, the key strengths, major weaknesses, potential
opportunities as well as likely threats would also be analysed to move towards the identification
of the action/intervention areas that form the strategy development. This involved:
 Completion of information analysis, with quick estimates and review of current policies and
priorities
 Consultations with key stakeholders/ focused group discussions
 Detailed discussion with departments/ agencies/ cities/ authorities
l) Preparation of draft CSP: Finalization of CSP along with recommendations based on the
situation and solutions for making open defecation free city and totally sanitized, public toilet
and community toilets models and operational models; proto-type design recommendation for
all typical situations, waste disposal mechanisms, starters for sewerage layouts and estimation
of requirement in terms of capacities, quantity and finances.
m) Preparation of implementation road map: It involved identifying and documenting
interventions for the improvement of sanitation. The cost estimates of such interventions (only
ball park figures); the institutional responsibility as well as broad timelines for implementation
indicated in the CSP.
Initially, the situational analysis is done with the help of both secondary data and primary survey.
For this purpose, statistical data, information from past reports, institutional sources and
publications will provide, which will be analysed to the requirements of various aspects/subjects of
the study. The sources and methods for data collection included collection of data from ULBs
and/or the water and sanitation utility provided to the city on water supply, sanitation, sewerage,
wastewater treatment, solid waste management, drainage, etc. Comprehensive data required for
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CSP preparation included adequate provision of toilets, open defecation free status, no manual
scavenging, safe handling and treatment/ reuse of human excreta, sullage, drainage and solid waste
management will be collected from secondary sources if possible.
Figure 1: Essential components of City Sanitation Plan
Wherever information is unlikely to be available, a combination of published information and

estimates available with city agencies are used. Estimation will be validated and cross-checked by
random sample surveys, short structured field-visits to make physical observations and
interactions with local residents. Discussions with local populations formed important feedback to
validate data on certain indicators for example, proportion of slum households practicing open
defecation, perusal of records and interactions with officers at facilities on arrivals of solid waste at
landfill, proportion of sewage being re-used, water quality after treatment, etc. Physical
observations included photo-documentation where relevant information like instances of pits or
septic tanks letting out wastes into drains or nalas, accumulated solid waste dumps, cesspools or
flooding, etc., are also considered.
Brainstorming meetings were held in focus groups having wider representation from various
quarters of the society in order to understand current sectoral priorities and aspirations. Time to
time orientation and consultation workshops with stakeholders both at state and city level were
held. Activity outline is given below. The objectives of these workshops included building capacities
of the concerned stakeholders, assessing the drawbacks and potential of these areas, validation of
issues and build consensus in accommodating and addressing the concerns of various distinct
pockets within the given city.
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Table 1: Activity outline on Tumkur CSP
Progress made Activity
1. State launch The launch was aimed to sensitize elected

workshop representatives and administrative
held at Bangalore on functionaries on National Urban Sanitation
25th November 2010 Policy and City Sanitation Plan. Honorable
Minister for Urban Development,
Government of Karnataka had participated
in the workshop and delivered key note
address.
Launch workshop, Bangalore
2. State level technical The objective of the state level technical
workshop workshop was focused on sharing the
held at office of understanding on the CSP and its
Directorate of importance to the ULBs. It was primarily
Municipal focused on the present status of solid
Administration, waste management practices, sewerage
Government of system, water supply, toilet facilities in the
Karnataka on 7th city. It was also focused on the
January 2011 methodology for the preparation on CSP. Participants at technical
orientation workshop at DMA, GoK
3. CSTF orientation The workshop was intended to introduce
workshop the CSTF members the need for the
held at Conference constitution of CSTF and their role in the
Hall of City preparation of City Sanitation Plan. This
Corporation, was followed by the group activity among
Tumkur on 21st the CSTF members to seek their views on
January 2011 the problems and solutions in regard to
the sanitation in the city. CSTF orientation workshop at City
Corporation, Tumkur
4. Preparation of An Inception Report was prepared with
Inception Report the progress made until the submission of
Submitted to DMA, the same. In included the mention of the
GoK in March 2011 activities since the State launch workshop
till the first workshop with the CSTF
members of the cities under preparation of
CSP. Also, illustrated the way forward
approach for the CSP.
Coverpage of Inception Report

5. 2nd round of CSTF The 2nd round meeting was intended to
meeting share the progress made along with the
held at the clarification and understating of the data
Conference Hall of to be validated. It covered the
City Corporation, methodology adopted for the primary
Tumkur on 21st survey, focused group discussions,
May2011 situation analysis, etc., and the workable
suggestions from CSTF members were
taken into consideration while following Participants at the 2nd round CSTF
the methodology and drafting CSP. meeting
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6. Collection and A review of reports or supporting documents available with City Corporation was
review of secondary done for understanding of the existing status and proposed infrastructure of the
data/ reports city.
/documents
7. Focused Group Conducting FGDs have provided to identify problems. FGDs have been conducted
Discussions (FGD) in slum areas, market, residential areas and slaughter house. The FGDs have given
an understanding to prepare the situation assessment of the city’s infrastructure
for CSP.
8. Draft City Sanitation Comprises basic city profile, demographic details, SWM, water supply, waste
Plan water treatment, sewerage network in the city, situation assessment, demand
supply gap assessment, municipal responsibilities, financial assessment, etc. The
integration of the available information along with the outcome of primary survey
and FGDs has been used to prepare the draft CSP.
1.4 Process, detailed steps and limitations

The process detailed below for planning urban sanitation and wastewater management
improvements offers a step-by-step guide for:
•Profiling of the City
Step 1: Preparatory works
•Stakeholders analysis
Step 2: Stakeholder analysis •Ulb’s, Water Boards, DUDA, NGO’s, etc
•Oranizing
Step 3: Sensitization/
•Sensitization/Orientation
Orientation
•Workshop
•City Sanitation Task Force

Step 4: Constituting teams
•Core team - Technical
•Social marketing approaches

Step 5: Initiating IEC activites •IEC training activities (ULB's, NGO's, volunteers, health
institution, etc)
Step 6: Situation analysis and •Mapping current status

mapping current status •Identify gaps
•Identifying stress zones
Step 7: Problem analysis
•Assessment of options
Step 8: Developing and •Planning for Ssolutions
consolidating CSP •Selecting options, new facilities , behavior change
Step 9: Formulation of action •Short, medium & long term goals/measures to achieve
plans City Sanitation
Step 10: Finalization of CSP •Final stakeholder workshop
Step 1: Profiling ULB: As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of ULBs using SLB indicators
and city ratings to highlight the ODF status, sanitation situation, health indicators and current
projects was undertaken.
Step 2: Stakeholder analysis: The ULBs are in the frontline of implementation and have a key role
in ensuring sanitation and should focus on demand responsive approach. Plan formulation through
stakeholder consultation will provide the foundation for CSP which has government endorsement
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as well as an informed civil society to monitor its implementation. To play their part, as per the
requirements of CSP, institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals, local
councilors, industry owners, consultants, representatives of private sector, etc., are identified in
Tumkur and analyzed the strengths and competencies required for sanitation.
Step 3: Sensitization/orientation workshop: With this background knowledge, a city level

orientation workshop at city level involving identified stakeholders has been organised to highlight
the need to engage with issues relating to access and arrangement especially in slums; awareness
generation for changed behaviour and practices; community participation and mobilization to
accord sanitation priority at all levels from policy to action on ground; a number of technical,
institutional and financial issues to be addressed in CSP and its various steps of preparation. Date
of meeting and proceedings are given in Annexure 2.
Step 4: Constituting CSTF technical core team: CSTF has been constituted by MMC to mobilize
stakeholders to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies,
government agencies and amongst the people of the city. CSTF will organize a multi-stakeholder,
multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage and take a formal resolution to make the city 100%
sanitized. Details of CSTF, date of constitution, members, etc are given in Annexure 3.
Step 5: Initiating IEC activities: The objective of well driven IEC has to be demand-driven with
social marketing approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviors, promote
no subsidies for household toilets in future and encourage diversity in technology and design. For
this purpose ULBs may utilize suitable player for inter-personal IEC and training from the existing
system like; ward development committees, health institutions, schools, National Service Scheme
(NSS) volunteers, the private sector (retailers, contractors, suppliers, plumbers, masons),
neighborhood committees, NGOs and Anganwadi workers.
Step 6: Situation analysis and mapping current status: The situation analysis, prepared by
taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions and assessment of the present
sanitation situation has been undertaken and broad framework is indicated below:
Table 2: Broad framework of CSP
Sectors Spatial units Finances Institutional

Service levels & benchmarks Household sanitation Cost recovery, Institutional
for: Slums policy & tariffs arrangement–
Solid waste management Public sanitary collections policies, plans,
Water supply conveniences Budget transfers implementation
Storm water School sanitation PPPs , management
Drainage Institutional Study of current Staffing
Health situation – Statistics sanitation map programs (SJSRY, Organization &
and anecdotal comment spatially ILCS, etc.) competence
Environmental situation – Any town specific
Local & downstream & areas
groundwater
Tools used: Data templates, survey formats, transect walks along with schedules of interviews
(slums, industrial areas, water bodies), FGDs, technical analysis, impact, indicators, stakeholder
consultations at city level, etc.
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Figure 2: Process followed for data assimilation
Table 3: Research techniques with the tasks identified
Tasks Research tools

1. To assess the current social and environmental  Literature review
issues in Tumkur city.  Baseline survey
 Case studies
 Consultations/ FGDs
2. To assess the policies, acts, operational  Literature review
procedures to address, mitigate and manage the  Survey
social and environmental issues in sanitation.  FGDs
 Case studies
 Discussions
 Stakeholder consultations
3. To assess people’s perception on sanitation, its  Literature review
maintenance and investment (analysis of data).  Secondary information review
 Case studies
 Analysis of rapid survey data
 FGDs
 Stakeholder consultations
4. To assess and recommend on the existing  Literature review
institutional arrangements in the urban sector in  Stakeholder consultations
managing and mitigating social and  FGDs
environmental issues.  Survey data analysis
5. To evolve a social and environmental framework  Literature review
to mitigate adverse/ negative impacts.  Stakeholder consultations
Step 7: Problem analysis and assessment of options: Followed by situational analysis problem,
challenges have been identified in coverage, access, treatment and disposal, institutional, financial,
social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns. Also reviewed comprehensive range of
sanitation and wastewater management options including industrial and municipal sewerage,
sewage treatment, conventional and low cost, centralized and decentralized sewerage, separate and
ASCI, Hyderabad 15
combined effluent disposal options, on-site sanitation options, separate programs for schools,
public toilets, sanitation in slums, community-based NGO supported programs, etc.
The main purpose of analyzing the options is to identify plausible technical, financial and
institutional solutions considering (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and
environmental benefits, (iii) sustainability, (iv) a long-term plan, (v) government policy including
land use zoning, (vi) piloting new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a
resource, (ix) lessons learned from the past and (x) political commitment.
Step 8: Developing and finalization of CSP: Having completed above steps, CSP has been
formulated to articulate sanitation goals, specific quantifications both in terms of technical,
capacities and financial based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made
depending on costs of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation.
Project priorities for sanitation need to consider:
 Serving the unserved urban poor
 Serving the unserved schools
 Serving the unserved public areas
 Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring
 Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private developers)
 Rehabilitation of existing facilities
 Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment)
 Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority)
1.5 Primary survey

The objective of conducting the sample field survey was to validate some of the information
collected from secondary sources and assess few situations where data is not available, also the
services at the customer level / field level and validate the information given by officials.
1.5.1 Methodology adopted for the sample surveyed

The samples surveyed accounts to 2.1% of the 2001 Census population of 1294 households were
randomly selected for sample survey in Tumkur city comprising 907 slums and 387 non-slums in
order to assess the sanitation issues in the households and validate the available secondary data.
The random sampling was adopted for the survey.
The sanitation arrangements in households surveyed needs considerable improvements in order to

achieve higher scores in the city sanitation ranking. The survey has also helped in finding the gaps
in implementing the city sanitation plan. It was observed that the available secondary information
gathered from associated departments needs regular updates and thorough check in the
inconsistent data.
Areas covered: The survey considered spatially from all parts of the city, but the main focus was
given to the following areas.
Table 4: Surveys and sample numbers
Type of survey No. of samples

1. Households 387
2. Slums 907
3. School survey 29
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4. Institutions 7
5. Community toilets -
6. Public toilets 7
7. Slaughter houses 0
8. Water bodies 2
9. Commercial places 5
10. Hospitals 0
1.5.2 Communication Needs Assessment

The key idea for the Communication Needs Assessment (CNA) is to carry out a needs assessment
within the existing infrastructure as well as the strategy for expansion of infrastructure. The
following steps were identified before visiting the field.
 Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication
 FGDs, interviews, transect walks with stakeholder groups were planned
 Topic guides were prepared for each stakeholder group
 Data collection, field assessment of communications needs was carried out
Stakeholders: Residents, establishments and ULB officials. Resident includes all those living
within city can be classified as HIG, MIG, LIG and slum dwellers. In smaller towns a division into
higher income group, middle class and slum dweller could be sufficient. Shop keepers and
commercial establishments constitute a separate group especially for generation of market waste.
Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for FGDs and implementation of
communications strategies.
 Key officials-Commissioners, sanitation inspectors, medical/health officers
 Councilors, community elders
 City media: newspapers, reporters
 RWA office bearers
 NGOs
 Safai-karamcharies union office bearers
 Heads of commercial establishments & shopkeepers, public places such as bus stands
 Slum residents
 Residents from neighborhoods
 School teachers, employees
 School children
Three key parameters

 Environmental sanitation SWM: market waste, domestic waste, waste segregation at source
and at collection point, waste disposal measures
 ODF: public toilets, individual latrines, toilet maintenance, disposal of human waste
 UGD: awareness, user charges
The issues on these parameters as explored in primary data will create a basis for topics to be
raised in FDGs.
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Figure 1: FGDs in slums
1.6 Verification of MoUD checklist

The MoUD has prepared a common checklist for the preparation of CSPs by various organizations
for cities in various parts of India. This checklist will help cities assess the quality of the draft
version of the CSP. The indicators in the checklist are drawn to measure whether the key
dimensions of sanitation are addressed in the contents and ensure that the process followed in the
preparation of the CSP was consultative and has full ownership of the city stakeholders. This is a
self-assessment result and indicates the gaps in contents and process that need to be remedied and
ensure that CSP is ready for submission and presentation as one of the model CSPs prepared for
implementation under the NUSP. An attempt has been made to prepare the CSP under the
guidelines of the MoUD checklist. The checklist is in two parts: Content and Process.
1.6.1 Content Self Assessment

Table 5: CSP Content self-assessment
No. Item Yes/No

I Baseline data collection & situational analysis in terms of
identification of short-term or mid-term or long-term measures
1) Has the city carried out a baseline data collection (secondary and primary) (Score overall ‘Yes’
and situation analysis of different aspects of sanitation viz: if at least 9
indicators below
score ‘Yes, else ‘No)
i. Access to household level sanitation arrangements in general residential Yes
and slum areas
ii. Community and public toilets – location and status Yes
iii. Safe collection and conveyance of human excreta (on-site and sewerage) Yes
– infrastructure and management (including status of de-sludging services)
iv. Treatment and safe disposal of human excreta Yes

v. Solid waste collection, transport and safe disposal Yes
vi. Drainage and flooding Yes
vii. Drinking water quantity, quality and coverage Yes
viii. Institutional arrangements and finances for capital creation and O&M
management of environmental services (water, sanitation, solid waste,
drainage)
ix. Current population and socio-economic categories and projections by
different categories
x. Arrangements and practices of commercial, public and other institutions Yes
in respect of sanitation and solid wastes
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xi. Maps and physical features of settlements (wards, slums, etc.) and key Yes
city infrastructure (water, sewerage, drainage, roads, treatment plants,
water and sewage pumping stations, etc.)
xii. Data on health-related indicators of sanitation and water supply Yes
xiii. Other important and locally relevant details (specify)
2) Has the draft CSP identified specific data gaps and developed a plan for Yes
detailed data collection?
II Institutional roles and issues
3) Has the city identified an institutional home/s for sanitation planning,
implementation, monitoring and regulation?
4) Has the draft CSP proposed specific actions to resolve institutional gaps (Score overall ‘Yes if
and overlaps for: at least 5 indicators
below score ‘Yes,
else ‘No)
a. Planning and financing
b. Creation of physical infrastructure
c. O&M management Yes
d. Training and capacity building Yes
e. Monitoring of outcomes
f. Communications
g. Regulation
III City-wide sanitation campaign
5) Does the draft CSP contain a plan for the launch of a 100% sanitation
Campaign in the city?
IV Technology options and city-wide design
6) Has draft CSP detailed and evaluated different technology options (on or Yes
off-site as well for collection, transport and safe disposal – i.e. full-cycle) for
sanitation?
7) Do the proposed sanitation interventions (rehabilitation, retrofitting or
new investments) consider the whole city? (not just a part thereof)
V Urban poor and unreached
8) Has the draft CSP identified the locations or settlements of the urban poor Yes
and other unreached population segments with have no or limited access to
sanitation?
9) Does the draft CSP identify actions for assisting unreached/poor Yes
households with individual, community or public sanitation facilities (in
that order); and efficient disposal from these facilities?
10) Has the draft CSP identified or proposed sources of financing the CSP
(schemes, grants, loans, etc.) for extending access to sanitation and related
behavior change communication activities?
VI Financing and O&M management
11) Does the draft CSP consider an appropriate time-frame and spatial and
demographic dimensions to remain relevant (at least for the 12th Five Year
Plan period, even if investment numbers are indicative or work-in-
process)?
12) Were the different sanitation options (hardware plus software) evaluated
on the basis of financial viability? (i.e. Cost Benefit Analysis done)
13) Whether O&M implications of each of the investment options evaluated i.e.
implications on tariff increases and willingness to pay for services;
personnel number and capacities etc.?
14) Has the draft CSP considered options for partnering with private sector,
NGOs etc. for implementation or O&M management of sanitation facilities?
VII Expedient and other actions
15) Has the draft CSP identified the steps for implementing improved
enforcement of existing laws and provisions? (e.g. prohibiting hazardous
discharge of untreated sewage, scrutiny about sanitation arrangements
before issue of building permits)
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16) Have gaps and overlaps in existing regulations identified for resolution? Yes
(e.g. provisions in development regulations or building bye-laws to
promote sanitation including safe disposal)
17) Does the draft CSP have a plan for improving septage management? Yes
18) Whether the draft CSP includes an implementation plan and timeline? Yes
19) Whether the draft CSP has a disaster preparedness component?
20) Whether the draft CSP identifies short-term/ medium-term/ long-term Yes
measures to achieve identified outcomes?
21 Does this draft CSP leads to improvement of service levels with respect of Yes
SLB related to MSW/storm water drainage/solid waste management?
22) Outline of expected improvements on rating as per NUSP? Yes
Guide for self-assessment of CSP Content
Minimum required score

To be ensured that the draft CSP scores:
At least one “yes” in each of the 7 sections in the table
An overall minimum score of 12 “yes” in the total of 18 indicators.
1.6.2 Process Self Assessment

Table 6: CSP Process Self-Assessment
No. Item Yes/ No

I Stakeholder participation
1) A multi-stakeholder City Sanitation Task Force has been formed and has met at least Yes
sufficient consultations have been held?
2) All agencies working in the City (ULB, State Government, NGOs, private sector involved Yes
in planning, implementation, management or regulation of environmental services
(water, sanitation, solid waste, drainage), representatives of different community
groups and key waste-generating segments have been consulted in the process of
preparation of the draft CSP?
3) Number of area Sabhas/ Mohallas/ RWA’s etc. consulted? Yes
4) Whether sufficient consultations have been held with urban poor groups in the city? Yes
Indicate the number.
II Ownership of the draft CSP
5) Has the draft CSP gone through an appropriate process of "appraisal" or "agreement" at
the ULB and the City Sanitation Task Force?
6) Is the draft CSP aligned to other plans of the city (CDP, Master-plan, Development Plan,
etc.) and differences if any, highlighted for resolution in the CSP?
7) Are there are any current or pending/ proposed projects (under various schemes) that
are in conflict with the recommendations and decisions in the CSP? Have these been
highlighted for resolution?
III Communications
8) Has the CSP process formally recognized the importance of communicating with
stakeholders, right from the beginning of the process and drawn up as a
Communications Plan?
9) Have the basic steps of the communication plan started being implemented?
10 Level of awareness in the city about CSP (Indicate Yes/No)? Yes
IV Links with related exercises
11) If the city is participating in the Service Level Benchmarking exercise, have the relevant
indicators been measured and uniformity ensured between that and the CSP?
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Guide for self-assessment of CSP Process
Minimum required score

To be ensured that the draft CSP scores:
At least two “yes” in sections i and ii, and
At least one “yes” in sections iii and iv in the table.
1.7 Chapter Plan

This section intends to present a brief overview of the CSP report, giving an idea of the content and
the purpose of the various chapters. The report has two major sections namely, situational analysis
and sanitation strategies. The former section depicts the city and its present status with regards to
sanitation with an aim to highlight the existing conditions regarding access and coverage of sanitary
facilities, identifying gaps and striking issues and understand the behavioral aspects of various
sections of the society. This section is covered from Chapter 1 to Chapter 5. The latter section in
Chapter 6 provides strategies and solutions to bridge the identified gaps, mitigate the existing
issues and provide ways and means to aid the sustenance of the existing and proposed strategies
and projects.
Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the CSP process, its background and the objectives behind it.
This is followed by the step-by-step methodology of the CSP process, as well as the status of the CSP
for the particular city. The process of collection of baseline information, both primary and
secondary has been explained at length. The CSP process at Tumkur has then been evaluated on
the basis of the CSP checklist as prepared by MoUD, GoI.
Chapter 2 presents a review of the policies and programs that are prevalent and followed in the
state to improve the sanitation conditions in the urban areas. It gives detailed insight into the NUSP
and the sanitation ranking of cities, the MSW 2000 rules, the ILCS projects and other such projects
which have been taken up for the improvement of access & coverage of sanitary facilities.
Chapter 3 deals with the city profile where the various aspects of the city are discussed in order to
get a fair idea about the city itself. Aspects such as location, regional linkages, demography,
economic, land use and housing profiles, the urban governance, the slums and squatter settlements
are discussed in brief.
Chapter 4 forms the central focus on the situational analysis. The aim of this chapter is to present a
clear picture of the existing systems of sanitation in the city. It contains four sectors – sewerage and
sanitation, storm water system, solid waste management and the water supply system of the city.
Within each sector, the gaps and issues in access and coverage are identified, the problem areas are
clearly demarcated, the performance of each of the sectors is evaluated through SLB indicators and
projections are also made for the future years.
Chapter 5 aims to evaluate the institutional capacity and the financial structure to find out if the
ULB along with the associated organizations is able to cater to the sanitation needs of the society,
with regards to both adequate qualified personnel and adequate financial sources.
Chapter 6 aims to present the strategies for the CSP. It provides the vision for the CSP and its goals
and the basic guiding principles on which the strategies are based. Thereafter, strategies have been
provided to improve coverage and access to sanitation facilities, to implement effectively the
various proposals, options, mechanism for effectively financing the strategies and proposals along
with proper phasing.
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2 STATE URBAN SANITATION POLICIES & PROGRAMS–A REVIEW
2.1 National Urban Sanitation Policy and National Sanitation Awards

NUSP has been formulated by the Government of India
in 2008 with a vision to provide appropriate sanitation Box 2: NUSP 2008 “All Indian cities and
facilities in all cities and towns, through policy, towns become totally sanitized, healthy
institutional, technical and financial interventions. and livable and ensure and sustain good
Some of the areas to address under NUSP include open public health and environmental outcomes
defecation free towns, providing access to toilets for for all their citizens with a special focus on
hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities
poor people, waste water treatment, solid waste
for the urban poor and women.”
treatment and its disposal, achieving public health
outcomes and environmental standards.
2.1.1 Components of National Urban Sanitation Policy

The components of NUSP as supported by Government of India are as follows:
Awareness generation
Institutional roles
Reaching the un served and poor households
Knowledge development
Capacity building
Financing
National monitoring and evaluation
Coordination at the national level
2.1.2 National award scheme for sanitation for Indian cities

In order to rapidly promote sanitation in urban areas of the country (as provided for in the National
Urban Sanitation Policy and Goals 2008) and to recognize excellent performance in this area, the
Government of India intends to institute an annual award scheme for cities. The award is based on
the premise that improved public health and environmental standards are the two outcomes that
cities must seek to ensure for urban citizens. In doing so, governments in states and urban areas
will need to plan and implement holistic city-wide sanitation plans, thereby put in place processes
that help reach outputs pertaining to safe collection, disposal and disposal (including conveyance,
treatment and/ or re-use without adverse impacts on the environment in and around the cities).
It may be noted that the awards will not recognize mere inputs, hardware or expenditure incurred
in urban sanitation but assess how these lead to achievements of intermediate milestones toward
the final result of 100% safe disposal of wastes from the city on a sustainable basis. Cities will need
to raise the awareness of city stakeholders (households, establishments, industries, municipal
functionaries, media, etc.) since improved sanitation can ensure improved public health and
environmental outcomes only if considerable changes in behavior and practice take place across
the spectrum of society.
2.1.3 Concept of totally sanitized cities

A totally sanitized city will be one that has achieved the outputs or milestones specified in the
NUSP, the salient features of which are as follows:
 Cities must be open defecation free
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 Must eliminate the practice of manual scavenging and provide adequate personnel protection
equipment that addresses the safety of sanitation workers
 Municipal wastewater and storm water drainage must be safely managed
 Recycle and reuse of treated wastewater for non potable applications should be implemented
wherever possible
 Solid waste collected and disposed off fully and safely
 Services to the poor and systems for sustaining results
 Improved public health outcomes and environmental standards
2.1.4 Rating and categorization of cities

The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), GoI has identified a set of output, process and
outcome indicators to assess the existing sanitation conditions in the town. The list of indicators
pertain to the practice of open defecation, access to sanitation (individual, community and public),
collection, treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes, proper upkeep and maintenance of the
sanitation infrastructure, clear institutional roles and responsibilities and improvements in health
and environment. A total of 19 sanitation parameters such as access to community toilets, safe
management of human excreta and solid waste collection and treatment are being assessed. The
rating exercise involves three categories of indicators as follows:
1. Output indicators: pertain to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in different
dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision to safe collection,
treatment and disposal without harm to the city’s environment. There are 9 main output-
indicators accounting for 50 points of the total of 100 points.
2. Process related: indicators pertain to systems and procedures that exist and are practiced by
the city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There are 7 main process-indicators accounting
for 30 points of the total of 100 points.
3. Outcome related: indicators include the quality of drinking water and that of water in water-
bodies of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne diseases in
the city over a time period. There are 3 main outcome-indicators accounting for 20 points of a
total of 100 points.
Table 7: Category of city color codes
No. of cities in each

Category Marks Description
category
1. Red < 33 Cities on the brink of public health 204
and environmental “emergency”;
needing immediate remedial action
2. Black 34 - 66 Needing considerable improvements 228
3. Blue 67 - 90 Recovering but still diseased 4
4. Green 91 - 100 Healthy and clean city 0
Total 436
Tumkur Rank 182 (36.16 marks)
Ideally, data for the above outputs, processes and outcomes are regularly collected by city
authorities but at present, very few cities will have, at best, partial data available. This rating
exercise will help in highlighting the need for regular data collection and monitoring of indicators.
National rating survey data utilizes these categories for publication of results.
ASCI, Hyderabad 23
On the basis of plans prepared and implemented, cities will be able to measure the results of their
actions and be able to clearly chart out their improvements over time compared to their baseline
situation. On achievement of remarkable results, i.e. coming into the Green category (Healthy and
clean city), cities will typically become eligible for the national award. Other cities showing
remarkable incremental performance or selective achievements may also be given special or
honorary awards. Cities in different size-classes may also be considered for category-wise awards.
Based on results of the rating survey and selection of awardees, cities will be invited to participate
in a National Urban Sanitation Award ceremony.
Findings of a survey commissioned by the MoUD rated Indian cities on safe sanitation practices of
423 Class-I cities (with a population of more than 1,00,000). Four color codes have been assigned
to the cities based on the points they obtained in the rating; Red means the cities need 'immediate
remedial action', Black means 'need considerable improvement', Blue means ‘recovering,’ Green
means ‘healthy and clean’, community-driven Nirmal Shahar, or totally sanitized, healthy and
liveable cities and towns. One of the objectives of CSP is to improve the scores by identifying their
interventions areas. None of the cities fall in the green category. The distribution of the 436 cities
in the said categories has been presented in the table as follows.
2.2 Municipal Solid Waste 2000 Rules

The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999 were published under the
notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. In exercise of
the powers conferred by section 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of
1986), the Central Government hereby made the rules to regulate the management and handling of
the Municipal Solid Wastes, 2000. Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000
are applicable to every municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage,
transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solids. The rules contain four schedules as
given in the table below:
Table 8: Schedule details of MSW Rules, 2000
Schedule Description
I Relates to implementation schedule
II Specifications relating to collection, segregation, storage, transportation,
processing and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW).
III Specifications for land filling indicating; site selection, facilities at the site,
specifications for and filling, Pollution prevention, water quality
monitoring, ambient air quality monitoring, plantation at landfill site,
closure of landfill site and post care.
IV Indicate waste processing options including; standards for composting,
treated l lactates and incinerations.
The MSW Rules (2000) very categorically state the roles and responsibilities of ULBs, the State
Government, the Union Territory Administrations and the Pollution Control Boards. The roles of the
ULBs as stated are as follows:
1. Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality, be responsible
for the implementation of the provisions of these rules and for any infrastructure development
for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid
wastes.
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2. The municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application in Form I, for
grant of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including landfills
from the State Board or the Committee in order to comply with the implementation
programme laid down in Schedule I.
3. The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation schedule laid
down in Schedule I.
4. The municipal authority shall furnish its annual report
a. To the Secretary-in-charge of the Department of Urban Development of the concerned State
or as the case may be of the Union Territory, in case of a metropolitan city; or
b. To the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concerned in case of all other towns
and cities, with a copy to the State Board or the Committee on or before the 30 th day of June
every year.
2.3 Karnataka Urban Drinking Water & Sanitation Policy, 2002

Good quality reliable drinking water supply and sanitation are essential basic needs of every
citizen. Increasing urbanization has resulted in greater pressure on the existing urban water supply
and sanitation systems leading to increasing demand on the one hand to augment the source and
improve distribution and on the other to increase the coverage of underground drainage (UGD). At
the same time, as stated in the State Water Policy brought out by the Department of Water
Resources, there is an urgent need to conserve the limited water resources of the State to ensure
sufficient availability of water for various needs as well as for the future. The Government of
Karnataka in partnership with urban local bodies in the State, the Karnataka Urban Water Supply &
Drainage Board (KUWS&DB) and the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) will
continue and strengthen its efforts to provide all residents of urban areas of the State, piped water
supply and sanitation services at or near their dwellings. The efforts of the Government of
Karnataka and its partner agencies will be to:
1. Ensure universal coverage of water and sanitation services that people want and are willing to
pay for and
2. To do so in a manner that preserves the sustainability of the precious water resources of the
State, project and enhances the commercial and economical sustainability of the operations at
the same time.
3. Ensure a minimum level of service to all citizens.
The Government of Karnataka will continue to be responsible for:
Ensuring provision of the bulk of the resources required for capacity creation
Regulation, monitoring and evaluation of the efficiency of operations, including prescribing
reporting requirements, procurement procedures, etc.
Setting minimal service standard
Encouraging the use of public private partnerships as well as private sector participation to
achieve the sector goals
Promotion of the economic and commercial viability of water supply systems and the
exploitation of economies of scale and scope by appropriate aggregation options
Institution of necessary incentives for ULBs and service providers to implement sector reforms
Ensuring co-ordination and collaboration among the various agencies both at the policy and
operational level through the establishment of appropriate committees and agencies.
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2.4 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation

The Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) programme envisages construction of new sanitary
latrines in households not having latrines by adopting the low-cost leach pit system, with an
objective to eliminate dry latrines and manual scavenging. The scheme is being implemented with
63% HUDCO loan, 32% Government of India subsidy and 5% of contribution of beneficiary.
Initially during the year 1992 the ILCS was taken up in 34 municipalities, subsequently extended
the program covering all the Urban Local Bodies in a phased program.
Below Plinth Above Plinth

Government of India subsidy 45%
HUDCO loan 50% 95%
Beneficiary contribution 5% 5%
Objectives of ILCS
To stop proliferation of dry toilets and open defecation
To remove the dehumanizing practice of manual scavenging
To provide better sanitation facilities to the people of all municipalities in the state
To motivate people of latrine less areas, to come forward and build toilets
To inculcate healthy practice of maintaining sanitation
2.5 Asha Kiran Mahiti

Asha Kiran Mahiti (AKM) is a web-based application of the Karnataka Municipal Reforms Cell,
Directorate of Municipal Administration, Government of Karnataka. It has taken a major step in the
direction of mapping 3,400 notified and non-notified slums all over Karnataka and has the socio-
economic database of six lakh slum households across Karnataka. Based on this, it needs to
generate the social indicators, evolve plans and set targets for improvement in each of them and
measure the audit outcomes periodically.
2.6 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana

The Government of India has launched a rationalized poverty alleviation scheme called Swarna
Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) replacing three existing schemes, namely, Nehru Rozgar
Yojana (NRY), Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) and Prime Minister's Integrated Urban
Poverty Eradication Programme (PMI UPEP). SJSRY seeks to provide gainful employment to the
urban poor (living below the urban poverty line) unemployed or under-employed, through setting
up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment.
SJSRY online application: SJSRY is an application developed to capture and track the
beneficiaries, financial and physical progress of the works under the ’Swarna Jayanthi Shahari
Rojgar Yojana’, a scheme under which all the beneficiaries can be enrolled for professional and
career oriented training programs being conducted across the 227 ULBs of Karnataka. It is used to
capture all the eligible applicant’s details and provide a reliable database for the municipal
administration to govern at ease. The application includes features like maintenance of applications
in draft mode, approved mode and approving facilities by designated authorities and report
generation facilities to track the progress of commissioning this program across the ULBs. The
SJSRY online application modules are:
 Urban Self Employment Program (USEP)
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 Urban Women Self-help Program (UWEP)

 UWSP- Revolving Fund (RF)
 Skill Training for Employment Promotion Amongst Urban Poor (STEP-UP)
 Urban Wage Employment Program (UWEP)
 Urban Development Community Network (UCDN)
 Administrative & Other Expenditures (A& OE)
 Annual physical targets
2.7 Rajiv Aawaz Yojana

A Central Government scheme was introduced in 2009 with a vision of “Slum-free India” called
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY). The scheme aims to provide support for shelter and basic civic and social
services for slum redevelopment and creation of affordable housing that are willing to assign
property rights to slum dwellers. The scheme proposes to address the problem of slums in a
holistic and definitive way adopting a multi-pronged approach focusing on bringing existing sums
within the formal system and enabling them to avail of the same level of basic amenities as the rest
of the town; redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums and
tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keeps shelter out of reach of the urban poor
and forces them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood and
employment. The overarching aim of RAY would thus be to drive a fundamental change in policy
and reform in the existing urban development systems to make cities inclusive and equitable.
The preparatory phase of RAY has already commenced under Slum free City Planning Scheme from
2010 and action plan has being drawn to proceed towards the goal of slum-free cities in a
systematic and time bound manner.
2.8 Jawaharlal Urban Renewal Mission

The aim of Jawaharlal Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) is to encourage reforms and fast track
planned development of identified cities. It focuses on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service
delivery mechanisms, community participation and accountability of ULBs/ parastatal agencies
towards citizens. The objectives of JnNURM are as follows:
a. Focused attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered under
the Mission;
b. Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew of
reforms for long-term project sustainability;
c. Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;
d. Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and urban
corridors leading to dispersed urbanization;
e. Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access
to the urban poor;
f. Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion; and
g. Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices,
improved housing, water supply and sanitation and ensuring delivery of other existing universal
services of the government for education, health and social security.
ASCI, Hyderabad 27
2.9 Namma Mane Yojane (Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor)
Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP) has been conceived for providing
interest subsidy on housing urban poor to make the housing affordable and within the repaying
capacity of EWS/LIG. The scheme encourages poor sections to avail loan facilities through
Commercial Banks/HUDCO for the purposes of construction of houses and avail 5% subsidy in
interest payment for loans up to Rs. 1 lakh. Loan repayment periods will be permissible generally
ranging from 15-20 years. The subsidy will be 5% per annum for EWS and LIG, admissible for a
maximum loan amount of Rs. 1 lakh over the full period of the loan. Beneficiary borrowers may
choose fixed or floating rates (the consequences clearly explained to the borrowers by PLIs). An
additional of 1% per annum maximum will be permitted to be charged by banks/HFCs if fixed rate
loans are extended which will be subject to reset after a minimum period of 5 years.
The scheme will leverage flow of institutional finance for the EWS and LIG segment households and
result in creation of additional housing stock of 3.10 lakh houses for EWS/LIG segments over the
next 4 years (2008-2012) out of which 2.13 lakh dwelling units are targeted for EWS housing and
0.97 lakh for LIG housing. Households with monthly income of up to Rs 3,300 are classified as EWS
while those with monthly income between Rs 3,300 and Rs 7,300 are termed LIG. Preference will
be given to scheduled caste, schedule tribe, minorities and person with disabilities and women
beneficiaries in accordance with their proportion in the total population of city /urban agglomerate
during the 2001 census.
2.10 The 13th Central Finance Commission

Importantly, the report of 13th Central Finance Commission (CFC) released in February 2010
recommended general performance grants and special area performance grants to be linked to
performance of ULBs. Moreover, allocations to ULBs would now be linked to divisible pool
replacing the previous ad-hoc allocation. It has recommended grants of Rs. 23,111 crores to ULBs
during 2010-15, a four-fold growth over the 12th CFC allocation. The 13th CFC recommends state
governments and ULBs to focus on improved property tax revenues, urban service standards,
strengthened local body framework, improved municipal accounting, introduce system of
independent ombudsmen, and put in place a system of electronic transfer of grants to ULBs among
other things.
2.11 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

One of the eight missions as part of the Prime Minister Action plan for climate change, is on the
National Mission on Sustainable Habitat was assigned to this Ministry. MOUD formulated the
Mission document through several round of consultations and discussions. The document was
finally approved by the Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change in June 2010. The objective of
the Mission is to promote sustainability of habitats through improvements in energy efficiency in
buildings, urban planning, improved management of solid and liquid waste including recycling and
power generation, modal shift towards public transport and conservation. It also seeks to improve
ability of habitats to adapt to climate change by improving resilience of infrastructure, community
based disaster management and measures for improving advance warning systems for extreme
weather events. Under this mission, the cities are eligible for implementing demonstration projects
in SWM, storm water management and waste water treatment. The MoUD is also identifying
capacity needs and earmarked lot of funds for this purpose.
ASCI, Hyderabad 28
3 PROFILE OF TUMKUR CITY
3.1 Introduction and brief history

The Tumkur City Municipal Council (CMC) was constituted in 1975. It is located at a distance of 70
km to the northwest of the capital Bangalore along with Pune-Bangalore National Highway No. 4.
The city is in close proximity to Bangalore. The population of the city was 2,48,592 according to
2001 census. The CMC had 35 wards with equal number of councilors. The district headquarters is
located at Tumkur town. The Government of Karnataka has upgraded the Tumkur City Municipal
Council to a City Corporation in August 2010 after considering the growth of population increasing
to over 3 lakhs and the resource mobilization capacity is crossing Rs. 6 crore annually.
Figure 3: Map of Tumkur City (Courtesy: Google Maps)

