Restatement  
 
1.   As   the   benefits   of   the   program   outweigh   its   drawbacks,   it   is   expected   to   be   adopted   in   no  
time.  
a.   Because   of   the   fact   that   the   benefits   seem   to   be   far   below   the   disadvantages,   the   program   is  
unlikely  to  be  introduced  soon.  
b.   That   the   program   presents   more   advantages   than   disadvantages   will   probably   cause   it   to   be  
introduced  immediately.    
c.   It   has   long   been   expected   that   the   program   will   not   only   have   some   benefits   but   also   several  
downsides.  
d.  It  is  the  high  number  of  drawbacks  of  the  program  that  will  make  it  impossible  to  enforce  it  in  the  
short-­‐run.  
 
2.   Serial   killing,   according   to   experts,   depends   to   a   great   extent   on   the   violence   exposed   to   in  
infancy.    
a.   Experts   wish   serial   killing   would   disappear   almost   completely   if   there   were   no   domestic   violence  
at  all  in  childhood.    
b.   There   would   hardly   be   any   serial   killing   unless   children   were   forced   to   display   violence   during  
infancy.  
c.   What   experts   state   is   that   it   is   mostly   the   violence   experienced   during   childhood   that   leads   to  
serial  killing  in  the  future.    
d.  It  is  almost  certain  that  experts  have  managed  to  prove  the  adverse  effects  of  domestic  violence  
on  children’s  future  life.  
 
3.  The  medical  report  written  by  the  PLD  can  shed  light  on  the  causes  of  the  disease.  
a.  What  the  PLD  has  prepared  can  provide  information  as  to  how  the  disease  broke  out.  
b.  As  far  as  the  PLD  is  concerned,  this  medical  report  should  have  covered  more  information  about  
the  causes  of  the  disease.  
c.   The   disease   is   so   serious   that   the   PLD’s   medical   report   can   barely   give   information   concerning   its  
causes.  
d.  Having  issued  several  reports  about  the  causes  of  the  disease,  the  PLD  seems  to  be  an  important  
institution.  
 
4.  Experts  continually  state  that  people’s  responses  to  the  same  therapy  may  vary.  
a.  As  far  as  experts  are  concerned,  few  people  approve  of  the  same  therapy.  
b.   It   has   been   pointed   out   by   experts   many   times   that   the   same   therapy   may   result   in   different  
effects  on  people.  
c.  If  experts  usually  warned  before,  people  would  not  respond  to  the  same  therapy  in  different  ways.  
d.  According  to  many  experts,  people  wish  they  didn’t  respond  differently  to  the  same  therapy.  
 
5.  Low-­‐cost  lighting  technology  is  one  of  the  many  advances  helping  people  combat  pollution.  
a.  It  is  the  low-­‐cost  lighting  technology  that  has  led  people  to  design  other  technological  advances  
against  pollution.  
b.   People   are   considering   low-­‐cost   lighting   technology   the   most   recent   advance   that   makes   it  
possible  to  cope  with  pollution.  
c.   Unless   technological   advances   covered   low-­‐cost   lighting   systems,   it   would   be   impossible   for  
people  to  avoid  pollution.    
d.  People  are  able  to  cope  with  pollution  thanks  to  technological  advances,  one  of  which  is  low-­‐cost  
lighting  technology.  
 
 
 
 
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6.  It  is  due  to  the  financial  measures  taken  at  the  dawn  of  the  crisis  that  we  will  survive.  
a.  The  fact  that  we  took  economic  precautions  long  before  the  crisis  broke  out  helped  us  overcome  
its  effects.  
b.   We,   like   before,   managed   to   take   financial   measures   so   that   we   wouldn’t   be   affected   in   the  
beginning.    
c.   As   financial   precautions   were   taken   during   the   beginning   of   the   crisis,   we   won’t   be   adversely  
affected.      
d.   We   might   not   need   to   survive   unless   economic   steps   were   taken   during   the   beginning   of   the  
crisis.  
 
