Maths

Statistics and Probability
workbook
~ categorized past IB Paper 1 and Paper 2 examination questions ~
IB DP Mathematics Standard Level

Topic 5
This workbook contains past Paper 1 and Paper 2 IB examination questions categorized
according to major concepts in this topic.
Contents
Statistics
• 5.1 Measures of Central Tendency
Paper 1 Questions page 1
4 questions; 21 marks
• 5.2 Measures of Spread

• 5.3 Cumulative Frequency

8 questions 47 marks
Probability
• 5.4 Simple Probability
• 5.5 Conditional Probability

• 5.6 Discrete Probability Distributions
• 5.7 Binomial Distribution

• 5.8 Normal Distribution

The use of GDC is not permitted for Paper 1 but is required for Paper 2 questions.
5.1 Measures of Central Tendency Paper 1
1. The following diagram is a box and whisker plot for a set of data.
The interquartile range is 20 and the range is 40.
(a) Write down the median value.

(1)
(b) Find the value of a and b.

(4)
(Total 5 marks)
2. The following table shows the mathematics marks scored by students.
The mean mark is 4.6.

Mark 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(a) Find the value of k. Frequency 0 4 6 k 8 6 6
(b) Write down the mode.
(Total 6 marks)
1
3. The table shows the scores of competitors in a competition.
Score 10 20 30 40 50
Number of competitors
1 2 5 k 3
with this score
The mean score is 34. Find the value of k.
(Total 4 marks)
4. The table below shows the marks gained in a test by a group of students.
Mark 1 2 3 4 5
Number of students 5 10 p 6 2
The median is 3 and the mode is 2. Find the two possible values of p.
(Total 6 marks)
2
5.1 Measures of Central Tendency Paper 2
1. The 45 students in a class each recorded the number of whole minutes, x, spent doing experiments on Monday.
The results are ∑x = 2230.
(a) Find the mean number of minutes the students spent doing experiments on Monday.
Two new students joined the class and reported that they spent 37 minutes and 30 minutes respectively.
(b) Calculate the new mean including these two students.
(Total 6 marks)
2. From January to September, the mean number of car accidents per month was 630. From October to December,
the mean was 810 accidents per month. What was the mean number of car accidents per month for the whole
year?
(Total 6 marks)
3
3. Given the following frequency distribution, find
(a) the median; Number (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
(b) the mean. Frequency (f ) 5 9 16 18 20 7
(Total 4 marks)
4. At a conference of 100 mathematicians there are 72 men and 28 women. The men have a mean height of 1.79 m
and the women have a mean height of 1.62 m. Find the mean height of the 100 mathematicians.
(Total 4 marks)
4
5. The diagram below represents the lengths, in cm, of 80 plants grown in a laboratory.
(a) How many plants have lengths in cm between
(i) 50 and 60?
(ii) 70 and 90?

(2)
(b) Calculate estimates for the mean and the standard deviation of the lengths of the plants.
(4)
(c) Explain what feature of the diagram suggests that the median is different from the mean.
(1)
(d) The following is an extract from the cumulative frequency

table. Use the information in the table to estimate the
median. Give your answer to two significant figures.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
20
15
frequency
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
length (cm)
5
6. There are 50 boxes in a factory. Their weights, w kg, are divided into 5 classes, as shown in the following table.
Class Weight (kg) Number of boxes

A 9.5 ≤ w <18.5 7
B 18.5 ≤ w < 27.5 12
C 27.5 ≤ w < 36.5 13
D 36.5 ≤ w < 45.5 10
E 45.5 ≤ w < 54.5 8
(a) Show that the estimated mean weight of the boxes is 32 kg.
(3)
(b) There are x boxes in the factory marked “Fragile”. They are all in class E. The estimated mean weight of all
the other boxes in the factory is 30 kg. Calculate the value of x.
(4)
(c) An additional y boxes, all with a weight in class D, are delivered to the factory. The total estimated mean
weight of all of the boxes in the factory is less than 33 kg. Find the largest possible value of y.
(5)
(Total 12 marks)
6
5.2 Measures of Spread Paper 1
1. A box contains 100 cards. Each card has a
number between one and six written on it. The Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
following table shows the frequencies for each Frequency 26 10 20 k 29 11
number.
(a) Calculate the value of k.

(2)
(b) Find the median and the interquartile range.

(5)
(Total 7 marks)
2. A set of data is 18, 18, 19, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 27, 28, 28, 31, 34, 34, 36.
The box and whisker plot for this data is shown.
(a) Write down the values of A, B, C, D and E.
(b) Find the interquartile range.

(Total 6 marks)
7
3. Consider the four numbers a, b, c, d with a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d, where a, b, c, d ∈ .
The mean of the four numbers is 4.
The mode is 3.
The median is 3.
The range is 6.
Find the value of a, of b, of c and of d.

(Total 6 marks)
4. The population below is listed in ascending order.
5, 6, 7, 7, 9, 9, r, 10, s, 13, 13, t
The median of the population is 9.5. The upper quartile Q3 is 13.
(a) Write down the value of r and s.
(b) The mean of the population is 10. Find the value of t.

(Total 6 marks)
8
5. The box and whisker diagram shown below represents the marks received by 32 students.
(a) Write down the value of the median mark.
(b) Write down the value of the upper quartile.
(c) Estimate the number of students who received a mark greater than 6.
(Total 6 marks)
6. Let a, b, c and d be integers such that a < b, b < c and c = d.
The mode of these four numbers is 11.

The range of these four numbers is 8.
The mean of these four numbers is 8.
Calculate the value of each of the integers a, b, c, d.
(Total 6 marks)
9
7. The number of hours of sleep of 21 students are shown in the frequency table below. Find
(a) the median;
(b) the lower quartile;
(c) the interquartile range.
(Total 6 marks)
8. Three positive integers a, b, and c, where a < b < c, are such that their median is 11, their mean is 9 and their range
is 10. Find the value of a.
(Total 6 marks)
25 25
9. The mean of the population x1, x2, ........ , x25 is m. Given that ∑x
i =1
i = 300 and ∑ ( x – m)
i =1
i
2
= 625, find the
value of m and the standard deviation of the population.

(Total 4 marks)
10
5.2 Measures of Spread Paper 2
1. The following frequency distribution of marks has mean 4.5.
(a) Find the value of x.

(4)
(b) Write down the standard deviation.

(2)
(Total 6 marks)
2. A standard die is rolled 36 times.

The results are shown in the
following table.
(a) Write down the standard deviation.

(2)
(b) Write down the median score.

(1)
(c) Find the interquartile range.

(3)
(Total 6 marks)
11
5.3 Cumulative Frequency Paper 1
1. A scientist has 100 female fish and 100 male fish. She measures their lengths to the nearest cm. These are shown
in the following box and whisker diagrams.
(a) Find the range of the lengths of all 200 fish.

(3)
(b) Four cumulative frequency graphs are shown below.
Which graph is the best representation of the lengths of the female fish?
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
12
2. A test marked out of 100 is written by 800 students. The cumulative frequency graph for the marks is given.
(a) Write down the number of students who scored 40 marks or less on the test.
(2)
(b) The middle 50 % of test results lie between marks a and b, where a < b. Find a and b.
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
13
3. The cumulative frequency graph below shows the heights of 120 girls in a school.
130
120
110
100
90
Cumulative frequency
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185
Height in centimetres
(a) Using the graph
(i) write down the median;
(ii) find the interquartile range.
(b) Given that 60% of the girls are taller than a cm, find the value of a.
(Total 6 marks)
14
4. The four populations A, B, C and D are the same size and have the same range.
Frequency histograms for the four populations are given below.
(a) Each of the three box and whisker plots below corresponds to one of the four populations. Write the
letter of the correct population under each plot.
...... ...... ......
(b) Each of the three cumulative frequency diagrams below corresponds to one of the four populations.
Write the letter of the correct population under each diagram.
(Total 6 marks)
15
5. A test marked out of 100 is written by 800 students.
The cumulative frequency graph for the marks is given below.
800
700
600
Number
of 500
candidates
400
300
200
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mark
(a) Write down the number of students who scored 40 marks or less on the test.
(b) The middle 50% of test results lie between marks a and b, where a < b. Find a and b.
(Total 6 marks)
16
6. The cumulative frequency curve below shows the marks obtained in an examination by a group of 200 students.
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
Number
of 130
students
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mark obtained
(a) Use the cumulative frequency curve to complete the frequency table below.
Mark (x) 0 ≤ x < 20 20 ≤ x < 40 40 ≤ x < 60 60 ≤ x < 80 80 ≤ x < 100