The city is surrounded by mountains and hilly terrain. The famous places of the city include
Siddhaganga Mutt, Kaidala Temple, Devarayana Durga, Namada Chilume, Shiva Gange,
Goravanahalli Mahalakshmi Temple, etc. The principal crops grown are cereals, pulses, millets, oil
seed, ragi, paddy, coconut and sugarcane. The total area of the city is 75.4 sq. km (7541 hectares).
It consists primarily of elevated land intersected by river valleys. A range of hills rising to nearly
4,000 feet (1,200 meters) crosses it from north to south, forming the watershed between the
systems of the Krishna and Kaveri.
ASCI, Hyderabad 29
Figure 4: Map of Tumkur City (Courtesy: Google Maps)
Table 9: Brief profile of Tumkur city
City features Status

Number of wards 35
Area 75.4 sq. km
Population (2001 Census) 248929
Households (2001 Census) 53958
Population decadal growth rate (1991-2001) 38%
Average literacy rate (2011 Census) 86%
Average family size 4.6
Population density (per sq. km) 4056
Provisional Census 2011 population 305821
Estimated households (2011) 65958
No. of slums 22
Slum population 50570
Slum households 11154
Percentage of slum population 17%
Road length (km) 575 km
In recent years the city has grown extensively and growth rate is considerably high over the past
decades. As the city is the closest to the state capital Bangalore through a new dedicated express
highway road and railway. It is estimated that the city will grow at a much faster pace due to
population migration. The city should make adequate efforts to improve the city’s infrastructure in
terms of providing adequate potable water supply, sanitation, roads and improving overall hygiene
of the city.
ASCI, Hyderabad 30
3.2 Location and regional settings

Tumkur is situated on the National Highway number 4 and is located to the North West of the
capital city Bangalore, at a distance of approximately 70 km. Two National Highways namely, NH-4
and NH-206 passes through Tumkur city.
Map 1: Location map of Tumkur city
Map 2: Tumkur City
3.3 Climate and rainfall

Tumkur falls in the eastern dry agro climatic zone. The temperatures start rising from January to
peak in May reaching its maximum to around 400C. The humidity is low during the dry season and
highest during the monsoon period. The winds are predominantly south westerly during the
summer monsoon and northeasterly during the winter monsoon. The seasons can broadly be
ASCI, Hyderabad 31
classified into four. The dry season is from January to February followed by hot weather from
March to May. Over 18% of annual rainfall occurs during the pre monsoon season. The monsoon
season is from June to September yielding around 52% of the annual rainfall. The post monsoon
period from October to December contributes to nearly 30% of annual rainfall. On an average,
annually over 650 mm rainfall occurs in nearly 45 rainy days.
3.4 Topography
Tumkur is located at 13020’N longitude and 77006’E latitude. It has an average elevation of 822
meters (2696 feet).
3.5 Soil, geology and hydrology

Tumkur lies in the Archaean complex of granite, gneisses and schists. The major soil types include
red loamy, red sandy, mixed red and black soil. The predominant soil in the eastern tract of
Karnataka is the red soil overlying the granite from which it is derived. The red soils are shallow
well-drained to excessively drained, reddish brown to yellowish brown, gravely sandy loam to
sandy clay loam, moderate to severely eroded. The medium deep black soil are moderately deep,
moderately well-drained, dark brown to very dark greyish brown, non-calcareous cracking clay to
silty clay soils, moderately to severely eroded.
River basins: Pennar, Lower Cauvery and Lower Tungabhadra drain the district. Pennar Basin is
drained by Jayamangala and Kumudvathi rivers which are tributaries of North Pinakini river. River
Shimsha drains the area falling in Lower Cavery Basin in the district. Lower Tungabhadra Basin is
drained by Vedavathi and Suvarnamukhi rivers in the district. There are no perennial rivers in the
city. The rivers and streams originate from small watersheds and empty into number of tanks
scattered in the district. The drainage pattern in the area is semidendratic to dendratic.
3.6 Economy
Tumkur is a place having commercial, educational and industrial centres. Agricultural activity in
and around Tumkur city is another source of income as the land around the city is suitable to
cultivate rice, millets, ragi, maize, coconut, arecanut, pulses, oil seeds, etc. Tumkur has been
recently grown in the field of education. There are various colleges and institutes established in the
field of medicine, engineering, etc. The surrounding areas of Tumkur have new industrial layouts
developed and this is causing a huge population growth the city.
3.7 Industries
The chief industries are the making of coarse cotton cloths, woolen blankets, ropes, watches
(Hindustan Machine Tools), WIPRO, TVSE and Karmobiles Ltd., which is merged with Rane Madras.
"Tumkur glow for Beauty Crowns" Swarnmandir has been chiseling out the intricate nuances of
gold crowns for Miss India-Universe, Miss India-World and Miss India-Earth sponsored by Tanishq
have their industries around the town.
3.8 Literacy rate

As per the provisional figures of Census 2011, in education section, total literates in Tumkur city
are 237,424 of which 123,904 are males while 113,520 are females. Average literacy rate of
Tumkur city is 86% of which male and female literacy is 88% and 83% respectively.
ASCI, Hyderabad 32
3.9 Demography
Census 2001 was the last official
350000
data available on demographic 305821
300000
details of Tumkur city. The field 248929
250000
surveys for the Census 2011
179877
have been completed and 200000
published at the URL 150000

108670
www.census2011.co.in. As per 100000 70476
47277
the provisional figures, the 50000
population of census 2011 0
305821. Majority of the city's 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Total population
population speaks Kannada, 47277 70476 108670 179877 248929 305821
Decadal growth rate (%)
while other languages such as 49 54 65 38 23
Telugu, Tamil, Urdu and Hindi

are also spoken. The population of the city and the pattern of its increase over the years are set out
in the table below. It is observed that while the population increase was approximately 65% during
the decade of 1981-91, the next decade (1991-2001) witnessed a decrease in the decadal growth
rate to approximately 38%. As per 1991 census the population of Tumkur was 1,79,877 and
increased to 2,48,929 as per 2001 census. However, currently as a result of the influx of several
service industries in and around the city, the increasing agricultural activities in and around the city
and expansion in the education sector has been the major cause for an increased population of
approximately 3,05,821 with decadal growth of 23%.
Table 10: Population trends representing the average decadal growth of Tumkur city
Decadal growth
Year Population Households
rate (%)
1961 47277 8627
1971 70476 49 12975
1981 108670 54 19060
1991 179877 65 34595
2001 248929 38 53958
2011 305821 23 65958
Source: Tumkur City Corporation, Tumkur
As per provisional reports of Census India, population of Tumkur in 2011 is 305,821; of which male
and female are 155,406 and 150,415 respectively. The sex ratio of Tumkur city is 968 per 1000
males. Total children (0-6) in Tumkur city are 29,655 as per figure from Census India report on
2011. There were 15,233 boys while 14,422 are girls. Child sex ratio of girls is 947 per 1000 boys.
3.9.1 Population projections

Population projections form the basis of finding the future demand for infrastructure of different
facilities. To select the appropriate method, population for 2005 was projected using various
methods namely geometric increase method, incremental and arithmetical method. The population
of Tumkur has been projected using statistical methods like Geometric, Incremental and Arithmetic
methods. But keenly examining all the three methods, it is desirable to consider arithmetic
projection method as it stands close to the nearest value of 2011 census provisional figures. The
ASCI, Hyderabad 33
projected population is forecasted to reach around 3.67 lakhs in the year 2020, 4.29 lakhs in the
year 2030 and 4.91 lakhs by the year 2040 as depicted in the table below.
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
2005 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Geometric increase Incremental increase
Arithmetical increase Average of 3 methods
Table 11: Population projection by various methods
Geometric Incremental Arithmetical Average of

Year
increase increase increase 3 methods
2005 312,005 273,689 273,822 286,505
2009 391,063 298,373 298,715 329,384
2010 413,779 304,532 304,938 341,083
2015 548,752 335,257 336,054 406,687
2020 727,751 365,863 367,170 486,928
2025 965,140 396,350 398,286 586,592
2030 1,279,963 426,718 429,403 712,028
2035 1,697,480 456,968 460,519 871,656
2040 2,251,189 487,099 491,635 1,076,641
2045 2,985,515 517,112 522,751 1,341,792
Source: Estimated by ASCI
3.9.2 Ward wise distribution and growth potential

The population is scattered through out the city. The core area of the city is highly populated
compared to the peri-urban areas. Most of the activities are concentrated in the central part of the
city.
Table 12: Ward wise demographic details

Population Density rate (need
Ward Area Population Households
calculated from area to calculate
No. (sq.km) (nos.) (nos.)
Census 2011 density rate)
1 10211 1254 9525
2 7981 1674 7445
3 7421 1359 6922
4 7540 1678 7033
5 7161 1648 6680
6 12999 3080 12126
7 7340 1709 6847
ASCI, Hyderabad 34
8 8225 1153 7672

9 12456 1954 11619
10 13987 1575 13047
11 11452 2358 10682
12 11523 1842 10749
13 9987 2498 9316
14 8453 1426 7885
15 7456 1526 6955
16 10289 2536 9598
17 8792 2183 8201
18 6894 2446 6431
19 7188 1854 6705
20 9956 2711 9287
21 10358 1361 9662
22 11945 1388 11142
23 7942 2178 7408
24 12346 2078 11516
25 7855 2112 7327
26 7999 1334 7462
27 7845 2315 7318
28 7030 1452 6558
29 8265 2276 7710
30 9745 2210 9090
31 8084 1186 7541
32 12005 2200 11198
33 8492 2200 7921
34 11798 2179 11005
35 8831 1025 8238
Total 327851 65958 305821
Ward wise demographic details and its potentials summarized in the table below:
Table 13: Growth potential

Population density Growth
Wards
range per sq km potential
0-5000 Very high
5000-10000 High
10000- 20000 Medium
20000- 30000 Low
30000 and above Very low
Source: Discussions with ULB and density criteria
Growth rate potential of Tumkur has been demarcated into 5 categories namely, very high (0-
5000), high (5000-10000), medium (10000-20000), low (20000-30000) and very low (above
30000) depending on population density.
ASCI, Hyderabad 35
(Due to unavailability of ward wise area, the density rate has not been calculated. The information
will be updated once the area is received)
3.10 Land use and spatial growth

Tumkur city comprises 7,541 hectares of land with a gradual growth and expansion of geographical
area. Major part of the land is occupied with the agricultural activities accounting to approximately
38% of the total land area. The major land use is still used as agricultural land (2767.1 Ha, 36.7%)
followed by residential land use (2152.8 Ha, 28.5%). The city is expanding due to migration,
education and industrial development. The residential expansion accounts approximately 29% of
the total area. The land occupied by public utilities is low (23.8 Ha, 0.3%) of total area followed by
public and semi public areas (260.6 Ha, 3.5%). The developed land within the city, excluding the
water bodies and marshy areas can be further classified into the following major uses.
Table 14: Land use pattern of Tumkur City
Land use Area (Ha) Percentage

Agricultural land 2767.10 36.7%
Residential 2152.83 28.5%
Transport & communication 1117.19 14.8%
Others 385.8 5.1%
Open spaces 351.3 4.7%
Industrial 339.17 4.5%
Public & semi public 260.68 3.5%
Commercial 142.79 1.9%
Public utilities 23.86 0.3%
Total 7540.72 100%
Source: Tumkur City Statistics, 2010
Agricultural land: The agricultural activity is predominant in and around the city accounting to
2767 hectares which is 36.7% of the developed area. Due to the soil and suitable climatic condition,
there is good scope for agricultural produce.
Residential areas: The residential area is estimated to be around 2152 hectares which is 28.5% of
the developed area. Residential developments are concentrated in Hulkur, Gandhi Nagar, S.S.
Puram, Yallapura, A.K. Colony, CSI layout, Siddhalinga Palya, Poor House Colony, etc. It is expected
that residential areas grow enormously due to increasing population and demand for extension of
residential layouts.
Transportation and communication: The area covered is 1117 hectares, which is 14.8% of the
total developed area. The area, which comes under this use is the areas covered by roads, streets,
bus stand, railway tracks and railway stations, AIR, telephone exchange, aerodrome etc. For some
existing important roads, road widening of the narrow roads is also been proposed.
Commercial use: The area under commercial use is 142.7 hectares which is 1.9% of the total
developed area. The city is an important commercial centre in the state, but there is no organized
central business area for the entire city. The business activity is observed mainly around bus stand,
along the Bangalore Road. Because of lack of proper control, informal shopping on footpath has
come up and this obstructs the movement of pedestrians and vehicles.
ASCI, Hyderabad 36
Industrial use: The total area under Industrial use is 339 hectares i.e, 4.5% of the total
development in industrial area. Siragate, Badwadi, Antarasanahalli, etc., are the predominant
industrial area in the city.
The Tumkur city is one of the fastest growing cities in Karnataka state. The factor responsible for
its growth includes the city being closer to the capital city Bangalore, education, agriculture, etc.
There are around 65,958 residential properties as per the Corporation records. The commercial
properties account to about 8,386. There are around 292 institutions in the city.
There is no authorized slaughter house in Tumkur city operating as per the Pollution Control Board
norms. The slaughtering of animals is done in the premises of meat shops on illegal basis. The
waste water after cleaning of waste from these shops is directly discharged into the open drains
and the solid waste is mixed with the municipal solid waste which is dumped with the other waste
without any segregation.
Table 15: Ward wise details of types of properties
No. of properties
Ward
No. Government No. of meat
Residential Commercial Institutions
Hospitals shops
1 1254 180 2 7
2 1674 322 5 13
3 1359 162 8 13
4 1678 381 7 10
5 1648 454 6 4
6 3080 367 8 0
7 1709 361 12 12
8 1153 160 4 13
9 1954 229 13 15
10 1575 329 2 5
11 2358 248 11 9
12 1842 322 9 40
13 2498 359 8 1 2
14 1426 183 6 1 4
15 1526 261 7 4
16 2536 391 4 6
17 2183 26 9 1
18 2446 337 5 4
19 1854 259 10 8
20 2711 260 11 14
21 1361 163 14 4
22 1388 165 16 0
23 2178 247 18 12
24 2078 96 19 0
25 2112 67 11 3
26 1334 89 9 10
27 2315 82 12 6
28 1452 102 8 4
ASCI, Hyderabad 37
29 2276 70 9 7
30 2210 82 7 0
31 1186 526 6 5
32 2200 254 1 8
33 2200 567 5 1 5
34 2179 140 7 3
35 1025 145 3 9
Total 65958 8386 292 3 260
Source: Tumkur City Corporation
3.11 Slums and squatter settlements

Tumkur city has a total of 37 identified slums comprising 22 notified and 15 non-notified slums
scattered in 23 wards. As per the records of Asha Kiran Mahiti of Karnataka Municipal Reforms
Cell, DMA, GoK, the total population of these slums in the city is 50,642 (17% of total population)
with 11,269 families (17% of total households). The below poverty line population is around
45,181 with 10,098 households. The slums in the city are over crowded with lack of sanitation
facilities with poverty stricken areas. There are no proper roads, lack of sewerage and drainage
facility, unhygienic and sub-standard living conditions, lack of water supply and other amenities.
Table 16: Notified and non-notified slum details as on 2010-2011

Slum Below poverty line
Households
Households
Population
Population
Ward Area
Slum Name
No. (sq.
km)
Notified
2 1. Siragate A.K. Colony 0.0084 239 69 79 25
6 2. Dibbur 0.201 1069 270 1056 267
6 3. Dibbur Janatha Colony 0.0292 617 167 579 157
7 4. G.C.R. Colony 0.0088 1748 336 1725 330
8 5. Sante Maydhana 0.0034 448 100 448 100
9 6. Hegdde Colony 0.0243 2051 399 2038 395
12 7. Nazarabhadh 0.117 4475 943 4255 900
12 8. Sweepers colony 0.0048 709 144 553 117
13 9. Kuripalya 0.0052 1230 265 1002 224
13 10. Laboury Colony 0.0081 976 193 976 193
14 11. Idgha Mohalla 0.0246 1228 248 499 104
16 12. B.M. Thotha 0.012 1227 312 796 207
17 13. Hallashetty kerepalya 0.024 1808 449 1764 439
18 14. Goodsshed Colony 0.0247 3556 800 3035 678
20 15. Ambedkar Nagar 0.0091 390 130 369 123
20 16. N.R. Colony 0.016 3659 800 2712 604
23 17. Bhagyamandhira 0.009 228 60 211 56
24 18. Upparahalli 0.02 634 151 533 127
ASCI, Hyderabad 38
26 19. Pakirapalya 0.0054 837 177 825 174

29 20. Maraluru Janatha Colony 0.1614 9547 1986 8796 1831
31 21. Jayanagara 0.0012 300 62 292 60
35 22. Devarayapattana Colony 0.009 991 222 967 217
Non-notified
1 23. Settihalli A.K. Colony 0.0059 505 115 505 115
2 24. Antharasana halli 0.0291 1469 380 1453 376
11 25. Gangasandra A.K. Colony 0.0052 328 76 316 73
11 26. Melekote A.K. Colony 0.0081 277 62 251 57
11 27. RajivGandhi Extn 0.01 2624 559 2213 477
13 28. Tippu Nagara 0.0054 1281 273 1109 240
14 29. Mariyamma Nagara 0.0027 403 84 403 84
22 30. Devanuru 0.0041 903 241 854 228
23 31. Satyamangala A.K. Colony 0.0048 1049 292 1047 291
30 32. Bharathi Nagara 0.009 653 155 608 143
31 33. Batawadi 0.0032 484 110 386 90
34 34. Ellarabande 0.0038 779 194 774 192
34 35. Kaythsandra A.K. Colony 0.0082 866 187 862 186
34 36. Maruthi Nagara 0.0048 598 150 543 136
35 37. Near R.M.C. Yard 0.0031 456 108 347 82
0.834 50,642 11,269 45,181 10,098
Source: Karnataka Municipal Reforms Cell, DMA, GoK
● Notified
● Non-notified
Map 3: Notified and non-notified slums in Tumkur City

ASCI, Hyderabad 39
The slums in Tumkur city is spread over 23 wards. It is observed that the slum population is dense
to about 40-50% of the total population in some of the wards as given in the table below. Most of
the slum dwellers are living under below poverty line. The livelihood options are limited and
people are dependent on works involving daily wages. There needs lot of improvement in the city
especially the slum locations.
Table 17: Notified and non-notified slum details as on 2010-2011
Ward wise %
Ward Total Slum Slum
of slum
No. population population households
population
1 10211 505 115 5%
2 7981 1708 449 21%
6 12999 1686 437 13%
7 7340 1748 336 24%
8 8225 448 100 5%
9 12456 2051 399 16%
11 11452 3229 697 28%
12 11523 5184 1087 45%
13 9987 3487 731 35%
14 8453 1631 332 19%
16 10289 1227 312 12%
17 8792 1808 449 21%
18 6894 3556 800 52%
20 9956 4049 930 41%
22 11945 903 241 8%
23 7942 1277 352 16%
24 12346 634 151 5%
26 7999 837 177 10%
29 8265 9547 1986 116%
30 9745 653 155 7%
31 8084 784 172 10%
34 11798 2243 531 19%
35 8831 1447 330 16%
223513 50642 11269
Source: MRC, DMA, GoK and Tumkur City Corporation
3.12 Major tourist places in Tumkur

Tumkur is famous for the rocky terrain in and around the city premises. It is also famous for
Temples and Dargas where people come in huge crowd to visit these places. The number of floating
population is increasing every year and the demand to cater such huge crowd is a big challenge in
near future taking into consideration the basic infrastructure facilities like water supply, sanitation
arrangements, roads, solid waste management and waste water disposal. Hence, the growing
floating population needs to be considered during the planning of an effective CSP.
ASCI, Hyderabad 40
4 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION – AN ASSESSMENT
Most of the Indian cities live under highly

Box 3: Definitions of household sanitation
unsanitary conditions and have such poor arrangements according to Census 2001
hygiene behavior that their exposure to risks
of incidence and spread of infectious disease Water closet latrine (WC): The sanitary water
flush latrines are those latrines that have water
are enormous. In such situations, it becomes
closets fitted with flushing cistern. Such latrines
imperative to resolve the incidences through that may be connected to a septic tank or an
understanding the sanitation status and underground sewerage system will also be
behavior of people in the cities. recorded as water closet latrines. The fecal matter
from these types of latrines is removed without the
The sanitation in Tumkur needs considerable need for scavenging or manual handling of excreta.
improvement in the areas of open defection, Pit latrine: The latrines attached to the pit that is
dug into the ground for the reception of night soil
UGD connections, water supply and proper are reckoned as pit latrines.
housing for slums. This section covers the
Other latrine: This category includes service
issues on sanitation assessment includes latrines (i.e. those that are cleaned manually);
access to individual toilets with connection to latrines serviced by animals such as pigs, etc., and
UGD, septic tanks and soak pits, adequate all latrines other than the pit and the water closet
types of latrine.
water supply, efficient solid waste
management, functioning of storm water drains and efficient waste water treatment and disposal.
The status of water bodies and its management options are also being considered due to its
importance in efficient sanitation improvement in the City.
The secondary information is validated with the primary survey along with the focused group
discussions in slums and other areas of concern to understand the problematic areas with regards
to improper sanitation, its status and hygiene among the people.
4.1 Household sanitation

The sanitation needs considerable attention by the Corporation as there is lack of 100% sanitation
in the city. In Tumkur, the toilets are mainly of septic tank with soak pits. It is noted that in non
slum areas, the usage of own and community dry latrines and also shared and community septic
tank/flush latrines are existing. The open defecation is prominent not only in slum areas but also in
non-slum areas. The table below shows the ward wise availability of household level sanitation
infrastructure in the city. The total number of toilets connected to UGD is 36,167. As seen in the
table below, Tumkur lack 100% toilet facility at household level in non slum areas.
Table 18: Details of sanitation arrangements in Tumkur
No. of
Sanitation arrangement Percentage
households
Total households in Tumkur: 65958
Toilets connected to conventional sewer + 310 HHs using 36477 55%
community toilets
Toilets connected to septic tank 23749 36%
Toilets connected to pit latrine 1491 2%
Toilets connected to open nallas 1379 2%
ASCI, Hyderabad 41
Households practicing open defecation 2862 4%

Total 65958 100%
HHs with safe toilets (Sewer+ septic tank+ pit latrine) 61717 94%
HHs with unsafe toilets or no toilets 7595 6%
The environmental condition in these areas is unsatisfactory with regards to discharged water,
improper services and unhygienic conditions. The lines that are connected to open nalla get
blocked frequently causing overflow of waste water leading to environmental crisis leaving with
severe health hazards. Fecal matter in the places where toilets are connected to open nalla is a
quite common site. The complaints are not addressed on time which causes severe problems to the
residents of these localities.
Toilets connected to open nallas: As per the Tumkur Corporation records, around 1379 (2%)
household toilets are directly connected to open nalla. The environmental condition in these areas
is unsatisfactory with regards to discharged water and its effects on health of the residents. The
lines that are connected to open nalla get blocked frequently and this causes overflow of waste
water in near places causing environmental crisis. The complaints are not addressed on time which
causes severe problems to the residents of these localities.
Toilets connected to septic tank with/without soak pit: Majority of the toilets is connected to
the septic tank with or without soak pit. As per the Tumkur City Corporation records, there are
23749 (36% of total households) households toilets connected to septic tanks with soak pits.
Table 9: Ward wise details of type of toilets outlets and OD occurrences

Toilets
Toilets No. of
Ward Households connected No. of OD
connected septic
No. (2011) to open pits occurrence
to UGD tanks
nalas
1 1254 0 0 27 1895
2 1674 32 0 18 2240 180
3 1359 0 542 - 500
4 1678 0 800 - 300
5 1648 10 2430 50 202
6 3080 430 0 150 3440 88
7 1709 20 1080 120 400 84
8 1153 0 1579 0 204 14
9 1954 0 1270 0 250 48
10 1575 0 2420 50 400
11 2358 0 1500 100 700 163
12 1842 51 701 50 250 272
13 2498 58 435 50 278 139
14 1426 0 1045 350 33
15 1526 0 1601 200
16 2536 0 3610 80 321 63
17 2183 50 1172 45 330 68
18 2446 16 1075 45 1304 176
19 1854 0 980 50 250
20 2711 0 1600 40 300 140
21 1361 106 1986 25 300
22 1388 0 875 25 200 24
23 2178 120 0 75 770 53
ASCI, Hyderabad 42
24 2078 0 1390 51 700 30

25 2112 0 1250 400
26 1334 0 2850 50 400
27 2315 0 25 25 525
28 1452 70 0 50 800
29 2276 0 0 20 150 993
30 2210 0 1650 70 300
31 1186 50 450 0 1680 22
32 2200 100 0 50 800
33 2200 236 0 50 1006
34 2179 30 0 50 1004 107
35 1025 0 1851 75 600 165
Total 65958 1379 36167 1491 23749 2862
Box 4: Definitions of Housing types, Census 2001
Permanent: Houses with wall and roof made of permanent materials. Wall can be G.I., metal, asbestos sheets,
burnt bricks, stone or concrete. Roof can be made of tiles, slates G.I., metal, asbestos sheets, bricks, stone or
concrete.
Temporary: Houses with wall and roof made of temporary material. Wall can be made of grass, thatch,
bamboo, plastic, polythene, mud, unburnt brick or wood. Roof can be made of grass, thatch, bamboo, wood,
mud, plastic or polythene.
Semi-permanent: Either of wall or roof is made of permanent material & other is made of temporary
material.
Serviceable: Wall is made of mud, unburnt brick or wood.
Non-serviceable: Wall is made of grass, thatch, bamboo, plastic or polythene, etc.
4.1.1 Standardized service level indicators for waste water management

The waste water when discharged into the water bodies or used for any other purpose needs to be
efficiently treated. Utmost care should be taken by the ULBs to treat the waste water from being
contaminated and allow the receiving waters to meet quality objectives in reusing the same. The
indicators involved in the service level benchmarking include household sewerage connections,
collection efficiency, treatment, extent of reuse and recycle, recovery cost and redressal of customer
complaints. The progress made by the Tumkur city on waste water treatment is as given in the
table below:
Table 19: Service level benchmarking on waste water management
Waste water management Benchmark Progress made

Coverage of toilets 100% 70
Coverage of sewage network services 100% 60
Collection efficiency of the sewage network 90% 80
Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity 50
Reuse and recycling 20% 0
Quality of sewage treatment 60
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 100% 60
Cost recovery 100% 10
ASCI, Hyderabad 43
Efficiency in collection of charges 20

Source: Notified SLB indicators
As per the notification on service level benchmarking, Tumkur has been overestimated compared
to the secondary sources of information and field investigations indicated different picture on most
of the indicators especially on the coverage of toilets and coverage of sewage network services.
Thus, it is imperative to maintain a strong database on the sanitation parameters.
4.2 Slum sanitation

In slum areas, people most of the households have own septic tank/flush latrines in their toilets or
practice defecating in open places. The table shows the ward wise availability of household level
sanitation infrastructure in slum areas. Tumkur slum sanitation lacks 100% and also shows
excerpt of the ward level availability/non availability of toilets.
Sewerage network in slums: The sanitation in the city needs improvement with regards to the
toilets connection to the UGD or septic tanks is concerned. As per the records of Asha Kiran Mahiti
of Karnataka Municipal Reforms Cell, DMA, GoK, it is observed that around 67% of the slum
household toilets are connected to storm water drainage. This needs serious attention to transform
the connections to either UGD or septic tank or at least to the pit system depending upon the city’s
infrastructure. Around 24% (2705) of the household toilets are connected to UGD which is very
less in number. Around 31% is not connected to the sewerage network which indicates absence of
toilet and clear indication of open defecation or usage of community toilets.
Table 20: Drainage and sewerage network in slum areas
Total number Percentage

Drainage and sewerage
of HHs of HHs
Digester 2138 19.0%
Not connected 3533 31.4%
Storm water drainage 7502 66.6%
Underground drainage 2075 24.0%
Type of toilets in slums: As per the analysis of information obtained from Karnataka Municipal
Reforms Cell, DMA, GoK, it is apparent that some of the slum areas in Tumkur are having toilets
either individual or dependant on public/community toilets or practicing open defecation. Though
there are certain gaps or the missing links in facilitating sanitation infrastructure in slums. As given
in the table below, it is inferred that approximately 9509 (14%) of the total slum households are
having sewerage arrangements with septic tanks and pits in their toilets. However, around 1760
(3%) of the total slum households practice defecating in open. During the field visit it was observed
that the slum dwellers are habituated in openly defecating. Even ladies are defecating in open areas
though they feel that it is not safe to go out in the night times. Some of the toilets constructed in the
houses are poorly connected to the open drains without UGD connection. Presently most of the
houses have converted their toilets into storage houses. The toilets constructed under the ILCS
programme are not in use due to poor drainage network causing frequent blockage of the drains.
ASCI, Hyderabad 44
Table: Type of toilet arrangement in slums
Total number Percentage

Sanitation
of HHs of HHs
Public septic tank 873 7.7%
Public pit 62 0.6%
Shared septic tank 859 7.6%
Shared pit 697 6.2%
Own septic tank 5096 45.2%
Own pit 1922 17.1%
Open defecation 1760 15.6%
4.2.1 Findings from primary survey

During the field visit it was observed that the slum dwellers are habituated with openly defecating.
The toilets are constructed in the houses but do not use as they feel having toilets is not important
when open spaces are available for it. Presently most of the houses have converted their toilets
into storage houses. It was found that there are ILCS has been constructed in some of the slums
which are not functional any more. The reason was due to lack of water supply, poor maintenance
of toilets, etc.
Table: Type of toilet arrangements
Total No. of Percentage

Toilet arrangement
HHs of HHs
Individual toilet 665 51%
Public toilet 16 1%
Community toilet 39 3%
Shared toilet 134 10%
Open defecation 440 34%
Total 1294 100%
Source: Primary survey, ASCI
Open
defecatio
n
35% Individual
toilet
50%
Shared
toilet Communi Public
11% ty toilet toilet
3% 1%
Figure 5: Type of toilet arrangement Figure 6: ILCS toilet not in use
Survey results revealed that only 51% of the households have individual toilets, 1% used public
toilet, shared and community toilets comprises of 10% and 3% respectively, while open defecation
ASCI, Hyderabad 45
is about 34%. Tumkur city is observed to have high OD occurrences which may be due to defunct
toilets, unavailability of toilets, lack of water supply, lack of space, etc.
4.3 Open defecation

Open defecation is observed in the slums and some of the non-slum areas of Tumkur city. The
areas are prone to open defecation is subject to lack of proper infrastructure facilities and behavior
of people who are acclimatized defecating in open. As per the ULB records, there is high occurrence
of OD resulting in 9% (6219) of the total households. Of the total 35 wards, around 26 wards were
observed with low to high occurrence of open defecation. As per the records obtained from
Karnataka Municipal Reform Cell, around 1760 slum households defecate in open areas, which is
equivalent to 3% of the total households of Tumkur city.
Table 21: Ward wise details on open defecation in slum areas
HHs
Ward Slum Slum Percentage
Slum name practicing
No households population of OD
OD
1 Settihalli A.K. Colony 115 505 85 73.9%
2 Antharasana halli 380 1469 242 63.7%
34 Ellarabande 194 779 121 62.4%
34 Kaythsandra A.K. Colony 187 866 97 51.9%
35 Near R.M.C. Yard 108 456 51 47.2%
14 Mariyamma Nagara 84 403 37 44.0%
12 Sweepers colony 144 709 61 42.4%
31 Batawadi 110 484 41 37.3%
13 Laboury Colony 193 976 69 35.8%
11 Gangasandra A.K. Colony 76 328 26 34.2%
20 N.R. Colony 800 3659 246 30.8%
22 Devanuru 241 903 67 27.8%
35 Devarayapattana Colony 222 991 58 26.1%
30 Bharathi Nagara 155 653 39 25.2%
6 Dibbur Janatha Colony 167 617 41 24.6%
13 Kuripalya 265 1230 64 24.2%
2 Siragate A.K. Colony 69 239 16 23.2%
18 Goodsshed Colony 800 3556 109 13.6%
11 RajivGandhi Extn 559 2624 73 13.1%
13 Tippu Nagara 273 1281 29 10.6%
23 Bhagyamandhira 60 228 6 10.0%
7 G.C.R. Colony 336 1748 24 7.1%
29 Maraluru Janatha Colony 1986 9547 127 6.4%
34 Maruthi Nagara 150 598 8 5.3%
31 Jayanagara 62 300 2 3.2%
14 Idgha Mohalla 248 1228 7 2.8%
24 Upparahalli 151 634 2 1.3%
9 Hegdde Colony 399 2051 3 0.8%
17 Hallashetty kerepalya 449 1808 3 0.7%
12 Nazarabhadh 943 4475 6 0.6%
ASCI, Hyderabad 46
Total 9926 45345 1760 16%

The main issues identified in open defecation are lack of water supply, space constraint to construct
toilet and behavioral attitude in people who prefer defecating in open places. The percentage of OD
in households ranges from 0-74% of the respective slum area. The areas that need immediate
action to prevent OD are Settihalli A.K. Colony, Antharasanahalli, Ellarabande, Kaythsandra A.K.
Colony, Near R.M.C. Yard, Mariyamma Nagara, Sweepers Colony, Batawadi, Laboury Colony,
Gangasandra A.K. Colony, N.R. Colony, Devanuru, Devarayapattana Colony, Bharathi Nagara, Dibbur
Janatha Colony, Kuripalya, Siragate A.K. Colony, Goodshed Colony, Rajiv Gandhi Extn, Tippu Nagara
and Bhagyamandhira.
Figure: Open defecation in Tumkur as per primary survey
As per the primary survey, another 6 wards apart from the 20 wards mentioned below experience
open defecation namely, ward No. 8, 21, 26, 27, 28 and 32 as shown in the table below with low to
high occurrences in these wards. Remaining 9 wards can be declared as OD free wards. The
following table indicates the ranges of OD in different wards that needs efforts to address and
eliminate OD in these areas by supplementing with total sanitation facilities.
Table 22: Existing status and the range of open defecation in slums
Range of OD Ward numbers No. of wards

Open defecation free wards 9
ASCI, Hyderabad 47
0- 5% 9, 12, 17, 24 4
6 - 10% 7, 23, 29 3
11 - 15% 14, 18 2
> 16% 1, 2, 6, 11, 13, 20, 22, 30, 31, 34, 35 11
Total 20
In addition, as per 8, 21, 26, 27, 28, 32 6
primary survey
Grand total 26
Source: Analysis done by ASCI based on secondary data and primary survey
Affordability to construct
toilet
1% 0% Affordability of connecting
1%
1% to sewer network
8% 11% Uncertainty over land and
39% tenure
Space constraints
Low priority given to

39% sanitation (awareness)
Lack of water
Lack of know how
Any other Figure 8: Fecal matter post open

defecation in slums
Figure 7: Reasons for not having toilets
Figure: Feceal matter along the side of Amani Lake and Bheemsandra Lake
4.4 Public conveniences

Tumkur city has been facilitated by the public and community toilets by the City Corporation which
is maintained and operated by the corporation itself or by the NGOs, SHGs or private agencies.
4.4.1 Public toilets

There are 9 public toilets in the city serving the floating population of the city. As per the records,
the CMC has details of 4 public toilets as given in the table below, of which 2 toilets are maintained
by City Corporation, 1 by the Self Help Group and 1 by the Sulabh Shouchalaya. Around 2000
people use the public toilets every day. The floating population of the city is around 5000-
6000/day.
ASCI, Hyderabad 48
Table: Public toilets in Tumkur city
Ward Location of No. of total No. of persons Type of

No. public toilet toilet seats using /day management
14 Bus Stand 10 1000 Corporation
15 Town Hall 6 500 Self Help Group
M.G. Road, near Sulabh
16 4 400
Balabhavan Shouchalaya
21 Near Stadium 6 100 Corporation
26 2000
Figure: Bad condition of public toilets
Figure: Good/average condition of public toilets
According to the Primary survey, around 7 public toilets were surveyed to know the status and
condition of the toilet facilities provided. There are total 65 toilets seats in 7 public toilets
surveyed. These toilets are maintained by CMC, NGOs and private agencies. The condition of toilets
was found to be average. The toilets are running on par and use basis ranging from Rs. 3.00 for
defecation and Rs. 1.00 for urinals. The user of the toilets ranges from 250-700 users/day with a
total of 2800 users/day. The toilets are of Indian style and the outlet connected to the sewer lines.
As per the survey the toilets are cleaned 3-5 times a day.
Table: Public toilets in Tumkur city as per primary survey

No. of total toilet No. of
Location of public seats No. of
persons Type of management
toilet urinals
Male Female using /day
1. District Court 7 4 7 300 Sri Lakshmi Entreprises
2. Near City Market 8 3 4 250 Shubra Entreprises
3. District Hospital 2 3 6 300 Manava Seva Samsthe
4. B.H. Road, Town 1 3 7 500 CMC, Tumkur
ASCI, Hyderabad 49
Hall Circle
Akila Bharatha Pariyavaran
5. Railway Station 2 2 2 250
Grama Vikasana Samsthe
6. Private Bus Sulab International Social
10 3 10 500
Stand Service Organization
7. KSRTC Bus Stand 8 9 8 700 KSRTC Bus Stand
Total 7 surveyed 38 27 44 2800
Source: Primary Survey, ASCI
Figure 9: Public toilet at Railway Station Figure 10: Public toilet at B.H. Road
Figure 11: Public toilet at City Market Figure 12: Public toilet at Ashoka Road
Figure 13: Public toilet near District Court Figure 14: Public toilet at KSRTC Bus Stand
Office
ASCI, Hyderabad 50
Map: Location of 7 public toilets surveyed in Tumkur City
4.4.2 Community toilets

There are 6 community toilets in the city with the total of 34 toilet seats. The toilets are in good
working condition, the maintenance of which is done by the City Corporation. The community
toilets are based in slum areas as there are no individual toilets in most of the slum dwellers.
Around 310 (3%) households from the total 11269 slum households in the city use these
community toilets.
There is more demand on constructing community toilets as there are household toilets with
improper facilities, defunct toilets and also absence of toilets. People with absence of individual
toilets should be encouraged to use community toilets to reduce the occurrence of open defecation.
Table: Community toilets in residential/slum areas
Ward No. of toilet No. of households

Name of slum/ area
No. seats using
2 A.K. colony 6 50
Shree Rama Nagar,
5 8 30
behind old DTI College
6 Janatha Colony 6 50
13 Labour Colony 4 50
21 Bharthi Nagar 6 100
31 Sheeti Halli, near Temple 4 30
Total 6 34 310
ASCI, Hyderabad 51
40-50
people
30-40 74%
people
0%
10 to 20
people More
22% than 50
20-30 people
people 0%
4%
Figure 15: Number of people using community toilets
Unusable Not in More