7.  The  more  ecological  challenges  a  country  faces,  the  less  likely  citizens  are  to  lead  a  healthy  
life.  
a.  People  in  a  country  are  more  likely  to  lead  a  healthy  life  so  long  as  they  have  to  cope  with  small  
number  of  environmental  issues.  
b.   It   would   not   be   possible   for   a   country   to   deal   with   environmental   challenges   unless   its   citizens  
are  able  to  have  secure  lives.  
c.   Encountering   ecological   changes   seems   to   be   more   important   for   the   citizens   of   a   country   than  
leading  a  healthy  life.  
d.  People  wish  it  could  be  more  likely  to  sustain  life  in  a  healthy  way  if  ecological  problems  had  been  
handled  with  care  in  the  past.  
 
8.   No   other   medical   study   than   ours   could   manage   to   convince   the   officials   that   more   sound  
measures  should  be  taken  at  once.  
a.   Our   study   as   well   as   the   others   was   satisfactory   enough   to   make   the   jury   take   precautions   sooner  
or  later.    
b.  It  was  our  medical  study,  not  that  of  any  others’,  to  persuade  the  officials  to  believe    
that  sensible  precautions  ought  to  be  taken  immediately.  
c.  All  the  medical  studies,  but  ours,  could  succeed  in  showing  the  officials  that  more  precautionary  
measures  should  have  been  taken  in  time.  
d.   Not   only   our   medical   study   but   the   other   ones   managed   to   persuade   the   officials   to   give   us  
support  while  implementing  extensive  measures  soon.  
 
9.   No   ecological   challenge   faced   by   our   planet   so   far   seems   to   be   as   life-­‐threatening   as  
deforestation.  
a.  Of  all  the  environmental  problems  our  planet  has  encountered  till  today,  it  is  deforestation  that  
looks  the  most  frightening.    
b.  Unless  our  planet  had  failed  to  combat  environmental  issues  well  enough  in  the  past,  no  forest  has  
been  lost  so  far.    
c.   Deforestation,   when   compared   to   other   ecological   issues,   can   be   quite   dangerous   for   the   future   of  
our  planet.    
d.  If  our  planet  could  successfully  cope  with  deforestation,  no  environmental  problem  would  be  in  
question  today.    
 
10.  Economists  are  concerned  about  the  possibility  of  a  crisis  on  the  scale  of  the  one  in  the  
mid-­‐1980s,  in  which  100,000  companies  had  to  be  closed  down.    
a.  The  likelihood  of  a  crisis  alarms  economists  so  much  that  they  believe  about  100,000  companies  
could  go  bankrupt  because  of  the  crisis  in  the  mid-­‐1980s.    
b.  100,000  companies  have  gone  bankrupt  since  the  mid-­‐1980s  according  to  economists,  so  that  the  
possibility  of  another  crisis  is  still  causing  concern.  
c.   Even   if   economists   do   not   feel   any   concern   related   to   the   likelihood   of   a   crisis   as   harsh   as   the   one  
in  the  mid-­‐1980s,  still  100,000  companies  may  be  closed  down.      
d.  A  crisis,  as  far  as  economists  are  concerned,  is  likely  to  arise  at  the  same  severity  as  the  one  that  
emerged  in  the  mid-­‐1980s,  which  led  to  the  bankruptcy  of  100,000  companies.      
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11.   Madagascar   owes   its   thriving   agribusiness   to   its   abundant   supply   of   labor   as   well   as   the  
soil  diversity  no  matter  how  fragile  its  economy  is.    
a.   Possessing   high   amount   of   work   force   and   various   types   of   soil,   Madagascar,   despite   its  
vulnerable  economy,  has  an  expanding  agricultural  sector.    
b.  Due  to  its  weak  economic  life,  Madagascar  hardly  enjoys  a  great  place  in  agricultural  production  
though  it  has  many  employees  and  rich  soils.    
c.   If   Madagascar   didn’t   suffer   from   a   weak   economy,   it   would,   for   sure,   have   a   developing  
agricultural  business  thanks  to  either  its  labor  force  or  fertile  soils.  
d.  Its  plentiful  work  force  and  varying  soil  types  barely  make  Madagascar  a  top  agricultural  nation  
because  of  its  economic  life  full  of  problems.  
 