Number of
22 20
students
(b) Forty percent of the students fail. Find the pass mark.
(Total 6 marks)
17
7. The cumulative frequency curve below shows the heights of 120 basketball players in centimetres.
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
Number of players
50
40
30
20
10
0
160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
Height in centimetres
Use the curve to estimate
(a) the median height;
(b) the interquartile range.
(Total 6 marks)
18
8. A student measured the diameters of 80 snail shells. His results are shown in the following cumulative frequency
graph. The lower quartile (LQ) is 14 mm and is marked clearly on the graph.
90
80
70
Cumulative frequency
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
LQ = 14
Diameter (mm)
(a) On the graph, mark clearly in the same way and write down the value of
(i) the median;
(ii) the upper quartile.
(b) Write down the interquartile range.
(Total 6 marks)
19
5.3 Cumulative Frequency Paper 2
1. The following table gives the
examination grades for 120
students.
(a) Find the value of p and q.

(4)
(b) Find the mean grade.

(2)
(c) Write down the standard deviation.

(1)
(Total 7 marks)
2. In a school with 125 girls, each student is

tested to see how many sit-up exercises
(sit-ups) she can do in one minute. The
results are given in the table.
(a) (i) Write down the value of p.
(ii) Find the value of q.

(3)
(b) Find the median number of sit-ups.

(2)
(c) Find the mean number of sit-ups.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)
20
3. The following is a cumulative frequency diagram
for the time t, in minutes, taken by 80 students to
complete a task.
(a) Write down the median.

(1)
(b) Find the interquartile range.

(3)
(c) Complete the frequency table below.
Time Number of
(minutes) students
0 ≤ t < 10 5
10 ≤ t < 20
20 ≤ t < 30 20
30 ≤ t < 40 24
40 ≤ t < 50
50 ≤ t < 60 6
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
21
4. The following is the cumulative frequency curve for the time, t minutes, spent by 150 people in a store on a
particular day.
150
140
130
120
110
100
cumulative frequency
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
time (t)
(a) (i) How many people spent less than 5 minutes in the store?
(ii) Find the number of people who spent between 5 and 7 minutes in the store.
(iii) Find the median time spent in the store.

(6)
(b) Given that 40% of the people spent longer than k minutes, find the value of k.
(3)
(c) (i) On your answer sheet, copy and complete the following frequency table.
t (minutes) 0≤t<2 2≤t<4 4≤t<6 6≤t<8 8 ≤ t < 10 10 ≤ t < 12

Frequency 10 23 15
(ii) Hence, calculate an estimate for the mean time spent in the store.
(5)
(Total 14 marks)
22
23
5. In a suburb of a large city, 100 houses were sold in a three-month period. The following cumulative frequency
table shows the distribution of selling prices (in thousands of dollars).
Selling price P
P ≤ 100 P ≤ 200 P ≤ 300 P ≤ 400 P ≤ 500
($1000)
Total number
12 58 87 94 100
of houses
(a) Represent this information on a cumulative frequency curve, using a scale of 1 cm to represent $50000 on
the horizontal axis and 1 cm to represent 5 houses on the vertical axis.
(4)
(b) Use your curve to find the interquartile range.

(3)
The information above is represented in the following frequency distribution.
Selling price P
($1000) 0 < P ≤ 100 100 < P ≤ 200 200 < P ≤ 300 300 < P ≤ 400 400 < P ≤ 500
Number of
12 46 29 a b
houses
(c) Find the value of a and of b.

(2)
(d) Use mid-interval values to calculate an estimate for the mean selling price.
(2)
(e) Houses which sell for more than $350000 are described as De Luxe.
(i) Use your graph to estimate the number of De Luxe houses sold. Give your answer to the nearest
integer.
(ii) Two De Luxe houses are selected at random. Find the probability that both have a selling price of
more than $400000.
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
…continue on the next page

24
…continued from the previous page
25
6. A taxi company has 200 taxi cabs. The cumulative frequency curve below shows the fares in dollars ($) taken by
the cabs on a particular morning.
200
180
160
140
120
Number of cabs
100
80
60
40
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Fares ($)
(a) Use the curve to estimate
(i) the median fare;
(ii) the number of cabs in which the fare taken is $35 or less.
(2)
The company charges 55 cents per kilometre for distance travelled. There are no other charges. Use the curve to
answer the following.
(b) On that morning, 40% of the cabs travel less than a km. Find the value of a.
(4)
(c) What percentage of the cabs travel more than 90 km on that morning?
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
26
27
7. The table below represents the weights, W, in grams, of 80 packets of roasted peanuts.
Weight (W) 80 < W ≤ 85 85 < W ≤ 90 90 < W ≤ 95 95 < W ≤ 100 100 < W ≤ 105 105 < W ≤ 110 110 < W ≤ 115
Number of
5 10 15 26 13 7 4
packets
(a) Use the midpoint of each interval to find an estimate for the standard deviation of the weights.
(3)
(b) Copy and complete the following cumulative frequency table for the above data.
Weight (W) W ≤ 85 W ≤ 90 W ≤ 95 W ≤ 100 W ≤ 105 W ≤110 W ≤ 115
Number of
5 15 80
packets
(1)
(c) A cumulative frequency graph of the distribution is shown below, with a scale 2 cm for 10 packets on
the vertical axis and 2 cm for 5 grams on the horizontal axis.
80
70
60
50
Number
of
packets
40
30
20
10
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115

Weight (grams)
28
Use the graph to estimate
(i) the median;
(ii) the upper quartile (that is, the third quartile).
Give your answers to the nearest gram.

(4)
(d) Let W , W , ..., W be the individual weights of the packets, and let W be their mean. What is the value of
1 2 80
the sum (W1 – W ) + (W2 – W ) + (W3 – W ) + . . . + (W79 – W ) + (W80 – W ) ?
(2)
(e) One of the 80 packets is selected at random. Given that its weight satisfies 85 < W ≤ 110, find the
probability that its weight is greater than 100 grams.
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
29
8. The speeds in km h–1 of cars passing a point on a highway are recorded in the following table.
Speed v Number of cars

v ≤ 60 0
60 < v ≤ 70 7
70 < v ≤ 80 25
80 < v ≤ 90 63
90 < v ≤ 100 70
100 < v ≤ 110 71
110 < v ≤ 120 39
120 < v ≤ 130 20
130 < v ≤ 140 5
v > 140 0
(a) Calculate an estimate of the mean speed of the cars.

(2)
(b) The following table gives some of the cumulative frequencies for the information above.
Speed v Cumulative frequency

v ≤ 60 0
v ≤ 70 7
v ≤ 80 32
v ≤ 90 95
v ≤ 100 a
v ≤ 110 236
v ≤ 120 b
v ≤ 130 295
v ≤ 140 300
(i) Write down the values of a and b.
(ii) On graph paper, construct a cumulative frequency curve to represent this information. Use a scale of
1 cm for 10 km h–1 on the horizontal axis and a scale of 1 cm for 20 cars on the vertical axis.
(5)
(c) Use your graph to determine
(i) the percentage of cars travelling at a speed in excess of 105 km h–1;
(ii) the speed which is exceeded by 15% of the cars.