8% use than 30 Less
0% seats than 10
Good 0% seats
33% 20-
29%
30
Average seats
59% 61% 10-15
seats
7%
15-20
seats
3%
Figure 16: Condition of public/community Figure 17: Number of seats available in

toilets Community toilets
4.4.3 Institutional sanitation

Institutions comprises of the offices of Government or any other organization. In Tumkur, it is
observed that the institutions are having good toilet facilities provided for their staff including both
female and male toilets separately. As per the primary survey, it is observed that the toilet
conditions are good but needs regular maintenance. There are minimum infrastructure provided in
the toilets including water supply, doors with bolts, buckets, lights, tiled bathrooms and sinks. But
there is no facility provided with soap or any hand wash for better hygiene of the staffs. The toilets
are connected to the sewer lines which are connected to UGD and the waste water is collected into
the STP for further treatment. Water supply is provided by the piped water supplied by the CMC or
through overhead tanks. The operation and maintenance of the toilets in Institutions is taken up by
the CMC. Thus, it is required that the toilets need regular cleaning, regular supply of water and
maintenance of toilets.
Table: Salient features on primary survey conducted for Institutions

No. of toilets No. of toilets Total toilets
No. of Operation &
Institution provided to provided to for both
staffs maintenance
male staff female staff gender
1. City Municipal Council >25 1-3 seats 1-3 seats 1-5 toilets CMC
2. Register Office >25 1-3 seats 1-3 seats 1-5 toilets CMC
3. District and Sessions Court 15-25 1-3 seats 1-3 seats 6-10 toilets CMC
4. Joint Director Office,
15-25 1-3 seats 1-3 seats 1-5 toilets CMC
Agriculture Department
ASCI, Hyderabad 52
5. State Govt. Employees

6-10 1-3 seats 1-3 seats 1-5 toilets CMC
Association
Source: Primary survey, ASCI
Figure: Good condition of toilets
4.4.4 School sanitation

There are total 35 Government Schools in the city of which, 29 schools were surveyed to
understand the sanitation status and the facilities provided. The school students and teachers are
dependent on school toilets. All the school toilets are connected to the septic tanks. From the
survey, it was observed that there are 88 urinals for female students and 88 urinals for male
students. Around 15 schools (52%) have water connection to toilets and around 14 toilets (48%)
have no water supply connection. The condition of School toilets is average but from the primary
survey it is observed that around 17 (19%) girl’s toilets and 16 (18%) boy’s toilets of the surveyed
schools are under repair. There are 35 Anganwadis in the City with no water and proper toilet
facilities provided.
Table 17: Ward wise details of Government Schools and their sanitation facilities
No. of No. of toilets Is water supply

Ward Category (PS, toilets working
School Name present in
No. UPS, HS)
Girls Boys Girls Boys toilets? (Y/N)
1 UPS PS,UPS 3 3 2 3 N
2 UPS PS,UPS 2 2 2 2 N
3 HS PS,UPS,HS 3 3 3 3 N
4 HS-02 PS,UPS,HS 2 2 2 2 Y
5 HS-03 PS,UPS,HS 1 1 1 1 N
6 HS-03 PS,UPS,HS 3 4 2 2 N
8 HS PS,UPS,HS 4 4 3 3 N
9 HS PS,UPS,HS 3 3 3 2 Y
10 HPS PS,UPS,HS 2 3 2 2 Y
11 HPS UPS 4 4 3 3 Y
12 HPS PS,UPS 3 2 2 2 Y
14 HPS PS,UPS,HS 2 3 2 3 N
18 HPS PS,UPS 3 2 3 2 N
ASCI, Hyderabad 53
24 HPS PS,UPS 3 3 2 3 Y
28 PS UPS 4 4 3 3 Y
32 HPS PS,UPS 3 2 3 2 N
35 HPS PS,UPS 2 2 2 2 Y
88 88 71 72
Box 5: Guidelines of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) for school sanitation
Total Sanitation Campaign guidelines at present stipulate that toilets in all types of Government
Schools i.e. Primary, Upper Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary and Anganwadis should be
constructed. The Department of Drinking Water Supply is supporting the construction of toilets and
urinals in schools under TSC.
The guidelines say that separate toilets for girls and boys should be provided in co-educational schools
which are to be treated as two separate units and each unit is entitled to Central assistance. The unit
cost of each school toilet units is Rs. 20,000 of which 70% i.e. Rs. 14,000 is given as Central share, the
rest being the State share. Each unit consists of one toilet and three or four urinals. It is evident that the
number of toilet units to be built should be linked to the number of students to be catered to by each
unit. Hence, the following clarification is issued:
“One Urinal space may be provided for every 20 to 40 boys or girls separately and one toilet seat may
be provided for every 80 to 120 boys or girls separately. One school toilet unit should consist of one
lavatory and three to four urinals. Construction should be in multiples of units depending on the
strength of the school, on whether students are allowed to go to urinals during classes, on whether
schools have staggered breaks, space available in the school premises, expected growth in the
enrolment and other regional conditions. States are given the flexibility to define their norms within
this range depending on existing State norms and the other factors mentioned above. School-wise
requirement of toilet units should be worked out based on these factors.”
4.4.5 Sanitation in commercial areas

Commercial areas comprises of shops, complex, malls, etc., where business activities takes place. As
per the survey, it is found that there is toilet facility within the premises of the shops or complex.
There are total 1-5 toilet seats in the places of survey. The condition of toilets is in good condition
but needs regular maintenance. Solid waste is collected by the CMC on daily basis on regular basis.
Table: Commercial places surveyed in Tumkur city

Workers
Name of the Commercial Place Suggestions to improve
Male Female
H.M.S. Complex 2 1 Required water frequently
New G.M.S. Complex 3 1 Required two times cleaning
Ashoka Lodge and Bakery 6 2 Need to clean and water supply
Red Cross Bhavan 3 2 Good condition
Koteshwara Enterprises Complex 7 2 Required cleaning and water supply
ASCI, Hyderabad 54
4.5 Septage management

Septage refers to the sludge collected and transported from septic tanks by vacuum trucks for the
treatment and safe disposal. The scenario of sanitation arrangement in houses within limits of
Tumkur City Corporation are having either individual toilets connected directly to UGD or
connected to septic tanks or connected to open nallas or dependent on public/community toilets or
in the worst case defecate in open areas.
The individual toilets in the households are mostly connected to septic tanks and some of the toilets
also have single and or double pit system. There are around 23749 septic tanks and 1491 pits in
the city as shown in the table below. The sludge from the septic tanks and pits are excavated with
the interval of 2-6 years depending upon the status and requirement. As per the Tumkur City
Corporation records there is regular monitoring on maintenance of septic tanks and pits. The
septic tanks and pits are cleaned using sucking and jetting machines. There are 3 sucking machines
with the City Corporation used for sludge removal. Around 150 tanks are cleaned every year. No
manual scavenging is performed for cleaning of septic tanks. The excavated sludge is transferred to
the agricultural lands as manure.
Table 23: Sludge/septage equipment and management

Municipality Private
Indicator
owned agencies
A Equipment available
1 Number of sludge suction trucks/equipment 1 3
Annual number of tanks cleaned - last year's
2 150
estimate
B Cleaned using mechanical equipment
3 Estimated volume (ML) cleaned last year 0 7.5
Disposed to
4 Method of conveyance and disposal: Untreated NA
cultivable land
Amount disposed untreated (ML) - last year's
5 - -
estimate
6 Location of disposal - untreated NA
7 Method of conveyance and disposal: Treated - -
Amount disposed treated (ML) - last year's
8 - -
estimate
9 Location of disposal - treated Nala
10 Cost per tank cleaning NA Rs. 1400
C Manual cleaning of tanks and pits
Estimate annual number of tanks cleaned - last
11 Nil -
year's average
12 Cost per tank cleaning NA NA
By using
13 Method of disposal of sludge cleaned NA sucking &
jetting machine
14 Who are the persons cleaning tanks? NA -
ML = Million Litres
ASCI, Hyderabad 55
The primary survey results state that around 81% of the surveyed households water closets
connected to septic tank are cleaned by private sweepers and around 19% of the tanks are cleaned
by Municipality. It is important to understand the mechanism in operating and cleaning the septic
tanks by the private sweepers. It is important that the private sweepers use sucking machines and
not cleaned manually. The City Corporation should maintain a record and monitor these private
sweepers and the method of cleaning adopted. Majority of the septic tanks (around 71%
households) are cleaned once in two years. Whereas, around 17% of the households clean their
septic tanks once a year and around 12% of the households surveyed cleaned the septic tanks once
in 6 months.
Municipalit Once in a
y two years
19% 71%
Once
in a
year
Private 17%
sweepers
81%
Once in 6 <6
months months
12% 0%
Figure 18: Cleaning of septic tanks Figure 19: Frequency of cleaning septic tanks
Box: Septic tank maintenance norms
Service agents and councils are not fully aware of the

maintenance recommendations. Annual servicing
should include assessment of the sludge and scum
levels and checking of the outlet and inlet square
junctions for blockages. Septic tanks ideally should be
de-sludged at a minimum of every three years and
other criteria given below are not followed in septic
tank maintenance.
The scum layer is within 100 mm of the bottom of
the inlet square junction or the sludge layer is within
200 mm of the bottom of the outlet square junction.
The sludge occupies the basic allowance (1550 L) of
the septic tank, or Figure 20: Cross section of septic tank
The total depth of sludge and scum is equal to
one-third of the depth of the tank.
De-sludging procedure should ensure that 400- 500 mm of liquid is retained in the tank and that the
tank is immediately refilled with water to the outlet level to prevent the tank from being lifted by soil
hydrostatic pressure.
Table 11: Financial details of sewerage system
Sl.
Particulars Value Remarks
No.
1 No of customers being charged for sewerage 8860
services
2 Connection fee (one-time) to connect to system Rs. 2500/-
3 Average monthly tariff (Rs. per connection) Rs.
20.00/month
4 Annual demand for sewerage tariff (Rs.) - last
year data
ASCI, Hyderabad 56
5 Annual collection for sewerage tariff (Rs.) - last

year data
6 Personnel expenditure charged to sewerage Rs. 9,00,000/-
system (O&M, Rs.)
7 Other expenditure charged to sewerage system Rs. Paid towards KUWS&DB
(O&M, Rs.) - last year data 19,00,000/- for maintenance of PTP
and STP
8 Percentage of total water and sanitation budget 60%
spent on sewerage system (O&M, Rs.)
Key issues identified during discussions

1. More than 50% of the city‘s UGD system in not running properly.
2. One of the reasons in spreading diseases is due to stagnation of drainage water in open areas.
3. During rainy season, low-lying areas get filled with water and the water gets stagnant creating
problem and becomes breeding ground for mosquitoes and flies.
4. In spite of drainage facilities being available, it is observed to be an improper operation and
maintenance, causing problem on the development of the area.
5. Lack of connectivity of the UGD system in slum areas.
6. Public is also responsible for improper waste disposal and drainage maintenance.
Recommendations
1. Proper monitoring of the operation and maintenance for the UGD system is required.
2. Good operation and maintenance of UGD system will reduce the spread of disease.
3. Low-lying areas should be connected to proper drainage so as to prevent breeding of
mosquitoes.
4. More community toilets in slum areas are required.
5. UGD facilities should be provided in slums.
6. Inspections should be done frequently on periodic basis.
7. Health and hygiene related matters need to be conveyed to people through IEC programs.
4.6 Waste water management

There is one STP in the city to treat the sewage generated from 65,958 households. The capacity of
the STP is 24.5 MLD. Total waste water treated is 14 MLD. Currently, the STP is not functional due
to technical problem. Tender has been placed for replacement of pumps and motors. The waste
water is directly led into the nearby water body without any treatment. The treatment procedure
consists of aerated lagoons and maturation ponds.
Table 10: Details of Sewage Treatment Plant

Volume of % of waste
STP capacity Functional
waste collected water treated Remarks
(MLD) status
(MLD) by STP
14 24.5 100 Average KUWS&DB has called
tender for replacement of
pumps and motors in PTP
ASCI, Hyderabad 57
Figure: Location of STP in Tumkur city (Courtesy: Google Earth)
4.6.1 Waste water from meat shops

There is no slaughter house in Tumkur city. The slaughtering is done in the premises of meat shops
which is illegal and against the norms prescribed by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
(KSPCB). It is found that there are around 200-250 meat shops in the city. Most of the shops are
working without the approval of the City Municipal Council. Hence, stringent action to be taken to
send notices these meat shops to stop the slaughtering of animals in their own premises or any
open place without license or approval orders. In these conditions, it is imperative that the Tumkur
CMC should opt for a legalized slaughter house that is prescribed by the norms of KSPCB.
As per the field observations, the condition of these meat shops is not satisfactory. The liquid waste
is let into the sewer lines or is let into the open drains. The solid waste from the slaughtering of
animals is also found to be dumped into the open drains or on the road side.
Table: Details of meat shops surveyed in Tumkur city

Liquid waste
Location of Animals Solid waste disposal Have
disposal
Condition slaughtered approval
meat shop Open Open Open
/day Sewerage Sewerage from CMC
drains drains place
S.S. Temple Average 5 Yes Yes No
Road, B.G.
Palya Circle
Kothi Thopu Average 7 Yes Yes No
Kothi Thopu Bad 4 Yes Yes No
Bar line Main Average 7 Yes Yes No
Road, Near
Police Station
ASCI, Hyderabad 58
Figure : Slaughtering of goat near S.S. Temple Figure : Slaughtering of goat and its liquid waste
Road, B.G. Palya Circle spread at the premises near Kothi Thopu
4.6.2 Future projection of waste water

Due to the growing population it is estimated that the waste water generation also grows
accordingly. Currently, the waste water collected is 14 MLD. It is estimated that by the year 2025,
the waste water will grow to 51 MLD, by 2035 it is to be 59 MLD and by the year 2045 it is to be 67
MLD. The increase is due to population growth, increasing number of household toilets upgrading
to UGD from open nalas and the households practicing open defecation.
Table 24: Projection for the waste water generated
Waste water
Year Projected population
generated in MLD
2010 304,938 39
2015 336,054 43
2020 367,170 47
2025 398,286 51
2030 429,403 55
2035 460,519 59
2040 491,635 63
2045 522,751 67
Note: The average waste water generation is taken as 129 lpcd
Source: Estimated by ASCI, Hyderabad
Key issues identified

Open UGD pipes to be linked to nearest manhole and broken pipes should be replaced and or
repaired. No regular monitoring and maintenance of overflowing manholes results in to
overflowing of sewers and manholes.
Tourist places need more public toilets.
There are few network intermittent areas where UGD can be extended easily.
No consistent IEC programme.
UGD lines need more attention.
ASCI, Hyderabad 59
Figure: Waste water letting into the Bheemsandra STP
4.7 Storm water drainage

The other latent area where the city is lagging in the rear is in storm water drainage system. This
system in the city also faces many problems due to flourishing population, thus causing hindrance
on the existing storm water drainage system.
Table: Ward wise details of drainage network

Length of roads in km
Length of drainage system
Ward (pucca/semi % of area
in km (Pucca/semi pucca
No. pucca/kachha) (in covered
/ kachha) (in meters)
meters)
1 1300 1450 60
2 2200 2600 70
3 2250 2800 70
4 10000 12000 83
5 1000 1000 80
6 6340 10000 70
7 3200 3500 85
8 4500 5100 90
9 3200 4600 80
10 4500 5000 75
11 3800 4000 80
12 6000 6500 80
13 4200 4700 75
14 6300 6500 85
15 6000 5000 70
16 2000 1000 90
17 3500 5000 75
18 7250 9000 65
19 6000 6000 50
20 15450 7000 45
21 6000 6000 50
22 10000 9000 40
23 1200 1700 45
24 6000 7000 30
25 9400 12000 80
26 6000 10000 70
27 4000 6000 60
ASCI, Hyderabad 60
28 6500 13500 40
29 5400 11500 55
30 8000 9000 35
31 13000 8000 40
32 10000 8000 25
33 12870 11000 60
34 3000 5000 30
35 3900 5500 60
204260 225950
4.7.1 Flood prone areas and disaster preparedness

As per the City Corporation records, there is no major flood prone areas or low-lying areas in the
city. The city has good storm drainage due to the natural land terrain. It is observed that there is
accumulation of rain water due to blockage of storm water drains which is caused by the dumping
of solid waste. In Tumkur it is found that the solid waste management is average as the field
observations show that most of the areas are experiencing garbage dumping at the road side and in
open places. Hence stringent action should be taken to avoid the dumping of solid waste.
0-5 Hours 5-10

Not 0% Hours 10-24
prone to 0% Hours
flood 42%
during
More
rains than a
86% day
Area
58%
prone to
flood
during
rains
14%
Figure 21: Flood prone areas during rainy Figure 22: Time taken to solve solid waste
season problems by the ULB
Table: Service Level Benchmarking on storm water drains

Progress
Indicators Unit Benchmark
made
Coverage % 50
Incidence of water logging/ flooding Number 3
Source: Ministry of Urban Development, GoI
ASCI, Hyderabad 61
Figure: Dumping of solid waste leading to poor condition of drains
Figure: Poor condition of drains
4.7.2 Management of water bodies

There are only 2 water bodies in the cities maintained by the Tumkur CMC. It is observed that
there is open defecation near the water bodies. The surrounding households use the water for
cleaning and agricultural purposes. There needs a proper management of the present lakes as it is
the only rain water collection points and a strong ground water recharge zone.
Figure 23: Amani Lake Figure 24: Bheemsandra Lake
Key issues identified

• In the slum areas, the storm water drainage coverage is low.
• Narrow drain width
• Dumping of solid waste in low-lying areas
• Siltation in the drains
• Sewage being let out into storm water drains
• Drain bed being flat in flood prone areas
ASCI, Hyderabad 62
• Improper maintenance of manholes, sewer pipes and other drainage network systems
• Improper tertiary network arrangement
Recommendations
• De-silting of the primary and secondary storm water drains
• Improvement of storm water drainage near downstream end/tank bed areas
• Removal of bottle necks in the system
• Providing drain improvement in low-lying areas
• Drain widening and construction of new drain walls
• Providing rehabilitation to existing drain walls, bridges and culverts
• Providing drain bed protection
• Community awareness campaigns
• Training and maintenance
4.8 Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management includes collection, transportation and disposal of waste and is a
responsibility of the City Corporation of Tumkur. As per the City Corporation records, the
estimated quantum of MSW generated is approximately 131 TPD, of which 118 TPD is collected
with an efficiency of 90%. The door to door collection is practiced in only 15 wards out of 35
wards. The waste is being disposed without segregation. There is no sanitary landfill in Tumkur
city and the waste is transported to Doddabalapur dump yard, handled by a private agency for
further disposal. A new landfill site has been identified at Ajjagondanahalli for the disposal of waste
generated from the city.
4.8.1 Waste generation, quantity and characteristics

Primary collection is carried out using auto tippers and pushcarts. Residents are encouraged to
segregate, store and deliver MSW to primary collection staff as per procedures set out by ULBs. As
per the Pre Feasibility report of Tumkur, the residential waste amounts to approximately 52% of
the total waste generated as given in table below.
Table 25: Waste generated from different sources
Waste generated % Waste collected %

Category
(TPD) generated (TPD) collected
Residential waste 68 52% 61 47%

Commercial 18 14% 17 13%
Street sweeping 14 11% 13 10%
Construction waste 13 10% 12 9%
Market waste 5 4% 5 4%
Choultries 5 4% 5 4%
Slaughter Houses 4 3% 4 3%
Floating waste 3 2% 2 2%
130 100% 118 90%
Source:
Total solid waste generated: 131 TPD
Total solid waste collected: 118 TPD
Percentage of waste collection: 90%
ASCI, Hyderabad 63
80
68 67
70
60
50
40
30
18 17
20 14 14 13 12
10 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3
0
Residential Commercial Street Construction Market waste Choultries Slaughter Floating
sweeping waste Houses waste
Quantity of waste generated (MT/day) Quantity of waste collected (MT/day)
Waste generation: The various sources of MSW generation include domestic households,
commercial establishments, hotels, markets, marriage halls, construction waste and health centers.
Domestic households: The waste
Box 6: SWM initiatives by the Government
generated in domestic households forms the
major component of the total MSW The Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964 and Karnataka
Municipal Corporation Act, 1976, have emphasized the
generated in ULBs. The amount of solid need to collect and dispose ‘rubbish and filth’ in a
waste generated by the households is 68 defined manner, so as to keep public places clean.
MTD and 67 MTD collected by the City However, there is no reference to scientific collection
Corporation. and disposal of the same. Hence, rules have been laid
down fixing the responsibility of management of solid
waste disposal and various standards for disposal
Commercial establishments: The
solid waste. Rules that regulate the management and
commercial establishments in the cities handling of solid waste in Tumkur are:
range from general shops, petty shops, Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling)
bakeries and juice shops, electrical and Rules, 2000;
electronics and wholesale and retail stores. Karnataka State Policy on Integrated Solid Waste
The waste from commercial areas Management (ISWM);
contributes to 18 MTD from which 17 MTD Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,
1998;
is collected.
Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,
Market waste: The waste is collected by the 1989, 2000, 2003
Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001; and
Corporation on daily basis. The waste from
Recycled Plastics (Manufacture & Usage) Rules,
market is organic in nature. The waste
1999.
generated is 5 MTD with 100% collection Guidelines for managing E-waste, 2002
efficiency.
Construction waste: The city is experiencing development in the field of construction. The waste
from construction activities contribute to 13 MTD of which 12 MTD is collected for further disposal.
4.8.2 Primary collection and coverage

Door to door collection is being implemented only in 15 wards of all the 65 wards. The waste
collection efficiency is 90%. The waste is collected from domestic households by the pushcarts and
the road side waste is dumped in RCC bins/masonry bins as the open collection points facilitated by
the City Corporation. In order to facilitate collection of MSW from the bulk generators, secondary
ASCI, Hyderabad 64
storage bins (dumper bins) have been placed at commercial areas and bulk waste generation
points. The MSW stored in the dumper bins is transferred to the compost facility using dumper
placers. The chicken and mutton market waste is collected by the City Corporation and transported
along with the municipal solid waste.
Figure 25: Drains mixed with waste water and solid waste disposed
Street sweeping: The road length in Tumkur city is approximately 575 km. The street sweeping
activity in the city is carried out by the pourkarmikas. The street sweeping activities are classified
on the basis of three categories of roads depending upon the frequency of collection namely; A type
roads for daily collection (133 km), B type roads where the waste is collected twice a week (233
km) and C type roads where waste is collected once a week (299.7 km). The waste from streets and
the silt collected from the road side drains are temporarily stored is small heaps on the road sides
or are collected in the bins.
Table 26: Road classification and frequency of sweeping
Classification of Road Road length (km)

1. Type A: Sweeping on daily basis 133.2
2. Type B: Sweeping twice a week 233.1
3. Type C: Sweeping once a week 299.7
Total 666.0
Source:
The roads and drains are swept by the pourkarmikas which is then collected in the bins. The waste
is primarily collected using bins and containers which are then dumped into the auto tippers at the
waste collection points. The secondary waste is then collected using trucks, tractors and dumper
placers for further treatment.
Table 27: Vehicles used for door to door waste collection
Capacity of Total waste

Vehicle No .of No. of
each vehicle collected
type vehicles trips
(Tons) (Tons)
Pushcarts 15 0.16 3 0.48
Tri cycles 35 0.48 2 0.96
Tractors 17 42.5 2 85
ASCI, Hyderabad 65
The estimated quantum of MSW generated from residential areas is 131 TPD of which around 118
is collected for further treatment. The details of ward wise waste generated and collected is given
in the table below:
Table 19: Ward wise SWM details
SWM SWM Per capita

No. of Door-to- waste
Ward generated collection
local open door
No. quantity quantity generated
dumpsites collection
(MT/day) (MT) in gm
1 4.08 3.67 2 400
2 3.19 2.87 3 Yes 400
3 2.90 2.61 3 391
4 3.00 2.70 2 Yes 398
5 2.80 2.52 1 391
6 5.10 4.59 5 392
7 2.94 2.64 3 400
8 3.29 2.96 4 400
9 4.98 4.48 2 400
10 5.59 5.03 3 400
11 4.58 4.12 5 Yes 400
12 4.60 4.14 2 399
13 3.99 3.59 2 400
14 3.38 3.04 2 Yes 400
15 2.98 2.68 2 Yes 400
16 4.11 3.70 3 Yes 399
17 3.51 3.16 1 399
18 2.75 2.48 1 399
19 2.87 2.58 2 399
20 3.98 3.58 4 Yes 400
21 4.14 3.73 5 Yes 400
22 4.77 4.29 1 Yes 399
23 3.17 2.85 2 399
24 4.93 4.44 3 399
25 3.14 2.83 2 Yes 400
26 3.19 2.87 2 Yes 399
27 3.13 2.82 2 Yes 399
28 2.81 2.53 3 Yes 400
29 3.30 2.97 3 399
30 3.89 3.50 3 Yes 399
31 3.23 2.91 2 Yes 400
32 4.80 4.32 5 400
33 3.39 3.05 3 399
34 4.71 4.24 2 399
35 3.53 3.18 3 400
Total 131 118 93 15 wards
ASCI, Hyderabad 66
Figure: Solid waste dumping in open places
4.8.3 Transportation of solid waste

Tumkur city has introduced door-to-door collection of MSW from domestic households by
deploying pushcarts in some of the wards. However, still common practice of dumping of MSW into
RCC bins / masonry bins and on the road sides (open collection points). SHGs carry out the primary
collection of MSW. A total of 5 SHGs are involved in primary collection using tractors for
commercial establishments and bulk generators and 31 pushcarts for households. SHGs carry out
the primary collection of MSW. In order to facilitate collection of MSW from the bulk generators,
secondary storage bins (dumper bins) have been placed at commercial areas and bulk waste
generation points. The MSW stored in the dumper bins is transferred to the compost facility using
dumper placers.
Door-to- Disposed
door in road
collection side bin
26% 27%
Once in 3
days
47%
Disposed
Disposed at
in drain Three
designate days &
5% d open Once in Daily Daily above
dumping 2 days once twice 49%
spot… 1% 3% 0%
Figure 26: Disposal of solid waste Figure 27: Frequency of solid waste collection
ASCI, Hyderabad 67
Table 28: Details of vehicles used for secondary waste transportation
Capacity of Total waste

No .of No. of
Vehicle type each vehicle collected
vehicles trips
(Tons) (Tons)
Dumper placer 5 3 5 45
Compactor 2 10 3 60
4.8.4 Treatment and disposal of solid waste

The city practices door to door basis collection in 15 wards and the waste is transported without
segregation. At present, there is no sanitary landfill facility for disposal of the MSW generated in
the city. The MSW collected from various generators is not segregated or treated before disposal.
Presently the MSW is dumped openly at Ajjagondanahalli. A compost facility would need to be set
up at Ajjagondanahalli.
Figure 28: An overview of procedure practiced to manage Municipal Solid Waste
4.8.5 Disposal of municipal solid waste

Disposal of MSW is an essential requirement for Tumkur as presently, there is no sanitary landfill
facility in the city for disposal of the MSW generated. Keeping in mind the increasing quantity of
MSW generation would increase in future due to increase in population and expansion of
geographical area of the city. The sanitary landfill facility of 68 MT capacity, on an area of
approximately 40 acres has been identified to develop and cater the waste generated by the city. A
summary of the proposed sanitary landfill design is set out below.
Design life
The phases of design life of a landfill comprises of an ‘active’ period and a ‘closure and post closure’
period. As per MSW Rules the active period of a landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25
years. The ‘closure’ and ‘post-closure’ period for which a landfill is monitored and maintained will
typically be 15 years after the ‘active’ period is completed.
ASCI, Hyderabad 68
Layout of the Sanitary Landfill

The present project is an integrated activity comprising of composting and engineered landfill. The
landfill site will comprise of the area in which the waste will be filled as well as additional area for
support facilities. Within the area to be filled, work may proceed in phases with only a part of the
area under active operation. Following facilities will be required for efficient operation of landfill:
a. Road – access and internal
b. Equipment maintenance shed
c. Weigh bridge
d. Office and amenities
e. Temporary waste storage
f. Areas for stockpiling cover material and liner material
g. Leachate collection and recovery system (LCRS)
h. Landfill gas management facilities
i. Leachate monitoring wells
The common facilities which are considered are:
a. Access road
b. Weigh bridge
c. Laboratory building
d. Facilities like canteen, toilet, rest area, etc.
e. Water supply system
f. Transformer yard & control panel room
The layout of landfill will be governed by the shape of the available landfill area in Ajjagondanahalli
site.
Solid Waste Management Cess: The SWM Cess is being collected along with the property tax
since 2007. Around 2.71 crore rupees was collected as SWM Cess for the year 2008-2009 and 1.37
crore rupees was collected for the year 2009-2010 until September 2009.
Table 29: SWM tariff structure

SWM Cess collected w.e.f January
Area in sq. feet
2007 per month
Residential
<1,000 INR 10.00
1,000-3,000 INR 30.00
>3,000 INR 50.00
Commercial establishments
<1,000 INR 50.00
1,000-5,000 INR 100.00
>5,000 INR 200.00
Hotels and Choultries
<10,000 INR 300.00
10,000- 50,000 INR 500.00
>50,000 INR 600.00
Industrial establishments
<1,000 INR 100.00
1,000-5,000 INR 200.00
>5,000 INR 300.00
Source:
ASCI, Hyderabad 69
4.8.6 Health of sanitary workers

The sanitary workers are supplied with protective measures during collection, transportation and
disposal of solid waste. The workers are provided with gloves, masks, shoes, etc., and wearing the
protective measures has been made compulsory to the workers to avoid or prevent from health
hazards. The workers are provided with medicines and regular antiseptic injections by Tumkur
City Corporation.
The MSW management activities are being supervised by the Health Department of TCC. The
details of the officials and other conservancy staff including pourkarmikas is set out in the table
below.
Table 30: Health Department staffing pattern
Sl. Total Number

Cadre Deployment
No. number deployed
1 Pourakarmikas 91 51 For slums/low income pockets
2 Pourakarmikas 91 30 Task force
3 Pourakarmikas 91 10 Malaria work
4 Supervisors 8 2 For management of slum collection & low
income pockets
5 Supervisors 8 2 Malaria work
6 Supervisors 8 4 Supervising the Pourkarmikas
7 Driver-tractor 3 2 For task force tractor trailer
8 Driver-tractor 3 1 For water supply
9 Driver-DP 1 1 For dumper placer (TCMC owned)
10 Sr. Health Inspector 3 3
Jr. Health Inspector 2 2
O.O.D Basis 2 2
11 Environmental Engineer 1 1 Supervision of overall SWM activities
Source: Implementation of Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Tumkur, Karnataka
4.8.7 Standardized service level indicators for solid waste management

As per the Karnataka State Policy on Integrated Solid Waste Management 2003, it is imperative for
ULBs to adopt scientific method in collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of
municipal solid waste to ensure on improving the environment and health conditions of citizens.
The Service Level Benchmark checks the solid waste collection efficiency, door to door collection,
treatment, segregation, disposal, redressal of customer complaints, etc., in a rating system to ensure
its efficiency. The progress made by Tumkur on MSW management is given in the table below:
Table 31: Service level benchmarking on solid waste management
Solid Waste Management Benchmark Progress made

Household level coverage 100% 60
Efficiency of collection of MSW 100% 80
Extent of segregation 80% 0
Extent of MSW recovered 100% 70
Extent of scientific disposal 100% 0
ASCI, Hyderabad 70
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 100% 70

Cost recovery 80% 0
Efficiency in collection of charges 90% 0
4.8.8 Future demand and gap

Based on the projected population and the present per capita waste production, the future waste
generation has been projected. It has been estimated that by 2045, the waste generation in Tumkur
city would be 188 MTPD as given in the table below.
Table 32: Projection of future solid waste generation
Projected Solid waste generated

Year
population in MT/day
2010 304,938 110
2015 336,054 121
2020 367,170 132
2025 398,286 143
2030 429,403 155
2035 460,519 166
2040 491,635 177
2045 522,751 188
Note: The average waste generation is taken as 360 gm/capita/day
Key observation from CSTF members

1. Location of the solid waste dumping yard near the settlements is creating odor menace
problems
2. Low quality of service being provided despite high costs.
3. Nirmal Nagar package does not working properly
4. Due to perception of management of MSW as a free good, cost recovery is low and dependent
on general revenues and transfers.
5. Unscientific way of working
6. Awareness among citizens is lacking
7. Working concepts like door to door collection not done efficiently
8. Manpower shortage
9. No land available/identified for the development of treatment and disposal facilities.
10. No proper segregation of waste is being practiced.
11. Standard equipments and vehicles are not available with the ULB.
Recommendations
1. Private sector helping the waste management by treating the solid waste generated by them
in their premises and as per the MSW rules to be implemented
2. Training, motivating and educating the workers
3. Scientific way of working (Allotting labourers to a particular area on population basis)
ASCI, Hyderabad 71
4. Create enough awareness among the community about the importance of waste segregation
at source of generation and recycling inorganic waste
5. 100% achievement in door to door collection, by creating proper infrastructures and road
mobility
6. Capacity building training of staffs for segregation of waste is very important.
7. Provide adequate safety measures for the staff.
8. Regular time to time collection of waste
9. Covering of vehicles carrying waste.
10. Single door containers can be made available.
11. Training for pourakarmikas regarding waste handling.
12. Supply of disinfectants for mosquitoes and other insects.
13. Regularizing government rules and to be implemented properly. SWM rules should be strictly
envisaged in coordination with RWA, SHG, etc. Implementation of IEC for safe disposal of SW.
14. Awareness among the public can be created only through the ULB.
4.9 Water supply

The city mainly depends on the Hemavathy channel Bugadanahalli Lake, the Mydala tank and
borewells. The rate of supply for the present population is 65 LPCD. Per capita water supply is 14
lpcd. In some areas, the water is supplied for 2 to 3 hours every 2-3 days. Total of 23 MLD water is
supplied to the city.
Present scenario of water supply and its demand

Area of the city: 75 sq. km
Provisional Census 2011 population: 305821
Water demand: 41 MLD (=305821*135 lpcd)
Present water supply: 23 MLD
Gap/short fall: 18 MLD (=41-23 MLD)
Per capita usage: 65 lpcd
Duration of water supply: 2-3 hours every 2-3 days
NRW: 10-20%
4.9.1 Source of water

According to the ULB, 60% of the township is covered by sewerage networks and 80% of the water
supplied is considered for sewage. The Hemavathi water board records the waste water received as
14 MLD. The plant capacity for sewage treatment is 24.5 MLD. The slums covered by sewage lines
and waste water generated are tabulated. The waste water is not recycled for use in the Hemavathi
sewage plant. The waste is many a times taken as manure by the farmers. The blockages in sewage
lines are reported to be 10 per km per year.
Table 33: Total quantity of water drawn
Quantity of water supply in

Canal/Tank
MLD
Hemavathy canal 14
Mydala tank 1.2
Borewell 7
Hand pumps 0.8
ASCI, Hyderabad 72
Total 23
Source: www.tumkurcity.gov.in
The annual expenditure for 2009-10 for the maintenance (over and above new infrastructure
installment) is Rs. 456.81 lakhs for water production and supply and Rs. 36.84 lakhs for sewerage
while the annual revenue is Rs. 140.2 lakhs for water supply. The ULB does not charge the
customers for sewerage service. The water supply therefore is not at its breakeven level as far as
costs are concerned. However, it was reported that the CMC does not have to borrow or run deficits
to pay the bills.
The second phase of water supply up gradation is in progress. It promises 24X7 water supply
across the city. The project budget is Rs. 4727 lakhs. Out of this the share of CMC is Rs. 470 lakhs
and Rs. 4133 lakhs is the loan. Rs. 1102.88 lakhs is the government grant, Rs. 3151.4 lakhs is the
loan from financial institutions and Rs. 472 lakhs goes to the ULB.
4.9.2 Existing transmission and distribution

The water is supplied through pipes system for individual houses with water connection and
through stand posts. The total households connected to piped water is around 39788 (60%) of the
total 65958 households in the city. The water is supplied for 1-4 hours/day. It is observed during
the field visit that there is shortage of water supplied in most of the areas especially in slums. There
are around 2695 stand posts in the city. Households that are devoid of individual tap are dependent
on these public stand posts. The duration of water supplied is found to be 1-5 hours/day for the
stand posts. There are around 263 tube wells in the city and the bulk connections (e.g., complexes,
apartments, etc.) comprises of 130 which are drawing the supplied drinking water.
Table 34: Water supply connections in Tumkur

No. of HHs No. of HHs No. of HHs
Duration No. of
Ward connected connected connected to tube No. of bulk
per day hours
No. to piped to stand wells/own sources connections
(hours) per day
water posts and others
1 1234 1 53 2 3 0
2 1345 1 35 2 5 0
3 823 1 18 2 7 0
4 1078 1 140 1 0 10
5 463 1 20 1 0 10
6 340 2 16 1 0 0
7 854 1 65 2 0 0
8 750 1 60 3 5 0
9 500 1 80 5 0 0
10 2275 2 727 3 0 6
11 1228 2 63 2 7 9
12 1105 4 13 1 8 0
13 560 4 25 2 6 0
14 1412 1 150 1 5 20
15 1551 1 40 1.5 45 25
16 766 1 20 1 5 1
ASCI, Hyderabad 73
17 940 3 8 3 6 2
18 1520 1 34 1 6 0
19 998 3 40 2 5 0
20 950 3 200 1 8 0
21 2016 3 8 3 9 19
22 1097 2 22 2 9 0
23 400 2 200 3 14 0
24 1544 1 73 2 20 5
25 1043 1 10 1 4 6
26 1009 1 25 3 6 6
27 1195 1 10 3 2 2
28 1034 1 120 1 10 1
29 544 1 85 3 5 0
30 2062 2 35 4 30 0
31 2618 1 70 3 8 0
32 961 1 8 3 4 0
33 1258 2 150 2 10 0
34 1073 2 25 2 0 8
35 1242 1.5 47 2 11 0
39788 2695 263 130
4.9.3 Non-revenue water

The NRW was reported to be 10-20%. However, from the data provided by the ULB, the NRW for
water supply in Tumkur is found to be 39%.
Benchmarking: The World Bank prescribed benchmark level for NRW is 20%. Considering our
calculated figure of 39% to be correct, the ULB should check the volume of NRW. This might be
possible by minimizing leakages and taking actions so as to check water theft.
Meters: There is no metering in Tumkur and hence the quantity of water supplied or consumed by
any particular section of customers cannot be readily identified.
Benchmarking: Metering is a very important tool when it comes to recovering costs for water
consumption and estimating the per capita water usage so that water conservation measures can
be undertaken. Tumkur needs to implement metering, the benchmark level being 100% for the
same.
Network performance: The water supply network has 4 to 5 breaks every km of distance covered
by the pipeline every year. The sewerage line has 9-10 breaks every year per km of pipeline
covered.
Benchmarking: As opposed to 4 to 5 pipe breaks per km every year, we can consider the
benchmark level to be 0.2 per km per year as has been achieved by the Anglian Water supply or the
Cambridge Water supply in the UK. The benchmark for sewerage blockages cannot be found due to
the lack of reporting of data. The pipe breaks have to be reduced to enhance network performance
and NRW.
ASCI, Hyderabad 74
4.9.4 Tariff structure