12.   Young   graduates   would   often   rather   favor   more   lucrative   fields   like   banking   as   high  
income  is  an  important  drive  for  them.      
a.   Having   a   well-­‐paid   job   is   such   an   important   issue   for   those   who   have   just   graduated   that   it   seems  
unlikely  for  them  to  work  in  any  other  field  than  banking.    
b.   Making   high   amount   of   money   is   so   important   an   issue   for   those   who   have   just   graduated   that  
they  tend  to  prefer  working  in  profitable  jobs  like  banking.    
c.   Banking   and   fields   of   business   alike   seem   to   be   the   sole   sectors   that   attract   young   graduates  
despite  their  demanding  positions  keeping  employees  busy.    
d.   As   long   as   earning   high   amounts   of   money   after   graduation   is   concerned,   it   is   only   the   banking  
sector  that  young  graduates  avoid  working  in.  
 
13.  Home  to  almost  three  quarters  of  all  the  high-­‐tech  crimes  in  the  world,  the  United  Valeria  
still  seems  to  tighten  controls  on  the  Internet.      
a.   Whether   the   United   Valeria   prohibits   Internet   access   or   not,   it   is   still   a   country   where   almost  
seventy-­‐five  per  cent  of  high-­‐tech  crime  in  the  world  can  be  detected.  
b.   Access   to   the   Internet   will   probably   become   more   difficult   in   the   United   Valeria   thanks   to   the  
coming  restrictions  as  a  great  majority  of  high-­‐tech  crimes  in  the  world  occur  here.    
c.   Nearly   seventy-­‐five   per   cent   of   Internet   users   in   the   United   Valeria   seem   to   commit   high-­‐tech  
crime  despite  the  precautions  enforced  by  the  government  to  control  Internet  access.  
d.  Because  of  the  fact  that  it  is  forbidden  in  the  United  Valeria  to  access  the  Internet,    seventy-­‐five  
per  cent  of  the  users  tend  to  commit  high-­‐tech  crime.    
 
14.  Hatha  Yoga,  stressing  breathing  techniques,  is  no  less  difficult  than  other  forms  of  Yoga.  
a.    Yoga,  which  teaches  people  how  to  breathe  healthily,  is  more  difficult  than  Hatha  Yoga.  
b.  It  is  Hatha  Yoga,  the  easiest  form  of  Yoga,  that  merely  emphasizes  the  importance  of  breathing.    
c.  Compared  to  other  forms  of  Yoga,  Hatha  Yoga,  which  attaches  great  importance  to  how  to  breathe,  
is  as    demanding  as  the  rest.    
d.   Of   all   the   forms   of   Yoga,   Hatha   Yoga   underlining   the   importance   of   breathing,   is     the   most  
complicated.  
 
15.  Rampage  Jackson  is  claimed  to  have  introduced  the  first  starch-­‐free  bread  in  1881.  
a.  The  first  bread  without  starch  is  believed  to  have  been  first  made  by  Rampage  Jackson  in  1881.    
b.  It  has  been  believed  since  1881  that  Rampage  Jackson  was  about  to  sell  the  first  starch-­‐free  bread  
in  the  market.    
c.  Rampage  Jackson  still  claims  that  he  produced  in  1881  the  first  bread  that  contains  no  starch.    
d.   By   the   time   Rampage   Jackson   managed   to   bake   the   first   starch-­‐free   bread   in   1881,   people   had  
already  seen  it  before.        
 