(4)
(Total 11 marks)
30
31
9. A supermarket records the amount of money d spent by customers in their store during a busy period. The results
are as follows:
Money in $ (d) 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 100–120 120–140

Number of customers (n) 24 16 22 40 18 10 4
(a) Find an estimate for the mean amount of money spent by the customers, giving your answer to the nearest
dollar ($).
(2)
(b) Copy and complete the following cumulative frequency table and use it to draw a cumulative frequency
graph. Use a scale of 2 cm to represent $20 on the horizontal axis, and 2 cm to represent 20 customers on
the vertical axis.
(5)
Money in $ (d) <20 <40 <60 <80 < 100 < 120 < 140
Number of customers (n) 24 40
2
(c) The time t (minutes), spent by customers in the store may be represented by the equation t = 2d 3 + 3.
(i) Use this equation and your answer to part (a) to estimate the mean time in minutes spent by
customers in the store.
(3)
(ii) Use the equation and the cumulative frequency graph to estimate the number of customers who spent
more than 37 minutes in the store.
(5)
(Total 15 marks)
32
10. A survey is carried out to find the waiting times for 100 customers at a supermarket.
waiting time number of

(seconds) customers
0–30 5
30– 60 15
60– 90 33
90 –120 21
120–150 11
150–180 7
180–210 5
210–240 3
(a) Calculate an estimate for the mean of the waiting times, by using an appropriate approximation to represent
each interval.
(2)
(b) Construct a cumulative frequency table for these data.

(1)
(c) Use the cumulative frequency table to draw, on graph paper, a cumulative frequency graph, using a scale of
1 cm per 20 seconds waiting time for the horizontal axis and 1 cm per 10 customers for the vertical axis.
(4)
(d) Use the cumulative frequency graph to find estimates for the median and the lower and upper quartiles.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
33
11. One thousand candidates sit an examination. The distribution of marks is shown in the following grouped
frequency table.
Marks 1–10 11–20 21–30 31–40 41–50 51–60 61–70 71–80 81–90 91–100
Number of
candidates 15 50 100 170 260 220 90 45 30 20
(a) Complete the following table, which presents the above data as a cumulative frequency distribution.
(3)
Mark ≤10 ≤20 ≤30 ≤40 ≤50 ≤60 ≤70 ≤80 ≤90 ≤100
Number of
15 65 905
candidates
(b) Draw a cumulative frequency graph of the distribution, using a scale of 1 cm for 100 candidates on the
vertical axis and 1 cm for 10 marks on the horizontal axis.
(5)
(c) Use your graph to answer parts (i)–(iii) below,
(i) Find an estimate for the median score.

(2)
(ii) Candidates who scored less than 35 were required to retake the examination. How many candidates
had to retake?
(3)
(iii) The highest-scoring 15% of candidates were awarded a distinction. Find the mark above which a
distinction was awarded.
(3)
(Total 16 marks)
34
12. In the research department of a
university, 300 mice were timed
as they each ran through a maze.
The results are shown in the
cumulative frequency diagram
opposite.
(a) How many mice complete

the maze in less than 10
seconds?
(1)
(b) Estimate the median time.

(1)
(c) Another way of showing the

results is the frequency
table below.
(i) Find the value of p and the value of q.
(ii) Calculate an estimate of the mean time.

(4)
(Total 6 marks)
35
5.4 Simple Probability Paper 1
1. The Venn diagram below shows events A and B where P(A) = 0.3,
P( A ∪ B ) = 0.6 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.1. The values m, n, p and q are
probabilities.
(a) (i) Write down the value of n.
(ii) Find the value of m, of p, and of q.

(4)
(b) Find P(B′).

(2)
(Total 6 marks)
2. Let A and B be independent events, where P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = x.
(a) Write down an expression for P(A ∩ B).

(1)
(b) Given that P(A ∪ B) = 0.8, find x and P(A ∩ B).

(4)
(c) Hence, explain why A and B are not mutually exclusive.

(1)
(Total 6 marks)
36
3. The Venn diagram below shows information about 120 students in a
school. Of these, 40 study Chinese (C), 35 study Japanese (J), and 30
study Spanish (S). A student is chosen at random from the group. Find
the probability that the student
(a) studies exactly two of these languages;

(1)
(b) studies only Japanese;

(2)
(c) does not study any of these languages.

(3)
(Total 6 marks)
4. A bag contains four apples (A) and six bananas (B). A fruit is taken from the bag and eaten.
Then a second fruit is taken and eaten.
(a) Complete the tree diagram below by writing probabilities in the spaces provided.
(3)
(b) Find the probability that one of each type of fruit was eaten.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
37
5. Let A and B be independent events such that P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.8.
(a) Find P(A ∩ B).
(b) Find P(A ∪ B).
(c) Are A and B mutually exclusive? Justify your answer.

(Total 6 marks)
2 1
6. Events E and F are independent, with P(E) = and P(E ∩ F) = . Calculate
3 3
(a) P(F);
(b) P(E ∪ F).

(Total 6 marks)
38
7. Two unbiased 6-sided dice are rolled, a red one and a black one. Let E and F be the events
E : the same number appears on both dice;
F : the sum of the numbers is 10.
Find
(a) P(E);
(b) P(F);
(c) P(E ∪ F).
(Total 6 marks)
8. A class contains 13 girls and 11 boys. The teacher randomly selects four students.
Determine the probability that all four students selected are girls.
(Total 6 marks)
39
9. The events A and B are independent such that P(B) = 3P(A) and P(A∪B) = 0.68. Find P(B)
(Total 6 marks)
10. A painter has 12 tins of paint. Seven tins are red and five tins are yellow. Two tins are chosen at random. Calculate
the probability that both tins are the same colour.
(Total 6 marks)
40
3 4
11. For events A and B, the probabilities are P (A) = , P (B) = .
11 11
Calculate the value of P (A ∩ B) if
6
(a) P (A ∪ B) = ;
11
(b) events A and B are independent.
(Total 6 marks)
12. A bag contains 10 red balls, 10 green balls and 6 white balls. Two balls are drawn at random from the bag
without replacement. What is the probability that they are of different colours?
(Total 4 marks)
41
13. The following Venn diagram shows the universal set U and the sets A and B.
(a) Shade the area in the diagram which represents the set B ∩ A'.
n(U) = 100, n(A) = 30, n(B) = 50, n(A ∪ B) = 65.
(b) Find n(B ∩ A′).
(c) An element is selected at random from U. What is the probability that this element is in B ∩ A′ ?
(Total 4 marks)
U B
A
14. Two ordinary, 6-sided dice are rolled and the total score is noted.
(a) Complete the tree diagram by entering probabilities and listing outcomes.
(b) Find the probability of getting one or more sixes.
(Total 4 marks)
Outcomes
6 ...............
.......
6
.......
....... not 6 ...............
6 ...............
....... .......
not 6
....... not 6 ...............
42
15. The following Venn diagram shows a sample space U and events A and B.
n(U) = 36, n(A) = 11, n(B) = 6 and n(A ∪ B)′ = 21.
(a) On the diagram, shade the region (A ∪ B)′.
(b) Find n(A ∩ B and P(A ∩ B).
(c) Explain why events A and B are not mutually exclusive.
(Total 4 marks)
U A B
16. For the events A and B, p(A) = 0.6, p(B) = 0.8 and p(A ∪ B) = 1. Find
(a) p(A∩B);
(b) p( A ∪ B).
(Total 4 marks)
43
5.4 Simple Probability Paper 2
1. A company uses two machines, A and B, to make boxes. Machine A makes 60 % of the boxes.
80 % of the boxes made by machine A pass inspection.

90 % of the boxes made by machine B pass inspection.
A box is selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that it passes inspection.

(3)
(b) The company would like the probability that a box passes inspection to be 0.87.
Find the percentage of boxes that should be made by machine B to achieve this.
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
2. Consider the independent events A and B. Given that P(B) = 2P(A), and P(A ∪ B) = 0.52, find P(B).
(Total 7 marks)
44
1
3. Paula goes to work three days a week. On any day, the probability that she goes on a red bus is .
4
(a) Write down the expected number of times that Paula goes to work on a red bus in one week.
(2)
In one week, find the probability that she goes to work on a red bus
(b) on exactly two days;

(2)
(c) on at least one day.

(3)
(Total 7 marks)
45
4. The following probabilities were found for two events R and S.
1 4 1
P(R) = , P(S | R) = , P(S | R′) = .
3 5 4
(a) Complete the tree diagram below.

(3)
(b) Find the following probabilities.
(i) P(R ∩ S).
(ii) P(S).
(iii) P(R | S).