Connections are however charged Rs. 45 per month for household usage and Rs. 90 per month for
commercial, industrial and institutional usage.
Billing and collection: In Tumkur, waste water services are not charged. There is no metering for
water either. However, there is a fixed water charge of Rs. 45 per month per connection. The
average revenue collected from water and waste water services per cubic meter of water is 0.20
USD. Per connection every year yields 11.27 USD of revenue to the ULB. Since the entire revenue is
due to the water services, the split percentage of water revenue to waste water revenue is 100 to
zero. The residential connections bear 98.48% of the revenue while the industrial and commercial
sector bears 1.52%. Total water revenues per service population as a percentage of per capita GNI,
the 0.10. The collection ratio, i.e. the amount of money collected as a percentage of the billed
revenue is 90.79% while the operating cost coverage ratio is just 0.31. As reported, the ULB does
not have any loans and water supply is self sustaining. Hence, the debt service is zero for the ULB.
Benchmarking: 567.01 USD (in Perth, Australia), if considered the benchmark revenue per
connection per year for water supply services, Tumkur falls way below the benchmark. The total
water revenues per service population as a percentage of per capita GNI is a lot lower than the
benchmark if we consider it to be 1% as in Thames Water supply, UK. This can be seen as a positive
thing because it signifies that the affordability of water supply services is good. The collection ratio is
90.79% for 2009 in Tumkur which agrees with the benchmark level of 90% as suggested by the
Ministry of Urban Development. The operating cost coverage is below its benchmark level of 3.59
as registered by Perth Water Corporation, Australia in 2005.
Table 35: Tariff structure for water consumption charges

Revised rates applicable w.e.f. 01.01.2006
Quantity consumed (Liters)
(Rates per 1000 liters in rupees)
Domestic use (Monthly minimum rate Rs. 60.00/month and for non metered
connections Rs. 60.00/month)
<25,000 2.00
25,001-50,000 3.75
50,001-75,000 6.00
75,001-100,000 8.00
>1,00,000 10.00
Non-domestic use (Monthly minimum Rs. 140.00)
0-25,000 5.25
25,001-50,000 7.00
50,001-75,000 8.50
75,001-1,00,000 10.00
>1,00,000 11.00
Commercial use – Treated water (Monthly minimum Rs. 250.00)
0-50,000 14.00
50,001-1,00,000 15.00
>1,00,000 19.00
Commercial use – Raw water (Monthly minimum Rs. 250.00)
0-50,000 13.00
ASCI, Hyderabad 75
50,001-1,00,000 14.00
>1,00,000 18.00
Source:
4.9.5 Water quality

The drinking water samples are analyzed at the inlet and outlet points to check the contaminated
rate of water. The analysis is done by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board.
4.9.6 Standardized service level indicators for water supply

Water supply and its quality is the most essential commodity for the healthy living in urban and
rural areas. The progress on quality of water supplied, distribution, frequency of supply, etc., needs
to be efficiently recorded. The Service Level Benchmarking on water supply ensures in maintaining
the efficiency through a rating system for the indicators like production of water, household
connections, water treatment, quality of water, metering, redressal of customer complaint, water
tariff collection, etc. The progress made by the Tumkur city is given in the table below.
Table 36: Service level benchmarking on water supply
Indicators Benchmarks Present status

Coverage of water supply connections 100% 60
Per capita water supply 135 lpcd 70 lpcd
Extent of metering of connections 100% 0
Extent of non-revenue water (NRW) 20% 50%
Continue of water supply 24 hours 2 hours
Quality of water supply 100% 100%
Efficiency of redressal of customer complaints 80% 70%
Cost recovery in water supply services 100% 20%
Efficiency in collection of water supply related charges 90% 40%
4.9.7 Drinking water supply in slums

Drinking water supply in slums: The drinking water in slum areas is supplied by the City
Corporation through the piped system. The slum dwellers have access to public stand posts in the
areas for drinking water which comprises around 73% of the total households having access to
public taps. There are households which have individual water connection comprising 24% of the
total slum households. The other sources of drinking water include tube well with 1% and open
well comprising 0.2% of the total slum households.
Table: Drinking water facility in slum households
Drinking water source Total No. of HHs Percentage of HHs

Individual taps 2734 24.3%
Public taps 8264 73.3%
Tube well 140 1.2%
Open well 23 0.2%
Tank 4 0.0%
ASCI, Hyderabad 76
River 0 0.0%
Water tanker 15 0.1%
Others 33 0.3%
The primary survey results state that the households are dependent on City Corporation for
drinking water supply. Majority of them are dependant on public taps accounting to around 79% of
the surveyed households. Around 21% of the households are having the own arrangements of
individual taps for the usage of water. Very few households are dependent on open well, tanks and
water tankers for using water.
The duration of the water supply is mostly 2-4 hours per day accounting for 74% of the total
households surveyed. There are locations which have water supply for 1-2 hours/day (4%), 4-6
hours/day (4%), 6-8 hours/day (6%), 8-10 hours/day (6%) and more than 10 hours/day (6%).
The areas with inadequate hours per day of water supply should be improved by increasing the
supply of water which will improve the living habits of the city.
Stand Own 6-8 hrs 8-10 hrs More 1- 2 hrs

post arrangem 6% 6% than 10 4%
0% ent hrs
21% 6%
Municipal
supply 4-6 hrs
4% 2-4 hrs
79% 74%
Figure 29: Drinking water arrangement Figure 30: Duration of drinking water supply
The main problems associated with existing distribution system are un equitable supply, non
availability of adequate pressure in distribution mains, inadequate storage capacity of service
reservoirs, inadequate size of distribution mains, old and dilapidated pipelines, illegal tapping of
feeder mains at many locations, unauthorized house connections, faulty metering, inadequate
operation and maintenance staff, adoption of inappropriate design methodology etc. Specific issues
are:
• Majority of slum households depend on public taps for water supply.
• Many feeder mains are tapped for distributing water to local pockets resulting in considerable
loss of head in the pipes and reduction in carrying capacity.
• Most of the distribution pipes are very old and are damaged at many places and distribution
system is not adequate to meet the future demand. Faulty metering, lack of proper operation and
maintenance, adoption of inappropriate design methodology etc. are adding to equitable
distribution problem. Tumkur is in the process of implementing city wide 24X7 water supply
and expected to complete it by another year.
• The existing distribution system covers only the central core area and does not cover the
extended areas resulting in these extended areas facing acute shortage of water.
• The distribution system is not adequate to meet the future demand.
ASCI, Hyderabad 77
Acute water scarcity in Tumkur city

Online edition of India's National Newspaper | Wednesday, April 20th, 2011
Issues
20 wards in Tumkur city get water once in 10 days
Pipes supplying water to the city are old and they are leaking
With the onset of summer, Tumkur city is facing acute water shortage. The population in the city is 3,05,000.
Of the 35 wards in the City Municipal Corporation, more than 20 get water once in 8 to 10 days. The demand
for potable water in the city is 30 MLD, but the supply is just 18 to 19 MLD. The main source of water to the
area is the Bugudanahalli tank, which is spread over 520 acres and is 10 km away from the city.
Councillor Mahesh said the pipes supplying water from Bugudanahalli tank have become old and are leaking.
The tank can supply 15 MLD of water but owing to the leakage only 10 MLD of water is reaching the people,
he said. Councillor Md. Nadeem Pasha said: “Out of 425 borewells, nearly 50 are not working.” He also added
that 40 hand pumps are not working and concerned departments were not carrying out the repair work. Mr.
Mahesh said with the construction of two parks, the water in Amanikere tank has dried up. In fact, even the
groundwater level has plummeted and many borewells within a radius of 2 km from the tank have gone
completely dry. He urged officials concerned to do something as soon as possible to reduce further damage to
groundwater table. Before summer, the supply of water from the borewells was 8.3 MLD, but now it has
reduced to 6 MLD said Councillor Devika. Some areas of the city get water once in 15 days, she said.
Commissioner Anurag Tiwari said new pipes will be laid from the Bugudanahalli tank at an estimated cost of
Rs. 9.5 crore. He has asked Bescom to provide uninterrupted power supply at least at the major pumping
stations. Mr. Tiwari said water theft is one of the major problems and said notices would be served shortly to
more than 300 people having illegal water connections in the city. Criminal cases will be registered against
these people, he added.
4.9.8 Future demand and gap

The population of Tumkur City as per 2011 census is 305821. Presently, the water supply is 23
MLD and it is estimated that by the year 2025, around 54 MLD of water is required for the city and
b the year 2035 it is around 62 MLD and by the year 2045 it is estimated to be 71 MLD. The present
water supplied is insufficient to the city. Hence the demand is more than the supply. The city is
having a great demand for drinking water. Most of the areas still do not get water supplied every
day. There needs strong water conservation practices in the city firstly rain water harvesting
structures to be facilitated in the new building approval. Secondly, by improving the existing water
bodies with proper maintenance so that there is good ground water recharge.
Table 37: Projections for water supply demand

Projected Water supply demand
Year
population in MT/day
2010 304,938 41
2015 336,054 45
2020 367,170 50
2025 398,286 54
2030 429,403 58
2035 460,519 62
2040 491,635 66
2045 522,751 71
Note: The average water consumption is taken as 135 lpcd
ASCI, Hyderabad 78
4.9.9 Future project: Stage II

The aim is to supply 30 MLD of water to Tumkur. There have been 180 HP and 200 HP motors
installed and one 180 HP motor kept as standby, aiming at 24 hours supply to all households. 8 km
of 1000 mm pipelines has been laid. The 3 major pumping stations in work are Santhipethe, CMC
and the Vidyanagar water pumping stations. Presently there are 19 overhead tankers with 95 lakh
litres of capacity. There are 450 borewells in total, supplying water to areas which are not served
by the Hemavathi water supply. It also aims to cover the entire town with sewage networks. There
are plans to meter all connections so as to keep a tab on water supplied, NRW and revenues. The
work would be implemented and commenced subject to release of funds by the Ministry of Urban
Development.
Key issues
1. Inefficient water supply system
2. Water supply as per requirement based on population is not done efficiently
3. Illegal water connections exist
4. The water supply connections are not efficiently assigned to the newer layouts
5. If the water is not taxed, people will not recognize its importance
6. Difficulty in collecting water cess/tax
7. Leakage in water supply pipelines
8. Lack of exposure/awareness on rain water harvesting
9. Irresponsibility in the public in using water efficiently
10. Lack of awareness among people about rain water harvesting
Recommendations
1. Water to be supplied as per the population in any particular area so as to provide adequate
water supply facilities
2. Action to be taken so as to achieve efficient water supply system
3. Illegal connections to be made legal and create awareness among people
4. Water supply network to be made more efficient and orderly
5. Water meter to be installed compulsorily
6. Inspire and educate people to pay the water bills promptly
7. Pipeline leakages to be repaired immediately
8. Power supply should be continous without interruption
9. Rain water harvesting to be made compulsory
ASCI, Hyderabad 79
4.10 National sanitation ranking parameters and observations on Tumkur

Table 38: National level City Sanitation Ranking scored by Tumkur City
Sl. Maximum
Indicators Tumkur Remarks
No. Points*
Tumkur National Rank: 182
1 OUPUT-RELATED 50
A No open defecation sub-total
Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served households 4 0.00 Field observation agrees with the marks on severe OD
(including slums) - individual and community sanitation facilities. which is 9% of total households.
NO OD: 4 marks Short-term: To eliminate OD by 2012-2013.
i. 5%: 3 marks Medium-term: To have 100% sanitary toilets.
5% - 10%: 2 marks Long-term: To have 100% sewerage connections.
10 - 15%: 1 mark
> 15%: 0 mark
Access and use of toilets for floating and institutional populations - 4 0.61 Public toilets are only in bus stands and market places
ii. adequate public sanitation facilities but there is lack of toilets in other commercial areas
which has increased occurrences of OD.
No open defecation visible 4 1.00 Short to long term: MIS, punitive measures and
iii.
incentives through IEC.
Eliminate Manual Scavenging and provide personnel protection equipment 4 4.00 No manual scavenging practiced. Hence requires
iv.
to sanitary workers sustaining efforts in mechanizing cleaning.
Proportion of total human excreta generation that is safely collected (6 6 4.00 Short to medium term: The field observation and the
points for 100%) records reveal that some toilets are connected to septic
90% - < 100%: 5 marks tanks and open nallas. The marks obtained are
B 80% - 90%: 4 marks overestimated under these real conditions.
70% - 80%: 3 marks Needs efficient and regular cleaning of septic tanks and
60% - 70%: 2 marks needs 100% sewerage connection for safe disposal of
40% - 60%: 1 mark human excreta. 100% UGD is under planning stage.
< 40%: 0 mark
Proportion of total black waste water generation that is treated and safely 6+3 0.00 Same as above. (Also efficient maintenance of damaged
C disposed off (6 points for 100%) UGD pipes)
0% - <100%: 5 marks
ASCI, Hyderabad 80
80% - 90%: 4 marks

70% - 80%: 3 marks
60% - 70%: 2 marks
40% - 60%: 1 mark
<40%: 0 mark
Proportion of total grey waste water generation that is treated and safely 3 -3 0.00 Medium to long term: 100% sewerage connection and
disposed off (3 points for 100%) sanitary toilets with efficient STPs.
D 80% - 100%: 2 marks
60% - 80%: 1 mark
<60%: 0 mark
Proportion of treated water that is recycled and reused for non potable 3 0.00 Long term: Sustenance of existing STP. Tertiary
applications. treatment to be in place for the STP by 2015. The
20%* - or more: 3 marks treated water can be reused for gardening.
E
10% - 20%: 2 marks
1% - 10%: 1 mark
< 1%: 0 marks
Proportion of total storm-water and drainage that is efficiently and safely 3 0.00 Short to long term: 100% coverage of storm water
managed (3 points for 100%) drains by 2014 onwards with efficient management.
F 100%: 3 marks
60% - 100%: 2 marks
40% - 60%: 1 mark
< 40%: 0 mark
Proportion of total solid waste generation that is regularly collected (4 4 0.00 Marks underestimated.
points for 100%) Medium term: Collection efficiency of 100% to be
100% daily collection: 4 marks maintained by 2013.
G 80% - 100%: 3 marks
60% - 80%: 2 mark
40% - 60%: 1 mark
< 40%: 0 mark
Proportion of total solid waste generation that is treated and safely 4 0.00 Medium to long term: 20-50% waste segregation to be
H disposed off (4 points for 100%) commenced by 2012-2013. 60-100% segregation to be
commenced from 2014 onwards.
City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside city 5 0.00 Long term: 100% coverage of waste collection and
I
limits. (5 points for 100%) treatment will cause no damage to the surrounding
ASCI, Hyderabad 81
areas.
Total 50 9.61
M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation 4 0.00 Short term: Staffs to be deployed on monitoring OD
Monitoring mechanism (procedures or systems along with staff) to track OD practices.
: 1 mark
A
Monthly collection of data on OD practices from each ward : 1 mark
Reportage of monthly data in public forum : 1 mark
Incentives and awards being implemented for stopping OD: 1 mark
All sewerage systems in the city are working properly and there is no ex- 0 (5) 4.02 Short to long term: The pipes need regular check. The
B
filtration. (Not applicable for cities without sewerage systems) damaged pipes need immediate recovery.
Septage / sludge is regularly cleaned, safely transported and disposed after 10 (5) 5.00 Needs more stringent steps to treat and dispose the
C treatment, from on-site systems in the city (MAXIMUM 10 marks for cities slugde.
without sewerage systems)
Underground and surface drainage systems are functioning and are well- 4 2.00 Overestimated.
maintained Short to long term: 100% coverage of UGD and surface
D Centralized database/maps exist for drainage system: 2 marks drainage by 2014 onwards.
Pre-monsoon and one other-season cleaning, repairs and maintenance of
drains undertaken: 2 marks
Solid waste management (collection and treatment) systems are efficient 5 4.00 Medium to long term: Collection efficiency to be
(and are in conformity with the MSW Rules, 2003) improved and waste segregation and disposal should
100% segregated wastes on arrival at disposal/treatment facilities; be in place.
80% recycling of wastes;
100% operational cost recovery.
Framing rules for:
E SW Collection and Treatment: (formally adopted MSW Rules, 2000): 1 mark
HHs and establishments by D2D collection 100%=1 mark
Proportion of streets covered by regular street-sweeping (at least once a
day) 100%=1mark;
Proportion of waste processed or recycled
80% and above=1 mark
Cost Recovery for SWM Services (including treatment) - 100%=1 mark
ASCI, Hyderabad 82
There is clear institutional responsibility assigned; and there are 4 4.00 Sustenance of responsibilities for improved facilities.
documented operational systems in practice for b)/c) to e) above
Availability of written manual and codified procedures for:
F Sewerage: 1mark
Septage: 1 mark
Drainage: 1 mark
SWM: 1 mark
Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is clearly laid 3 3.00 Sustenance
G
out and followed in practice
Total 30 22.00
Improved quality of drinking water in city compared to baseline. 7 4.55 Short to long term: Regular monitoring of pipes and
A immediate repair or replacement of damaged pipes.
Efficient treatment of drinking water.
Improved water quality in water bodies in and around city compared to 7 0.00 Short to long term: Regular monitoring and
baseline maintenance of water bodies. Stringent action on
B
entering sewage or industrial waste entering into the
water bodies.
Reduction in water-borne disease incidence amongst city population 6 0.00 Short to long term: Improving water quality and
compared to baseline regular maintenance of UGD system along with
50% or more: 6 marks arrangement of toilets at the household level will
40% - 50%: 5 marks reduce the water borne diseases.
C 35% - 40% 4 mark
30% - 35%: 3 mark
25% - 30%: 2 marks
20% - 25%: 1 mark
< 20%: 0 mark
Total 20 4.55
Grand total 100 36.16
ASCI, Hyderabad 83
5 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND FINANCE
The city is governed by the Tumkur City Corporation forming the city legislative branch, headed by
a Mayor. The Corporation comprises 35 wards with an elected Corporator for each ward. The
Commissioner, Health Officer and Engineers in charge for efficient of water supply and sanitation,
solid waste management and health issues form part of the executive branch.
The Tumkur City Corporation is a local self government institution constituted under the Karnataka
Municipal Corporation Act, 1976. It was converted as City Corporation in August 2010. A
combination of civic and parastatal organizations caters to the basic needs of Tumkur. Tumkur City
Corporation is in charge of the responsibilities to provide and maintain roads, water supply,
sewerage system, street lighting, establishing markets and shopping areas, development of parks
and water bodies, solid waste management.
5.1 Directorate of Municipal Administration

Government through Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) supervises the functioning of
the municipalities. Government directly supervises the functioning of the Corporations throughout
Karnataka except Bangalore. The Directorate has the responsibility to supervise the function of the
municipalities, work out suitable human resource policies, exercise disciplinary control over the
staff of municipalities, monitor the tax collection of ULBs, lay down policies for transparency in
expenditures, hear appeals against the decisions of municipalities, release the Government
transfers to the ULBs, as well as implement schemes like SJSRY (for urban poverty alleviation),
IDSMT, Nirmala Nagar, etc. The Directorate also collects statistics from ULBs and helps in the
preparation of municipal statistics. The Directorate also inspects municipalities, interacts with
both elected representatives and the employees to find out both genuine and specific problems of
urban administration and urban municipal services and work out the solutions for those problems.
5.2 Urban Development Department

The Urban Development Department (UDD), Government of Karnataka is concerned with matters
relating to citizens living in the urban areas of the State. In particular, UDD is responsible for
ensuring good governance, catering basic services and fulfilling urban civic needs including all
social sectors of the society; executing and monitoring State and Central schemes and
administrating various Acts/Rules through which the above responsibilities are discharged.
5.3 Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development & Finance Corporation

State Government has appointed Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development & Finance
Corporation (KUIDFC) as the State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) under JnNURM to assist Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs), place proposals to SLSC for approval, manages grants, release funds to ULBs,
maintain revolving fund and monitor the physical and financial progress and reforms
implementation as committed in the Memorandum of Agreement. The funds under the scheme
would be released by the Central Government to the Nodal Agency which in turn would release to
the Implementing Agency in the form of loan, soft loan-cum-grant or grant.
ASCI, Hyderabad 84
5.4 Existing institutional structure

Tumkur was constituted as Corporation August 2010 is a local self government institution
constituted under the Karnataka Municipal Corporation Act, 1976. A combination of civic and
parastatal organizations caters to the basic needs of the city.
It also undertakes poverty alleviation, cultural developmental activities, including promotion of

education and providing health care services. In addition to the above TCC is implementing series
of projects aimed at providing new infrastructure facilities, strengthening of existing facilities,
environmental protection measures, providing civic amenities to the urban poor, beautification of
city’s environs, education and awareness programs for Tumkur city. The resources of TCC are
mainly from property taxes from residential and commercial properties, advertisement charges,
revenue generated from its own properties such as rents from commercial complex etc. TCC also
receives share from the Government of Karnataka. TCC is now empowered to collect solid waste
cess and infrastructure cess. The main expenditure of TCC is on infrastructure developmental and
maintenance works. TCC has taken several bold steps as a part of its efforts to improve its financial
resources and organizational effectiveness.
5.4.1 Particulars of organization, functions and duties of Public Authority

The Municipal Council of TCC consists of 35 Councilors elected from the wards. 5 Councilors
nominated by Govt. and the jurisdictional MP/MLA/MLC as members. The head of the Council is
the Mayor elected from among the Corporators of the wards. There is also a Deputy Mayor elected
such powers delegated to him by the Mayor. The Commissioner appointed by the Government is
the executive head of the Council. The Municipality has Executive Engineer/ Engineers/ Revenue
Officer / ARO’s / Health Officer / Manager / FDA / SDA/ Bill Collectors and Pourakarmikas. The
Council has obligatory functions such as maintenance of roads, markets, public toilets, drainage,
supply of drinking water, cleaning of streets, removal of garbage, regulation of buildings, slaughter
houses, public hygiene prevention of contagious diseases, registration of births and deaths, street
ASCI, Hyderabad 85
lighting and discretionary functions like maintenance of parks, gardens, libraries, hospitals
providing entertainment in public places, slum upgradation, promotions of cultural, educational
and aesthetic aspects, urban forestry maintenance of destitute homes and implementation of urban
poverty alleviation programs sponsored by the Government.
5.4.2 Procedures for the decision making process, supervision and accountability
The proposals received by the Municipal Council in the matters of execution/ repairs of
infrastructure work are processed and examine by the Commissioner in terms of the provisions of
the Karnataka Municipal Corporation Act / the instructions of the Government and placed before
the Council for approval. The Council ordinarily meets once in a month. In urgent matters it can
meet frequently. The Commissioner is required to prepare the agenda for the meeting of the council
in consultation with the Mayor and sent to all the members at least 7 days in advance. After
approval of the proposal by the Council the Commissioner can implement the decision if such
decisions are within the powers of the Council in such reasonable time as may be required. If the
decisions required the approval of higher field officers or the Government, the Commissioner will
accordingly seek the approval. The government is vested with the supervisory powers and it can
suspend/ set aside the decisions if found to be contrary to the provisions of the Karnataka
Municipal Corporation Act. The Council and the Commissioner are accountable for all happenings
in the Corporation. Four Standing Committees consisting of 7 Councilors has been constituted in
2005 to deal with the matters of:
 Taxation & finance
 Public health, education and social justice
 Town planning and
 Accounts
Associated Departments: There are several others that play a very important role in the city’s
functioning and governance that include:
1. Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWSDB)
2. Karnataka Public Works Department (PWD)
3. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)
4. Department of Archaeology and Museums
5. Lake Development Authority
6. Zoo Authority of India
Table 39: Institutional responsibility

Planning & Operation &
Urban infrastructure Construction
design Maintenance
Water supply KUWS & DB KUWS & DB TCC
Sewerage KUWS & DB KUWS & DB TCC
Storm water drainage TCC TCC TCC
Solid waste disposal TCC TCC TCC
Municipal road (Incl.
TCC TCC TCC
grade separators)
Street lighting TCC TCC TCC
ASCI, Hyderabad 86
The CSP aims to provide 100% through scientific planning in providing basic infrastructure
facilities to the city. There are many gaps in the performance of the Tumkur City Corporation.
Hence looking at the performance, following targets have been set in order to achieve 100%
sanitation in the city.
Table 40: Targets for water and sanitation
Parameter Current status 2012 2017 2031

Frequency of water 3 hours supply 6 hours 10 hours Continuous
supply
Coverage (population) 85% 100% All All
Metering Not fully 100% in all non 100% district All categories to
covered domestic, metering be metered
commercial &
industrial consumers
Sanitation coverage 57% 75% 100% 100%
Consumer redressal Adhoc system Develop consumer Response time of Response time of
system present redressal system less than 2 days less than a day
Following is the projection made for infrastructure facilities like water supply, solid waste
generated and the waste water generated in the City.
Table 41: Summary of projected infrastructure demand

Water Solid waste Waste water
Year Population demand generated in generated in
in MLD MT/day MLD
2010 304,938 41 110 39
2015 336,054 45 121 43
2020 367,170 50 132 47
2025 398,286 54 143 51
2030 429,403 58 155 55
2035 460,519 62 166 59
2040 491,635 66 177 63
2045 522,751 71 188 67
Source: Projections estimated by ASCI, Hyderabad
ASCI, Hyderabad 87
6 CITY SANITATION PLAN – THE STRATEGY AND APPROACH

6.1 Introduction
From the situational analysis it is evident that urban sanitation is not only lacking investment it is
also lack of systematic plan for environmental sanitation. NUSP (2008) mandates the ULBs for
universal access, safe management of human excreta, including its safe confinement, treatment and
disposal and associated hygienic related practices. Hence city-wide strategies are important as they
prioritise investment needs and can directly fund to where they are most needed. Recognising the
importance of sanitation and its vision, the following cross cutting strategies are addressed in
Tumkur City Sanitation Plan.
6.1.1 Vision statement

“Tumkur to be safe and sustainable sanitized city so as to ensure good public health standards,
human dignity and privacy of all citizens”.
6.2 City-wide sanitation planning

Tumkur is strongly working on providing better infrastructure and needs considerable planning in
executing it efficiently. In view of this, goals have been proposed to be achieved in the immediate as
short-term period (2012-2013), medium-term period (2014-2016) and long-term period (2016
onwards) as follows:
Table: Goals for city-wide sanitation planning for Tumkur
Period Goals
Short-term  Elimination of open defecation totally
(2012-13)  Universal access to safe sanitation
o Households and community level
o Up gradation of unsanitary to sanitary toilets
o School and institutional sanitation
o Public areas
 Ensuring success of UGD for sanitary & safe disposal of human excreta & liquid waste
 Credible information (MIS)
 City-wide education and awareness campaign
 Decentralized technology options for pockets not covered under UGD
 100% door to door collection of MSW
Medium-  Sanitary and safe disposal of human excreta and liquid waste (continuing process)
term (2014-  Regulation of septic tanks and septage management
2016)  Systems in place for good O & M (individual, community level toilets and disposal
systems) through behaviour change and good mgmt practices
 Institutional arrangements and capacity building
 Safe transportation and disposal of MSW
Long-term  Litter free areas
(2016  Scientific MSW treatment and disposal
onwards)  Water recycle and reuse
 Monitoring and evaluation
 Environmental and financial sustainability
ASCI, Hyderabad 88
6.3 Guiding principles

CSP not only emphasis on the physical infrastructure but also focus on behavior change outcomes,
proper usage, institutional reorientation, regular upkeep and maintenance, increased
accountability and service delivery by ULBs and their partners. Accordingly the strategies have
been developed on the basis of following principles:
Right to sanitation and mobilization of community for demand creation: Access to

sanitation facilities shall be universalized (100%) without any barrier of cost/ fee, land tenure
etc., but also bearing the associated responsibility as well. Household sanitation is first and
foremost the responsibility of a household. Hence, sanitation will be promoted based on
demand i.e., communities and households will be encouraged to priorities by contributing to a
significant portion of the costs involved in providing and running a sanitation system. All
properties/ holdings will be connected to sewerage system, even if they are not connected to a
public/municipality water supply system. Sewerage system may not be the only sanitation
system for liquid waste and onsite sanitation systems shall be adopted for less dense
settlements and outskirts. ULB / Utility may provide free consultations, designs and drawings
and quality control for onsite sanitation.
Focus on sound finances and maintenance: Sanitation system should be sustainable. The
users should pay against use to maintain sustainability. Similarly, polluters should pay for the
cost of cleaning up the impact of their pollution on the environment. Choice and maintenance
of facilities have to be well thought of in advance to make service affordable and sustainable.
Need to ensure last mile connectivity to water supply system and sewerage system in network
coverage area. Door to collection should be 100%.
Integrated institutional engagement: Sanitation cannot be maintained without proper water

supply, solid waste management and development is not possible in isolation. Coordination is
necessary between different departments, all tiers of Government and other stakeholders with
clear roles and responsibilities. Need to ensure last mile connectivity to water supply system
and sewerage system in network coverage area. Door to collection should be 100%.
Environmental integrity and health benefits: Sanitation services, which have unacceptable
impacts on the environment, should not be considered to be adequate. Environmentally
acceptable solutions to local problems that do not cause deterioration of the wider
environment must be considered in all development activities. Appropriate protection of the
environment should be applied, including if necessary prosecution under the law is required.
Sanitation, environment and health are all interlinked and process of improvements which
should be accompanied by promotional activities as well as health and hygiene education.
6.4 Strategy formulation

Strategic planning likely to be constrained by the lack of a supportive context – the policies, rules,
attitudes and procedures within which planning takes place. Hence, the following components of
sanitation strategies are examined in CSP as per parameters of sanitation rating systems.
6.4.1 Components of strategies

The following sections present the strategies for the various related sub-sectors related to
sanitation for AMC. The sub-sector strategies are followed by guidelines for the enabling and
sustaining the aforesaid strategies through IEC, proper suitable financing mechanisms, and
ASCI, Hyderabad 89
guidelines for improvement of Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities. This is followed by

suggestions for proper and adequate monitoring and evaluation of the existing and the proposed
systems.
Figure 31: Components of CSP strategies

Table 42: Details of city-wide sanitation strategies
Proposals (Capital, O & M, IEC
Components of city-wide sanitation strategies
and rehabilitation projects)
A. Sub-sector  Open defecation free status by ensuring  To provide safe access to the
strategy access to all (including poor and slum household sanitation and cover
(output dwellers as well as visiting population). entire population by toilets.
related)  Excreta disposal and waste water  For safe disposal of waste water
management by early commission of storm water and solid waste.
ongoing UGD and sustaining its O&M on  To meet the national standards
continuous basis. for safe disposal of liquid and
 Integrated solid waste management. solid waste.
B. Enabling and Issues to be addressed in preparing the
sustaining implementation plan;
strategies  Awareness raising and hygiene
(process promotion and community participation.
related)  Institutional strengthening and capacity
building for sanitation management in
achieving better service standards.
 Financial management of the sanitation
sector and resource mobilization.
 Private sector and NGO participation in
sanitation development.
C. Monitoring  Strategy for monitoring and evaluation
and evaluation  Implementation plan to propose
monitoring systems.
ASCI, Hyderabad 90
6.4.2 Assumptions, norms and units costs

Formulation of CSP is based on few assumptions and certain available norms as detailed below.
• Generally all households to be connected to UGD which designed for 2036 year.
• Households living in some clusters not covered with UGD and are either connected with septic
tank with soak pits or directly led into open nallas but can be connected through community
latrines and treatment facility.
In order to maintain desired sanitation levels and achieve improved health and environmental
indicators certain standard of service have to be maintained. The basis for the maintenance of
service levels is Standardised Service Level Benchmarks. This combined with secondary data and
field investigations enabled to estimate infrastructure gaps and investment requirements for
future.
Table 43: Norms

A Household sanitation infrastructure
1 Latrine connected to septic tank 1 per household
2 Grit and grease trap 1 per household
B Public and community sanitary conveniences
Public toilet
1 Users per latrine seat 60 users/ seat
Community toilet
1 Users per latrine seat 20 - 35 users/ seat (3-5 households)
C Septage clearance, treatment and disposal
1 No. of septic tanks cleared per vehicle per day 3 tanks per day per vehicle
2 Frequency of septage clearance from septic Once in 2 years
tank
3 Septage volume removed per tank 2 cum
4 No. of operational days per annum 300 days
Sludge drying beds
1 Area per drying bed (average) 225 m
2 Dimensions of drying bed 15 m x 15 m
3 Thickness of liquid sludge layer in drying bed 0.2 m
4 Septage sludge drying cycle 10 days
5 Sludge volume per bed 45 cum
D Wastewater conveyance
1 Street collector sewers 1.50 m / household
2 Branch sewers 0.75 m / household
3 Trunk sewers 0.40 m /household
E Waste water treatment and disposal
1 Reuse for irrigation/ garden/ parks Tertiary
2 Disposal into river Secondary
F Solid waster management
1 Road length per sweeper 400 –600 m
2 Sweepers per 1000 population 3
3 Garbage collection points 1 for 15 HHs (75 persons)
4 Norms for road sweeping A Type – Daily sweeping - 20%
B Type – Sweeping twice in a week - 30 to 40%
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C Type – Sweeping once in a week - 40 to 50%

5 One tractor trailer For every 25 km of sweeping road length, 3
loaders / vehicle.
6 One tipper truck For every 40 km of sweeping road length, 4
loaders / vehicle.
7 Water supply Posts 1 for 15 HHs. (75 persons) @ 45 Ipcd to 1
for 10 HHs. (50 persons) 1 Tap for 75 Persons.
8 Markets/Slaughter house 1 worker / 400 m2 area, for two time cleaning
everyday.
Source: Hoshangabad CSP
6.5 Various occurrences of issues versus consequences

Some of the prominent issues faced by Tumkur are to maintain sanitation is put in a matrix to show
their low to very high occurrence versus their low to very high consequences respectively so as to
prioritize solutions in CSP. It is also observed that the issues identified under higher occurrence and
higher consequences is directly or indirectly are the solution for the lower prioritized issues.
Salient issues highlighted against occurrence versus consequences in Tumkur
Unscientific Inefficient Extensive open Untreated waste

planning on operation and defecation water led into
Very high
infrastructure maintenance of water bodies and

development like manholes and dumping of solid
roads, drains, UGD sewer pipes waste into water
network, etc. bodies
 CONSEQUENCE 
Transmission loss of Insufficient Drinking water Inadequacy in

drinking water community and contamination waste
High
public toilets for through leaked segregation

floating population pipes
Inadequacy in door Inadequate water Unscientific Missing links of
Medium
to door solid waste supply to urban disposal of UGD lines

collection (only in 15 poor municipal solid
wards) waste
Behavioral attitude Incomplete Illegal drinking Lack of recycle or

Low
among public on coverage of storm water reuse of treated

open defecation water drains connections water
Low Medium High Very high
 OCCURRENCE 
6.5.1 Subsector strategies

This CSP aims guiding through next steps in achieving the goal of city wide sanitation for Tumkur.
Broad strategies identified will try to lay down road map for achieving total sanitation and hence
detailed out along with infrastructure gaps estimated as per practiced norms mentioned in
previous section. Also both management and technical options and financial requirement to bridge
the gap have been assessed.
ASCI, Hyderabad 92
6.5.2 Open defecation free status by ensuring access to all

In previous section, as stated in condition assessment of sanitation, open defecation is indeed
practiced in Tumkur slums but at low rates and can be tackled. Non availability of land, inadequate
supply of water and behavior of people including children are major causes of open defecation in
slums of Tumkur. This has to be addressed in short-term with concerted efforts to make OD free
especially in the context that there is good UGD network available and cost of constructing toilet is
very low if land is not a problem. Providing community toilets of Pune Model can be good option for
Tumkur. To achieve OD free status socially inclusiveness approaches that can be promoted are:
Promoting access to UGD at subsidized rate or no cost to poor.
Demand driven approach for access and promoting community-planned and managed toilets
wherever necessary, for groups of households who have issues of space, tenure or economic
constraints in gaining access to individual facilities.
Triggering social action by intensive IEC to prevent OD.
Adequate availability and 100% upkeep and management of public sanitation facilities in all
busy areas and floating population affected areas.
Promoting partnerships to construct community & public toilets - Public conveyance blocks.
Increased access of the poor to water for hygiene.
Norms for sanitation provisions in buildings (including non-residential) and spaces where
public congregate through bye-laws.
Municipal fund creation for neighborhood projects.
6.5.3 Household sanitation arrangements

Only 55% of the households have connected to conventional toilets along with the households
using community toilets. It is expected and proposed in the CSP to see all HHs in sewage networked
area have toilets by the year 2015-16. The important milestones for Tumkur are given below.
1. No more open defecation by year 2013 (achieve OD free status by constructing community
toilets for households especially in slums).
2. 100% households connected to UGD by 2015-16 in networked areas.
3. By year 2014, conversion of all unsanitary to sanitary latrines and enhancement of UGD
connectivity.
4. To reduce open nalas to 1% by the year 2013.
5. Halve the pollution of surface waters/water bodies by human excreta and raw sewage water
by 2013.
6. Enhance UGD coverage to more than 75% by 2016.
7. Increase the utilization rates of municipal sewerage services to 100% by 2016 onwards.
8. Introducing DEWATS system for specific locations for at least 4% of the total households by the
year 2012-1013.
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Table: Indicative figures in household sanitation arrangements over CSP implementation period
Baseline Pre-CSP
Sanitation arrangement (received from the City CSP implementation period
data year
Corporation, Tumkur)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Safe toilet: Toilets connected to conventional sewer 36477 40564 45043 49721 54604 55969
+ 310 HHs using community toilets
In % 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 75%
Safe toilet: Toilets connected to septic tank with 23749 23662 22175 20599 17473 17910
soak pits
In % 36% 35% 32% 29% 24% 24%
Safe toilet: Toilets connected to Pit latrine 1491 1352 693 710 728 746
In % 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Unsafe toilet: Toilets connected to open nallas 1379 676 346 0 0 0
In % 2% 1% 1%
Unsafe condition: HHs practicing open defecation 2862 1352 693 0 0 0
In % 4% 2% 1%
DEWATs and other types 0 2862 6930 9944 13105 14925
In % 0% 4% 10% 14% 18% 20%
Total households 65958 67607 69297 71030 72805 74625
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Note: In Tumkur, OD is found to be more than the secondary given by the Tumkur City Corporation and AKM data. The
primary survey depicts that the OD is found more prominent in many places which may be due to defunct toilets and
behaviour of people. OD is found more among children. Most of the women and girls are practicing OD due to improper
toilets, lack of water supply and behaviour.
* Tumkur scores zero in the City Sanitation Ranking on access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served
households (including slums) - individual and community sanitation facilities.
* Primary survey depicts that the open defecation is severe in slum areas like Settihalli A.K. Colony, Antharasana halli,
Ellarabande and Kaythsandra A.K. Colony experience >50% of the total slum population.
* SLB: The coverage of toilets is 70% as per SLB indicator. This has been over estimated when compared to field
observations, secondary data and city sanitation ranking.
6.5.4 Slum sanitation provision

There are 6 community toilets in the city. An additional 15 community toilets can be proposed.
This can be done the private contractors, NGOs, community organizers to work together to jointly
deliver community toilet blocks. Partnerships can be led either by contractor or NGO with each
other. There will be need for high technical standards, high quality service levels and provisions for
children with extra comfort for girl children. Considering Tumkur situation, series of options need
to be worked in slums as follows:
Provision of new community toilets
Delinking tenure ship for slum residents to build toilets
Sewerage for Individual Household Latrines (IHHL)
Management arrangement of toilets with regards to operation and maintenance
In this regard, estimation done for number of toilets and urinals needed under various categories to
make the city fully sanitized. Models for providing shared toilets, public toilets (The current
standard for public toilets is one seat for 40 users on a 24 hours rotation basis) and urinals as needed
ASCI, Hyderabad 94
and operations and maintenance of the infrastructure, including charging user fees is indicated
below. The planning for public toilets has taken consideration the following user groups: slum
population, floating population, population during weekly markets, etc., population at public place
like bus stands, railway stations, tourist places, etc. Such facilities can be managed through
community groups, NGOs, CBOs and private operators on a self sustaining basis.
Community toilets separately for ladies and gents need to be constructed in slum areas as per the
norms where poor can not afford an individual toilet financially. Here the municipality will act as
facilitator to identify land for construction of toilet, approve design and provide finances and sign a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with local residents who are going to use it for O & M which
is going to be the responsibility of the Community. Options for toilets available are indicated below:
Table 44: Options for toilets
Parameters Individual Shared Public / Community