 

 
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READING  
TEXT  1  
The  Sad  Road  from  Kyoto  to  Durban  
  In  1992  countries  joined  an  international  treaty,  the  United  Nations  Framework  Convention  on  
Climate  Change,  to  cooperatively  consider  what  they  could  do  to  limit  average  global  temperature  
increases   and   the   resulting   climate   change.   By   1995,   having   realized   that   emission   reductions  
provisions  in  the  Convention  were  inadequate,  they  launched  negotiations  to  strengthen  the  global  
response   to   climate   change,   and,   two   years   later,   adopted   the   Kyoto   Protocol,   which   legally   binds  
developed  countries  to  emission  reduction  targets.  By  2006,  168  countries  had  signed  the  protocol,  
not   including   Australia   and   the   USA,   major   emitters   of   greenhouse   gases,   claiming   that   to   reduce  
emissions  would  mean  hurting  their  economies.  Australia,  however,  signed  the  following  year  after  
the  new  government  was  founded.  
Whether   the   Kyoto   Protocol   has   been   a   success   or   not,   the   archetypal   long-­‐term   problem  
climate   change   has   not   gone   away.   Science   continues   to   support   the   case   of   curbing   greenhouse-­‐gas  
emissions   so   as   to   curtail   the   risk   of   the   catastrophe.   Meanwhile,   it   is   clear   how   wretchedly   the  
world   is   failing   to   do   so.   The   World   Bank   commented   on   how   the   Kyoto   Protocol   had   only   had   a  
slight   effect   on   curbing   global   emissions   growth.   The   treaty   was   negotiated   in   1997,   but   by   2005,  
energy-­‐related   emissions   had   grown   24%.   It   also   stated   that   the   treaty   had   provided   only   limited  
financial   support  to  developing  countries  to  assist  them  in  reducing  their  emissions  and  adapting  to  
climate  change.    
All   these   faults   were   on   display   at   the   Durban   Climate   Conference   held   in   South   Africa   on  
December   9th,   2011.   Most   of   the   argument   in   Durban   was   about   the   Kyoto   Protocol,   an   initiative  
that  has  already  failed.  The  Kyoto  treaty  was  kept  alive  after  negotiators  brought  the  marathon  talks  
back   from   the   brink   of   collapse   with   a   compromise   deal   to   work   towards   the   new   pact.   “The   deal  
provides  a  significant  boost   for   investors   in   low-­‐carbon  technology,”   said   Abyd   Karmali,   global   head  
of  carbon  markets  at  Bank  of  America  Merrill  Lynch,  adding  this  was  an  achievement  in  the  middle  
of  the  woes  of  the  euro-­‐zone  crisis.    
The  nearly  200  nations  at  the  Durban  meeting  agreed  that  the  new  arrangement  would  be  
in   place   by   2015   and   in   force  from   2020.   Importantly,   it   is   to   include   the   world’s   top   emitters   –  
China,  the  US  and  India.  In  addition,  the  conference  finally  gave  the  green  light  to  a  new  climate  fund  
that  is  aimed  at  channeling  up  to  $100bn  a  year  to  poor  countries.    
The  Durban  conference  also  agreed  for  the  first  time  that  carbon  capture  and  storage  (CCS)  
projects   could   be   included   in   the   UN-­‐backed   carbon  offset   market   created   under   the   Kyoto   treaty.  
The   move   was   welcomed   by  coalition   of   business   groups   though   its   success   is   unlikely   as  CCS  
technology  is  still  not  in  widespread  commercial  use.  
The   conclusion   was,   however,   delayed   by   a   dispute   between   the   EU   and   India   over   the  
precise  wording  of  the  ‘roadmap’  for  a  new  global  deal  as  the  latter  did  not  want  a  legally  binding  
specification.   There   were   also   some   objections   from   members   of   the   Latin   American   ALBA   group,  
who  said  the  developed  world  was  not  living  up  to  its  promises.    
Some   business   figures   said   the   outcome   of   the   talks   was   still   lacking   while     Stephanie  
Pfeifer,   executive   director   of   the   Institutional   Investors   Group  on   Climate   Change,   agreed   the  
inclusion   of   countries   such   as   the   US   and  China   in   the   proposed   global   climate   accord   was   a  
“significant  step  forward”  at  Durban.  