(7)
(Total 10 marks)
46
5.5 Conditional Probability Paper 1
1. In a group of 16 students, 12 take art and 8 take music. One student takes neither art nor music. The Venn diagram
below shows the events art and music. The values p, q, r and s represent numbers of students.
(a) (i) Write down the value of s.
(ii) Find the value of q.
(iii) Write down the value of p and of r.

(5)
(b) (i) A student is selected at random. Given that the student takes music, write down the probability the
student takes art.
(ii) Hence, show that taking music and taking art are not independent events.
(4)
(c) Two students are selected at random, one after the other. Find the probability that the first student takes
only music and the second student takes only art.
(4)
(Total 13 marks)
47
2. Consider the events A and B, where P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.7 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.3. The Venn diagram below shows
the events A and B, and the probabilities p, q and r.
(a) Write down the value of p, q and r.

(3)
(b) Find the value of P(A | B′).

(2)
(c) Hence, or otherwise, show that the events A and B are not independent.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
3. The diagram below shows the probabilities for events A and B, with P(A′) = p.
(a) Write down the value of p.

(1)
(b) Find P(B).

(3)
(c) Find P(A′ | B).

(3)
(Total 7 marks)
48
4. The letters of the word PROBABILITY are written
on 11 cards as shown. Two cards are drawn at
random without replacement. Let A be the event
the first card drawn is the letter A. Let B be the
event the second card drawn is the letter B.
(a) Find P(A).

(1)
(b) Find P(B│A).

(2)
(c) Find P(A ∩ B).

(3)
(Total 6 marks)
2 1 7
5. Consider the events A and B, where P(A) = , P(B′) = and P(A ∪ B) = .
5 4 8
(a) Write down P(B).
(b) Find P(A ∩ B).
(c) Find P(A | B).

(Total 6 marks)
49
6. In a class of 100 boys, 55 boys play football and 75 boys play rugby. Each boy must play at least one sport from
football and rugby.
(a) (i) Find the number of boys who play both sports.
(ii) Write down the number of boys who play only rugby.
(3)
(b) One boy is selected at random.
(i) Find the probability that he plays only one sport.
(ii) Given that the boy selected plays only one sport, find the probability that he plays rugby.
(4)
Let A be the event that a boy plays football and B be the event that a boy plays rugby.
(c) Explain why A and B are not mutually exclusive.

(2)
(d) Show that A and B are not independent.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)
50
7. There are 20 students in a classroom. Each student plays only one sport. The table below gives their sport and
gender.
Football Tennis Hockey

Female 5 3 3
Male 4 2 3
(a) One student is selected at random.
(i) Calculate the probability that the student is a male or is a tennis player.
(ii) Given that the student selected is female, calculate the probability that the student does not play
football.
(4)
(b) Two students are selected at random. Calculate the probability that neither student plays football.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
51
8. Two standard six-sided dice are tossed. A diagram representing the sample space is shown below.
Score on second die

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 • • • • • •
2 • • • • • •
Score on first die 3 • • • • • •
4 • • • • • •
5 • • • • • •
6 • • • • • •
Let X be the sum of the scores on the two dice.
(a) Find
(i) P(X = 6);
(ii) P(X > 6);
(iii) P(X = 7 | X > 5).

(6)
(b) Elena plays a game where she tosses two dice.
If the sum is 6, she wins 3 points.

If the sum is greater than 6, she wins 1 point.
If the sum is less than 6, she loses k points.
Find the value of k for which Elena’s expected number of points is zero.
(7)
(Total 13 marks)
52
9. The eye colour of 97 students is recorded in the chart below.
Brown Blue Green

Male 21 16 9
Female 19 19 13
One student is selected at random.
(a) Write down the probability that the student is a male.
(b) Write down the probability that the student has green eyes, given that the student is a female.
(c) Find the probability that the student has green eyes or is male.
(Total 6 marks)
53
10. In a class, 40 students take chemistry only, 30 take physics only, 20 take both chemistry and physics, and 60 take
neither.
(a) Find the probability that a student takes physics given that the student takes chemistry.
(b) Find the probability that a student takes physics given that the student does not take chemistry.
(c) State whether the events “taking chemistry” and “taking physics” are mutually exclusive, independent, or
neither. Justify your answer.
(Total 6 marks)
1 3 7
11. Let A and B be events such that P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A ∪ B) = .
2 4 8
(a) Calculate P(A ∩ B).
(b) Calculate P(AB).
(c) Are the events A and B independent? Give a reason for your answer.
(Total 6 marks)
54
12. The following diagram shows a circle divided into three sectors A, B and C. The angles at the centre of the circle
are 90°, 120° and 150°. Sectors A and B are shaded as shown.
C 90°
150°
120°
The arrow is spun. It cannot land on the lines between the sectors. Let A, B, C and S be the events defined by
A: Arrow lands in sector A

B: Arrow lands in sector B
C: Arrow lands in sector C
S: Arrow lands in a shaded region.
Find
(a) P(B);
(b) P(S);
(c) P(AS).
(Total 6 marks)
55
13. Consider events A, B such that P (A) ≠ 0, P (A) ≠ 1, P (B) ≠ 0, and P (B) ≠ 1.
In each of the situations (a), (b), (c) below state whether A and B are
mutually exclusive (M);

independent (I);
neither (N).
(a) P(A|B) = P(A)
(b) P(A ∩ B) = 0
(c) P(A ∩ B) = P(A)
(Total 6 marks)
14. A box contains 22 red apples and 3 green apples. Three apples are selected at random, one after the other, without
replacement.
(a) The first two apples are green. What is the probability that the third apple is red?
(b) What is the probability that exactly two of the three apples are red?
(Total 6 marks)
56
15. The events B and C are dependent, where C is the event “a student takes Chemistry”, and B is the event “a student
takes Biology”. It is known that P(C) = 0.4, P(B | C) = 0.6, P(B | C′) = 0.5.
(a) Complete the following tree diagram.
(b) Calculate the probability that a student takes Biology.
(c) Given that a student takes Biology, what is the probability that the student takes Chemistry?
(Total 4 marks)
Chemistry Biology
0.4 C
B′
C′
B′
16. In a survey of 200 people, 90 of whom were female, it was found that 60 people were unemployed, including 20
males.
(a) Using this information, complete the table below.
(b) If a person is selected at random from this group of 200, find the probability that this person is
(i) an unemployed female;
(ii) a male, given that the person is employed.
(Total 4 marks)
57
17. In a survey, 100 students were asked “do you prefer to watch television or play sport?” Of the 46 boys in the
survey, 33 said they would choose sport, while 29 girls made this choice.
Boys Girls Total
Television
Sport 33 29
Total 46 100
By completing this table or otherwise, find the probability that
(a) a student selected at random prefers to watch television;
(b) a student prefers to watch television, given that the student is a boy.
(Total 4 marks)
58
5.5 Conditional Probability Paper 2
1. In any given season, a soccer team plays 65 % of their games at home. When the team plays at home, they win
83% of their games. When they play away from home, they win 26 % of their games. The team plays one game.
(a) Find the probability that the team wins the game.
(4)
(b) If the team does not win the game, find the probability that the game was played at home.
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
2. Two fair dice are thrown and the number showing on each is noted. The sum of these two numbers is S.
Find the probability that
(a) S is less than 8;

(2)
(b) at least one die shows a 3;

(2)
(c) at least one die shows a 3, given that S is less than 8.

(3)
(Total 7 marks)
59
3. Two restaurants, Center and New, sell fish rolls and salads.
Let F be the event a customer chooses a fish roll.

Let S be the event a customer chooses a salad.
Let N be the event a customer chooses neither a fish roll nor a salad.
In the Center restaurant P(F) = 0.31, P(S) = 0.62, P(N) = 0.14.
(a) Show that P(F ∩ S) = 0.07.

(3)
(b) Given that a customer chooses a salad, find the probability the customer also chooses a fish roll.
(3)
(c) Are F and S independent events? Justify your answer.

(3)
At New restaurant, P(N) = 0.14. Twice as many customers choose a salad as choose a fish roll. Choosing a fish roll
is independent of choosing a salad.
(d) Find the probability that a fish roll is chosen.