1. Feasibility of Depends on land Possibility of land with one of Depends on availability of
construction availability the beneficiaries is preferred public plot
2. Cost Depends on the design, Less than individual toilet Least per seat, but may
but more for increase with a dedicated
comparable design water supply
3. Cost sharing By individual Shared by beneficiaries Individual household not
burdened
4. Acceptability Maximum, if affordable Acceptable, if individual May be preferred, as no
toilet not affordable burden of cost
5. Sense of Maximum Less Does not exist
ownership
6. O&M Individual household Depends on will, capacity & Needs separate organization
cooperation of beneficiaries
7. Sustainability Maximum Depends on will, capacity & Depends on capacity of
cooperation of beneficiaries organization (Preferably if
pay and use type)
8. Desirability Most desirable, if Next choice, if affordability is Least desirable
affordable an issue
9. Suitability Most suitable Suitable in low income HHs Should be adopted only when
(e.g., slums) no other option available
Source: CSP, Dewas
6.6 Community toilets

Community toilets are viable for the people residing in slum areas where there is a problem of land
availability and affordability. There are only 6 community toilets in Tumkur city. It is viable to
propose for more community toilets in open defecation predominant areas. The field observation
reveals that some of the slum dwellers are willing to take up O&M of the community toilets if TCC
constructs toilets for them who otherwise practicing OD. They have realized in the recent past that
going in the open is causing lot of practical difficulties especially for women folk. They are willing
on pay and use basis with monthly passes for the users. An amount of Rs. 30/- per month per
household can be easily contributed from the users. The toilets for ladies and gents should be
constructed separately as per the norms. For household toilets user training and CBO’s training is
required.
ASCI, Hyderabad 95
Table: Estimate of Community toilets

Wards with No. of HHs Estimate of toilets seats of
Population community using community toilets
OD status Ward No.
of slums toilets community
Existing Required
toilets
Slums with 7, 9, 12, 17, 22249 2, 5, 6, 13, 310 30 seats 50 seats
low OD 23, 24 and 21 and 31
29
Slums with 14 and 18 5187 50 seats
moderate
OD
Slums with 1, 2, 6, 11, 20694 50 seats
high OD 13, 20, 22,
30, 31, 34
and 35
OD in non 8, 21, 26, -
slums areas 27, 28 and
32
Total 26 wards 6 310 30 seats 150 seats
Hence around 15 community toilets with 5 seats each for ladies and gents (total of 10 seats) could
be proposed depending on the status of individual toilets and areas of rampant open defecation in
slums and also to meet the needs of present population, growing population and also the floating
population. In strategic locations about 5 toilet blocks with 10 seats each can be proposed.
Table: Operation and maintenance of the toilets – Community toilet (each unit of 5 seats)
O&M In Rs
One seat can cater for 20 HHs. 5 seats can cater 100 HHs x 30 =3000
100 HHs. Assuming Rs. 30/month/seat.
Two walls of the complex shall be used for 1000 x 2 =2000
advertisement (Social welfare, education, etc)
Total revenue 5000
Expenditure – cleaning material per seat 50 x 5 = 250
Sweeper charges 2000
Civic maintenance (water & electricity) 800
UGD user charges/year 360
Deposit for future repairs, etc. 380
Remuneration to community organizer 5000 – 3000 = 2000
6.6.1 Sanitation arrangements for floating population

Tumkur is closet city to the capital Bangalore city attracting floating population. The floating
population of Tumkur city accounts to around 5000-6000 per day. In other public areas, the
current sanitation arrangements are inadequate to cater such huge crowds. There are 9 public
toilets existing in Tumkur and it is imperative to increase the number with additional 2-3 public
toilets in the city. These public toilets would also serve the population from commercial areas as
well. The public toilets are situated at the core areas of the city thereby catering to that population
only. There is huge demand for public toilets in the peripheral areas of the city. Increase in the
number of public toilets would prevent open defecation and score better in near future.
ASCI, Hyderabad 96
6.6.2 Estimation of proposed Pay & Use complex (Each unit)

Promoting partnerships in providing public toilets is a best way to tackle sanitation in public areas.
For Tumkur kind of ULB, it should not be problem to identify people/ organizations even on
Corporate Social responsibility to construct toilets and handover to private agencies for O&M.
Table: Indicative investment requirements, O&M costs and user charges for public/community
sanitary conveniences
Unit 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
(Pre CSP)
A. Public 200 seats Additiona Additional Additional Additional Additional
Sanitary existing 100 seats 100 seats 100 seats 100 seats 100 seats
Conveniences
Floating Persons 100000
110000 120000 130000 140000 150000
population served
(including
persons served by
existing PSCs)
Capital cost Rs 20 lakhs 20 lakhs 20 lakhs 20 lakhs 20 lakhs
towards 20000
construction of per seat
public sanitary
conveniences
Indicative Rs. per 200000 2,20,000 240000 2,60,000 2,80, 000 3, 00, 000
minimum user use
charge (Rs2 per
use)
Annual O&M of Rs Rs. Cumulativ Rs. Rs. Rs. 200000
public sanitary (400/m 40000 e Rs. 120000 160000 per month
conveniences onth per per 80000 per per month per month
seat) month month
UGD charges (one Rs 91200 247000 228000 228000 228000 228000
time)
UGD user charges
Assumptions:
 Existing floating population is 5000-6000.
 Land will be provided by the government, respective departments who have huge visitors or ULB.
 To eliminate OD all community toilets will be added in first two years. Later it is assumed that few people
will switch over to individual toilets and those additional seats will cater to increase in slum population.
 UGD one time connection cost Rs 3800/household.
 An indicative user charge for community toilet per HH is Rs 30.00/month or Rs 1/day.
 Indicative user charges for public toilet Rs 1/day/use.
 Capital cost for construction of toilet is Rs 20,000 per seat. (inclusive of water and electricity connection)
Source: Estimation by ASCI
Box 7: Finance options models for Community Latrines

1. Municipal fund for neighbourhood projects (Indonesia): Blitar, a small town in East Java, is special
for its community development fund. It has twenty neighbourhoods, of which three are poor. The budget
of the town was Rs. 6.14 billion (US$ 646,000) in 2004, double the amount of 2002. Under its community
block grant programme the city disburses 2% of its income directly to the neighbourhoods for small
projects, including an obligatory 13% for low cost housing. The neighbourhoods themselves contribute
13-22% of the project funds in kind or cash. The purpose of the fund is to increase public participation
and self-management and allow local officials and communities to exercise their autonomy. Village
Community Empowerment Institutions (LPMSKs) take care of mobilization. Women participate in the
mandated community assemblies in which these projects are planned. Since 2003 project selection
ASCI, Hyderabad 97
criteria include the number of poor beneficiaries. Most local grants go to improvement of infrastructure.
From 2005 onwards, use of funds for hardware is restricted to 60%. Learning from mistakes is an
accepted part of the approach17.
2. Slum sanitation programme of Mumbai: A key feature was the involvement of slum communities in
project implementation right from the planning stage. The mobilization process facilitated collaborations
between NGOs, contractors and CBOs. In each slum a CBO was formed and registered as a trust or a
society (under the Bombay Public Trust Act. To express its “demand” each family in the target slum area
was asked to pay contribution Rs.100 per adult (maximum of Rs 500 per family) as a membership fee.
The amount was deposited in a joint bank account. After construction of the toilet block the CBO typically
certifies its satisfactory completion and signs a MOU with the Municipal Corporation. The responsibility of
maintaining the toilet block is then handed over to the CBO. MOU specifies that CBO will operate and
maintain the toilet block.
3. After the reforms in TSC programme, priority was given for setting up sanitary complexes in a place
acceptable for both men and women. The prescribed unit cost is upto Rs 2 lakh, shared by GoI, State
Government and the community in the ratio of 60:20:20. However, the community contribution can be
made by the local governance from its budget (GoI, CSRS 2002). This approach directly provides subsidy
to communities rather than individuals. Though many households are inclined positively to have IHL, the
scarcity of space, the traditional taboos have become a constraint for construction of IHL. To overcome
such constraints, the Integrated Community Latrines Complex (ICLC) becomes a substitute. The
maintenance cost of the community sanitary complexes has to be met by the Panchayats/voluntary
organisations/charitable trusts/Self Help Groups and not the committee setup by local government.
Sl. Estimated
Component
No. cost in Rs.
1 No. of seats 12
2 Accommodation of person/seat/day 60
3 Total capacity or persons/day 12 x 60 = 720
4 Revenue per month (720 persons x 1 per person = 720 x 30 days) 21600
5 Revenue by Ad per month (one wall) 500
Total revenue 22100
6 Cleaning articles Rs. 50 x 12 toilets 600
7 No. of sweepers: 2 4000
8 Civic maintenance and other contingencies 1000
9 Caretaker per month 4000
10 UGD user charges/year 360
Total expenditure 9960
Estimated Private Operator Income 12140
Key observations of public toilets at Tumkur

 On an average 5000-6000/day visitors in Tumkur.
 There are 9 public toilets.
 As per primary survey, approximately 26 seats are available and 2000 users/day is observed,
With one seat serving 45 person/day, only 1170 people can be served every day as per the
norms compared to the current 2000 users/day.
 The surveyed public toilets also have users ranging from 50-500/day.
 Most of the toilets are cleaned 2-3 times/day. While 6 public toilets clean the toilets 4-5
times/day.
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 There is sewer connection to all the public toilets.

 It is also observed that some of the floating population would be availing facilities in
hotels/lodges.
6.7 School sanitation provision

In Tumkur like any other city, the condition of Government School latrines and water points
observed are in bad condition and found dirty in some of the school toilets as detailed in the
situational analysis report. As a result, they are not used and create a health hazard. School water
supply, sanitation and hygiene education are very important for the following main reasons:
 Promotes health and hygiene behavior at an early stage of childhood.
 Improves the health of children and results in a lower drop out rate, especially among girl
children.
 Huge network of schools offers a ready-made infrastructure to influence the students, teachers,
parents and hence the community.
 Children are the change agents, hence, it ensures generational change in the adoption of the
health and hygiene behavior.
Table 45: Toilet requirement in Schools as per norms
Urinals WCs Investment

No. of Toilets
No. of Schools required as required as required for
students existing
per norms per norms urinals
6.7.1 School sanitation strategies proposed

1. Schools with no toilets to be strictly provided with toilets with proper connection to
sewerage network.
2. Toilets under repair need to be attended at higher priority with good maintenance options.
All the toilets to be connected to sewerage network.
3. Regular cleaning of toilets.
4. Prevention of school students in defecating in open areas.
5. Regular awareness on sanitation and hygiene.
A good cleaning and maintenance system requires funds, spare parts, people and equipment and a
clear division of roles and responsibilities among the actors involved. A number of organizational
options for maintenance suggested: through a cleaning committee, by classes on a rotation
basis, with or without a rewarding mechanism or by individual students. Children should be
encouraged to help maintain their own school environment and facilities. The following models are
recommended for school sanitation.
Health clubs: School health and hygiene clubs (or similar groups with other names) are usually
involved in helping children for maintenance tasks which can be very useful for:
Stimulating safe hygiene behavior among children;
Monitoring SSHE program;
Reaching out into the community;
Prepare an annual action plan for the School health club;
ASCI, Hyderabad 99
Organize school activities in planning, teaching, monitoring, and maintenance;

Conduct community activities with the help of headmaster and teachers;
Different actors should be engaged and all work together to promote and implement gender-
responsive sanitation, health and hygiene solutions which includes:
o Schools – (parents, PTAs, school councils, teachers, students)
o NGOs and CBOs
o Women’s groups
o Youth organizations
o Governments – including Ministries of Education, Health, Water
o Health providers
o Researchers
School Committee: Often school committees are found very effective and can be established in
schools to plan and implement school sanitation programs. These Committees may usually consist
of students, teachers, and parents with following roles:
Take a lead in co-ordinating and preparing action plan of SSHE program.
Involve other actors in mobilizing local resources and support special activities like fund
raising, construction, maintenance and repair;
Organize various activities periodically to collect funds for various programs;
Budget, allocate and supervise funds.
6.7.2 Provision of sanitation in other areas for achieving citywide sanitation

National Building Code (NBC 2005) of India is basis for all building regulations and adopted by
respective states in the country, which clearly specifies that any building meant for human
occupancy or use should have adequate sanitation and disposal facilities irrespective of availability
of sewerage. Detailed norms are available in the code depending on occupancy saying in no case
less than one water closet should be provided. Wherever disposal facilities are not available they
shall be provided as part of the building design for ensuring highest standards of sanitation
condition. Part 9 on Plumbing services Section 1 of Water Supply Drainage and Sanitation clearly
details the requirements under safe sanitation provision. But authorities are failed in
implementation of NBC and Building regulation to check building plan approvals. Various uses
generally found in any given city and options to achieve citywide sanitation are indicated below:
Table 46: Addressing access to various categories of uses

Residential Institutional Recreational Commercial Transport Schools Others
Slums: Notified and Central Govt Public places, Shopping Railway All Industries
non notified. offices, State Marriage areas, malls, station, government
Non Slums: Old Govt offices Halls, markets, Bus and non
areas, New and private Theatres, Agricultural stations government
upcoming areas, offices. Auditoriums markets, schools.
DTCP approved Fair areas,
colonies, Govt etc.
quarters.
Individual/ Independent Public toilets on BOT basis (ref Individual Independent
Community toilets toilets management options). These properties toilets toilets
have to provide land within their premises.
It is the Strict implementation of building bye laws like no building permitted for construction and
responsibility of occupation without toilet and all Government buildings need to take approval of ULB for
private individual to building construction. Monitoring is the responsibility of ULB.
construct and
maintain toilet as
ASCI, Hyderabad 100
per NBC and

Municipal Act
norms. A mechanism
to build social
pressure to maintain
design standards
needs to be worked.
Note: Wherever UGD is available toilets will be connected to UGD. Otherwise a decentralized concept for black
water treatment by biogas facility and duck weed based technology for grey water treatment should be
implemented and it is individual responsibility.
Management options: NUSP, National rating award scheme, Standardized Service level
Benchmarking framework of Government of India all provide a good structure for defining steps to
be taken for CSP and its implementation. Though MMC will have overall responsibility in
implementing CSP, it will also require concerted efforts of many stakeholders to achieve various
goals identified in the table. For this partnership arrangements with relevant government agencies,
private sector, civil society, NGOs need to established and institutionalized for successful
implementation of CSPs. It is observed that different models will work in different situations and
some of the options to be tested and implemented by NMC are as follows:
ASCI, Hyderabad 101

Table 47: Management strategies for various problems

Option A Option B Option C Option D
1. Improving access
Households Individual toilets with subsidy. Up gradation with technical Up gradation with financial Guidance notes to APL on different
support for alternatives. support for alternatives. types of toilets with technical
support.
Community toilet Mobilizing donor agencies/ ULB bears Capital and transfers ULB constructs toilet and gives for Demand driven approach:
(Ideally to be cross individuals to construct toilets and to Community for O&M with adoption for O&M. Community contribution to toilet
subsidized from transfer to community for O&M. monthly card system. construction and O&M where ULB
public toilets for facilitates.
BOT models)
Schools Designing, field testing and Mobilizing business houses, Promoting PPPs for O&M Education Department bears
propagating child–friendly, gender companies etc., to donate or capital and O&M by outsourcing.
friendly and disabled friendly toilets adopt toilets with Ad rights.
by ULB as part of IEC.
Public/Institutional Create public-private partnerships Mobilizing business houses, Generators of huge visitors Consolidate IEC money of all govt.
toilets between service providers and companies etc. to donate or (railways, KSRTC, Court, shopping programs for O&M and use toilet
government agencies. adopt toilets with Ad rights. complex, market areas, theaters walls.
and Govt offices) to give land for
pay and use toilets on BOT mode.
2. Black soil and waste water treatment
Septage Update and amend regulations on Considering subsidizing of Frequency of septic tank emptying Public awareness campaign for
management tariffs for septage management. emptying fees to poor. regulated by authorities to every enhanced frequency of septic tank
three years. emptying and develop annual
septage symposium.
Sludge treatment Improving on public utility’s Regulations for and licensing of ULB manage contractors for Clear policies and guidelines for
and disposal collection and transportation private entrepreneur scheduled desludging. developers.
capacity. involvement in sludge collection Promotion of no cost/low costs
and transportation. technologies like soak pits to septic
tanks (Areas where UGD is not
covered)
ASCI, Hyderabad 102

UGD Scheme Ref starters

ISWM Promotion of RWAs, local Making segregated wastes Recycling waste Scientific treatment and disposal
committees in 100% door to door available at disposal / treatment - 50% (2010-2012) by developing pilot initiatives and
collection. facilities. - 60% (2012-14) testing by 2014 and scaling up
- 50% (2010-2012) - 80% (2014 onwards) afterwards.
- 80% (2012-14)
- 100% (2014 onwards)
1. M&E and awareness
Regulation A strong regulatory framework to be Guidelines on penalties/fines to
put in place by amending the be imposed on littering,
Municipal Act, Building regulations obstruction of natural and
with rules on following: artificial drainage, fecal and
septic effluent discharge in to
drains.
Public awareness Triggering social mechanisms to Expose NGOs and media to Build political support with Manuals on guidelines, regulations,
campaign prevent OD, behavior change, disuse importance of sanitation to gain exposure visits, technical trainings, O&M of toilets and extensive
of toilets. Raise public awareness their support. reports and workshops. dissemination.
through multimedia campaigns,
targeting children in particular.
Monitoring and 1. Gather information and develop Framing rules and specifications Continuing O&M Technical evaluation and
evaluation databases and regular updation. and effective monitoring practices(cleaning toilets, finalization: Appraising models for
- SWM, drainage, sanitation, track especially to make sewerage emptying pits/septic tanks, toilets, solid/liquid waste
O&D systems work without any ex- maintaining waste water disposal management, school sanitation,
2. Adoption of “Protocol” on monthly filtration in the future. systems) vulnerable and special needs
collection of data from each populations, menstrual hygiene.
ward/slum and publish in public
forum.
Sustaining usage Impact monitoring: periodic and Institutional processes: Establishing linkages for funds Documented operational systems
O&M and regular monitoring of socio Community monitoring of defining allocations/sharing costs, and institutional responsibility
governance economic, health, ground water and construction, usage etc, social determining community assigned for each sector by
soil impact indicators. pressure on usage and O&M etc. contributions. preparing written manual.
ASCI, Hyderabad 103

6.8 Promoting sustainable waste water management

It should take into account aspects such as maintaining the overall water balance in the city-region,
planning for sourcing, treatment, transportation and distribution of water in a sustainable and
decentralized manner, collection of waste water, its treatment, reuse and disposal in the most
suitable and decentralized manner, protection of natural water systems, and creation of green
buffer zones.
Sewerage system need not be the only sanitation system for liquid waste. Covering cent percent
areas in any given city at any given point of time with central sewer network is difficult task in
Indian conditions. Onsite sanitation systems to treat grey and black water or a combination shall
be encouraged and adopted for less dense settlements and other uncovered areas so as to ensure
100% treatment of both black and grey water. For onsite sanitation, periodic cleaning shall be
ensured through byelaw enforcement. ULB may provide the equipment at a fee and also safe
disposal, depending on the type of onsite treatment involved. The proposals for Tumkur consider
safe containment, treatment and disposal of human excreta and community liquid waste. This will
be achieved by:
 Ensuring that all human wastes are collected, treated and disposed off safely;
 Promoting proper disposal and treatment of sludge from on-site installations (septic tanks, pit
latrines, etc.);
 Promoting proper functioning of network-based sewerage systems and ensuring connections
of households to them;
 Encourage recycle and reuse of treated waste water for non-potable applications, wherever
possible.
6.8.1 Technical options for fecal treatment and waste water treatment
100% of human excreta and liquid wastes from all sanitation facilities must be disposed-off safely.
Rudimentary latrines (discharging into drains and nalas) are spread nearly about 1379 households
in Tumkur. The next step in the sanitation ladder is to transform these households connection to
improved latrines that ensure more hygienic separation of excreta with connection to septic tank
and the final step is a flush latrine connected to a sewer network. Each successive step of the ladder
represents a higher unit cost but is assumed to give a correspondingly lower level of health risk
(Morella 2008). Different types of sanitation systems indicated in the table below and
decentralized wastewater treatment plants can be suggested i.e. septic tanks, biogas toilets and
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS).
The six technologies represent different levels of sanitation services. Whereas the septic tank aims
only at providing better hygienic conditions, the ecosan and biogas systems provide additional
benefits (reuse of nutrients, biogas). The decentralized systems aim at reusing the treated
wastewater for irrigation.
Table 48: Intended benefits for the six technology systems
Basic sanitation Waste water treatment
Intended Septic DEWATS
Biogas Ecosan SIBF** MSF***
benefit tank ****
Type Individual Individual / Individual / Communal Communal Communal
Communal Communal
Better hygienic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
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conditions
Reuse of NA Yes Yes NA* NA* NA*
nutrients and
biogas
Reuse of treated NA NA NA Yes Yes Yes
waste water for
irrigation
**Solid Immobilised Biofilter (SIBF)
***Multiple Stage Filtration (MSF)
****Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS)
All systems provide water for irrigation with which users get in contact so regular monitoring is
required to keep the hygienic risks low. Hence education on appropriate hygiene practices as well
as the use of the systems as a way to improve aspects, such as smell and breeding insects, should be
provided on ongoing basis.
Table 49: Waste water disposal systems
Waste Water Disposal Systems

Sl.
Parameters On-site Local small – bore Sewerage (C) Combined
No.
disposal (A) system (B) systems (D)
1 Public Least Low Highest High
investment
2 Ease of Can be achieved Easy and fast Most difficult Easier than (C)
implementation faster; depends
on user response
3 Ease of O&M Easy, as user Easy, less complex, Most difficult and Easier than (C)
responsible but multiple schemes expensive
4 Use of existing Maximum Maximum Septic tanks will More use than in
household be redundant (C)
facility
5 Septage Separate system Separate system Not for household Required to
management required required septage some extent
6 Land availability Problem in core Problem in core city Land for pumping Choice as per
city and and developed area stations and land availability
developed area treatment plants feasible
7 Impact on Maximum Less than (A) Least Much less
ground water
8 Willingness to Not applicable Less More as HHs does Depends on type
connect and pay need septic tank of disposal
9 Suitability Suitable in small Suitable in isolated Suitable in central Suitable

isolated areas, and peripheral areas, /core and depending on
not suitable in but not suitable in for developed areas land use
large urban integration in central
places sewerage
The biogas and ecosan system pose medium risk to the person who is emptying the systems,
whereas the SIBF and the DEWATS feature only low risk as users do not get in direct contact with
the system. The risk here is dependent on the reuse of water for irrigation practices, type of crops
and how well the prior treatment has worked. One factor of success of the decentralized systems is
the well organized operation and maintenance, which is either conducted by a private company or a
community committee. Those decentralized systems also require less energy (and have therefore
lower costs) than conventional treatment systems.
ASCI, Hyderabad 105

6.8.2 Sustaining good sewerage

In Tumkur city, the major concern is to maintain STP and achieving cent percent connectivity to
UGD in its networked area. The non-functional STPs have high impact on the water bodies due to
overflow of sewage into it. There is no IEC program taken up so far to motivate people in raising
connection costs, benefits of UGD and its operation and maintenance. It is highly important that
scheme has to be explained in detail about benefits of having sewerage access, need of maintaining
STP as per CPCB norms and huge O&M costs involved. Hence an intensive communication program
through local cable TV network, news papers etc. should be ideally a starting point. For effective
functioning of UGD following actions are suggested.
Operation and maintenance of sewerage

A sewerage system as it is known collects wastewater from residences, industries, hospitals and
commercial institutions for conveyance to STPs for treatment and safe disposal. Any obstruction or
overloading of the collection system can have dramatic consequences on public health and the
environment.
It is the responsibility of the Corporation, to ensure that the performance of the proposed sewerage
system is not compromised in any manner by adopting proper practices of operation and
maintenance of the system. Effective O&M of an underground sewerage scheme is critical and the
direct responsibility rests with the TCC. For ease of operation and maintenance, the proposed
sewerage system has to be of locally available materials, skilled manpower and easily available
mechanical/electrical equipment.
The primary aim of STP’s O&M is the running and maintenance the plant efficiently and
economically, so that the effluent from the plant meets the prescribed standards in terms of BOD, SS
and faecal coliforms laid down by the local body or the pollution control board while discharging
the effluent on land or into water body like Phullong Vagu.
The basic requirements of successful O&M of STP are:
1. A thorough knowledge of plant and machinery and equipment provided in the STP & their
functions,
2. A thorough knowledge of the processes,
3. Proper and adequate tools,
4. Adequate stock of spare parts and chemical,
5. Assignment of specific responsibilities to operating staff,
6. Schedule of daily preventive maintenance,
7. Systematic and period inspection,
8. Training of all operating staff in operating procedures and maintenance practices,
9. Maintaining records of key activities and operating logs of equipment, and
10. Good house-keeping.
Requirements of maintenance of sewers

As huge investment are generally made for the implementation of the sewerage system, it is
appropriate to operate and maintain the system effectively in order to derive maximum benefit of
the investment. Maintenance of sewer system depends not only on proper design and construction
but also on the availability of competent staff for their operation. The requirements of the
maintenance of the sewerage system are:
ASCI, Hyderabad 106

1. Protect the sewerage system against damaging materials, which may be discharged by the
public, commercial and industrial institution.
2. Prevent the sewerage system from clogging due to deposition of solids as a result of
inadequate flow.
3. Prevent the accumulation of foul gases in the sewerage system due to the anaerobic
decomposition of the deposited solids.
4. Save the workers involved in the sewer cleaning from death due to obnoxious gases.
The preventive maintenance methods to achieve the above requirement are; ensure self-cleaning
velocity in all section of the sewerage system at least once in a day for prevention of clogging in the
sewerage system. The sewer section where it is not possible to obtain the self-cleansing velocities
due to flatness of the gradient especially in the head reaches of the sewer network, flushing is
necessary.
The O&M of the created infrastructure includes manning and maintenance of the STPs, power
charges for the pumping stations, manning for the maintenance of the net work, maintenance and
repairs of the sewer cleaning machinery and equipment, administrative expenditure involved in
billing and collection of sewerage cess, etc. Also the sewer lines between two successive manholes
should be periodically inspected using intrusive equipments & arrangement for silting and
blockages. The revenue from the sewerage sector is mainly from the charges being collected while
giving new sewerage connection and drainage cess collected along with house tax. Apart from
regular O&M of sewer lines following recommendations may be considered to sustain the existing
reasonably good sanitation situation and tackle future problems:
1. Sewerage charges shall be levied on the basis of water consumed and in the water bill itself. In
case of no water supply, alternative methods of billing shall be used.
2. Sewerage charges should also have an ‘energy’ surcharge/component, which shall be directly
linked to the unit energy charges levied by the power utility.
3. In view of the higher polluting potential, sewerage charges should reflect full cost recovery for
all sewerage O&M operations.
4. Future buildings may have double-stack plumbing system for separation of grey & black water.
5. On-site packaged treatment units may be used to treat grey water, black water or a combination,
depending on the user choice.
6. Using a combination of on-site and off-site sewerage / sanitation systems for waster water /
sewage, 100% treatment shall be ensured, for environmental protection and sustainability.
7. It is suggested that Sewage Management Rules, similar to Municipal Solid Waste (Management
& Handling) Rules may be framed and notified under the EPA & Water Pollution Acts etc., in
order to consolidate provisions under different Acts/Rules/Notifications and to focus attention
on Sewage Management issues. Guidelines/Standards for Septage management and Reuse of
Treated Wastewater have to be formulated.
Recycle and reuse of wastewater

1. In case of multi-storeyed constructions and gated communities, internal dual piping for toilet
flushing shall be made mandatory. It shall also be mandated for high end users such as Hotels,
Malls and Industries.
2. Such building communities and groups of housing implementing dual piping shall also ensure
on-site treatment of waste water to the water reuse standards of the nation or as per
international best practices till the national standards are developed.
3. Supply of treated wastewater to industrial and other consumers shall be explored.
ASCI, Hyderabad 107
4. Utilities/ULBs may provide incentive on the quantity of waste water treated and reused for
which separate metering may be necessary.
5. Dual piping at street level shall continue to be prohibited due to the public health risks
involved. However, dual piping at street level may be adopted in cities with well laid out
service ducts and with 24x7 water supplies but the pressure in the main water supply network
shall always be maintained at least twice of the pressure in the dual pipe carrying treated
wastewater.
6. The water for reuse may be mandatorily colored.
7. Models for reuse of used-water may be developed and its applications identified and widely
propagated for encouraging reuse at local level (E.g. Israel is said to practice reuse 6-7 times
before the intervention of treatment system. This may be studied and intensive water users
encouraged adopting such practices).
8. Incentives may be provided to customers (in water tariff, property tax, etc) for the recycle and
reuse of treated wastewater.
Energy efficiency: Energy Audit may be mandated at prescribed intervals for efficient functioning
of electro-mechanical equipment in the sector.
Decentralized wastewater systems collect, treat and reuse or dispose of wastewater at or near its
point of generation. It includes systems that treat wastewater from individual homes or buildings
as well as cluster systems that treat wastewater from groups of two or more houses. Unlike
centralized urban wastewater treatment systems, decentralized systems treat wastewater close to
the source, typically using small pipes for collecting small volumes of domestic wastewater. They
are most cost-effective option especially in peri-urban of Tumkur. Following guidelines need to be
followed for application of sewage water.
Table 50: Degree of treatment needed for land application
Treatment Device type Land application system
Primary Septic tank Soil absorption systems
Grey water tank Burial (for compost)
Waterless composting toilet
Combustion toilet
Secondary Grey water treatment Subsurface irrigation
Septic tank and re-circulating
sand filter
Tertiary Grey water treatment Subsurface irrigation
(disinfection) Septic tank and re-circulating Surface irrigation (non–aerosol)
sand filter
Grey water Grey water treatment Subsurface irrigation
tertiary (excluding Surface irrigation (non–aerosol)
kitchen wastes) Toilet flushing
6.8.3 DEWATS: Sewage treatment

DEWATS is ideal for 300 person equivalent or 60-65 households equivalent. DEWATS technology is
developed by BORDA (Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association). This system
provides treatment for waste water from both domestic and industrial sources. The capacity ranges
from 1-500 cum per day. It works without electrical energy, guarantees permanent and continuous
operation with occasional fluctuations in effluent quality and is best suited where skilled and
responsible O&M can not be guaranteed. DEWATS is most appropriate in isolated areas of
ASCI, Hyderabad 108
development. In Tumkur this can be promoted in no UGD network areas of isolated development in
outskirts. Tumkur has good scope on DEWATS system with no UGD coverage.
The sewage treatment unit consists of anaerobic up flow reactor (sedimentation ponds, septic
tanks, or imhoff tanks) as a primary treatment and Root Zone Treatment (RTZ) System
(constructed wetlands) / fixed bed filters/ baffled septic tanks as secondary treatment system. A
maturation pond (tertiary aerobic or anaerobic) is also in place for tertiary treatment. The treated
wastewater is finally supplied to the houses for inferior domestic uses like toilet flushing and
garden irrigation. Combination of primary treatment with any of the other systems is done in
accordance with the quality of the waste water influent and desired effluent quality.
Description of wastewater treatment units: The wastewater treatment system consists of Up-
flow Anaerobic Reactor as primary treatment unit. This system was designed & implemented for
300 person equivalent. The cross section of this reactor is trapezoidal section in the bottom and
rectangular in the top. The waste water from final receiving chamber is allowed to enter in this
reactor at the bottom through a pipe and water rises up at a very low velocity. The treated waste
water is collected through gutter along longitudinal walls and enters the secondary treatment
system.
Primary treatment unit

Type of Primary treatment: Up flow anaerobic reactor.
Design capacity: 300 persons.
Type of Structure: Reinforced Cement Concrete
Size of unit: 10m x 3m x 4m
Design Load Characteristics
Hydraulic load : 1600 lts/m2/day
Organic load: 0.512 Kg/m2/day
Actual load characteristics
Hydraulic load: 160 lts/m2/day (As per Standards)
Hydraulic load: 177 lts/m2/day (As per actual measurement before commissioning of
recycling system)
Hydraulic load: 81 lts/m2/day (As per actual measurement after commissioning of recycling
system)
Organic Load (Maximum): 0.037 Kg/m2/day (As per actual measurement before
commissioning of recycling system)
Organic Load (Maximum): 0.011 Kg/m2/day (As per actual measurement after
commissioning of recycling system)
1. Volume: 114 m3
2. Cross sectional area: 12m2
3. Longitudinal Sectional area at the centre: 40m2
Secondary treatment unit: The wastewater treatment systems consists of Horizontal root zone
system as secondary treatment which receives partly treated wastewater from primary treatment
unit.
Horizontal root zone treatment unit: The secondary treatment units are implemented in phase
level hence the first level is designed for 50 persons. In the root zone treatment, wastewater passes
ASCI, Hyderabad 109

through filter bed by uniform horizontal flow. Root zone treatment are sealed filter beds consisting
of sand, gravel and soil system, occasionally with a cohesive element, planted with vegetation which
can grow in wetlands. The wastewater passes through the filter bed where biodegradation of the
wastewater takes place.
Root zone treatment system

Type of treatment system: Horizontal Root Zone treatment.
Type of Structure: Reinforced Concrete floor with Brick walls.
Size of Unit: 10m X 5m X 1.2m
Design load characteristics
1. Hydraulic load: 160 lts/m2/day
2. Organic load: 0.024 Kg/m2/day
Actual load characteristics
Hydraulic load: 106 lts/m2/day (As per actual measurement before commissioning of recycling
system)
Hydraulic load: 49 lts /m2/day (As per actual measurement after commissioning of recycling
system)
Organic load: 0.0030 kg /m2/day (As per actual measurement before commissioning of
recycling system)
Organic load: 0.0021 kg /m2/day (As per actual measurement after commissioning of recycling
system)
Type of plant species: Arundo donax
Plan area of filter bed: 50m2
Tertiary treatment unit: Maturation Pond: In this treatment unit, Maturation pond act as tertiary
treatment, effluent from Root zone treatment unit enters in the Maturation pond. The important
function of maturation pond is the removal of excreted pathogens to achieve an effluent quality
which is suitable for its downstream reuse.
Design of Maturation Pond

Type of structure: Reinforced Concrete floor with Brick walls
Size of unit: 5.75m X 5mX 1m
Cross sectional area: 5m2
Longitude sectional area: 5.75m2
Plan area: 28.75 m2
Capacity of unit: 28.75 m3
Hydraulic retention time: 4.5 days (as per actual daily sewage inflow)
Year of commissioning: March 2004
Present status of the treatment system:
Person equivalent: 30 numbers
Average rate of sewage flow = 3m3 /day
ASCI, Hyderabad 110

Table 51: Cost of construction of the wastewater treatment system
Sl. For person Cost/

Description Cost in Rs.
No equivalent person
1. Primary treatment unit (Up flow 2,75,000 300 916
Anaerobic Reactor)
2. Secondary treatment unit (Root 1,00,000 50 2000
Zone Treatment)
3. Tertiary treatment unit 25,000 50 500
(Maturation Pond)
Total 4,00,000 3416
Hence total cost required for the construction of wastewater treatment system is Rs 4000.00 per
person.
Table 52: Cost of Operation and Maintenance
Sl.
Description of work Amount (Rs)
No.
1 Monitoring waste water analysis cost 26,500
Operation & Maintenance (Since 30,000
2
commissioning till date)
3 Onsite laboratory
4 Cost of equipment and chemicals 12,000
5 Total (two years) 68,500
6 O&M cost year 35,000
Table 53: Land requirement

Sl. Total area Person Area/person
Description
No. (sq.mt) equivalent (sq.mt)
1. Primary treatment unit (Up- 34 300 0.11
flow Anaerobic Reactor)
2. Secondary treatment unit 62 50 1.24
(Root Zone treatment)
3. Tertiary treatment unit 33 50 0.7
(Maturation Pond)
Total 129 300 2.4
Area requirement per person for the treatment of wastewater is nearly 2.4 m2/person.
ASCI, Hyderabad 111

6.9 Cost and impact matrix

The following matrix represents the cost versus impact scenario based on present sanitation
condition for achieving and sustaining environmental sanitation. This will help the city to decide on
priority actions against fund availability.
Last mile Water bodies Community toilets Ensuring right

Very high
connectivity to maintenance and (bearing capital technology for

UGD with clear storm water drainage costs while STP with low
technical transferring O&M) OM costs
guidelines
Public toilets Good MIS on full cycle Capacity building Enhancing
under PPP model of sanitation and by exposure visits, waste
High
 IMPACT 
regular updation technical training segregation

and workshops and disposal
Framing rules, Intensive IEC Pro poor policy on Sustaining

Medium
specifications and programme to septage clearance STPs with good

effective prevent OD, behavior and connections to effluent quality
monitoring change, disuse of UGD
toilets
Institutional Last mile connectivity Institutionalizing 100% D2D

Low
responsibility to UGD with clear National Sustainable collection and

clearly assigned technical guidelines habitat parameters its efficiency
Low Medium High Very high
 COST 
6.10 Improvement of Integrated Solid Waste Management

A summary of the current position of the solid waste management has been dealt in previous
chapters. Field surveys and discussions with stakeholders also identified key issues and problems
in Tumkur city. To assess the magnitude of the problem to be tackled in future estimations of waste
generation has been done based on population projections done for Tumkur taking considering
CPHEEO norms (average per capita waste generation is 350 gm). Since growth is expected to be
moderate, the future generation trends will be governed by population changes and will be mainly
from domestic sources. Waste management in a city from a sustainable planning perspective needs
to take into account aspects including planning and implementation of waste reduction initiatives
for industry, planning and implementation of efficient and effective systems for collection,
transportation, treatment, recycling and reuse or disposal of municipal solid waste in the most
sustainable and decentralized manner possible.
Performance indicators in SWM sector explain scope for lot of improvements especially in
collection efficiency, treatment and disposal as first step. There need to be considerable focus
required to address solid waste management complying with MSW 200 rules. DPR on ISWM for
Tumkur has been prepared in this connection.
ASCI, Hyderabad 112

The Health Department of TCC is headed by a Health Officer along with the Environmental
Engineers responsible for all activities of collection, street sweeping, transportation and disposal of
solid waste and the Engineering Department is responsible for procurement and maintenance of
equipment and vehicles. A systematic action plan for maintaining solid waste management while
achieving each recommendation as outlined below:
ASCI, Hyderabad 113