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1.  What  can  be  inferred  from  the  first  paragraph  is  that  ........  
a.  Kyoto  Protocol  was  signed  by  168  countries  at  the  time  it  was  introduced.    
b.  Australia  had  to  sign  the  Kyoto  Protocol  in  2007  as  its  economy  was  badly  hurt.  
c.  The  1992-­‐treaty  failed  to  be  effective  enough,  leading  to  a  new  agreement.  
d.  All  the  supporters  of  the  Kyoto  Protocol  had  to  reduce  their  emissions  in  1997.  
 
2.  It  is  stated  in  the  text  that  .........  
a.   If   it   hadn’t   been   for   financial   insecurity   in   developing   nations,   they   wouldn’t   have   signed   the   Kyoto  
Protocol.  
b.  Global  emissions  have  boosted  by  almost  25%  roughly  a  decade  after  the  Kyoto  Protocol  was  signed.    
c.   The   Kyoto   Protocol   has   failed   to   reduce   carbon   emissions   due   in   part   to   a   lack   of   support   from   the  
World  Bank.  
d.   Despite   its   general   failure,   the   Kyoto   Protocol   has   provided   developing   nations   with   satisfying  
economic  aid.  
 
3.  According  to  the  text,  .........  
a.   unlike   the   Kyoto   Protocol,   the   Durban   Climate   Conference   managed   to   make   the   US   accept   the   new  
agreement.  
b.   according   to   the   Durban   Conference,   poor   nations   will   be   paid   $100bn   to   help   reduce   emissions   by  
2020.  
c.  Abyd  Karmali  hardly  seems  to  be  in  favor  of  the  consequences  of  the  Durban  Conference  due  to  euro-­‐
zone  crisis.  
d.  Unlike  China,  the  US  and  India  agreed  to  curb  their  emissions  remarkably  between  2015  and  2020  as  
well  as  other  200  countries.  
 
4.  The  word  ‘woes’  in  paragraph  three  means  ........  
a.  opportunities     b.  troubles     c.  perceptions     d.  treatments  
 
5.  Which  of  the  following  is  TRUE  according  to  the  text?  
a.  The  Durban  Conference,  like  the  Kyoto  Protocol,  approved  of  CCS  projects  so  as  to  support  the  carbon  
offset  market.    
b.  Green  industries  have  agreed  to  pay  $100bn  to  developing  nations  so  that  they  could  be  involved  in  the  
Durban  Conference.    
c.  The  negotiations  lasted  so  long  that  investors  could  not  get  any  chance  to  increase  their  investments  in  
low-­‐carbon  technology.    
d.  Though  approved,  the  use  of  CCS  is  far  from  reality  as  few  industries  are  known  to  benefit  from  this  
technology.    
 
6.  The  word  ‘its’  in  paragraph  five  refers  to  the  success  of  .......  
a.  the  move       b.  commercial  use   c.  the  Kyoto  Protocol   d.  coalition    

7.  The  word  ‘its’  in  paragraph  six  refers  to  the  promises  of  .......  
a.  ALBA  group     b.  the  developed  world   c.  the  roadmap     d.  India  
 