(7)
(Total 16 marks)
60
4. A game is played, where a die is tossed and a marble selected from a bag.
Bag M contains 3 red marbles (R) and 2 green marbles (G).
Bag N contains 2 red marbles and 8 green marbles.
A fair six-sided die is tossed. If a 3 or 5 appears on the die, bag M is selected (M).
If any other number appears, bag N is selected (N).
A single marble is then drawn at random from the selected bag.
(a) Complete the probability tree diagram below.

(3)
(b) (i) Write down the probability that bag M is selected and a green marble drawn from it.
(ii) Find the probability that a green marble is drawn from either bag.
(iii) Given that the marble is green, calculate the probability that it came from Bag M.
(7)
(c) A player wins $2 for a red marble and $5 for a green marble. What are his expected winnings?
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
61
5. The table below shows the subjects studied by 210 students at a college.
Year 1 Year 2 Totals

History 50 35 85
Science 15 30 45
Art 45 35 80
Totals 110 100 210
(a) A student from the college is selected at random.

Let A be the event the student studies Art.
Let B be the event the student is in Year 2.
(i) Find P(A).
(ii) Find the probability that the student is a Year 2 Art student.
(iii) Are the events A and B independent? Justify your answer.

(6)
(b) Given that a History student is selected at random, calculate the probability that the student is in Year 1.
(2)
(c) Two students are selected at random from the college. Calculate the probability that one student is in
Year 1, and the other in Year 2.
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
62
7
6. Dumisani is a student at IB World College. The probability that he will be woken by his alarm clock is . If he
8
1
is woken by his alarm clock the probability he will be late for school is . If he is not woken by his alarm clock
4
3
the probability he will be late for school is . Let W be the event “Dumisani is woken by his alarm clock”. Let L
5
be the event “Dumisani is late for school”.
(a) Complete the tree diagram below.

(4)
(b) Calculate the probability that Dumisani will be late for school.
(3)
(c) Given that Dumisani is late for school what is the probability that he was woken by his alarm clock?
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
L′
L
W′
L′
63
7. A packet of seeds contains 40% red seeds and 60% yellow seeds. The probability that a red seed grows is 0.9, and
that a yellow seed grows is 0.8. A seed is chosen at random from the packet.
(a) Complete the probability tree diagram below.

(3)
(b) (i) Calculate the probability that the chosen seed is red and grows.
(ii) Calculate the probability that the chosen seed grows.
(iii) Given that the seed grows, calculate the probability that it is red.
(7)
(Total 10 marks)
Grows
0.9
Red
0.4
Does not grow

Grows
Yellow
Does not grow
64
8. In a school of 88 boys, 32 study economics (E), 28 study history (H) and 39 do not study either subject. This
information is represented in the following Venn diagram.
U (88)
E (32) H (28)
a b c
39
(a) Calculate the values a, b, c.

(4)
(b) A student is selected at random.
(i) Calculate the probability that he studies both economics and history.
(ii) Given that he studies economics, calculate the probability that he does not study history.
(3)
(c) A group of three students is selected at random from the school.
(i) Calculate the probability that none of these students studies economics.
(ii) Calculate the probability that at least one of these students studies economics.
(5)
(Total 12 marks)
65
5.6 Discrete Probability Distributions Paper 1
1. José travels to school on a bus. On any day, the probability that José
1
will miss the bus is . If he misses his bus, the probability that he
3
7
will be late for school is . If he does not miss his bus, the
8
3
probability that he will be late is . Let E be the event “he misses his
8
bus” and F the event “he is late for school”. The information above is
shown on the following tree diagram.
(a) Find
(i) P(E ∩ F);
(ii) P(F).
(4)
(b) Find the probability that
(i) José misses his bus and is not late for school;
(ii) José missed his bus, given that he is late for school.
(5)
The cost for each day that José catches the bus is 3 euros. José goes to school on Monday and Tuesday.
(c) Complete the probability distribution table.
X (cost in euros) 0 3 6
1
P (X)
9
(3)
(d) Find the expected cost for José for both days.
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
66
2. Two boxes contain numbered cards as shown below.
Two cards are drawn at random, one from each box.
(a) Copy and complete the table below to show all nine equally likely outcomes.
3, 9
3, 10
3, 10
(2)
Let S be the sum of the numbers on the two cards.
(b) Write down all the possible values of S.

(2)
(c) Find the probability of each value of S.

(2)
(d) Find the expected value of S.

(3)
(e) Anna plays a game where she wins $50 if S is even and loses $30 if S is odd.
Anna plays the game 36 times. Find the amount she expects to have at the end of the 36 games.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
67
3. A four-sided die has three blue faces and one red face. The die is rolled. Let B be the event a blue face lands
down, and R be the event a red face lands down.
(a) Write down
(i) P (B);
(ii) P (R).
(2)
(b) If the blue face lands down, the die is not rolled again. If
the red face lands down, the die is rolled once again. This
is represented by the following tree diagram, where p, s, t
are probabilities. Find the value of p, of s and of t.
(2)
Guiseppi plays a game where he rolls the die. If a blue face lands
down, he scores 2 and is finished. If the red face lands down, he
scores 1 and rolls one more time. Let X be the total score
obtained.
3
(c) (i) Show that P (X = 3) = .
16
(ii) Find P (X = 2).

(3)
(d) (i) Construct a probability distribution table for X.
(ii) Calculate the expected value of X.

(5)
(e) If the total score is 3, Guiseppi wins $10. If the total score is 2, Guiseppi gets nothing. Guiseppi plays the
game twice. Find the probability that he wins exactly $10.
(4)
(Total 16 marks)
68
x2
4. The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is given by P(X = x) = , x ∈ {1, 2, k}, where k > 0.
14
(a) Write down P(X = 2).

(1)
(b) Show that k = 3.

(4)
(c) Find E(X).

(2)
(Total 7 marks)
5. In a game a player rolls a biased four-faced die. The probability of each possible score is shown below.
(a) Find the value of x.

(2)
(b) Find E(X).

(3)
(c) The die is rolled twice. Find the probability of obtaining two scores of 3.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
69
6. A discrete random variable X has a probability distribution as shown in the table below.
x 0 1 2 3
P(X = x) 0.1 a 0.3 b
(a) Find the value of a + b.

(2)
(b) Given that E(X) =1.5, find the value of a and of b.

(4)
(Total 6 marks)
7. The probability distribution of the discrete random variable X is given by the following table.
x 1 2 3 4 5
P(X = x) 0.4 p 0.2 0.07 0.02
(a) Find the value of p.
(b) Calculate the expected value of X.

(Total 6 marks)
70
5.6 Discrete Probability Distributions Paper 2
1. The following table shows the probability distribution of a discrete random variable X.
x –1 0 2 3
P (X = x) 0.2 10k2 0.4 3k
(a) Find the value of k.

(4)
(b) Find the expected value of X.

(3)
(Total 7 marks)
71
2. Three students, Kim, Ching Li and Jonathan each have a pack of cards, from which they select a card at random.
Each card has a 0, 3, 4, or 9 printed on it.
(a) Kim states that the probability distribution for her pack of cards is as follows.
x 0 3 4 9
P(X = x) 0.3 0.45 0.2 0.35
Explain why Kim is incorrect.

(2)
(b) Ching Li correctly states that the probability distribution for her pack of cards is as follows.
x 0 3 4 9
P(X = x) 0.4 k 2k 0.3
Find the value of k.

(2)
x +1
(c) Jonathan correctly states that the probability distribution for his pack of cards is given by P(X = x) = .
20
One card is drawn at random from his pack.
(i) Calculate the probability that the number on the card drawn is 0.
(ii) Calculate the probability that the number on the card drawn is greater than 0.
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
72
3. Two fair 4-sided dice, one red and one green, are thrown. For each die, the faces are labelled 1, 2, 3, 4. The score
for each die is the number which lands face down.
(a) List the pairs of scores that give a sum of 6.

(3)
The probability distribution for the sum of the scores on the two dice is shown below.
Sum 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 3 1
Probability p q r
16 16 16 16
(b) Find the value of p, of q, and of r.

(3)
Fred plays a game. He throws two fair 4-sided dice four times. He wins a prize if the sum is 5 on three or more
throws.
(c) Find the probability that Fred wins a prize.