Table 54: ISWM Action Plan
Recommendation Strategies Actions Possible

constraints
1. Achieving Establish work norms (per worker) for Promote clean wards/slums/colony etc., by well-planned door to door Increasing
benchmark roads (both congested & wide), open collection. efficiency and
cleanliness spaces. Increased involvement of NGOs/Private operators etc. productivity of
(following SLB Regularize sanitary worker attendance by Good working conditions and recognition mechanisms for workforce. existing staff.
indicators & biometric system. Possible
parameter in Encourage successes of visible clean areas. protest from
sanitation Involve Corporators and few other who will employees.
rankings in support such efforts in their wards.
phases)
2. Source Maximum recycling and maximum local Promote source segregation by keeping ‘wet’ & ‘dry wastes separately, doorstep Targeting
segregation of composting of bio-degradable waste. collection of “wet” waste for bulk waste producers with extra rates, to compost behavior
waste into Provide separate collection mechanism for all bio-degradable and recycle dry wastes. change of
specified types Bulk Waste Producers, construction waste/ Associate with trade and industry associations for better marketing to segregate households.
debris, garden/ green waste. recyclable material. Increased
Overall training and capacity building of Give priority to the source segregation of recyclable waste by shops and public health
MSW personnel in order to achieve establishments and later concentrate on segregation at the 3 household levels. and hygiene
segregation of solid waste at source. levels
Good communication & awareness
program.
3. Heritage areas To preserve the heritage ambience in these Special collection crew would be deployed by TCC to ensure continuous
areas, it is proposed to place esthetic litter cleaning in these areas.
bins on either side of these streets at a Waste collected in these bins shall be transferred to the secondary containers
distance of approximately 200 meters.
using auto tippers.
4. Minimize Encourage PPP and out sourcing Reduce expenditure on collection per household by imposing user charges @ Rs.
primary 1 per day), encourage source segregation and reduce waste reduction to at least
collection, 15%. Planning and optimizing vehicle routing with robust MIS and waste
transport & generation database.
handling cost/ Introduction of GPS and monitoring of MSW vehicles in a centralized locality.
ton
ASCI, Hyderabad 114

5. Management Regular reporting and data updating. Developing information base on: Funds and
Information Appropriate division of roles and Daily/weekly/monthly reports at town/ward/zone level. leadership
Systems (MIS) responsibilities. Spatial and seasonal waste generation quantities and nature (Ward-wise waste),
collection points linking to GIS, asset inventory, category wise waste generation,
number of workers in each ward for collection, transportation and disposal.
Recording weigh-bridge on-site
Number of staff and expected clearance frequencies.
6. Levy user Polluter pays principle and a policy on Display boards with details of MSW in specific area including Contractor’s phone Lack of political
charges SWM user charges. number on the dustbins to be cleared by them and specify how residents can will.
Simple procedures and strict enforcement handover waste to municipal body.
of regulations. Charges for business or trade, eating-houses or hostels, health-care facilities,
Share MSW information with the Public. shops, offices, street-food, fairs and exhibitions and ceremonies.
Avoid NIMBY by sanitizing all wastes near point of collection until composting
commence.
7. Advanced Strong citizen’s group to work closely with Organize citizen meeting in neighborhood and explain concept of ALM through
Locality ULB to develop strategy and improve ISWM as public meetings.
Management well as other civic amenities in their local area. Select ALM committee from all representative building, lanes etc.
(ALM)
8. Promoting Performance improvement criteria based Enhancing the strength of ULBs and ability of engaged contractors to perform. Lack of
Public Private contracting system. Take up pilot in newly developed areas, under-served areas and particularly in credible
Participation the areas where local bodies have not been providing service through their own information
(PPP) labor force. Inadequate
PPP can be considered in: internal
Door to door collection of household waste, commercial waste, hospital waste, capacities to
hotel waste, construction waste and market waste. monitor
Setting-up, operation and maintenance of waste disposal facility, operation and private
maintenance of waste treatment or processing plants. operator
Supplying refuse collection vehicles on lease, repairs and maintenance of
vehicles at a private garage, transportation of waste on contractual basis, etc.
9. Selection of Developing environmentally sustainable Setup expert committee. Coordination and
treatment models especially in disposal e.g. scientific internal capacities
technologies landfills. issues.
ASCI, Hyderabad 115

7 ENABLING AND SUSTAINING STRATEGIES
7.1 Awareness raising, hygiene promotion and community participation

The first step in making cities 100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the
mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the
city. The policy also aims to transform cities into totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and
towns which can be achieved by:
 Creating awareness amongst households and institutions about sanitation and its linkages
with public and environmental health and
 Promoting mechanisms to bring about and sustain behavioral changes aimed at adoption of
healthy sanitation practices.
There needs to be considerable engagement with households and communities on changing
mindsets and understanding incentives to change behavior and practices. A communication
strategy has been part of the CSP to create support for and facilitate effective implementation of
city-wide, demand-based sanitation programs and for generating awareness amongst urban
households on sanitation and its linkages with health, economic productivity and the environment
along with facilitating behavior change towards adoption of safe sanitation practices among
households.
One reason for the low support to sanitation is that opinion leaders, policy makers and managers
do not see the links between sanitation, public health and economics. The first step in making cities
100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies,
government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the city. ULBs are in the
frontline of implementation and have a key role in ensuring sanitation and should focus on demand
responsive approach. To meet this challenge a systematic ‘Communication Need Assessment (CNA)’
for different target groups has been taken up as part of CSP and objective of well driven IEC is
demand-driven with social marketing approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure
hygiene behaviors, promote no subsidies for household toilets in future and encourage diversity in
technology and design.
State government should ensure support to ULBs in providing enabling environment in all respects
and provide communication and awareness strategy. The following table details out IEC and
advocacy plan in achieving desired goals of environmental sanitation:
ASCI, Hyderabad 116

Table 55: IEC and Advocacy Plan for Environmental Sanitation

Target audience Messages/Themes Channels of communication
Councillors, Commissioner, Engineers What are current habits and how the toilets should be designed for social Council meeting, CSP workshops,
acceptance. News paper Ads calling for meeting
Promoting two pit latrines in slums Press conference-sharing the goals and plan
How to ensure compliance from people of action for CSP with press persons
Rewards/punishments
Better implementation of sanitation projects
Safe handling of garbage by sanitation workers
Safe deposition of garbage by contractors
Councillors, office bearers of Consultations on preventing open defecation SLF meeting
Sanghabandams and Slum Level Toilet size and toilet options like two pit, septic tank Door to door campaign
Federations representing slums in Safe disposal of human excreta New paper Ads calling for meeting
inner town Contamination due to fecal matter Press conference
Health and hygiene
Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies
Consultation on problems with current toilets
Consultation of water supply situation
Consultation on environmental sanitation
Consultation on expectations form Municipality
Councillors, office bearers of Safe disposal of human excreta SLF meeting
Sanghabandams and Slum Level Contamination due to fecal matter Door to door campaign
Federations in old town Toilet size and toilet options like two pit, septic tank Newspaper Ads calling for meeting
Health and hygiene Press conference
Consultation of water crisis
Councillors, office bearers of Health risks due to open defecation SLF meeting
Sanghabandams and Slum Level Toilet size and toilet options like two pit, septic tank Door to door campaign
ASCI, Hyderabad 117

Federations representing slums in Contamination due to fecal matter Newspaper advertisement calling for
town outskirts Safe disposal of human excreta meeting
Health and hygiene Press conference
Consultation of water scarcity
Office bearers of Residents Welfare Consultation on problems with current toilets Meetings, door to door campaigning,
Association middleclass localities Consultation on septic tank cleaning Newspaper advertisement calling for
Consultation on environmental sanitation meeting and Press Conference
Consultation of water supply situation
Consultation of willingness to pay for tricycles etc
Water and sanitation officials Display numbers of responsible officials like Sanitation Inspectors Print pamphlets given with newspapers,
prominently in their zones news paper advertisements, painting on
Restart Call Center facility, establish grievance redressal mechanism. Elevated/underground reservoirs.
Appreciation of what people desire Print the phone numbers of responsible
officials on the tractors
Water and sanitation workers Importance of safe handling of waste
Contractors Do not dump garbage on roads leading to dump yard Print the phone numbers of responsible
Do not burn garbage and segregate waste at the dump yard. officials on the tractors
Shopkeepers Do not dump garbage in by lanes and if you need to dispose hazardous waste call
the municipality and ask for a tractor.
Town wide Keep house and neighborhood clean Road Side Billboards, Newspaper Ads and
Boil/Filter the Water before drinking Town Cable
Wash your hands before and after eating/drinking
Do not allow mosquitoes to breed in your neighborhood
Immunize children and do not share clothes of persons infected with skin
diseases
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Sanitation, despite being a basic human need and a critical need for improved quality of life, has not
got the necessary attention in the past. Also, the different aspects of sanitation starting from
collection of human feces to the safe disposal (the whole process cycle) have seen different
stakeholders.
Table 56: Methods and implementation of awareness activities

Stakeholder group Message intent Example of messages that could
be used
Households (urban poor / slum Motivate citizens to take action and • Clean households leads to healthy,
dwellers) that lack toilets/ adopt safe, hygienic sanitation strong and successful families
access to sanitation practices • Choose dignity for your wives and
daughters! Having toilets at home
adds to the comfort, security and
privacy of the women.
• Improved sanitation facilities, (e.g.
use individual or community
toilets) will reduce health
expenditure of your family.
Service providers – includes Reinforce that: Leverage investments in sanitation
• Officials of ULBs Sanitation also includes and public health and give the
• Officials from different arms management of human excreta and residents and their future generations
of the city administration, liquid wastes in addition to solid a chance to a healthy and happy
primarily from ULBs, PHED, waste management. future.
OWSSB, etc.
Service providers – includes Proper waste management is not Proper management of household
• Officials of DHUD solely the responsibility of the state. waste + proper confinement, disposal
• Officials from different arms Citizens have an equal and and treatment of human excreta =
of the city administration, important role to play in helping the Clean Cities. Winning the Nirmal
primarily from ULBs, PHED, state achieve the state’s urban Shaher Puraskar is not so difficult.
OWSSB, etc. sanitation goals. Little effort will result in big gains (for
ULB officials).
Politicians Helping provide basic needs like Improve the quality of life of your
sanitation will strengthen your constituents by influencing them to
popularity with your constituents adopt good sanitation practices.
and could further improve political
mandate.
There are three important components to the communication strategy

1. Inter-personal communications: Using opinion leaders
2. Engaging media and NGOs as partners in promoting sanitation consciousness
3. Adapting and developing multimedia IEC materials for sanitation campaigns
Interpersonal means are known to be very effective in behavior change communications. These are
tedious processes to carry out but offer better returns. It is important to understand the needs of
the local community and select opinion leaders who could influence the community to further
sanitation consciousness. These opinion leaders could be local NGOs, cooperators, school teachers
or any other respected elder. A newspaper ad or a public service message on TV without ground
level work through opinion leaders will fail to be sustainable in the long run.
ASCI, Hyderabad 119

For better targeting a need based IEC actions to be implemented categorized into following phases.
Table 57: Phase wise distribution of works
Phase I (1-2 months) Phase II (3 months) Phase III (Continuous)
Awareness raising phase Educational phase Continuing education - Action
promotion phase
Aimed at generating high To deepen the knowledge and Promotional phase with short
awareness and a sense of alarm or appreciation of the target audience. campaigns at least once a year.
concern about the OD, problem Information and educational Action to dominate.
situation and UGD promotion. approaches to stress properly To trigger the actual adoption of the
Consists of easy to grasp messages designed septic tanks and periodic practices being marketed.
(e.g. disease incidences from septic tank inspections and
contaminated water are rising). desludging every 2-3 years.
Technical guidance to proper UGD
laying.
Short advertisements in various
media or communication channels.
Media options: Media options: Media options:
o Local Cable TV ads (30 o Local Cable TV ads (30 o Continuing radio, TV, print ads
seconds) seconds) o Continuing house to house
o Local newspaper ads o Local newspaper ads visits
o Billboards o Billboards o Continuing short film showing
o Tarpaulin posters mounted o Tarpaulin posters mounted on in theaters
on mobile vans mobile vans o Continuing billboards
o Leaflets for those attending o Leaflets for those attending o Continuing but less frequent
meetings meetings assemblies, SLF meetings
o News releases in print, radio o News releases in print, radio o Continuing news releases on all
and TV and TV platforms
o Discussions on radio o Discussions on radio o Continuing feature articles
Organise interactive programmes for effective implementation of UGD. Organise walks by children,
meeting/workshop with stakeholders e.g. Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs, communities etc.
Institutionalize regular discussion between various departments for increased co-ordination to further
goals of CSP.
Seeking feedback from Councilors to help effective implementation.
Media: TV, Radio, door to door, Mass announcements Budget: 3 – 3.5 lakhs / year
billboards, leaflets
Measurable parameters of Communication Plan:

Increase awareness and willingness to pay the costs as contribution and self-financing for
creation of facilities
Reduce mortality rates due to waterborne disease and unsanitary /unhygienic living habitat
Maintenance in the hands of villages/ village committee user group
Reduce tendency for not using facilities by community and laxity in maintenance
Cleanliness in the wards
Proportion of families adopting household sanitary toilets
Improvement in hygienic behavior, adoption and use of sanitation facilities by children at
school and Anganwadi level.
ASCI, Hyderabad 120

Proportion of families practicing hand washing before feeding cooking and after defecation.
Reduction in incidences in diarrhea and other water borne diseases.
Proportion of wards contributing towards maintenance charges of common facilities through
village committee.
Grouping wards in size of population. Area and social development index for effective training,
supervision, media tools and monitoring.
For example:
Low density : wall paintings, signboards, slogans, Group meetings, Puppet show,
Moderate density: wall paintings, signboards, slogans, Group meetings, Puppet show
High density : Wall paintings, signboards, slogans, Group meetings/ Road shows, Mela, School
programes
Very high density : Wall paintings, signboards, slogans, Group meetings/ Road shows/ Mela,
School programmes
Slogans: In each ward 8 for low density 10 slogans for high density will be written. Different land
uses (Residential, commercial, Slums, institutional) should have different slogans.
7.1.1 Subjects of IEC
Hygiene
Personal hygiene include hand washing
WARD/ House/ City cleanliness
Need of toilets, sanitation and requirement of soak pits
Cleanliness of water sources- well, tap etc.
Solid and liquid waste management
Cleanliness of toilets
Handling of water
Health
Disease due to unsanitary conditions, preventions and cure
Diaherrea, vomiting, water borne diseases.
Malaria, Jaundice, skin disease
Typhoid
Cholera
Do’s and Don’t’s

While implementing IEC programme following dos and donts need to be followed for
equitability, affectivity and sustainability of the programme.
Do’s
o Training at all level is a must
o Clarity of concept & spirit
o People involvement in the programme
o Approprite media and quality of programme.
o Preparation for activities before execution.
o Proper planning
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o Selection of subject & matters for discussions

o Selection of media
o Local time and palce
o Gathering and involvement of people
o Transport if needed
o Feedback mechanisms
o Monitoring IEC activities
Timely reporting at all levels is a mus( including HO)
Facilitate people actions
Let people identify solutions to issues and problems
Dont’s
Influenced by political or religious pressures
Surrendering the programme to any particular group committed to subjective learning
Negative approach & unnecessary discussions on generic problems
Making false promise to the people
Tokenism in the name of people participation
A lose unstructured approach to IEC activities
IEC media tools, Methodology and financial norms
Slogans
Places for writing slogans:
Ward office
Gatherings at water sources, toilets
School/ anganwadi
Community hall
Milk diary
Centre Temple
Shopping center / hatt/ Commercial areas
Bus stand/ Hospital/ PHC Center
Themes:
Sanitation
Health
People participation
Water supply pattern
Template for estimate of slogan writing:

Word @ Rs 20/-
Cost for printing
Bucket
Brush
Color
Group meetings (with minimum 30-35 people):

Need of HH level access/ community toilet
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School sanitation
Sanitation: Importance of sanitation perception, attitude, personal and surrounding
hygiene, available Govt. schemes, responsibilities and contribution.
Health: Water related diseases, prevention and precaution.
Media to be used:
Flash card
Video/ slides
Games
Feedback from the group in the form of :
Charts made by them, questionnaire
7.2 Financing mechanisms

Funds from central government schemes provide majority of funding for these schemes. These
funds may be inadequate to achieve the goals of providing 'improved' sanitation envisioned as per
the City sanitation Vision. To fill the gap in financing of sanitation infrastructure, One way is to find
funds in government plan and Budget allocations, the other is to look for public and private
financing, including public and private international funds. These are complementary and non-
competing sources.
Research in economics has shown over past several decades that in many situations, especially in
infrastructure and 'facilitating' investments, public investments can crowd-in and increase private
investments. Sanitation has both public good and private good aspects to it. It should be funded by
both public and private finances.
A model where public funds provide the back-end and private funds provide the front-end can fill
the gap in sanitation financing. Government-Business-Consumer, model can be used.
This may include plan and budgetary funds, state funds, municipal and local government funds, and
private funds to build sewers and sewage treatment infrastructure of high quality. This may be
done on a build-operate-transfer (BOT) basis, or on a lease-hire-to-businesses basis - like telecom,
electricity or transport infrastructure in some places.
Linking into existing schemes

Business operators could raise their own finances to deliver services, and government and
democratic institutions can play a regulatory role to ensure these 'natural' monopolies provide
good service at reasonable price to consumers. These businesses may also help households find
long-term financing for access to toilets and sustainable sewage treatment systems that have long
durability and high quality. For different aspects of sanitation fund convergence is very important.
Links between the plans and ongoing schemes and programmes will only happen if local
stakeholders take control of programmes and schemes, review their effectiveness and improve
them where necessary. Many government-funded schemes for infrastructure development in low-
income areas focus more on the disbursement of funds than the quality of work, but their
effectiveness and sustenance should be ensured by:
Supervising and monitoring them closely including them in the overall strategy for sanitation
in the town, and improving their links to other services and programmes
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Ensuring that resources are deployed where they are most needed
Consulting beneficiaries and responding to what they actually want
Ensuring that they include any necessary ‘software’ components such as hygiene education
(this is especially important for latrine-building schemes).
For this purpose, it may be necessary to bring in an NGO or other agency to work alongside the
main implementing agency.
BMC has to have some stakeholder meetings led by its commissioner and can identify the quantum
of the money available under various possible schemes for furthering sanitation Goals and can be
utilized in a very systematic manner as indicated below.
Table: Fund convergence for CSP

Building under
Private Sector/
MLA/ MP Fund
Components
Livelihoods
SSA/ ICDS
JNNURM/
Capacity
National
UIDSMT
NGO etc
Mission
13th FC
NMSH
BRGF
NUSP
RAY
BPL toilet
APL toilet
School toilet
Anganwadi toilet
Community Complex
Public toilets
Technical support
Liquid Waste – treatment and
disposal
Solid waste – treatment and
disposal
IEC
Capacity building
MSW D2D collection
MSW transportation
Water bodies O &M
Storm water drain
For the effective implementation of the city sanitation plan, it is anticipated that funds will be
sourced from following channels:
 The central grants via ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of HUPA, GoI.
 Individual and institutional contributions.
 State’s own budget.
 Connection cost of UGD to be collected and deposited for O&M of STPs and should be managed
by CSTF.
 Promote public-private partnership for key activities identified in the city sanitation plan. PPP in
public and community toilets, CSR funds and mobilize private people in maintaining and
monitoring school toilets.
 Funding projects wherever possible from existing schemes such as JNNURM and UIDSSMT.
 Funding from bilateral and multilateral agencies can also be explored.
ASCI, Hyderabad 124
 Providing assistance for the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) as per city sanitation
plan as soon as requests for funding are received.
Criteria for prioritization of towns

 State capitals irrespective of the population
 Pilgrim centre/heritage towns
 Culturally important towns
 ULBs in which the practice of manual scavenging is pre-dominant
 ULBs where there are no machines for sewer and septic tank cleaning operations.
Proposed scheme for mechanical aid for cleaning of sewers and septic tanks (SMACSS)
a. The National Advisory Council (NAC) has observed that the shameful practice of manual scavenging
persists in India, despite being outlawed. The NAC has identified the need for a special focus to liberate our
society from the norms on social exclusion and discrimination along with an action plan with full ownership
of participation of the persons involved in manual scavenging. The Government of India has enacted the
Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993. It serves as a
primary instrument in the liberation of a broken people enslaved to a life of indignity enforced through
ideologies of descent based work and caste. The Act defines a manual scavenger as “a person engaged in or
employed in manual carriage of human excreta”.
b. However, the existing definition of manual scavenging as per the Act, 1993 does not cover manual cleaning
of septic tanks and sewer cleaning. It is essential that such cleaning operations be included in the definition of
manual scavenging since there they involve similar issues of dignity as well as health related risks. Therefore,
the definition of manual scavenging may be modified as “a person engaged or employed, whether by an
individual or an urban local body or any other public or private agency, for manual cleaning, carrying or
disposing untreated human excreta, including a latrine, a tank, in a drain or a sewer line”.
There are established technologies that convert human excreta into manure in a scientific manner. Such
decomposed material and its carriage may not be covered in the definition of scavenging.
c. Accordingly, the MoUD intends to formulate a scheme for facilitating the state government and ULBs in
ensuring cleaning of sewer and septic tanks/any latrines mechanically. The scheme will facilitate funding for
the procurement of suction machines for cleaning of septic tanks and suction-cum-jetting machines for
cleaning of sewers in all cities/towns in the Country. The scheme is envisaged on ‘All Town’ basis. All 5161
cities and towns as per 2001 census will qualify for assistance under the proposed scheme.
d. Financing pattern
 Funds would be provided to the SLNA through State Governments / UTs in the form of 100% grant for
capital investment for the procurement of the equipment and machinery. No funds would be provided for
operation and maintenance of sewerage and onsite sanitation systems including maintenance of these
machines which shall be borne by the ULBs/State Govts.
 The operation and maintenance of sewerage and onsite sanitation system (septic tanks, dry latrines etc)
including running and maintenance of machinery shall be the responsibility of the ULB/Water Supply and
Sanitation (WSS) Agencies/Boards. If necessary, these activities may be outsourced by the ULBs/ WSS
Agencies/Boards to private service providers/ entrepreneurs over a specified period as per the
agreement to be executed between ULBs & private entrepreneurs. The O&M cost including desilting,
cleaning of sewers & manholes, de-sludging of septic tanks and maintenance of vehicles would be borne
by the ULBs.
 The requirement of funds for the purchase of suction machines and suction-cum jetting machines for
cleaning of sewers and septic tanks for all 5161 towns have been assessed as Rs. 4949 Crores.
 Funding will be available for the procurement of new machines only.
7.3 Monitoring mechanism

Independent Evaluation and Monitoring Agencies should be appointed by the State Govt. at State
level/city level in line with the monitoring mechanism envisaged under JNNURM. The Independent
Evaluation and Monitoring Agencies will monitor the status of the procurement of the machines,
ASCI, Hyderabad 125
cleaning operations of the sewer and septic tanks and the status of the action taken on the
eradication of manual scavenging by the ULBs and report to the Municipal Administration/State
Government which will forward the same to SLNAs. The SLNA will forward the status of the
implementation of the scheme to the Ministry of Urban Development.
The concerned ULB/Head of Water Supply and Sanitation Agencies, who are responsible for O&M
of sewerage and onsite sanitation facilities shall furnish an action plan each year to the Ministry of
Urban Development through Directorate of Municipal Administration and SLNA regarding action
taken/action to be taken for elimination of manual scavenging and the number of employees
engaged in manual cleaning and mechanical cleaning of sewers and septic tanks in the next 2 years
from the date of purchase of machines.
7.4 Institutional arrangement and responsibility

The ULBs are responsible for managing the cycle of sanitation and public health within their cities,
in coordination with various departments. Already there are number of provisions to practice and
implement in achieving sanitation goals and some additional recommendations are as follows:
Using existing provisions in municipal and other acts to promote compliance;
Amending municipal acts, framing of bye-laws and regulations (E.g. Building and construction
bye-laws) to promote sanitation by public and private agencies, prohibit discharge of
untreated sewage into open areas (Pollution control acts);
Re-orienting policies to ensure that urban poor households obtain access to improved
sanitation facilities;
Ear-marking land for community and public sanitation facilities;
Promoting partnerships with public, private and non-governmental agencies for improved
service delivery, maintenance and management of sanitation facilities.
The existing multilevel institutional arrangement should be reoriented with clear assignment of
specific roles and responsibilities to the institutions. The setup of institutions needs to be
addressed at the state, district, and the ULB level. The details of the institutional setup at ULB level
has been described as follows:
7.4.1 Urban Local Body level institutional set up

1. A multi-stakeholder CSTF comprising representatives from multidisciplinary fields for overall
guidance and oversee sanitation related activities has to be constituted in Tumkur. It is
thereafter important for the CSTF to conduct meetings once in a month to implement and
monitor planned activities.
2. In view of high level of open defecation, Ward Level Sanitation Action Committees (WASCs)
should be formed involving SHGs and Community organizer. They will also ensure continuous
vigilance and surveillance and effective monitoring, it is suggested to form a ward level
Committee in each ward and Municipal level committee (CSTF) to review and monitor the
action taken to prevent and control the incidence of the disease. The ward level committee will
be headed by the ward member, and the members of the committee are the habitation officers
(convener), concerned Asst. Engineer / Work Inspector, Sanitary Inspector / Health Assistant,
NHC president. This committee shall meet once in a week and as frequently as possible during
the epidemic period.
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3. Within the ULB, there is a need to identify Sanitation Implementation Unit in-house from the
existing staff for all practical implementation purposes. The unit shall be responsible for
preparation and implementation of the city sanitation plan. Commissioner/ CMOH shall be the
head of the unit and may appoint suitable officer as the in-charge officer. Commissioner/CMOH
may also nominate other suitable officers as members of the unit. This unit should be
supported by additional staff like Sanitary Inspector depending on the population of ULBs. This
unit can monitor the progress every month, develop and update database on sanitation in ULB.
The unit will pinpoint problem areas to address, prioritize projects for implementation, and
monitor quality checks. They will identify actions and related spatial and non-spatial
interventions. For day to day implementations existing institutional mechanism at ULB level
like Ward Committees, Ward Development Committees, Task Force needs to be strengthened
with orientation trainings and capacity building training.
4. The Municipal level committee shall be headed by the Chairperson with the members being the
Municipal Commissioner (Convener), CMHO, ME, CDS President, Local NGO, DM&HO or his
deputy. This committee shall meet once in every fifteen days and as frequently and as possible
during the epidemic period
The functions of the unit will be:
To conduct a baseline survey on city sanitation and update regularly (once in two years)
To prioritize projects for implementation, monitor quality checks identified under CSP and
identify actions and related spatial and non-spatial interventions.
To develop city wide communication strategy and conduct city wide total sanitation campaign.
To ensure intra departmental coordination of ULB for sanitation promotion.
To develop network with several government departments and other agencies for promoting
healthy & environmentally sound sanitation.
To manage all the process like procurement, contracting etc. for sanitation projects, be
responsible for implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the program. Develop local
sanitation and hygiene regulations in consultation with stakeholders; establish standards and
norms; inform citizens of their rights and duties under existing sanitation legislation/
regulations; set up mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing their implementation.
Clarify roles and improve agency coordination.
Streamlining policies so as to develop and adopt local septage ordinance, Institute regular
desludging mechanism, PPP promotion and regulation, ULB introduce user charges, update
and amend regulation in building bye laws.
Mobilize Government support Capital but local groups to manage O & M.
Build political support through exposure visits workshops.
Engaging civil societies to end OD.
For day to day implementations existing institutional mechanism at ULB level like Ward
Committees, Ward Development Committees, the Task Force needs to be strengthened with
orientation trainings and capacity building training.
Poverty wing of ULB should be responsible to design, implement, and monitor the sanitation
promotion programs, converging the source of funds and preparing the budget. ULB should also
plan and budget for the operation and maintenance of sanitation systems. It is also responsible for
assisting households to provide their own sanitation and to build their own toilet facilities. Specific
responsibilities include:
ASCI, Hyderabad 127
To design integrated planning and communication strategy for city sanitation promotion
To provide access to sanitation to all urban population
To make communities aware of the importance of sanitation in terms of health
To launch together with the communities, health and hygiene promotion programs
To monitor the health of communities
Establish and improve septage management requirements and guidelines
 Providing technical support, guidance and training
 To assist households to operate and maintain sanitation facilities
To assist Ward Education Committee for the improvement of school infrastructure, including
sanitation and for implementing School health promotion programs to create safe and
healthy school.
To coordinate all the internal departments like PWD, Sanitation, Health and Education, and
also involving the Community Based Organizations, Welfare Associations, youth clubs, market
committees etc. for Total Sanitation Approach and Campaign in the ULB, and make the city
open defecation free.
To develop and design ward wise, & slum wise incentive schemes for reaching the ultimate
goal of Nirmal Shahar.
7.4.2 State Urban Sanitation Cell

DMA needs to be strengthened for the purpose of functioning as a Sanitation Nodal Agency with a
dedicated sanitation cell as State Urban Sanitation Cell (SUSC). The Cell will have a complete
office set up with the following constitution, terms of reference. (To elaborate on roles and
responsibilities, on investment flows, policy and standards setting, asset creation, financing of
capital investments, planning and implementation, operation and maintenance, environmental
regulation, monitoring and evaluation, land use/building regulations, ongoing programs,
implementation, execution, legal regulatory responsibility, capacity building and IEC).
Constitution of SUSC
Creation of a strategic urban sanitation cell at DMA, GoK, to be headed by a ‘Director’
equivalent officer with a fixed tenure of five of mission period for better coordination and
integrated development.
SUSC is expected to provide overall direction and strategic support to ULBs and coordinate
with state level organizations in achieving the strategy objectives in a time- bound manner.
SUSC will support cities in preparing CSPs by giving overall direction, frame work etc with in
the first year of mission period.
It will have three strategic wings (figure below) with specific and designated expertise to offer
and support in achieving the mission objectives. Each wing will have two expert staff in
required field with the support from “Sanitation Fund”.
SUSC will be central coordinating body and need to coordinate with State, Districts and ULBs.
IEC wing should work closely with State Health Department, Education Department and design
awareness programs for convergence. Engineering wing and MIS wings should coordinate
regularly with Town and Country Planning Department to ensure all convergence and effective
planning.
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Figure 32: Proposed institutional set-up for sanitation
The responsibilities of the State Urban Sanitation Cell (SUSC) are:

Monitor integrated planning for sanitation promotion.
Guide the ULBs in conceptualizing, planning and implementing the sanitation programs while
preparing CSPs.
Will initiate sector reforms so as to invite more investment from lateral and bilateral funding
agencies in the sector.
Channelize the financial and technical support to the ULBs and coordinate with other state
departments and agencies engaged in sanitation promotion.
Design & arrange capacity building programs for ULB staffs and concerned other line
Departments. Develop initiatives to promote & facilitate the process of community development.
Work out standard designs and specifications including construction practices and O&M aspects
and bring out a Sanitation Guidance Manual to facilitate the target groups in identifying and
recommending appropriate technology options for on-site sanitation considering (1)
affordability and acceptability by the end users, (2) soil, groundwater and climatic conditions of
a location, (3) associated environmental, ecological and health aspects, and (4) availability of
water and long term sustainability of the system.
Monitor the sanitation arrangement and public health and hygiene
To take up sector studies and strategy papers, to facilitate partnerships
Table: Role of different Institutions
Stakeholder Role
Citizens Carry out segregation of waste at household level
Handover the segregated waste to the primary collection crew at the
pre-notified time
Pay user fee for the door-to-door collection service offered
Avoid throwing of waste on streets
Area Inform the residents about the proposed MSW Management Plan
ASCI, Hyderabad 129

Members Ensure that the residents co-operate and follow all the principles
Sabha
Appoint primary collection crew for door-to-door collection service
Monitor performance of service providers, wherever required
Private Carry out their roles and responsibilities as per the contractual
Operator arrangement between them and TCC
Ensure that the MSW is handled in the manner set out in the contractual
arrangement and is not disposed in any other manner whatsoever.
Obtain compliance certificate from the authorities concerned.
TCC Set out MSW Management Plan
Monitor the works being performed by the private operator
Ensure compliance by RWAs and citizens
Make payments to the private operator
ASCI, Hyderabad 130

8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
8.1 Monitoring and review

Monitoring is an imperative to verify whether objectives of sanitation plan have been achieved.
Elements of this plan will be monitored and reported and will rely on the provision of a range of
quantitative and qualitative information. Monitoring and evaluation of sanitation program is of
higher relevance and importance as Urban development Ministry, Government of India ranks cities
on sanitation and gives Nirmal Shahar Puraskar based on the cities performance. The CSTF should
be made responsible for monitoring and reviewing the implementation of the CSP.
At ULB level, the City Sanitation Task Force will monitor the program in support of Standing
Committees (Health, Sanitation, Public Works and Water supply) based on implementation agency
data, citizens’ groups feedback and primary field visits. Periodic verification of following Impact
and Monitoring indicators at ULB level are suggested.
To measure 100% sanitation milestone achievements, a number of tools apart from 19 indicators of City
Sanitation Ranking can be considered:
a. Impact indicators
 Use of safe methods for disposal of infant excreta
 Knowledge of danger of unsafe excreta disposal and hand washing practice
 Percentage of toilets upgraded with own funds by households after monsoon/filling up of pit
b. Monitoring indicators
 % of households with access to sanitary latrines: public and personal separately
 % constructed water supply facilities maintained by the communities served
 % households using safe drinking water regularly (public and personal separately)
 Use of toilets by household members (esp. men, aged, disabled, children under 5)
 Range of available affordable options for toilets.
 Use of Recycled Waste Water in Agriculture/ Horticulture as % and absolute quantity. Extent of land
made available for housing the poor.
c. Energy planning and conservation
Energy is a key driver of a thriving urban life, and while in India, energy is typically a state subject, cities can
benefit by better management of demand and supply and exploring provisions for decentralized alternatives
of renewable energy.
 Indicator-ii: Extent of housing/land made available for poor.
 Indicator-iii: Tenure provision to urban poor (percentage of total).
 Indicator-iv: Percentage urban poor households with basic services.
 Indicator-v: Distribution of urban poor housing/land in high and middle income housing areas.
 Indicator iv: Housing
o Quality of shelter (kutcha/ pucca)
o Legal/ illegal/ unauthorized
o Own/ rented
In case of sewage effluent, following standards need to be met and a mechanism to monitor
internally by CSTF by way of protocol adoption.
ASCI, Hyderabad 131

Table 58: Comparison of Standards (issued by CPCB) with effluent values
Parameters Standard for Standard for SIBF MSF DEWATS

discharge into inland reuse of effluent (effluent) effluent effluent
surface water for irrigation
BOD (mg/l) 30 100 6 197 17
COD (mg/l) 250 NA 20 688 50
The review period of the proposed action plan for CSP is five years from the formal adoption date.
Progress monitoring and reporting will be conducted monthly by the council, by the taskforce
quarterly and by the State Government bi-annually. As a result of the review, some revisions to the
targets may be required in order to:
a) Update or remove those targets that have proven to be unclear, unable to be adequately
measured, unworkable or out of date in their allocation of responsibility for action.
b) Reflect changes in the wider wastewater management/sanitation service provision landscape.
c) Better reflect progress against the targets and, where necessary, set new targets.
d) Better reflect the current state of knowledge of wastewater management/sanitation facilities.
8.1.1 Launching reward scheme

Periodic rating of wards in respect to sanitation and recognition of best performers by instituting
an award system should be practiced.
Open defecation free
a) Totally free from open defecation;
b) Sanitary collection of 100% human excreta and wastes
c) Proper removal and treatment of all wastewater
Wastewater and drainage safely managed
a) All grey water collected and disposed off safely;
b) All storm water is properly managed
Solid waste collected and disposed off fully and safely
a) 100% of solid waste is collected regularly;
b) Solid wastes are disposed off safely including treatment and re-use)
8.1.2 Incentives and disincentives by MC/NPS

The incentives within the CSP could provide infrastructure funding to those communities that
successfully meet reward scheme or by way of incentives may include:
The provision of collective ‘in kind’ rewards to motivators that successfully support wards
and neighborhoods meeting reward scheme.
Publicly recognizing those wards and neighborhoods that achieve ‘excreta free’, ‘litter free’
or ‘foul water free’ status.
Placing a signboard to this effect at the entrance to the neighborhood/ward.
The disincentives within the CSP to be taken by the ULBs on violating the rules and actions
deteriorating environment may consider the following:
Exercising all provisions within the Municipal Act/ Water Act to levy fines, bills for costs
incurred and instigates court proceedings for encroachments, releases of industrial waste
ASCI, Hyderabad 132

or effluent, illegal slaughtering of animals, markets, burial grounds and the provision of
essential water/sewerage/drainage connections.
The provision of ‘fine’ for all individuals that dispose excreta, litter or foul water in an
unhygienic manner in public spaces (Polluter pay principle).
Sanctions against harmful actions and/or failure to act - for instance, a ban, supported by
fines on the use of untreated sewage to irrigate crops/water bodies.
Effective provision of MSW management services would require co-ordinated effort by various
stakeholders. The stakeholders in the project comprise RWAs, ULBs, citizens, and private operators.
The roles of each stakeholder are presented in the matrix below.
8.2 Project components and costs

Based on strategies and interventions identified, an indicative list of the sanitation components and
their broad investment costs are presented below;
Table 59: Estimated cost of proposed sanitation components (basis: consequences Vs occurrences
matrix)
Sl. Existing situation Aggregated Proposed action / No. of Cost per Budget in
No. city level budget head units unit crores
requirement (seats)
1 No of places of open 20 slums Construction of 100000
defecation community + public
toilets
Construction of 20000
individual toilets
Construction of 40000
urinals
Reconstruction of 100000
community toilets
Amount in crores
2 No proper disposal Connection to 15000
of effluent from sewer line or drain
toilets
3 Disposal of effluent Connection to 20000
from septic tanks sewer line
4 Wastewater
generation
Treatment of waste Construction of 1.60
water additional STPs
Proper disposal of Installation of
effluent coming out proper system for
of treatment plant disposal
Amount in crores
5 Length of sewer line
Additional length of 2500 per
sewer line m
6 Construction of eco Location,
san type systems identification of and
preparation of plan
Area Finalization of areas
Population Existing and
estimated
population at the
demarcated
locations
7 Recycling and reuse At least 30% waste 1.25 crore 12.50
ASCI, Hyderabad 133

of waste water water is recycled

and reused
Flushing
Wet lands
Composting
Electrification
8 Solid waste
A Waste collected from Segregation of 100/
HHs waste and 100% household
collection of
segregated waste
B Waste from Provision of tilting 10000 per
community bins bins on main streets container
C Transportation of A Zero waste by 565/ton
and B transportation of all
collected waste
D Waste generated Provision of 600/ton
from urban poor community bins
communities and its
transportation and
educating the slum
dwellers about
waste management.
9 Treatment unit Sanitary landfill for
all waste generated
Composting At least 20% waste
is composted
Generation of fuel or At least 5% waste is
electricity by waste processed and is
recycling used as a fuel
Recycling and reuse Recycling and reuse
of dry waste of all related waste
through ragpickers
or through agencies
or NGO
10 Storm water
disposal
A Number of water To assess the water 50000
logging areas logging duration
and height of water
logging in particular
locations and
suggesting
solutions
B Construction of road Completion of all (b+c)
side drains for storm water drains
disposal of storm as per DPR
water
C Deepening / Deepening or
channelisation of widening as per
existing water DPR for disposal of
resources -natural storm water
disposal of storm
water
11 Water supply
Water supplied for Designing and
drinking purpose installation of water
supply system,
network and
connections as per
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demand
Purification and Installation of
treatment of water water treatment
plant for ensuring
100% purity
Water supply to poor Provision of more
urban communities number of
and connections connections for
100% coverage
24x7 water supply
12 Environment
Water resources that Study of water 25 lakh/
are polluted pollution levels and zone
suggestive measure
to arrest pollution
Major locations of air Setting up of 25 lakh/
pollution treatment units for zone
industrial sector
Locations of heavy System to control 50 lakh/
pollution pollution zone
13 Awareness
NGOs working with Encouragement to 12 lakh/
peoples participatory such NGOs and zone
approach assistance if
required.
NGOs or agencies Additional financial 3 lakh/
working towards assistance if zone
citizen education required
Note: Project costs will be ascertained in consensus with CSTF and ULB during consultation
Sl. Component Unit Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount

No. (Rs.)
1 Toilets
(a) Household connected to sewerage toilets No. 10,000
(b) Public/community toilet seats No. 50,000
Total of Toilets
2 Decentralized Systems Sewerage
(a) Sewer network km. 1,500,000
(b) Decentralized treatment plants MLD 3,000,000
(c) Pumping stations, where required Lump-sum
Total of Decentralized Systems
3 Central Sewerage Systems
(a) Sewer network km. 2,500,000
(b) Main and intercepting sewers km. 5,000,000
(c) Pumping system Lump-sum
(d) Sewage treatment plants MLD 5,000,000
Total of Central Sewerage Systems
4 Storm Water Disposal System
(a) Secondary and tertiary roadside drains km. 1,500,000
(b) Improvement to primary drains km. 5,000,000
Total of Storm Water Disposal System
5 Repairs and Upgrading Existing
ASCI, Hyderabad 135

Sanitation Facilities of
(a) Public toilets Lump-sum
(b) Existing sewer network Lump-sum
(c) Existing built-up drains Lump-sum
Total of Upgrading and repairs
Total Estimated Investment Cost
Note: Project costs will be ascertained in consensus with CSTF and ULB during consultation
Project name Project 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-20 2020-25

components
Open defecation √
free status
Improving Designing and √ √ √ √ √ √
collection implementing
system strategy for door-
to-door
collection, source
segregation,
collection bins,
septage
management.
Public Designing and √ √ √ √ √ √
awareness and implementing
communication strategies and
campaigns.
Secondary Vehicle Tracking √ √ √ √
collection & System, Vehicle
transportation Fleet, Transfer
Station
Setting up waste Vermi- √ √ √ √ √ √
processing composting
facility
Sanitary landfill Construction and √ √ √ √
facility land development
Institutional Training and √ √ √ √ √ √

Strengthening capacity building,
and Reforms Levy of user
charges, creation
of separate units
ASCI, Hyderabad 136

9 ANNEXURE
Annexure 1: CSTF Constitution
ASCI, Hyderabad 137

Annexure 2: CSTF Orientation Workshop

Venue: City Corporation Office, Tumkur
Date and Time: 21st January 2011 | 10:30AM
The workshop started with a welcome speech by Mr. Jayavibhavaswamy, Commissioner, Tumkur
City Corporation and Mrs. N. Yashoda, Mayor, Tumkur City Corporation. The agenda listed the need
for the constitution of CSTF members and their role in the preparation of City Sanitation Plan
followed by the group activity among the CSTF members to seek their views on the problems and
solutions in regard to the sanitation in their respective city, as given below. The number of
participants was 29 which included Mayor, Commissioner, Environmental Engineers, Health
Officer, Environment Officer, Community Development Expert Officer, NGOs, Town Planners, ASCI’s
team, CMAK, Bhageerath. The discussions on the various issues were noted and relevant inference
was drawn. The session concluded with the closing remarks by the Commissioner of City
Corporation, Tumkur and ASCI team thanked the CSTF members for their support and interaction.
Agenda of the CSTF workshop
Session theme Resource person

Registration
Welcome and Introductory remarks on the functioning of CSTF Chairman, CSTF
for the preparation of CSP for Tumkur City Corporation
City Sanitation Plan – Process and key issues followed by the ASCI
discussions and queries from the CSTF members regarding CSP
Sanitation priorities - Discussion Moderated by ASCI
Work plan and way forward ASCI
GROUP ACTIVITY
GROUP I: Water
Issues
11. Inefficient water supply system
12. Water supply as per requirement based on population is not done efficiently
13. Illegal water connections exist
14. The water supply connections are not efficiently assigned to the newer layouts
15. If the water is not taxed, people will not recognize its importance
16. Difficulty in collecting water cess/tax
17. Leakage in water supply pipelines
18. Lack of exposure/awareness on rain water harvesting
19. Irresponsibility in the public in using water efficiently
20. Lack of awareness among people about rain water harvesting
Solutions
10. Water to be supplied as per the population in any particular area so as to provide adequate
water supply facilities
11. Action to be taken so as to achieve efficient water supply system
12. Illegal connections to be made legal and create awareness among people
13. Water supply network to be made more efficient and orderly
ASCI, Hyderabad 138

14. Water meter to be installed compulsorily

15. Inspire and educate people to pay the water bills promptly
16. Pipeline leakages to be repaired immediately
17. Power supply should be continous without interruption
18. Rain water harvesting to be made compulsory
GROUP II: Waste water

Issues
1. About 65% of the city ‘s UGD system in not run properly
2. Most of the diseases spread is due to stagnation of drainage water in open areas
3. During rainy season, low lying areas gets filled with water and the water gets stagnant and
creates a problem by becoming a breeding ground for mosquitoes and flies
4. Inspite of drainage facilities being available there is observed to be an improper operation
and maintenance, which causes a problem on the development of the place
5. Community toilets in slum areas required
6. Ensuring connectivity of the UGD system even in the slum areas
7. Public is also in a way responsible for improper drainage and waste disposal
Solutions
1. Proper monitoring of the operation and maintenance for the UGD system is required
2. Good operation and maintenance of UGD system will reduce the spread of disease
3. Low lying areas should be connected to proper drainage so as to prevent breeding of
mosquitoes
4. UGD facilities should be provided even in slums
5. Inspections should be done frequently
6. Health and hygiene related matters need to be conveyed to people through IEC programs
GROUP III: Solid Waste Management

Issues
1. The location of the solid waste dumping yard near the settlements is creating odor menace
problems
2. Efficiency deficient
3. Manpower shortage
4. Unscientific way of working
5. Awareness among citizens
6. No proper segregation of waste is being practiced
7. The Nirmal Nagar package is not working properly
8. Working concepts like door to door collection not done efficiently
Solutions
15. Private sector helping the waste management by treating the solid waste generated by them
in their premises and as per the MSW rules to be implemented
16. Training, motivating and educating the workers
17. Scientific way of working (Allotting labourers to a particular area on population basis)
18. Create enough awareness among the community about the importance of waste segregation
at source of generation and recycling inorganic waste
19. 100% achievement in door to door collection, by creating proper infrastructures and road
mobility
ASCI, Hyderabad 139

Registration form of the CSTF orientation workshop
ASCI, Hyderabad 140

Annexure 3: CSTF 2nd Round Meeting
Venue: Conference Hall, Tumkur City Corporation

Date & Time: 28th April 2011 | 10:00 AM – 1:00 PM
The meeting commenced with the welcome address to all the CSTF members by Mr. ----- Assistant
Executive Engineer, Tumkur City Corporation and the introductory remarks was given by Mrs.
Yashoda, Research Associate, CMAK, Bangalore. Mr. ---- welcomed representative of ASCI,
Hyderabad and CMAK, Bangalore. The meeting addressed the purpose of an overall scenario of
preparation of CSP and the city sanitation ranking at national level.
The presentation on the progress status was made by Ms. Uzra Sultana, Senior Research Associate,
Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), Hyderabad. The presentation basically aimed in making
the CSTF members understand the importance of their involvement during the preparation and
finalization, process and methodology, data gaps and support required for the preparation of CSP
for Tumkur city. The scope for further city’s development and performance on sanitation issues
was also discussed. It was inferred during the meeting that increasing performance level on the low
scored marks of city sanitation ranking was very well understood by the CSTF members along with
detailed discussion on the intervention areas.
Agenda of the meeting
Topic Resource person

 Welcome address
 Introductory remarks on importance of CSP Mrs. Yashoda, Research
Associate, CMAK, Bangalore
 Present status of CSP Ms. Uzra Sultana, Senior
 Process of CSP and way forward Research Associate, ASCI
 Discussions on data formats of Tumkur City Mr. Satyan Subramanyam, Team
Leader, Bhageerath
 Group discussions CSTF members
The following are the key issues incurred during the meeting:
1. Infrastructure development needs to be considered during planning of CSP as Tumkur city
is expecting lot of industrial growth in coming years.
2. Approximately 1000 acres of land area in Dobbaspet is going to experience industrial
development.
3. Solid waste management: Biomedical waste and waste from animal husbandry also causes
severe problems for the city.
4. Tumkur has many granite industries and the polishing of it is severe causing environmental
damage to the city. The collection of its waste has become a problematic issue due to lack of
space for the storage of waste.
5. There are rice mills which might be coming up in near future within the city limits after
expansion of the peripheral area of the city. Hence these factors to be considered during
planning CSP.
6. There is no authorized slaughter house in the city. Hence a space should be located for
scientific handling of waste from slaughter house.
7. There are some variations observed in the secondary data received by ASCI which needs a
detailed review of the information collected.
ASCI, Hyderabad 141
8. No survey has been done on sewerage network; hence some data can be referred from
earlier Census data.
9. Bulk connections: The data received by ASCI is not clear and hence needs more clarity on
the break up or definition of bulk connection.
10. Discussion points on City Sanitation Ranking
a. Number of community toilets should be increased in areas like railway tracks, open
defecation sites, etc.
b. The STP is not functioning. It is under repair and will function within a week time.
c. Number of staffs/pourkarmikas should be increased for regular and effective collection
of solid waste.
d. Some of the private schools in Tumkur are in bad condition when sanitation is
concerned. As Tumkur is identified as education city, there needs to be strong sanitation
plan for institutions.
The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks by Mr. ------- Deputy Mayor, Tumkur City Corporation,
to all the CSTF members for having participated in the discussions and sharing their experience
with valuable suggestions. A thankful note was extended to the presenter from ASCI and CSTF
member from CMAK for giving the update of the preparation of CSP. The discussions were
interactive and the involvement of the CSTF members was appreciative.
Photos of the 2nd round CSTF meeting
Commissioner, Tumkur City Corporation CSTF members at the meeting

interacting with the CSTF members
Registration form
ASCI, Hyderabad 142

Annexure 4: Data Formats
Table 1: Details of ULB

Name of the ULB:
Address:
Area:
Population:
No. of wards:
Please attach organizational structure of the ULB:
Table 2: Summary of growth trends

Total Total Area (sq. Total BPL Total slum Total slum Area of slums
Sl. No Year
population households km) population population households (sq. km)
1 1961
2 1971
3 1981
4 1991
5 2001
6 2011
Note: The figures for 2011 will be estimated figures, while the 1961- 2001 figures should be taken from the Census.
Source:
Table 3: Ward wise demographic details

Area Population Households
Ward No.
(sq.km) (nos.) (nos.)
Table 4: Ward wise details of number of properties in different types

Other Govt.
Ward Govt. Govt. Slaughter
Residential Commercial Institutional health Industries
No. Schools Hospitals houses
institutions
Table 5: Ward wise slum details

Slum area Type of slum (notified, Slum Slum
Ward No. Slum name
(sq. km) non-notified) population households
Base Maps
1. Map showing ward boundaries, population density
2. Map showing zone wise boundaries
3. Map with location of notified and non-notified slums
4. Master plan (old and new)
ASCI, Hyderabad 143
5. Transportation network map

6. Map showing location of different types of areas by activities/Land use (industries,
commercial activity, recreational activity)
7. Map showing location of public and community toilets
8. Map showing open defecation areas / Septage disposal sites.
9. Map of DTD routing and Location of solid waste dumping grounds and compost yards
10. Location of sewerage network, STPs and outfall points
11. Maps showing water supply network
12. Map of storm water drainage network / drain out falls
13. Map showing location of water bodies
14. Location of slaughter houses
15. Maps showing low lying and water logging areas
Table 6: List of secondary data /reports

CDP
Master Plan
Water Supply
Solid Waste Management
Storm Water Drains
DPR’s Sewerage
Ex: SJSRY, , IHSDP, BSUP, State level programmes
Poverty Alleviation Programmes
(Kanshi Ram Awas Yojana, Indiramma)
Various ongoing schemes and its current status Ex: JnNURM, UIDSSMT, ILCS, RAY, etc
Other reports
• Municipal finance details
• Pollution Control board,
• Environment Status report
• Data of water bodies and extent of pollution
• Census, NSSO,
• Human Development Report
• District handbook
• Manual and codified procedures for sewerage, septage, drainage and SWM
• Status of State/ULB Act provisions for punishments/fines for littering and letting out waste and excreta in
the open
• Implementation of above rules in practice
• Instances of fines in the last one year
• Reports on water borne diseases, annual occurrences, mortality and morbidity, and other diseases
• Reports of IEC work done by the ULB or any other agency
Table 7: Ward wise details of toilets for non-slum areas

Own Shared Community
Non Own Shared
Ward Non slum septic septic septic Community Open
slum dry dry
No. population tank/flush tank/flush tank/flush dry latrine defecation
HHs latrine latrine
latrine latrine latrine
ASCI, Hyderabad 144

Table 8: Ward wise details of toilets for slum areas

Shared
Slum type Community
Own septic septic Shared
Ward Slum (Notified Own dry septic Community Open
Population HHs tank/ flush tank dry
No. name /Non latrine tank/flush dry latrine defecation
latrine /flush latrine
Notified) latrine
latrine
Table 9: Ward wise details of type of toilets outlets

Toilets Toilets Toilets Area Properties
Toilets Length
Ward connected to connected to connected covered covered
connected of UGD
No. septic tanks septic tanks to open by UGD by UGD
to UGD (km)
with soak pits without soak pits nallas (%) (%)
Table 10: Financial details of sewerage system

Particulars Value Remarks
1. No of customers being charged for sewerage services
2. Connection fee (one-time) to connect to system (Rs.)
3. Average monthly tariff (Rs. per connection)
4. Annual demand for sewerage tariff (Rs.) - last year data
5. Annual collection for sewerage tariff (Rs.) - last year data
6. Personnel expenditure charged to sewerage system (O&M, Rs.)
7. Other Expenditure charged to sewerage system (O&M, Rs.) - last year data
8. Percentage of total water and sanitation budget spent on Sewerage System (O&M, Rs.)
Table 11: Ward wise numbers and percentage of floating population

No. of people Percentage Areas and
Ward Reasons for
visiting town every to ward localities of Remarks
population visiting
day by ward population visiting
Table 12: Access to public toilets in commercial areas and public places
No. of toilet seats Number of
Ward Name of Location of Type of
persons Remarks
No. area public toilet Ladies Gents management
using
ASCI, Hyderabad 145

Table 13: Details of community toilets in residential / slum areas
Price per use urinal

Name of slum /area
Whether pay & use

No. of toilet
Price per use bath

No. of HHs using
defecation (Rs.)
Working /Not
Price per use
management
seats
Ward No.
Location
working
Type of
(Y/N)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
Children
Ladies
Gents
Table 14: Ward wise details of septic tanks, pits and their cleaning procedures
Interval of cleaning
Interval of cleaning
Clearing Procedure
Clearing Procedure
No. of Pits (specify
-Single or double )
No. of septic tanks
Quantity of sludge
Quantity of sludge
present (Y/N)
present (Y/N)
b).Motorized
b).Motorized
Monitoring
Monitoring
a).Manual
a).Manual
Ward No.
(litres)
(litres)
Table 15: Sludge/septage equipment and management
Municipality Private
No. Indicator Remarks
Owned Agencies
A Equipment Available
1 No of Sludge Suction trucks/equipment
2 Annual No of tanks cleaned - last year's estimate
B Cleaned using mechanical equipment
3 Estimated Volume (ML) cleaned last year
4 Method of Conveyance and Disposal: Untreated
5 Amount Disposed Untreated (ML) - last year's estimate
6 Location of disposal - untreated
7 Method of Conveyance and Disposal: Treated
8 Amount Disposed Treated (ML) - last year's estimate
9 Location of disposal - treated
10 Cost per tank cleaning
C Manual Cleaning of Tanks and Pits
11 Estimate Annual No of Tanks cleaned - last year's average
12 Cost per tank cleaning
13 Method of disposal of sludge cleaned
14 Who are the persons cleaning tanks?
ML = Million Litres
ASCI, Hyderabad 146

Table 16: Ward wise details of Govt. schools and their sanitation facilities
No. of toilets Is water Toilet outlets
No. of toilets
Ward School working supply
Category
No. name present in Sewerage Septic Open
Girls Boys Girls Boys
toilets? (Y/N) system tanks nallas
Please find attached questionnaire of school sanitation surveys
Table 17: Ward wise details of Anganwadis and their sanitation facilities
No. of toilets Is water supply Toilet outlets
No. of toilets
Ward Anganwadi working present in
Category
No. name toilets? (Y/N) Sewerage Septic Open
Girls Boys Girls Boys
system tanks nallas
Please find attached questionnaire of school sanitation surveys
Information required on solid waste management facilities in the ULB

• Waste segregation, process, quantities.
• Bio-hazardous/ industrial waste quantity, treatment procedure.
• Treatment facilities, capacities, identification of dumpsites, area, no. of years of operation,
present status.
• Technology of waste processing and recycling, proportion of waste that is processed & recycled
• Category wise numbers of public health workers (cadre, contractual, permanent), provision of
safety equipment for them.
• Complaints redressal system, efficiency.
• SWM tariff structure.
• Future SWM projects and proposals.
Table 18: Ward wise SWM details

Quantity of No. of Door-to- Segregation No. of local
Ward Quantity of SWM
SWM collected Door collection practiced open
No. generated (MT)
(MT) in HHs (Y/N) dumpsites
Table 19: Details of vehicles used for door to door waste collection
Capacity of each Total waste
Vehicle type No .of vehicles No. of trips
vehicle (Tons) collected (Tons)
Table 20: Details of vehicles used for secondary waste transportation

Capacity of each Total waste
Vehicle type No .of vehicles No. of trips
vehicle (Tons) collected (Tons)
Table 21: Details of waste according to different categories
ASCI, Hyderabad 147

Quantity of Quantity of Quantity of Quantity of

Category of waste waste waste waste
Category of waste
waste generated collected generated collected
(MT/Month) (MT/Month) (MT/Month) (MT/Month)
Residential Slaughter houses

Commercial Industries
Street sweeping Construction waste
Market waste Other (please specify)
Information required on water supply system in the ULB

• Source, treatment facilities,
• Capacity, present production
• Length of distribution network, coverage
• Water quality
• Complaints redressal system, efficiency
• Water tariff structure
• Future water supply projects and proposals
Table 22: Ward wise details of water supply system

No. of HHs No. of
connected other
No. of HHs No. of HHs
No. of No. of to tube properties
Ward connected connected No. of bulk
hours hours wells/own connected
No. to piped to stand connections
per day per day sources to piped
water posts
and water
others system
Information required on storm water drainage system in the ULB

• Outfall points,
• Water recycling, re-use and their technology
• Areas of flooding and water logging and no. of instances annually.
• Complaints redressal system, efficiency
• Future drainage projects and proposals
Table 23: Ward wise details of drainage network
Length of
Volume of
drainage Length roads
grey Identification
Ward system (Pucca/ semi % of area % Functional
water of problem Remarks
No. (Pucca/ semi Pucca/kachha) covered treated status
generated areas
pucca/kachha) (km)
(MLD)
(km)
ASCI, Hyderabad 148

Annexure 5: Methodology for primary survey
Activities Focused areas Tools Methodologies

1. Household survey Household level Questionnaire Case study approach –
(Annexure 5.1) Purposive study –
Random sampling
2. Institutions Collector’s office, municipal Questionnaire Case study approach
(Annexure 5.2) office, bus station, railway + Random sampling
station, etc.
3. Community toilets All possible potential areas Questionnaire + Case study approach
(Annexure 5.3) FGDs + Random sampling
4. Public toilets All possible potential areas Questionnaire Case study approach
+ Random sampling
5. Hospitals All hospitals with 100+ Questionnaire Case study approach
beds (must) or 50–100 + Random sampling
beds
6. School sanitation Random sampling in Questionnaire Case study approach
government schools from + Random sampling
primary, secondary and
high schools.
7. Slaughter houses Potential areas Checklist + Transect Case study approach
walks + Random sampling
8. Commercial areas/ Potential areas–include Questionnaire Case study approach
Market places both shopkeepers and + Random sampling
customers
9. Industries Potential areas Checklist Case study approach
+ Random sampling
10. Water bodies - Checklist Case study approach
+ Random sampling
11. Communication Slum areas, residential Checklist + Transect Case study approach
Need Assessment areas, elected walks* + Random sampling
through Focused representatives & other
Group Discussions potential areas
12. Secondary surveys - Checklist Checklist
13. Sanitation rankings - 19 Parameters Field observations
Transect walks involve a walk through the settlement existing sanitation services accompanied by a
small and an initial understanding of number of key informants the condition from the from the
community. It provides an introduction to existing sanitation services and an initial understanding of the
condition from the perspective of local residents.
ASCI, Hyderabad 149

Annexure 5.1: Household survey
Basic information
1. Town/City: 2. Date:
3. Ward No : 4. House No:
5. Religion: 6. Caste:
7. Education status:
8. Respondents gender: Male  Female 
9. Slum Yes  No 
10. If yes, slum name Notified  Non notified 
11. (i) Head of the household (Name): Male  Female 
(ii) Building plan approval Yes  No 
12. Accommodation Own  Rented 
13. Total members (Put number in front of male and Male  Female 
female)
Sanitation arrangement
14. Type of Toilet a. Household b. Public toilet c. Community toilet
d. Shared (No .of HH) e. Open defecation
15. If, household or shared 1. Service latrine a. Night soil lifted by scavenger b. Night soil serviced by animal
facility, Latrine type 2. Unimproved pit latrine a. Fill and shift type without any outlet b. Connected to
river/drain/pond/nalla
3. Dry pit latrine (without water a. Yes b. No
seal)
4. Pour flush Pit Latrine a. Single Pit b. Two pit
5. Water Closet a. Connected to Sewer b. Connected to septic tank and
soak pit
c. Connected to septic tank without soak pit
ASCI, Hyderabad 150

and flowing to public drain

16. If water closet connected to Month and Year of last cleaning:
Septic Tank Is it constructed as per approved plan:
Is the building plan approved by Municipality:
Cleaned by:
a. Municipality b. Private Sweepers: c. Cost of cleaning toilet
Frequency of cleaning
a. Less than 6 months c. Once in a year
b. Once in 6 months d. Once in two year
Whether the soakpit is working in all seasons a. Yes b. No
Where do you dispose the septic tank waste:
Is septic tank constructed as per building plan approval: a. Yes b. No
17. In case of Dry Pit Year of construction:
Latrine/unimproved pit latrine Do you experience overflowing a. Yes b. No
Month and Year of last cleaning:
Other problems faced by dry pit a. Odour, c. hygienic issues
latrine b. Fly nuisance d. cleanliness
Reason for not upgrading:
18. Water supply to toilet a. Stand post: b. Own Arrangement:
c. Municipal Supply d. Hand pump
19. If Municipal Supply a. Adequate: b. Not Adequate:
20. If, Community /Public, Who in a. All members b. Only Adult Men
family uses it? c. Only Adult Women d. All Adults
21. No. of people using the a. 10-20 b. 20-30 c. 30-40
community toilet d. 40-50 e. 50 and above
22. No. of seats a. Less than 10 b. 10-15 c. 15-20
d. 20-30 e. 30 & above
23. Condition of the toilets a. Good b. Average c. unusable
d. Not in use
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24. Payment arrangements for a. Pay and use (Every use) b. Monthly family pass c. Free of cost
community toilets
25. Charges a. 50 paise b. Rs 1-2 c. Rs. 2-3
d. Rs 3 and above e. Monthly pass
1. Less than 20
2. 20-30
3. 30-40
26.Are you satisfied with present a. Yes b. No
arrangement
27. If No state reasons* (tick all a. poor maintenance b. corruption c. lack of facilities
possible options) d. Other, Specify
28.Why you have not constructed a. Affordability to construct b .Affordability of connecting to sewer network c. Uncertainty over land and
toilet (Applicable if Q 14-15 are toilet tenure
answered)
d. Space Constraints e. Low priority given to sanitation (awareness) f. Lack of water
g. Lack of know how h. Any other

29.What facility would you prefer a. Household latrine (types): b. Pour flush twin c. pit/Septic tank with soak pit/
over open defecation (Applicable others
if Q 14-15 are answered)
d. Public e. Community Toilet
30.In case of Public/Community a. Yes b. No
Toilet; willing to pay for use
31. If Yes, How much? (Rs) a. 50 paise b. Rs 1-2 c. Rs. 2-3
d. Rs. 3 and above e. Monthly pass
1. Less than 20
2. 20-30
3. 30-40
32.Disposal of household waste a. Discharged to b. Reuse in the garden after passing through c. Directly to public drain
water (from kitchen, bath and river/pond/nalas soak pit
wash other than latrine) d. Both a & b
33. Were you affected by any a. Yes (specify when) b. No
diseases in last six months
34. What type of disease a. Amoebic dysentery b. Cholera c. Diarrhea
e. Malaria f. Skin disease
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35. Expenditure towards health (Monthly):

36. Do you know that good sanitation is linked to health:
Solid Waste Management

37. Where is household solid waste a. Disposed in b. Disposed at c. Disposed in drain d. Door-to-door
disposed? Roadside Bin designated open collection
dumping spot
38. Distance to Disposal Spot (Feet) a. Less than 50 b. 50 to 100 c. 100 to 200 d. 200 to 500 e. More than 500
39. Does municipality carry the waste a. Yes b. No
dumped in your locality?
40. Do you have door to door collection? a. Yes b. No
41. Frequency of collection? a. Daily twice b. Daily once c. Once in 2 days d. Once in 3 days e. 3 days & above
42. Is the waste segregated at the source? a. Yes b. No
43. Do you pay for the waste collected a. Yes b. No

from the municipality?
44.How much do you pay (Rs per month) a. 0-10 b. 10-20 c. 20-25 d. 25-30 e. 30-35
e. 35 and above
45.Are you satisfied with the service a. Very good b. Good c. Average d. Bad
46. Frequency of road sweeping a. Daily once b. Once in two days c. Twice weekly d. Once in a week e. Irregular
47.Frequency of cleaning drains a. Daily once b. Once in two days c. once in 3 days d. once in a week e. Irregular
Housing
48. Structure a) Pucca b) semi-Pucca c) Kutcha
Flooding
49. Whether the area is prone to flooding during rains? a) Yes b) No
50. Frequency of flooding/Water Logging a) During rainy season b) Once in a while
ASCI, Hyderabad 153

Sewerage
51. Do you have sewer connection? a) Yes b) No
52. If yes, How much do you pay? a) 20-50 b) 50-80 c) 80-100 d) 100-130 e) 130-150 f) 150-180 g) 180 & above
Grievance redressal
53. Whom do you approach a) Sanitary Supervisor b) Corporator c) MLA d) NGO e) RWA f) others (Specify)
to give your complaint
regarding sanitation and
water supply?
54. How do you make a) Direct (By word) b) Letter c) Phone d) Internet
complaints?
55.Time taken to solve the 1) Water leakage a) 0-5 Hours b) 5-10 Hours c)10-15 Hours d)Within 24 Hours
problem 2) Solid Waste Management a) 0-5 Hours b) 5-10 Hours c) 10-24 Hours e) More than a day
3) Sanitation a) 0-24 Hours b) 2 days c) 3 days d) More than 3 days
56. Are you satisfied with a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied c) Partially d) Bad e)worse
present system
57. Are you informed about a. Yes b. No How: News paper Advertisement Wall poster
City Sanitation if yes how?
Suggestions:
1. Open Defecation
2. Disposal of Sludge
3. Disposal of Liquid waste (Black and grey)
ASCI, Hyderabad 154

Annexure 5.2: Institutions
1. Institution name
2. Complete address
3. Number of Staff 1 to 5  15 to 25 
6 to 10  25 and above 
11 to 15 
4. Condition of toilets (Observation) Good  Bad 
Average  Worst 
5. Toilet facility is provided to staff Yes  No 
6. Toilets provided separately for male & female Yes  No 
7. No. of toilets provided to male staff of the 1 to 3  7 to 9 
Institute 4 to 6  Above 9 
8. No. of toilets provided to female staff of the 1 to 3  7 to 9 
Institute 4 to 6  Above 9 
9. No. of seats available in the toilet for both the 1 to 5  11 to 15 
gender 6 to 10  Above 16 
10. Does the toilets have minimum infrastructure Yes  No 
11. If yes, what type of facilities are available Water supply  Sinks are available 
Doors with bolts  Soaps 
Buckets  Hand wash 
Lights  Anything else 
Tiled bathrooms 
12. If water supply is there then what is the Overhead tank water  Ground water 
source Piped water  Surface water 
13. Are they maintained well Yes  No 
14. Do you need to improve the toilet condition Yes  No 
15. Type of improvement required
1. Cleaning
2. Continuous water supply
3. Maintenance
4. Change design
5. Upgrade infrastructure
6. Others
(Note: Take a photograph of the toilets)
Interview with Heads

16. Monthly / Annual budget for O&M of toilets
17. Who is responsible for operation and maintenance?
18. Who maintains the toilets?
19. Are there any user charges collected Yes  No 
20. Other suggestions
ASCI, Hyderabad 155

Annexure 5.3: Community toilets
1. Town/ City
2. Location
3. Maintained by/ service
provider
4. No. of toilets Urinals  Bath  Washbasins 
5. Male : 6. Female: 7. Children:
8. Pay per use (In Rs) Defecation Urinal Bathing
9. No. of people visiting per day:
10. Condition Very good  Good  Average  Bad  Worst

11. Cleaning (No. of times per day):
12. Type of latrine
13. Fecal sludge management
a) Sewer
b) Manually lifted
c) Onsite treatment
d) Other
14. Effluent discharge (where does it go)
15. O & M arrangement
ASCI, Hyderabad 156

Annexure 5.4: Public toilets
1. Town/city
2. Location
3. Owner of the toilet
4. Year of construction
5. Maintained by/ service
provider
6. No. of toilet seats
7. Number of people visiting/ Male: Female: Children
using (per day)
8. Other provisions (Number) Urinals Bath Washbasins
9. Care taker Yes  No 
10. Pay per use (In Rs) Defecation: Urinal: Bathing: Nothing:
11. Basis for pay Defecation: Urinal: Bathing: Nothing:
12. Condition Very good  Good  Average  Bad  Worst

13. Cleaning (No. of times per day):
14. Type of latrine Septic tank  Pit  Sewerage 
16. Type of flush Cistern flush  Pour flush 
17. Water supply Yes  No 
18. Electricity Yes  No 
19. Soap facility Yes  No 
20. Visual appeal Good  Bad 
21. Smell No smell  Bad smell 
22. Leakages Yes  No 
23. Fecal sludge management
a. STP
b. Suction vehicle
c. Onsite treatment
d. Other
24. Effluent discharge(where does it go)
25. Detailed description of O & M arrangement
26. Description of financials for both capital and O&M costs
27. Overall rating Excellent  Good  Average  Poor 
28. Reasons for rating
29. Observations on hygienic practices of care taker and user
30. Any other observations/ Remarks
ASCI, Hyderabad 157

Annexure 5.5: Hospitals
1. Name of the Hospital

2. Location
3. Capacity (Beds)
4. Services provided
5. Quantity of solid waste produced by hospital (Kg)
6. Quantity of liquid waste produced by hospital
(Litres)
7. Is colour coding done for the waste produced Yes No
8. What is the arrangement for disposal of BMW Municipality Private Own arrangement
9. If it is private, how much do you pay?
10. Is there a system of segregating biodegradable and Yes No
non biodegradable wastes
11. Is the system of disposing biomedical waste is in accordance with Yes No
Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 and
amendments
12. Frequency of collection and disposal BMW
(Hours)
13. How is the liquid BMW is disposed, Such as Blood,
Mucus, Secretion and urine
14. Is there a mechanism for management of sludge Yes No
from hospital cesspools?
15. If yes, please explain
16. Is there any decentralized waste water treatment Yes No
If yes, give details
a. Capacity of plant
b. What type of treatment
c. Discharge after treatment (COD level after
treatment)
17. Details of service provider and location of plant
18. Description of treatment process
19. Any other observations
ASCI, Hyderabad 158

Annexure 5.6: School Sanitation
a. Basic Information
Name of the Respondent: Male/Female
Student □ Teacher □ Principal □ Others □
Name of the School Ownership of School Building:
I. Own □ Rent □
II.
III.
Address and location Landmark
2 Strength
(a) No. of Students Girls  Boys 
(b) No. of Teachers
No. of Students Female  Male 
(c) No. of other Staff Female  Male 
3(a) Students
No. of Urinals No. of WCs
Total Presently existed Balance to be Total Presently Balance to be
requirement o.k Under repairs constructed requirement existing constructed
F M F M F M F M F M F M F M
3(b) Teachers
Presently existed Balance to be Total Presently Balance to be
Total required constructed requirement existing constructed
o.k Under repairs
3(b) Other staff

Presently existed Balance to be Total Presently Balance to be
Total required
o.k Under repairs constructed requirement existing constructed
4 Does the school have a waste water disposal (Other than WC water)
5 Yes
Toilets Connected to: Septic Tank □ Sewerage □ Open drains □ Not connected □
No
6 Is the toilet properly ventilated? Yes No
7 Is the toilet tiled? Yes No
8 Does the toilet has electricity connection? Yes No
8(a) If yes, is it working? Yes No
9 Does the school have water connection? Yes No
10 Are there other sources of Water Supply?
Borewell □ Tankers □ Others (specify) :
10 (a) Is there a facility for water storage? Yes/No
Overhead Tank □ Sump □ Filled into Barrels/Drums □
11 Is there flowing water in the toilets? Yes No
12 Is the toilet in working condition? (No Blockades, Usable) Yes No
12 If no, Reasons: No Water □ Damaged Door □ Bolt broken inside the toilet □
(a) Others(Specify) :
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13 Is Toilet cleaned regularly? Yes No

13 If so, what is the interval?
(a) a) Twice in a day b) Once in a day c) Once in 2 days d) Others(specify):
15 Who is in-charge of O&M of Toilets? Contractor □ Out sourced □ School Employees □ Others(specify):
16 Budget allocated for O&M of Toilets Rs………………….
16 (a) Source of Budget Funding SSA □ Parents □ State Government □ No specific allocation □ Others(Specify) :
17 Generally, how much is spent on O &M of Toilets, Rs………………. /year
18 Is there sanitary and hygiene education in this school? Yes No
18(a) If yes, Special Classes □ Topics in Curriculum □ Others(specify):

Drop-out ratio Drop-out Diseases Enrollment Drop-out rate Diseases Enrollment
of students rate reported rate reported rate
Boys Girls
19
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
Note: No. of Drop outs on a record basis (or) Strength of the students in the respective years.
20 Any improvements made to the toilets during the last three years. Details:
21 When is the potable water stored tank cleaned?
Monthly □ 2-6 Months □ Biannually □ Annually □ Others(Specify):
21 (b) Is the school constructed after taking building plan approval? Yes / No
22 Where is solid waste in the school disposed?
At Roadside bin □ Open site □ In drains □ D-D collection □ Others(Specify) :
A. Perception survey
Principal:
1 Do you use toilets? Yes No
a If no, Where do you go by? a) Your home is nearby□ b) to neighbor’s home □
c) don’t drink water □ d) open defecate □ d) others (specify):
2 Are students allowed to leave in the mid of the classes to use the urinals? Yes No
3 Are students of different classes having breaks at the same time/intervals? Yes No
4 Do you feel any students having dropped out or frequently fallen sick & away from Yes No
school days due to poor sanitation?
5 Other Concerns/issues in maintenance of toilets?
Teachers:
1 Do You use the toilets? Yes No
c) don’t drink water □ d) open defecate □ d) others (specify):
2 Do you feel any students having dropped out or frequently fallen sick & away from Yes No
school days due to poor sanitation?
3 Have you seen any teacher transferred to another school due to poor sanitation? Yes No
Students:
1 Do You use the toilets? Yes No
c) don’t drink water d) open defecate e) others (specify):
2 Do they wash their hands after they go to toilets? Yes No
3 Are you allowed to leave in the mid of the classes to use the urinals? Yes No
ASCI, Hyderabad 160

4 Are different classes having breaks at the same time/intervals? Yes No

5 Have you seen any of your friends having dropped out or frequently fallen sick & Yes No
away from school days due to poor sanitation?
Girl Students:
1 Is there arrangement for dustbin in the toilets? Yes No
2 Do you attend school during menstrual period? Yes No
3 Any special menstrual hygiene classes? Yes No
ASCI, Hyderabad 161

Annexure 5.7: Slaughter house
1. Name of the City/Town:

2. Location of the slaughter house:
3. Year of construction:
4. Condition of the slaughter house (to be written by
observation):
5. Is the slaughter house managed by
municipality/corporation:
6. Is there a veterinary doctor to look after the
slaughter house?
7. How many animals are slaughtered per day:
8. Does the veterinary doctor examine the animals
regularly?
9. Is there a Karmachari/worker to regularly clean the
blood and other waste in the slaughter house?
10. How frequent is the cleaning done?
11. Waste disposal arrangement - Liquid waste
1. Open drain
2. Sewerage
3. Open place
4. Other specify
12. Waste disposal arrangement - Solid waste
1. Open drain
2. Sewerage
3. Open place
4. Other specify
13. Institutional arrangement for maintenance of
slaughter house:
14. Did approval of the plan taken from municipality:
ASCI, Hyderabad 162

Annexure 5.8: Industries
1. Name of the Town/City:

2. Name of the Industry
3. Type of industry
4. Location of the city
a) Residential area
b) Institution area
c) Market area
d) Industrial area
e) Other (Specify)
5. Size of the industry
a) Small scale
b) Medium scale
c) Large scale
6. Amount of solid waste generated per day?
7. How is the solid waste managed?
a) By industry itself
b) By municipality
c) Private agency
d) Other (Specify)
8. If it is municipality, how much do you pay per month? (Specify the amount)
9. If it is private agency, how much do you pay per month?(Specify the
amount)
10. Is source segregation done at industry?
11. Amount of liquid waste generated per day?
12. How is the liquid waste managed?
13. Treated in PTP (primary treatment plant) in the industry and left to Nalla
14. Directly left to sewerage
15. Directly left to Nalla
16. Led to open place
17. Led to a water body
18. Is there a primary treatment plant in the industry?
19. What is the O&M cost for maintaining PTP in the industry? (Specify the
amount)
20. Is the industry in conformity with the State and Central Pollution Control
Board set parameters?
ASCI, Hyderabad 163

Annexure 5.9: Water bodies
1. Type of water body : Canal / River / Pond/ Stream

2. Map location in city/ town:
3. Size of the water body (Area):
4. Outfall of the water body (show in the map):
5. Uses of the water body: Recreational/ functional/
bathing/ drain receiving point/ drinking water/ any other
use
6. OD practice near water body: Yes or No
If yes, how many people (approx)?
7. Toilet discharge : Yes or No
(Estimate No. of toilets discharged)
8. Water flow: Clogged / smooth flow
9. Cleaning mechanism and periodicity:
10. Water quality and pollution levels:
i) Thermo-tolerant coli forms (TTC)
ii) Residual chlorine
iii) Turbidity
iv) BOD
v) COD
vi) DO
11. Who maintains and monitors:
12. No. of people using the water body per day:
13. Flooding in nearby areas: Yes or No
If yes, what is the frequency
14. Any back siphoning reported in toilets nearby
ASCI, Hyderabad 164