(6)
(Total 12 marks)
73
4. A fisherman catches 200 fish to sell. He measures the lengths, l cm of these fish, and the results are shown in the
frequency table below.
Length l cm 0 ≤ l < 10 10 ≤ l < 20 20 ≤ l < 30 30 ≤ l < 40 40 ≤ l < 60 60 ≤ l < 75 75 ≤ l < 100

Frequency 30 40 50 30 33 11 6
(a) Calculate an estimate for the standard deviation of the lengths of the fish.
(3)
(b) A cumulative frequency diagram is given below for the lengths of the fish.
Use the graph to answer the following.
(i) Estimate the interquartile range.
(ii) Given that 40 % of the fish have a length more than k cm, find the value of k.
(6)
In order to sell the fish, the fisherman classifies them as small, medium or large.
Small fish have a length less than 20 cm.

Medium fish have a length greater than or equal to 20 cm but less than 60 cm.
Large fish have a length greater than or equal to 60 cm.
(c) Write down the probability that a fish is small.

(2)
The cost of a small fish is $4, a medium fish $10, and a large fish $12.
(d) Copy and complete the following table, which gives a probability distribution for the cost $X.
Cost $X 4 10 12
P(X = x) 0.565
(2)
(e) Find E(X).

(2)
(Total 15 marks)
74
75
5. Bag A contains 2 red balls and 3 green balls. Two balls are chosen at random from the bag without replacement.
Let X denote the number of red balls chosen. The following table shows the probability distribution for X.
X 0 1 2
3 6 1
P(X = x)
10 10 10
(a) Calculate E(X), the mean number of red balls chosen.

(3)
Bag B contains 4 red balls and 2 green balls. Two balls are chosen at random from bag B.
(b) (i) Draw a tree diagram to represent the above information, including the probability of each event.
(ii) Hence find the probability distribution for Y, where Y is the number of red balls chosen.
(8)
A standard die with six faces is rolled. If a 1 or 6 is obtained, two balls are chosen from bag A, otherwise two balls
are chosen from bag B.
(c) Calculate the probability that two red balls are chosen.
(5)
(d) Given that two red balls are obtained, find the conditional probability that a 1 or 6 was rolled on the die.
(3)
(Total 19 marks)
76
6. Two fair four-sided dice, one red and one green, are thrown. For each die, the faces are labelled 1, 2, 3, 4. The
score for each die is the number which lands face down.
(a) Write down
(i) the sample space;
(ii) the probability that two scores of 4 are obtained.

(4)
Let X be the number of 4s that land face down.
(b) Copy and complete the following probability distribution for X.
x 0 1 2
P(X = x)
(3)
(c) Find E(X).

(3)
(Total 10 marks)
77
5.7 Binomial Distribution Paper 1
1
1. The probability of obtaining heads on a biased coin is .
3
(a) Sammy tosses the coin three times. Find the probability of getting
(i) three heads;
(ii) two heads and one tail.

(5)
(b) Amir plays a game in which he tosses the coin 12 times.
(i) Find the expected number of heads.
(ii) Amir wins $ 10 for each head obtained, and loses $ 6 for each tail. Find his expected winnings.
(5)
(Total 10 marks)
2. A fair coin is tossed five times. Calculate the probability of obtaining
(a) exactly three heads;
(b) at least one head.

(Total 6 marks)
78
5.7 Binomial Distribution Paper 2
1. A factory makes calculators. Over a long period, 2% of them are found to be faulty. A random sample of 100
calculators is tested.
(a) Write down the expected number of faulty calculators in the sample.
(b) Find the probability that three calculators are faulty.
(c) Find the probability that more than one calculator is faulty.
(Total 6 marks)
2. A box holds 240 eggs. The probability that an egg is brown is 0.05.
(a) Find the expected number of brown eggs in the box.

(2)
(b) Find the probability that there are 15 brown eggs in the box.
(2)
(c) Find the probability that there are at least 10 brown eggs in the box.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
79
3. Evan likes to play two games of chance, A and B.
For game A, the probability that Evan wins is 0.9. He plays game A seven times.
(a) Find the probability that he wins exactly four games.

(2)
For game B, the probability that Evan wins is p. He plays game B seven times.
(b) Write down an expression, in terms of p, for the probability that he wins exactly four games.
(2)
(c) Hence, find the values of p such that the probability that he wins exactly four games is 0.15.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
4. Jan plays a game where she tosses two fair six-sided dice. She wins a prize if the sum of her scores is 5.
(a) Jan tosses the two dice once. Find the probability that she wins a prize.
(3)
(b) Jan tosses the two dice 8 times. Find the probability that she wins 3 prizes.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
80
5. A test has five questions. To pass the test, at least three of the questions must be answered correctly. The
1
probability that Mark answers a question correctly is . Let X be the number of questions that Mark answers
5
correctly.
(a) (i) Find E(X).
(ii) Find the probability that Mark passes the test.

(6)
Bill also takes the test. Let Y be the number of questions that Bill answers correctly.
The following table is the probability distribution for Y.
y 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(Y = y) 0.67 0.05 a + 2b a–b 2a + b 0.04
(b) (i) Show that 4a + 2b = 0.24.
(ii) Given that E(Y) = 1, find a and b.

(8)
(c) Find which student is more likely to pass the test.

(3)
(Total 17 marks)
81
6. A multiple choice test consists of ten questions. Each question has five answers.
Only one of the answers is correct. For each question, Jose randomly chooses one of the five answers.
(a) Find the expected number of questions Jose answers correctly.

(1)
(b) Find the probability that Jose answers exactly three questions correctly.
(2)
(c) Find the probability that Jose answers more than three questions correctly.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
7. A factory makes switches. The probability that a switch is defective is 0.04.

The factory tests a random sample of 100 switches.
(a) Find the mean number of defective switches in the sample.

(2)
(b) Find the probability that there are exactly six defective switches in the sample.
(2)
(c) Find the probability that there is at least one defective switch in the sample.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
82
8. The probability of obtaining heads on a biased coin is 0.18. The coin is tossed seven times.
(a) Find the probability of obtaining exactly two heads.

(2)
(b) Find the probability of obtaining at least two heads.

(3)
(Total 5 marks)
9. A factory makes calculators. Over a long period, 2 % of them are found to be faulty. A random sample of
100 calculators is tested.
(a) Write down the expected number of faulty calculators in the sample.
(1)
(b) Find the probability that three calculators are faulty.

(2)
(c) Find the probability that more than one calculator is faulty.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
83
10. A pair of fair dice is thrown.
(a) Complete the tree diagram below, which shows the possible outcomes.
(3)
Let E be the event that exactly one four occurs when the pair of dice is thrown.
(b) Calculate P(E).

(3)
The pair of dice is now thrown five times.
(c) Calculate the probability that event E occurs exactly three times in the five throws.
(3)
(d) Calculate the probability that event E occurs at least three times in the five throws.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
84
11. A box contains 35 red discs and 5 black discs. A disc is selected at random and its colour noted. The disc is then
replaced in the box.
(a) In eight such selections, what is the probability that a black disc is selected
(i) exactly once?

(3)
(ii) at least once?

(3)
(b) The process of selecting and replacing is carried out 400 times. What is the expected number of black discs
that would be drawn?
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
12. A fair coin is tossed eight times. Calculate
(a) the probability of obtaining exactly 4 heads;

(2)
(b) the probability of obtaining exactly 3 heads;

(1)
(c) the probability of obtaining 3, 4 or 5 heads.

(3)
(Total 6 marks)
85
5.8 Normal Distribution Paper 1
1. Let X be normally distributed with mean 100 cm and standard deviation 5 cm.
(a) On the diagram below, shade the region representing P(X > 105).
(2)
(b) Given that P(X < d) = P(X > 105), find the value of d.
(2)
(c) Given that P(X > 105) = 0.16 (correct to two significant figures), find P(d < X < 105).
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
2. A random variable X is distributed normally with a mean of 100 and a variance of 100.
(a) Find the value of X that is 1.12 standard deviations above the mean.
(4)
(b) Find the value of X that is 1.12 standard deviations below the mean.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
86
3. The heights of trees in a forest are normally distributed with mean height 17 metres. One tree is selected at
random. The probability that a selected tree has a height greater than 24 metres is 0.06.
(a) Find the probability that the tree selected has a height less than 24 metres.
(2)
(b) The probability that the tree has a height less than D metres is 0.06. Find the value of D.
(3)
(c) A woodcutter randomly selects 200 trees. Find the expected number of trees whose height lies between 17
metres and 24 metres.
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
87
5.8 Normal Distribution Paper 2
1. The weights of a group of children are normally distributed with a mean of 22.5 kg and a standard deviation of
2.2 kg.
(a) Write down the probability that a child selected at random has a weight more than 25.8 kg.
(b) Of the group 95% weigh less than k kilograms. Find the value of k.
(c) The diagram below shows a normal curve. On the diagram, shade the region that represents the following
information: 87% of the children weigh less than 25 kg
(Total 6 marks)
2. The heights of boys at a particular school follow a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 5 cm. The
probability of a boy being shorter than 153 cm is 0.705.
(a) Calculate the mean height of the boys.
(b) Find the probability of a boy being taller than 156 cm.
(Total 6 marks)
88
3. The heights of a group of students are normally distributed with a mean of 160 cm and a standard deviation of
20 cm.
(a) A student is chosen at random. Find the probability that the student’s height is greater than 180 cm.
(b) In this group of students, 11.9% have heights less than d cm. Find the value of d.
(Total 6 marks)
4. The heights of certain flowers follow a normal distribution. It is known that 20% of these flowers have a height
less than 3 cm and 10% have a height greater than 8 cm. Find the value of the mean µ and the standard deviation σ.
(Total 6 marks)
89
5. The speeds of cars at a certain point on a straight road are normally distributed with mean µ and standard deviation
σ. 15% of the cars travelled at speeds greater than 90 km h–1 and 12% of them at speeds less than 40 km h–1.
Find µ and σ.
(Total 6 marks)
6. A random variable X is distributed normally with a mean of 20 and variance 9.
(a) Find P(X ≤ 24.5).

(3)
(b) Let P(X ≤ k) = 0.85.
(i) Represent this information on the diagram below.
(ii) Find the value of k.

(5)
(Total 8 marks)
90
7. Let the random variable X be normally distributed with mean 25, as shown in the following diagram. The shaded
region between 25 and 27 represents 30 % of the distribution.
(a) Find P(X > 27).

(2)
(b) Find the standard deviation of X.

(5)
(Total 7 marks)
8. A random variable X is distributed normally with mean 450 and standard deviation 20.
(a) Find P(X ≤ 475).

(2)
(b) Given that P(X > a) = 0.27, find a.

(4)
(Total 6 marks)
91
9. The weights of players in a sports league are normally distributed with a mean of 76.6 kg, (correct to three
significant figures). It is known that 80 % of the players have weights between 68 kg and 82 kg. The probability
that a player weighs less than 68 kg is 0.05.
(a) Find the probability that a player weighs more than 82 kg.
(2)
(b) (i) Write down the standardized value, z, for 68 kg.
(ii) Hence, find the standard deviation of weights.

(4)
To take part in a tournament, a player’s weight must be within 1.5 standard deviations of the mean.
(c) (i) Find the set of all possible weights of players that take part in the tournament.
(ii) A player is selected at random. Find the probability that the player takes part in the
tournament.
(5)
Of the players in the league, 25 % are women. Of the women, 70 % take part in the tournament.
(d) Given that a player selected at random takes part in the tournament, find the probability that the selected
player is a woman.
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
92
10. A van can take either Route A or Route B for a particular journey.
If Route A is taken, the journey time may be assumed to be normally distributed with mean 46 minutes and
a standard deviation 10 minutes.
If Route B is taken, the journey time may be assumed to be normally distributed with mean µ minutes and
standard deviation 12 minutes.
(a) For Route A, find the probability that the journey takes more than 60 minutes.
(2)
(b) For Route B, the probability that the journey takes less than 60 minutes is 0.85. Find the value of µ.
(3)
(c) The van sets out at 06:00 and needs to arrive before 07:00.
(i) Which route should it take?
(ii) Justify your answer.

(3)
(d) On five consecutive days the van sets out at 06:00 and takes Route B. Find the probability that
(i) it arrives before 07:00 on all five days;
(ii) it arrives before 07:00 on at least three days.

(5)
(Total 13 marks)
93
11. A box contains a large number of biscuits. The weights of biscuits are normally distributed with mean 7 g and
standard deviation 0.5 g.
(a) One biscuit is chosen at random from the box. Find the probability that this biscuit
(i) weighs less than 8 g;
(ii) weighs between 6 g and 8 g.

(4)
(b) Five percent of the biscuits in the box weigh less than d grams.
(i) Complete the following normal distribution diagram, to represent this information, by indicating d,
and shading the appropriate region.
(ii) Find the value of d.

(5)
(c) The weights of biscuits in another box are normally distributed with mean µ and standard deviation 0.5 g. It
is known that 20% of the biscuits in this second box weigh less than 5 g. Find the value of µ.
(4)
(Total 13 marks)
94
12. The heights of certain plants are normally distributed. The plants are classified into three categories. The shortest
12.92% are in category A. The tallest 10.38% are in category C. All the other plants are in category B with heights
between r cm and t cm.
(a) Complete the following diagram to represent this information.

(2)
(b) Given that the mean height is 6.84 cm and the standard deviation 0.25 cm, find the value of r and of t.
(5)
(Total 7 marks)
13. The scores of a test given to students are normally distributed with a mean of 21. 80 % of the students have scores
less than 23.7.
(a) Find the standard deviation of the scores.

(3)
A student is chosen at random. This student has the same probability of having a score less than 25.4 as having a
score greater than b.
(b) (i) Find the probability the student has a score less than 25.4.
(ii) Find the value of b.

(4)
(Total 7 marks)
95
14. The weights of chickens for sale in a shop are normally distributed with mean 2.5 kg and standard deviation 0.3 kg.
(a) A chicken is chosen at random.
(i) Find the probability that it weighs less than 2 kg.
(ii) Find the probability that it weighs more than 2.8 kg.
(iii) Copy the diagram below. Shade the areas that represent the probabilities from parts (i) and (ii).
(iv) Hence show that the probability that it weighs between 2 kg and 2.8 kg is 0.7936 (to four significant
figures).
(7)
(b) A customer buys 10 chickens.
(i) Find the probability that all 10 chickens weigh between 2 kg and 2.8 kg.
(ii) Find the probability that at least 7 of the chickens weigh between 2 kg and 2.8 kg.
(6)
(Total 13 marks)
96
15. In a large school, the heights of all fourteen-year-old students are measured. The heights of the girls are normally
distributed with mean 155 cm and standard deviation 10 cm. The heights of the boys are normally distributed with
mean 160 cm and standard deviation 12 cm.
(a) Find the probability that a girl is taller than 170 cm.
(3)
(b) Given that 10% of the girls are shorter than x cm, find x.
(3)
(c) Given that 90% of the boys have heights between q cm and r cm where q and r are symmetrical about 160
cm, and q < r, find the value of q and of r.
(4)
In the group of fourteen-year-old students, 60% are girls and 40% are boys. The probability that a girl is taller than
170 cm was found in part (a). The probability that a boy is taller than 170 cm is 0.202.
A fourteen-year-old student is selected at random.
(d) Calculate the probability that the student is taller than 170 cm.
(4)
(e) Given that the student is taller than 170 cm, what is the probability the student is a girl?
(3)
(Total 17 marks)
97
16. Residents of a small town have savings which are normally distributed with a mean of $3000 and a standard
deviation of $500.
(i) What percentage of townspeople have savings greater than $3200?
(ii) Two townspeople are chosen at random. What is the probability that both of them have savings between
$2300 and $3300?
(iii) The percentage of townspeople with savings less than d dollars is 74.22%. Find the value of d.
(Total 8 marks)
17. The heights, H, of the people in a certain town are normally distributed with mean 170 cm and standard deviation
20 cm.
(a) A person is selected at random. Find the probability that his height is less than 185 cm.
(3)
(b) Given that P (H > d) = 0.6808, find the value of d.