Annexure 6: Communication Needs Assessment: Focused Group Discussion
The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure as well as the strategy
to go with expansion of infrastructure. Following steps were identified before visiting the field.
1. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication categorize them.
2. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks.
3. Topic Guides were prepared for each stakeholder group.
4. Data collection. Field assessment of communications needs was carried out.
Stakeholders
FGDs will target the stakeholder groups e.g., residents, establishments and ULB officials. Opinion leaders
also need to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews and implementation of
communications strategies. Following are the key personnel to be interviewed:
Key officials-Commissioners, sanitation inspectors, medical/health officers,
Councilors, Community elders,
City media: newspapers reporters,
RWA office bearers,
NGOs,
Safaikaramcharies union office bearers,
Heads of Commercial establishments and shopkeepers, including public places such as bus stands
Random Samples of Residents from Rich neighborhoods.
Slum residents
School teachers, children, employees
Hospital employees and doctors
IEC Probes for field trip

As per the City Sanitation Rankings the Output, Process and Outcome indicators cover a whole range
of issues such as, quality of water supply (also in non-slum areas), practices of SWM, dumping,
segregation at source, collection (also in non-slum areas), ODF, types of latrines, problems and gaps. We
conduct FGDs with reference to how city fared on each of these indicators.
1. Residents in slum
• Awareness regarding health and hygiene: The current level of awareness regarding ill-effects of lack
of sanitation, ODF, hand washing, SWM, etc.
• Awareness regarding Government policies for improving water and sanitation: NUSP, Sources and
channels of such knowledge and communication
• Awareness regarding technical options such as toilet options
• Willingness to upgrade financial and behavioral constraints
• Participation in any public awareness campaign regarding sanitation, Agencies that carried the
campaign and learning’s from the campaign
• Activities of local SHG's and other community organization, areas of engagement
• In non-slum areas - check for RWAs
• Media consumption patterns reading newspapers, Cable TV etc (also in non-slum areas)
• Information regarding demography of the slum (To be gathered from surveys)
• Complaint resolution system: complaints and mechanisms of resolution, how do they deal with water
and sanitation crisis, approaching local corporator, complain to Municipality, Agitate
2. Municipal officials (including Safaikaramcharies)

• Role envisaged for communication for implementing NUSP.
• Channels of communication are at ULB’s disposal, extent to which these channels are being exploited.
• Technological options, geographic and infrastructural issues involved in implementing water and
sanitation schemes.
• M&E, feedback, support, rewards: Maintenance of citizen grievance records, discernible patterns in
complaints, efficiency of complaint redressal.
• Details of any specific communication campaign being taken up, Content, Channels used, budget
allocated, awareness regarding multiplying message through media.
ASCI, Hyderabad 165

• Kinds of training and tools are given to Safaikaramcharies for safe disposal of waste etc and their
satisfaction at what has been provided.
3. Commercial establishment and Public places

• Observation regarding sanitation is these places
• Practices involved in disposal of commercial waste such as segregation, shopkeeper participation
• O&M, regular upkeep of public places
4. School sanitation
• Status of school sanitation
• Health problems
• Issues-drop out rates/ enrollment rates
• Girl children, status of SSA
• O&M problems, health problems
5. Hospitals
Examine disposal of hazardous waste, specifically if effluents are being left into open drains
Disease burden of the town, data from District Medical/Health Officer, information on campaigns to
mitigate, budget allocated
Disease burden, Diarrhea, GET, Cholera, Malaria, Skin problems
Communication efforts with reference to diarrhea, malaria, etc.
6. Media persons
• Main Sanitation issues in the city
• Sanitation news stories
• Municipality PR. Who answers media enquiries?
• Municipal Advertisements in dailies.
Checklists
1. Messages: Behavior change communication for residents, sustaining behavior and attitude change,
attitudes of officials. Creating awareness about health and hygiene, environmental sanitation, helping
officials be good listeners, improving management within existing constraints through better
communication. Developing content for manuals for best communication practices, posters etc.
2. Channels of communication: these include grievance redressal mechanism of the MC, MC’s interaction
with people- feedback seeking mechanisms, postures, hoardings, exhibitions, school activities, cable TV,
FM Radio, Handbills, Newspapers, Street Plays, Meetings/seminars, workshops, presentations and
interpersonal means.
Interpersonal means include interactive group education and door to door motivational programmes.
Here the role of NGO’s is important.
3. Parameters: OUTPUT, PROCESS, OUTCOME as per NUSP
Environmental sanitation
• SWM: market waste, domestic waste, waste segregation at source and at collection point, waste
disposal measures
• Treatment of solid waste and dump
• Deviance on part of polluters and institutions such as hospitals
• Proportion of solid waste, grey water, black water generated that is treated and disposed safely
• ODF: public toilets, individual latrines, toilet maintenance, disposal of human waste,
• M&E to Track OD
• Check if sewage systems are working properly
• Disposal of septage
• UGS: awareness, user charges, problems
• Water bodies and quality of water in and around the city,
• Reduction in water borne diseases amongst city-population
ASCI, Hyderabad 166

Annexure 7: Secondary reports - Checklist

I Base Maps
1. Map showing ward boundaries with population
2. Map showing zone wise boundaries with population
3. Map with location of notified and non-notified slums
4. Map showing location of different types of areas by activities (industries, commercial activity,
recreational activity
5. Map showing location of public and community toilets
6. Map showing open defecation areas / Septage disposal sites
7. Maps showing water supply network, sewerage network, storm water drainage network and
SWM facilities
8. Map showing location of water bodies / drain out falls
II Secondary Information
1. District census handbook
2. Data on access to services from census and NSSO studies
3. CDP for the city
4. Master plan for the city
5. DPRs for water supply, sewerage including STPs, sanitation, storm water drainage, SWM,
environment including water bodies and slum development
6. Environment status report
7. Data on number of water bodies and extent of pollution
8. Quality of water in water bodies
9. Data on extent of grey water generation, collection and treatment and a comparative assessment
with sewage waste
10. Data on number of STPs, volume of waste generated and treated, extent of reuse and recycle of
waste water
11. Arrangements for septage treatment
12. Data on access to toilets by type (connected to sewerage, septic tanks, pits) and by wards – in terms
of households and properties
13. Data on number of notified and non-notified slums by wards along with population and access to
services
14. Data on community toilets by wards and by slums
15. Data on public toilets by wards and by type of areas (residential, industrial, commercial etc.)
16. Data on manual scavenging practices and areas
17. Data on length of sewerage network and percentage of area and population covered by sewerage
network by wards
18. Data on length of drainage network , types of drains, location of drainage outfalls and impact areas
19. Type of existing technological choices and feasibility of the same
20. Number of government and private primary, secondary and higher secondary schools and the
sanitation status for both boys and girls in terms of number and type of toilet facilities
21. Details of hazardous, industrial, health and other types of wastes
22. Mapping of key institutions along with roles and responsibilities with a specific focus on sanitation
23. Organogram for each key institution
24. Data on programmes and schemes implemented by various institutions with special focus on ULB
schemes and sanitation schemes
25. Existing regulatory arrangements for sanitation
26. Number of workers engaged in sanitation
27. Extent of cost recovery and user charges in sewerage and SWM
28. Type of O&M system
ASCI, Hyderabad 167

29. Monitoring and evaluation arrangements for sanitation and to track open defecation
30. Monthly collection of data on open defecation
31. Reportage on open defecation in a public forum
32. Incentives and awards for preventing open defecation
33. Complaint registration and grievance redressal mechanisms
34. Special focus on historical monuments and major recreation areas
35. Data on health indicators with a special focus on water and sanitation related diseases and
incidence of diarrheal diseases reported in the city over the last three financial years
36. Data on drinking water quality
37. Roles of NGOs
38. Collection of existing IEC materials including news paper clippings
39. Number and percentage of floating population
40. Number of flooding and water logging incidences
41. Percentage of households/properties openly depositing human excreta into nalas and drains
42. Proportion of storm water that is efficiently and safely managed – 100% pacca drains and flooding
and water logging incidences
43. Protective gear and safety equipment to sewerage and STP workers
44. Mechanical, CCTV, systems are being used for monitoring and cleaning sewers
45. Whether workers are provided insurance/provident fund/gratuity
46. Whether there is functioning grievance redressal mechanism for complaints related to sewerage
and septage
47. Whether septage/sullage (cleaners) workers use protective gear and safety equipment
48. Whether mechanical (non-manual) systems are being used for cleaning tanks and pits
49. Whether the cleaning and disposal of sludge from tanks and pits is monitored
50. Centralized data base, maps exist for drainage system
51. Pre-monsoon and one other season cleaning, repairs and maintenance of drains undertaken
52. Coverage of households and establishments by daily door-to-door collection
53. Proportion of city streets effectively covered by regular street sweeping, at least once a day
54. Proportion of waste that is processes and recycled
55. Cost recovery for SWM services
56. Availability of written manual and codified procedures for sewerage, septage, drainage and SWM
57. Status of State/ULB Act, provisions for punishments/fines for littering and letting out untreated
excreta in the open
58. Implementation of above rules in practice
59. Instances of fines in the last one year for littering and letting out in open
60. Conditions at dumping site and treatment plant
ASCI, Hyderabad 168

Annexure 8: Technology options in urban sanitation
All sanitation technologies are either Wet or Dry. Wet technologies require water as the name
indicates flush out the feces and they drain in to a leach pit, septic tank or sewer- common practice.
Dry technology does not require water as the name indicates. This is our age old pit latrine,
ventilated improved pits etc. This is our usually adopted in hilly area where the water table is
pretty deep. To feel clean water is a must, so wet latrines are preferred by common man.
On site and Off site Systems
On site: Retaining waste in a pit or tank.
Off site: Removing waste to a distant place for treatment and disposal or disposal alone. Even in
the On site system periodical removal of sludge/septage is necessary.
Conventional offsite disposal system involves collection of the sewage through pipes and conveying
to a sewage treatment plant, treatment and disposal. This is an expensive option, requires extensive
land etc. So the communities were forced to think of alternative low cost onsite disposal methods
of which the most widely used options are Septic tank and Twin pit pour flush latrines.
Septic Tank
A septic tank is a combined sedimentation and digestion tank where sewage is held for one or two
days. During the period, the suspended solids settle down to the bottom. This is accompanied by
anaerobic digestion of settled solids (sludge) and liquid resulting in reduction in the volume of
sludge, reduction in biodegradable organic matter and release of gases like CO2, CH4, etc. The
effluent although clarified to a large extent still contains appreciable amount of dissolved and
suspended organic solids and pathogens. The effluent is to be disposed in a very careful way.
Because of this unsatisfactory condition of the effluent and also difficulty in providing proper
effluent disposal system, septic tanks are limited to individual houses, institutions whose
contributory population does not exceed so as to reduce the volume of effluent and thereby reduce
the difficulty in treatment. The septic tanks are normally rectangular in shape and can either be a
single tank or double tank. In case of double tank, the solid concentration is considerably lower and
the first compartment is usually twice the size of the second. The liquid depth is 1-2 m and the
length to breadth 2 - 1. Recommend sizes of septic tanks up to 2 users and for 300 users are given
below.
Table 60: Recommended sizes of septic tanks
No. of Length Breadth Liquid depth in m cleaning
users in m in m interval of 2-3years
5 1.5 0.75 1.00-1.05
10 2 0.90 1.00-1.40
15 2 0.90 1.30-2.00
20 2.3 1.10 1.30-1.80
50 5.00 2.00 1.00-1.24
100 7.50 2.65 1.00-1.24
150 10.00 3.00 1.00-1.24
200 12.00 3.30 1.00-1.24
300 15.00 4.00 1.00-1.24
Notes:
ASCI, Hyderabad 169

a) The capacities are recommended on the assumption that discharges from water closet alone are
connected to septic tank.
b) A provision of 300 mm should be provided as freeboard.1.00 m + 0.30 m, 1.05 m + 0.30 m etc.
c) For population over 100 mm the tank may be divided into independent parallel chambers for
easy maintenance and cleaning.
Functions of septic tank

1. Septic tank receives black water and excreta from the toilets.
2. Heavier solids settle to the bottom of the septic tank where they are decomposed by anaerobic
bacteria.
3. The digested sludge is store at bottom.
4. The lighter solids such as hair, soap and grease float to the surface forming scum.
5. The gases like carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide are produced during anaerobic
decomposition and released to the atmosphere through vent.
6. To start with septic tank is filled with water for a depth of about 100 mm and seated with Cow
dung or sludge from other septic tank.
7. Septic tanks are to be cleaned once in 2 to 3 years to remove the accumulated digested sludge.
Disposal of effluent from the septic tank: Land disposal methods such as soak pits and dispersion
trenches: The land disposal methods largely upon porosity and percolation characteristics of the
soil as the land disposal methods are designed percolation or seepage into the soil. This also
depends on the depth of water table. Soak pits or dispersion trenches shall be constructed in soils
where the percolation rate is between 12 to 25 minutes per cm (Time taken for percolation of 1 cm
depth of water between 12 to 25 minutes) and the depth of water table is 2.00 m or more from
ground level. (The depth we get water when the ground is dug). If the water table is high, the
dispersion trenches shall be partially or fully above ground level or in a mound. Dispersion
trenches should be 20.00m away from any source of drinking water and also it should be at least
7.00m away from any house. For soils which have percolation rate more than 25cm other methods
shall be adopted for disposal of effluents.
Soak Pits
The soak pits may be of any regular shape and filled with rubble or brick bats. Soak pits need be
prepared only when the water table is sufficiently below or when a porous layer underlies an in
previous layer at top. Minimum dimension of the soak pit shall be 1.00m and the depth below the
invert level or inlet pipe surrounding land to avoid flooding.
Soak pit or Seepage pit
All seepage pits shall have a diameter of 1.00m.
All seepage pits shall be designed as any of the following two types
1. Hollow and lined with acceptable material.
2. Filled with coarse stone or similar material that range from fines, sand, clay or organic
material.
Pits filled with coarse stone are prepared over hollow lined pits
Lining of brick, stone, block or similar materials shall have a minimum thickness of 100
mm and shall be laid with overlapping, tight-butted joints
Below the inlet level, mortar shall be used in the horizontal joints only. Above the inlet, all
joints shall be filled fully with mortar.
ASCI, Hyderabad 170

For hollow- lined pits, the inlet pipe should extend horizontally at least 300 mm into the pit
with a tee to divert flow downward and prevent washing and eroding the side wall
A minimum annular space of 150 mm between the lining and excavation wall shall be filled
with crushed rock or gravel varying in diameter from 20 mm to 65 mm and free from fines,
sand, clay, or organic material. The maximum fines in the gravel shall be 2 percent by
weight passing through a Standard 10 mesh (2.0 mm) sieve. Clean coarse gravel or rock at
least 150 mm deep shall be placed in the bottom of each pit.
A structurally sound and otherwise suitable top shall be provided that will prevent
entrance of surface water, dirt or other foreign material, and be capable of supporting the
overburden of earth and any reasonable load to which it is subjected
Access to each hollow –lined pit shall be provided by means of a manhole, not less than 450
mm in minimum horizontal dimension, or by means of an easily removable cover.
The top of the pit shall be covered with a minimum of 150 mm of backfill.
In pits filled with coarse stone, the perforated distribution pipe shall run across each pit. A
layer of crushed rock or gravel shall be used for levelling the distribution pipe.
Dispersion Trenches
Narrow and shallow trenches about 0.5m to 1.00m deep and 0.3m to 1.00m wide excavated to a
slight slope. Open jointed stone ware or concrete pipes 80 to 100 mm diameter are laid in the
trenches over a bed of 15 to 25 cm of washed gravel or crushed stone. The top of pipes shall be
covered by coarse gravel and crushed stone to a minimum depth of 15 cm. The balance portion may
be filled with earth and finished in the form of a mound above the ground to avoid flooding of
trenches during rain.
Width of trench:300 to 600 mm wide
Depth :500to 600 mm
Dispersion pipe: 100 mm diameter open jointed S.W. pipes/ 75mm to 90mm OD perforated
PVC pipes
Maximum length of each trench: 30 m
Spacing of the trench : 1.8 m
Slope of the pipe :1 in 400
Media: 20 to 65 mm size broken stones for a thickness of 150 mm below the pipe.
Separation distance of trees and rooted plants;
Trees and other large rooted plants shall not be allowed to grow near to dispersion trenches
It is desirable to cover the area over onsite soil absorption systems with lawn grass or other
shallow –rooted plants
Soil absorption systems should not be located under vegetable gardens.
The separation distance of trenches must be at least equal to 3 times the deepest effective
depth of trench with a minimum separation of 370 mm between trenches
Pour Flush Water Seal Latrines

Pour flush latrines as the nature indicates, the excreta is hand flushed by pouring about 1.6 to 2 lit
of water. The pour flush latrines are with a single leach pit and squatting pan over it. When the pit
in use gets filled up another pit is dug and the squatting platform and the slab is placed on it.
The first pit is covered with earth and allowed to decay. After one or two years, the digested excreta
are used as manure. The disadvantage of this system is that desludging has to be done almost
immediately after the pit has been filled up which involved handling of fresh and undigested
excreta. So this is appropriate only if it is desludged mechanically. To tide over this situation a twin
ASCI, Hyderabad 171
pit design was introduced. When one pit is full, the excreta is diverted into the second pit. The filled
up pit can be conveniently implied after 1⅟₂ to 2 years when most of the pathogens die off. The
sludge can be used as manure.
Leach Pit
Leach pits serve a dual function of
a) Storage and digestion of excreted solids and
b) Infilteration of waste liquids
Leach pits are designed based on the following parameters
1) Solid accumulation rate
2) Long term infilteration rate
3) Hydraulic loading
4) Minimum period required for effective pathogen destruction
5) Optimal pit emptying frequency
The pits are lined with honey come brick work, open jointed or with perforated burnt clay or
concrete rings. The pits are circular and used alternatively and designed for 3 years filling period.
When one pit is filled it is stopped, the excreta being diverted to second pit. The contents become
lich organic humus, innocuous and free from pathogens as well as smell. When convenient, it is
emptied and contents used as organic manure. The size of leach pits depends on a number of
factors mentioned above. The effective volume under dry conditions should be at least 0.135 m³
per capita of the house hold for a period of 3 years. In the case of wet pit where water table is high
the volume shall be 0.210 m³ per capita of the house hold for a period of 3 years. Leach pit
configuration can be varied to suit site conditions while the least cost design in a twin circular pits.
Design of pits under different conditions

a) In water logged area: The pit top should be raised by 300 mm above likely level of water above
ground level at the time of water logging. Earth should then be filled will compacted all round
the pits up to 1.00 m distance from the pit up to its top. The raising of the pit will necessitate
rising of the latrine floor also.
b) In high sub soil water level: Where the sub soil water level rises to less than 300 mm above the
likely sub soil water level and earth should be filled all round the pits and latrine floor raised.
c) In rock strata: In rocky strata with soil layer in between, the leach pits should be designed as
for ordinary leach pit construction with low subsoil water level.
d) Where space is a constraint: Where circular pits of standard sizes cannot be constructed due to
space constraints, deeper pit with smell diameter (not less than 750 mm) or combined oval
square or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall may be
provided. In case combined pits the partition wall should not have holes. The partition wall
should go 250 mm deeper than the pit lining and plastered on both sides with cement mortar.
Aqua Privy
This is a simplified form of septic tank consisting of a masonry tank filled with water, a squatting
pan or a platform placed above the tank and ventilation pipe. A long chute or pipe from the
squatting is submerged in the tank water. The excreta fall through this chute or pipe into the tank
and undergo anaerobic digestion as in septic tank. The accumulated sludge (digested) from the tank
is to be removed periodically. To compensate for evaporation, leakage losses and to maintain the
water seal i.e., submergence of chute in the water, water is added every time after its use.
ASCI, Hyderabad 172

Annexure 9: Good practices
Tiruchirapally (Trichy to most people), the famous temple town of the South, is the fourth-largest
city in Tamil Nadu, and is located on the banks of the Cauvery with a population of just over a
million — of which 25 per cent live in slums. Trichy has 211 “approved” slums and as many as 75
“unapproved” slums which are located on railway land, Government of India land, and land
belonging to the Waqf Board and other private owners. Until the end of the 1990s the slums of
Trichy, with their sanitation and toilet facilities in an appalling state, were no different from the rest
of the country. But things began to change about 10 years ago, and Trichy has not looked back since.
The city was ranked 6th in India in the sanitation ranking of Indian cities by the ministry of urban
development in 2009-10.
It all started with a major initiative launched by the NGO Gramalaya in 2000, mobilising women in
the slums in self-help groups (SHGs) and launching an awareness campaign on sanitation through
training. They were able to get the support of Water-Aid, a UK-based NGO, to fund the
building/renovation of 25 community toilets and child-friendly toilets in the slums, which would be
managed by the women of the community on a pay-and-use basis. Sanitation health education
teams were set up by the SHGs to propagate the message of sanitation, monitor the behaviour of
residents, and supervise the maintenance of the toilets.
A community toilet complex typically has 10-12 seats for women and 10-12 for men. Child-friendly
toilets are separately provided in an adjacent area, for children up to the age of eight. Each toilet
has a tap which supplies 24×7 water. Some have graduated to “sanitary complexes” with room for
bathing and washing. Each facility receives its water supply from the Trichy City Corporation (TCC),
and a bore well is also provided by the corporation. Each has a provision of underground storage of
water and an overhead tank to which water is pumped. TCC has ensured that water is made
available also in summer months through tankers. The corporation waives the electricity charge for
the pumping of water for the first few years of operating the toilets. Afterwards, the tariff for
community toilets is levied at the lower domestic rate and not commercial rate.
The cost of a typical community toilet was around Rs 3 lakh in the initial years that Water-Aid built
such complexes. Today, the cost is around Rs 12 lakh. The success of the women in managing and
maintaining the community toilets encouraged the TCC to build more of them, so that all the 211
approved slums now have community toilets. Out of a total of 347 such toilets (some slums have
more than one), 284 are connected to the sewerage system and 63 function through a septic tank.
About 100 toilets are being managed on a pay and use basis by SHGs with Gramalaya, and another
40 by other NGOs. For the rest, the TCC and/or ward councillors take the responsibility for
managing the toilets.
The Kamala Nehru Nagar slum where the toilet was inside the slum area. In West Devathanam,
another complex where the toilet is located between the slum and a public road and caters to the
needs of the slum as well as the floating population surrounding the slum. At the community toilets
run by SHGs, sanitary health education team members take turns to sit at a table placed outside the
toilet complex with tokens to sell as people come to use the toilet. They engage cleaners who clean
the complex two to three times a day. I found that the toilets were cleaner than what we may
typically find in cinema halls in Delhi.
It is clear from the systems they have put in place to manage and maintain these toilets that these
women understand the economics of it all. The collection from user charges is used to pay their
electricity bills, the cleaner, the guard who keeps the watch, and expenses of minor repairs. The
ASCI, Hyderabad 173

typical user charge varies from 50 paise to Re 1 per use, while children, the elderly and the
physically challenged have free access. The accounts are meticulously-kept and are audited by the
TCC.
All teams make a small subscription to come together under Women’s Action for Village
Empowerment (WAVE) which is a registered society. Monthly meetings of WAVE allow them to
discuss their problems and learn from each other in finding solutions. A member of the TCC is also
invited to these meetings. They are now extending their sphere to cover solid waste management
and better delivery of other public services.
After initial resistance to their cause, men wanted to have a part of the action when the women
seemed to be succeeding in making their slums clean. The women obliged by creating AWASH
(Association for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) so that men could also contribute to improving the
water and sanitation scenario of their joint habitat. Men also find a role through WATSAN (water
and sanitation) committees in monitoring the progress of the overall sanitation status of the slums
in the city. The municipal commissioner, T. T. Balsamy, was very appreciative of the role played by
the NGOs and the communities in bringing about the much overdue transformation. As Geetha
Jegan, executive director of Gramalaya put it: “Together, the city corporation, the NGOs and the
communities from the slums of Trichy have transformed the sanitation scenario in Trichy.”Trichy
has shown the way. Other cities in India must follow to completely get rid of open defecation and
work for better sanitary conditions.
Box 8: The Condominial Sewerage System in Brazil
The "condominial" system is the brainchild of Jose

Carlos de Melo, a socially committed engineer from
Recife. The name condominial was given for two
reasons. First, a block of houses was treated like a
horizontal apartment building (or condominial in
Portuguese) (see figure). Second, "Condominial"
was a popular Brazilian soap opera and associated
with the best in urban life. As is evident in the
figure, the result is a radically different layout, with
a shorter grid of smaller and shallower "feeder"
sewers running through the backyards and with the effects of shallower connections to the mains rippling
through the system. These innovations cut construction costs to between 20 and 30 per cent of those of a
conventional system. The more fundamental and radical innovation, however, is the active involvement of
the population in choosing their level of service, and in operating and maintaining the "feeder"
infrastructure. The key elements are that families can choose to continue with their current sanitation
system, to connect to a conventional waterborne system or to connect to a condominial system. If a family
chooses to connect to a condominial system, it has to pay a connection charge, which can be financed by the
water company, and a monthly tariff. If on the other hand, the family wants a conventional connection, it has
to pay an initial cost and a monthly tariff (both of which are about three times higher) reflecting the
different capital and operating costs. Families are free to continue with their current system, which usually
means a holding tank discharging into an open street drain.
In most cases, however, those families who, initially, chose not to connect eventually end up connecting.
Either they succumb to heavy pressure from their neighbours or they find the build-up of wastewater in and
around their houses intolerable once the (connected) neighbours fill in the rest of the open drain. Individual
households are responsible for maintaining the feeder sewers, with the formal agency maintaining only the
trunk mains. This increases the communities' sense of responsibility for the system. Also, the misuse of any
portion of the feeder system, for example by putting solid waste down the toilet, soon shows up in a
ASCI, Hyderabad 174

blockage in the neighbour's portion of the sewer. The rapid, direct and informed feedback to the misuser
virtually eliminates the need to educate the users of the system in the "acceptable and unacceptable" and
results in fewer blockages than in conventional systems. Finally, because of the greatly reduced
responsibility of the wastewater utility, its operating costs are sharply reduced. The condominial system is
now providing service to hundreds of thousands of urban people in northeast Brazil and is being replicated
on a large scale throughout the country. The danger, however, is that the clever engineering is seen as "the
system". Where the community and organisational aspects have been missing, the technology has worked
poorly (as in Joinville, Santa Catarina) or not at all (as in the Baixada Fluminense in Rio de Janeiro). Source:
Briscoe, 1993; de Melo, 1985.
Adoption of GRIHA ratings

GRIHA is a guiding and performance-oriented system where points are earned for meeting the
design and performance intent of the criteria. Each criterion has a number of points assigned to it. It
means that a project intending to meet the criterion would qualify for the points. Compliances, as
specified in the relevant criterion, have to be submitted in the prescribed format. While the intent
of some of the criteria is self-validating in nature, there are others for example: energy
consumption, thermal and visual comfort, noise control criteria, and indoor pollution levels which
need to be validated on-site through performance monitoring. The points related to these criteria
(specified under the relevant sections) are awarded provisionally while certifying and are
converted to firm points through monitoring, validation, and documents/photographs to support
the award of point.
GRIHA has a 100 point system consisting of some core points, which are mandatory to be met while
the rest are optional points, which can be earned by complying with the commitment of the
criterion for which the point is allocated. Different levels of certification (one star to five stars) are
awarded based on the number of points earned. The minimum points required for certification is
50. Buildings scoring 50 to 60 points, 61 to 70 points, 71 to 80 points, and 81 to 90 points will get
one star, ‘two stars’, ‘three stars’ and ‘four stars’ respectively. A building scoring 91 to 100 points
will get the maximum rating viz. five stars.
Points scored Rating

50–60 
61-70 
71-80 
81-90 
91-100 
Evaluation procedure of criterion of GRIHA

Criteria Description
Landscape architect
Criteria 1 Site selection
Criteria 2 Preserve and protect landscape during construction
Criteria 3 Soil conservation (Post construction)
Criteria 10 Reduce landscape water requirement
Architect with expertise in passive design/energy efficiency
Criteria 4 Design to include existing site features
Criteria 7 Plan utilities efficiently and optimise on site circulation efficiency
Criteria 12 Efficient water use during construction
ASCI, Hyderabad 175

Criteria 15 Utilization of fly ash in building structure

Criteria 16 Adopt energy efficient technology in construction
Energy analyst
Criteria 13 Optimise building design to reduce conventional energy demand
Criteria 14 Optimise energy performance of building
Criteria 18&19 Renewable energy utilization
Criteria 33 O&M protocol for electrical and mechanical equipment
Public health engineer
Criteria 8 Minimum sanitation and safety facilities for construction workers
Criteria 9 Reduce air pollution during construction
Criteria 29 Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise levels
Criteria 30 Tobacco and smoke control
Criteria 22 Reduction in waste during construction
Criteria 23 Efficient waste segregation
Criteria 24 Utilization of fly ash in building structure
Criteria 25 Adopt energy efficient technology in construction
Plumbing engineer/MEP consultant
Criteria 11 Reduce building water use
Criteria 20 Waste water treatment
Criteria 21 Water recycle and reuse
ASCI, Hyderabad 176

10 ABBREVIATIONS
ASCI : Administrative Staff College of India
BOD : Biological Oxygen Demand
BOT : Buy-Own-Operate
BPL : Below Poverty Line
BSUP : Basic Services to the Urban Poor
CAA : Constitution Amendment Act
COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand
CPHEEO : Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization
CSP : City Sanitation Plan
CT : Community Toilets
CTF : City sanitation Task Force
DMHO : District Medical Health Officer
DPR : Detailed Project Report
ELSR : Elevated Service Reservoir
FGD : Focus Group Discussions
FY : Financial Year
GIS : Geographic Information System
GoI : Government of India
HHs : Households
HSC : House Service Connections
IEC : Information, Education, Communication
ILCS : Integrated Low Cost Sanitation
JnNURM : Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
AMC : Agartala Municipal Council
UDD : Urban Development Department
MSL : Mean Sea Level
MSW : Municipal Solid Waste
NRW : Non Revenue Water
NUSP : National Urban Sanitation Policy
ODF : Open Defecation
O&M : Operations and Maintenance
PHED : Public Health and Engineering Department
PSP : Public Stand Posts
SI : Sanitary Inspector
SLB : Service Level Benchmarking
SJSRY : Swarna Jayanti Shehri Rojgar Yojana
SSA : Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
SSHE : School Sanitation and Hygiene Education
STP : Sewage Treatment Plant
SWM : Solid Waste Management
ULB : Urban Local Body
UGD : Under Ground Drainage
WC : Water Closet
Units of Measure
lpcd : litres per capita per day
m : metre
MLD : Million litres per day
Sq. m : square metre
TPD : Tonnes per day
ASCI, Hyderabad 177

11 GLOSSARY
1. Activated sludge: An aerobic treatment process in which oxygen and micro-organism
concentrations in wastewater are artificially elevated to facilitate rapid digestion of
biodegradable organic matter.
2. Aerated pond or lagoon: A natural or artificial wastewater treatment pond in which
mechanical or diffused air aeration is used to supplement the natural reoxygenation processes.
3. Aerobic treatment: Treatment of wastewater with the help of micro-organisms that rely on
oxygen.
4. Anaerobic digestion: Decomposition of organic material by anaerobic bacteria in the absence
of air.
5. Anaerobic lagoon: A system for treatment of high-strength wastewater and sludge that
involves retention under anaerobic conditions.
6. Biochemical oxygen demand: A measure of the organic pollutant strength of wastewater.
7. Biosolids: See Sewage sludge.
8. Blackwater: Wastewater discharge from toilets.
9. Bucket latrine: A traditional but unhygienic form of sanitation in which feces is deposited into
a bucket which is collected regularly (usually at night) and taken away (usually by ‘sweepers’).
10. Composting latrine: A latrine designed to receive both feces and waste vegetable matter with
the aim of reducing moisture content and achieving a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio that promotes
rapid that promotes rapid decomposition.
11. Dry latrines: All forms of latrines that do not require water for flushing.
12. Desludging: Removal of sludge or settled solid matter from treatment tanks such as
septic/Imhoff tank, interceptor tank or sedimentation tanks.
13. Disposal: Discharge, deposition or dumping of any liquid or solid waste onto land or water so
that it may enter the environment.
14. Domestic sewage: All forms of wastewater derived from residential properties, as well as
black water and grey water from commercial and institutions buildings.
15. Dry sanitation: Disposal of human excreta without the use of water for flushing or anal
cleansing.
16. Ecological sanitation (ecosan): A form of dry sanitation that involves separation of feces and
urine in order to facilitate recycling of nutrients in local agricultural systems.
17. Effluent: Any form of wastewater or liquid waste that flows from an operation or activity.
18. Excreta: Feces and urine.
19. Fecal sludge: The undigested sludge that is collected from pit latrines and leach pits.
20. Grey water (also know as sullage): Wastewater produced by washing and bathing activities.
21. Lagoon: See technology data sheet on ‘Wastewater and Fecal Sludge Treatment: Waste
Stabilization Ponds’ (page 104).
22. Leachfield: A trench filled with sand, soil, gravel and brickbats for disposal of septic tank
overflow into the surrounding soil.
23. Leach pit (sometimes known as a cesspit): An underground tank that is used where there is no
sewer and household wastewaters are drained into them to permit leaching of the liquid into
the surrounding soil.
24. Night soil: Human excreta, with or without anal cleansing material, which are deposited into a
bucket or other receptacle for manual removal.
25. On-plot sanitation: A sanitation system that is wholly contained within the plot occupied by a
private dwelling and its immediate surroundings. Commonly, on-plot sanitation is equivalent
to ‘household latrine’, but may also include facilities shared by several households living
together on the same plot.
ASCI, Hyderabad 178
26. On-plot facilities: The components of a sanitation system located within a householder’s plot.
27. Off-site sanitation: A system of sanitation that involves collection and transportation of waste
(wastewater either by sewerage or septage/fecal sludge by vacuum truck) to a location away
from the immediate locality.
28. Pathogens: Micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa that cause disease.
29. Percolation rate: The rate at which liquids move through soil.
30. Pit latrine: A form of on-plot sanitation with a pit for accumulation and decomposition of
excreta from which liquid infiltrates into the surrounding soil.
31. Pour flush toilet: A type of latrine where a water seal trap is used to prevent smells and to
reduce insects.
32. Sanitation: Interventions (usually construction of facilities such as latrines) that improve the
management of excreta and promote sanitary (healthy) conditions.
33. Septage: Mixture of wastewater and sludge removed from a septic tank during cleaning
operations.
34. Septic tank: A form of on-plot sanitation for the anaerobic treatment of sewage/blackwater.
35. Sewage: A mixture of wastewater from all urban activates from residential, commercial
properties. It may also contain a component of industrial wastewater.
36. Sewer: A conduit, usually a pipe, which is used to collect and convey wastewater away from its
point of production to its point of disposal.
37. Sewage sludge (sometimes referred to as biosoilds): A semisolid residue generated during
the treatment of domestic sewage including both solids removed by sedimentation and
biological sludge produced by biological treatment.
38. Sewerage: A network of interconnected sewers in a area, district or town.
39. Soak pit/Soak away: A pit, typically after a septic tank from where wastewater slowly seeps
into the ground through perforated sides and bottom.
40. Sullage (also know as grey water): Wastewater from bathing, laundry, preparation of food,
cooking, and other personal and domestic activates.
41. Superstructure: Screen or building enclosing a latrine to provide privacy and protection for
users.
42. Suction truck: A vehicle used for mechanized sludge removal from septic tanks and lined
latrine pits.
43. Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP): A dry latrine system, with a dark interior and a
screened vent pipe to reduce odor and fly problems.
44. Vent pipe: A pipe that facilitates the escape of gases and odors from a latrine or septic tank.
45. Wastewater: Liquid waste from households or commercial or industrial operations, along
with any surface water/storm water.
46. Wastewater treatment: A combination of physical, chemical and biological processes to
remove suspended solids, dissolved pollutants and pathogens and render the water harmless
to the environment.
47. Water closet: A pan, incorporating a water seal, in which excreta are deposited before being
flushed away using water.
48. Water seal: Water held in a U-shaped pipe or hemispherical bowl connecting a pan to a pipe,
channel or pit to prevent the escape of gases and insects from the sewer or pit.
ASCI, Hyderabad 179

12 REFERENCES
Reports/documents
1. Solid Waste Action Plan, Tumkur, year
2. Service Level Benchmarking, a Manual for Urban Local Bodies, 2010
3. Initiatives in Urban sector, Karnataka 2010
4. National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008
Website
1. DMA
2. MRC
3. TCC
4. http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/20/stories/2011042064200500.htm
Interactions
1. Mr. Anurag Tiwari, Former Commissioner, Tumkur City Corporation
2. SYSRY section
ASCI, Hyderabad 180

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CITY SANITATION PLAN

Draft Report | February 2012

Supported by In coordination with

Ministry of Urban City Managers

The Team - ASCI ............................................................................................................................................... 7

2 State Urban Sanitation Policies & Programs–A Review ............................................................ 22

3 Profile of Tumkur City ........................................................................................................................ 29

3.6 Economy ......................................................................................................................................................................... 32

4 Environmental Sanitation – An Assessment................................................................................. 41

4.9.5 Water quality ...................................................................................................................................................... 76

5 Institutional Capacity and Finance ................................................................................................. 84

6 City Sanitation Plan – The Strategy and Approach ..................................................................... 88

7 Enabling and Sustaining Strategies .............................................................................................. 116

7.1.1 Subjects of IEC.................................................................................................................................................. 121

8 Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 131

9 Annexure .............................................................................................................................................. 137

10 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 177

11 Glossary ................................................................................................................................................ 178

12 References ........................................................................................................................................... 180

“Water is life and sanitation is dignity”…..

Prof. Srinivas Chary Vedala

THE TEAM - ASCI

2. Mrs. Vasavi Narla Senior Urban Planner & Additional Task

3. Ms. Uzra Sultana Local Coordinator | Local coordination,

4. Ms. Sneha Mala Kesiraju Environmental Planner | Inputs of

5. Ms. Krithika Sridharan Urban Planner | Expert inputs of

6. Ms. Lakshmy Poorna Urban Planner | Analyses of primary

7. Bhageerath Consultant Primary survey

1.2 Objectives of City-Wide Sanitation Plan

1.3 Scope, methodology and limitations

Figure 1: Essential components of City Sanitation Plan

Wherever information is unlikely to be available, a combination of published information and

Table 1: Activity outline on Tumkur CSP

Progress made Activity

1. State launch The launch was aimed to sensitize elected

Coverpage of Inception Report

1.4 Process, detailed steps and limitations

Step 2: Stakeholder analysis •Ulb’s, Water Boards, DUDA, NGO’s, etc

•City Sanitation Task Force

•Social marketing approaches

Step 6: Situation analysis and •Mapping current status

Step 10: Finalization of CSP •Final stakeholder workshop

Step 3: Sensitization/orientation workshop: With this background knowledge, a city level

Table 2: Broad framework of CSP

Sectors Spatial units Finances Institutional

Figure 2: Process followed for data assimilation

Table 3: Research techniques with the tasks identified

Tasks Research tools

1.5 Primary survey

1.5.1 Methodology adopted for the sample surveyed

The sanitation arrangements in households surveyed needs considerable improvements in order to

Type of survey No. of samples

1.5.2 Communication Needs Assessment

Three key parameters

Figure 1: FGDs in slums

1.6 Verification of MoUD checklist

1.6.1 Content Self Assessment

No. Item Yes/No