(3)
(Total 6 marks)
98
18. Reaction times of human beings are normally distributed with a mean of 0.76 seconds and a standard deviation of
0.06 seconds.
(a) The graph below is that of the standard normal curve. The shaded area represents the probability that the
reaction time of a person chosen at random is between 0.70 and 0.79 seconds.
a 0 b
(i) Write down the value of a and of b.
(ii) Calculate the probability that the reaction time of a person chosen at random is
(a) greater than 0.70 seconds;
(b) between 0.70 and 0.79 seconds.

(6)
Three percent (3%) of the population have a reaction time less than c seconds.
(b) (i) Represent this information on a diagram similar to the one above. Indicate clearly the area
representing 3%.
(ii) Find c.
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
99
19. A company manufactures television sets. They claim that the lifetime of a set is normally distributed with a mean
of 80 months and standard deviation of 8 months.
(a) What proportion of television sets break down in less than 72 months?
(2)
(b) (i) Calculate the proportion of sets which have a lifetime between 72 months and 90 months.
(ii) Illustrate this proportion by appropriate shading in a sketch of a normal distribution curve.
(5)
(c) If a set breaks down in less than x months, the company replace it free of charge. They replace 4% of the
sets. Find the value of x.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
100
20. It is claimed that the masses of a population of lions are normally distributed with a mean mass of 310 kg and a
standard deviation of 30 kg.
(a) Calculate the probability that a lion selected at random will have a mass of 350 kg or more.
(2)
(b) The probability that the mass of a lion lies between a and b is 0.95, where a and b are symmetric about the
mean. Find the value of a and of b.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
21. In a country called Tallopia, the height of adults is normally distributed with a mean of 187.5 cm and a standard
deviation of 9.5 cm.
(a) What percentage of adults in Tallopia have a height greater than 197 cm?
(3)
(b) A standard doorway in Tallopia is designed so that 99% of adults have a space of at least 17 cm over their
heads when going through a doorway. Find the height of a standard doorway in Tallopia. Give your answer
to the nearest cm.
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
101
22. The mass of packets of a breakfast cereal is normally distributed with a mean of 750 g and standard deviation of
25 g.
(a) Find the probability that a packet chosen at random has mass
(i) less than 740 g;
(ii) at least 780 g;
(iii) between 740 g and 780 g.

(5)
(b) Two packets are chosen at random. What is the probability that both packets have a mass which is less than
740 g?
(2)
(c) The mass of 70% of the packets is more than x grams. Find the value of x.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
102
23. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in a certain population is normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard
deviation of 15.
(a) What percentage of the population has an IQ between 90 and 125?

(2)
(b) If two persons are chosen at random from the population, what is the probability that both have an IQ
greater than 125?
(3)
(c) The mean IQ of a random group of 25 persons suffering from a certain brain disorder was found to be 95.2.
Is this sufficient evidence, at the 0.05 level of significance, that people suffering from the disorder have, on
average, a lower IQ than the entire population? State your null hypothesis and your alternative hypothesis,
and explain your reasoning.
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
103
24. Bags of cement are labelled 25 kg. The bags are filled by machine and the actual weights are normally distributed
with mean 25.7 kg and standard deviation 0.50 kg.
(a) What is the probability a bag selected at random will weigh less than 25.0 kg?
(2)
In order to reduce the number of underweight bags (bags weighing less than 25 kg) to 2.5% of the total, the mean
is increased without changing the standard deviation.
(b) Show that the increased mean is 26.0 kg.

(3)
It is decided to purchase a more accurate machine for filling the bags. The requirements for this machine are that
only 2.5% of bags be under 25 kg and that only 2.5% of bags be over 26 kg.
(c) Calculate the mean and standard deviation that satisfy these requirements.
(3)
The cost of the new machine is $5000. Cement sells for $0.80 per kg.
(d) Compared to the cost of operating with a 26 kg mean, how many bags must be filled in order to recover the
cost of the new equipment?
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
104
25. The lifespan of a particular species of insect is normally distributed with a mean of 57 hours and a standard
deviation of 4.4 hours.
(a) The probability that the lifespan of an insect of this species lies
between 55 and 60 hours is represented by the shaded area in the
following diagram. This diagram represents the standard normal
curve.
(i) Write down the values of a and b. a 0 b

(2)
(ii) Find the probability that the lifespan of an insect of this species is
(a) more than 55 hours;

(1)
(b) between 55 and 60 hours.

(2)
(b) 90% of the insects die after t hours.
(i) Represent this information on a standard normal curve diagram, similar to the one given in part (a),
indicating clearly the area representing 90%.
(2)
(ii) Find the value of t.

(3)
(Total 10 marks)
105
26. An urban highway has a speed limit of 50 km h–1. It is known that the speeds of vehicles travelling on the
highway are normally distributed, with a standard deviation of l0 km h–1, and that 30% of the vehicles using the
highway exceed the speed limit.
(a) Show that the mean speed of the vehicles is approximately 44.8 km h–1.
(3)
The police conduct a “Safer Driving” campaign intended to encourage slower driving, and want to know whether
the campaign has been effective. It is found that a sample of 25 vehicles has a mean speed of 41.3 km h–1.
(b) Given that the null hypothesis is
H0: the mean speed has been unaffected by the campaign
State H1, the alternative hypothesis.

(1)
(c) State whether a one-tailed or two-tailed test is appropriate for these hypotheses, and explain why.
(2)
(d) Has the campaign had significant effect at the 5% level?

(4)
(Total 10 marks)
106
27. The graph shows a normal curve for the random variable X, with mean μ and standard deviation σ.
A
0 12 x
It is known that p (X ≥ 12) = 0.1.
(a) The shaded region A is the region under the curve where x ≥ 12.
Write down the area of the shaded region A.
(1)
It is also known that p (X ≤ 8) = 0.1.
(b) Find the value of μ, explaining your method in full.

(5)
(c) Show that σ = 1.56 to an accuracy of three significant figures.

(5)
(d) Find p (X ≤ 11).

(5)
(Total 16 marks)
107

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What are some examples of measures of central tendency and how are they used?

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Statistics and Probability

IB DP Mathematics Standard Level

• 5.2 Measures of Spread

• 5.3 Cumulative Frequency

• 5.5 Conditional Probability

• 5.7 Binomial Distribution

• 5.8 Normal Distribution

(a) Write down the median value.

(b) Find the value of a and b.

2. The following table shows the mathematics marks scored by students.

The mean mark is 4.6.

The mean score is 34. Find the value of k.

(b) Calculate the new mean including these two students.

(a) the median; Number (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6

(b) the mean. Frequency (f ) 5 9 16 18 20 7

(a) How many plants have lengths in cm between

(i) 50 and 60?

(ii) 70 and 90?

(d) The following is an extract from the cumulative frequency

Class Weight (kg) Number of boxes

(a) Calculate the value of k.

(b) Find the median and the interquartile range.

The box and whisker plot for this data is shown.

(a) Write down the values of A, B, C, D and E.

(b) Find the interquartile range.

Find the value of a, of b, of c and of d.

4. The population below is listed in ascending order.

5, 6, 7, 7, 9, 9, r, 10, s, 13, 13, t

The median of the population is 9.5. The upper quartile Q3 is 13.

(a) Write down the value of r and s.

(b) The mean of the population is 10. Find the value of t.

(a) Write down the value of the median mark.

(b) Write down the value of the upper quartile.

6. Let a, b, c and d be integers such that a < b, b < c and c = d.

The mode of these four numbers is 11.

Calculate the value of each of the integers a, b, c, d.

(a) the median;

(b) the lower quartile;

(c) the interquartile range.

value of m and the standard deviation of the population.

(a) Find the value of x.

(b) Write down the standard deviation.

2. A standard die is rolled 36 times.

(a) Write down the standard deviation.

(b) Write down the median score.

(c) Find the interquartile range.

(a) Find the range of the lengths of all 200 fish.

(b) Four cumulative frequency graphs are shown below.

(a) Using the graph

(i) write down the median;

(ii) find the interquartile range.

...... ...... ......

Mark (x) 0 ≤ x < 20 20 ≤ x < 40 40 ≤ x < 60 60 ≤ x < 80 80 ≤ x < 100

Use the curve to estimate

(a) the median height;