8.  The  text  states  that  ........  
a.  The  US  and  China  were  likely  to  sign  the  treaty  this  time.  
b.  India  refused  to  sign  the  treaty  because  of  the  issue  of  roadmap.  
c.  No  conclusion  was  achieved  due  to  the  conflict  between  the  EU  and  India.  
d.  Views  whether  the  conference  was  successful  vary.  
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TEXT  2  
Clocking  Cultures  
  Show  up  an  hour  late  in  Brazil,  and  no  one  bats  an  eyelash.  But  keep  someone  in  Switzerland  
waiting  for  five  or  ten  minutes,  and  you  have  some  explaining  to  do.  Indeed,  the  way  members  of  a  
culture  perceive  and  use  time  reflects  their  society’s  priorities  and  even  their  own  worldview.      
  The   study   of   time   and   society   can   be   divided   into   the   pragmatic   and   cosmological.   On   the  
practical   side,   in   the   1950s   anthropologist   Edward   T.   Hall   wrote   that   the   rules   of   a   social   time  
constitute   a   ‘silent   language’   for   a   given   culture.   The   rules   might   not   always   be   made   explicit,   he  
stated,   but   ‘they   exist   in   the   air...’   Most   cultures   around   the   world   now   have   watches   and   calendars,  
uniting   the   majority   of   the   globe   in   the   same   general   rhythm   of   time,   which,   however,   doesn’t   mean  
we   all   march   to   the   same   beat.   ‘One   of   the   beauties   of   studying   time   is   that   it’s   a   wonderful   window  
on   culture,’   says   Robert   V.   Levine,   a   social   psychologist   at   California   State   University.   ‘You   get  
answers  on  what  cultures  value  and  believe  in.’  
  What  has  shaped  today’s  cultures  has  been  humankind’s  efforts  to  tell  time,  helping  drive  the  
evolution  of  technology  and  science  throughout  history.  The  need  to  gauge  the  divisions  of  the  day  
and  night  led  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  Greeks  and  Romans  to  create  sundials.  Archeological  evidence  
shows  that  the  Babylonians  and  Egyptians  based  their  calendars  on  three  natural  cycles  –  the  solar  
day,   the   lunar   month   and   the   solar   year.   The   calendars   developed   at   the   lower   latitudes   were  
influenced  more  by  the  lunar  cycle  than  the  solar  year.  In  more  northern  climates,  however,  where  
seasonal  agriculture  was  important,  the  latter  became  more  crucial.    
  The  Roman  Catholic  Church  must  have  played  a  major  role  in  the  invention  and  development  of  
clock   technology   as   the   strict   observance   of   prayer   times   might   have   led   to   the   need   for   a   more  
reliable  instrument  of  time  measurement.  In  1656  a  young  Dutch  astronomer,  Christiaan  Huygens,  
devised  what  is  regarded  as  the  first  pendulum  clock,  the  success  of  which  made  English  and  French  
artisans  develop  their  own  versions  of  this  new  timekeeper.  French  artisans,  in  contrast  to  English  
designers,   placed   greater   emphasis   on   the   shape   and   decoration   of   the   case.   Huygens,   however,   had  
little   interest   in   these   fashions,   devoting   much   of   his   time   to   improving   the   device   both   for  
astronomical  use  and  for  solving  the  problem  of  finding  longitude  at  sea.  
  Though   relatively   accurate,   clocks   and   watches   still   remained   expensive   at   the   turn   of   the   19th  
century.   Recognizing   the   potential   market   for   a   low-­‐cost   timekeeper   in   1807,   Eli   Terry,   a  
clockmaker  in  Plymouth,  decided  to  manufacture  4,000  clocks.  Towards  the  end  of  the  19th  century,  
many   clockmakers   realized   that   the   market   for   watches   would   far   exceed   that   for   clocks   if  
production  cost  could  be  reduced.  The  problem  of  mass-­‐fabricating  parts  for  watches,  however,  was  
considerably   more   complicated   because   the   precision   in   miniaturized   components   was   much  
greater.  As  initially  it  was  mostly  women  who  wore  bracelet  watches,  it  was  not  until  World  War  I  
that  the  masculine  fashion  for  wristwatches  caught  on.  
  In  1920s  William  H.  Shortt  developed  a  so-­‐called  free  pendulum  clock,  which  was  dwarfed  by  
quartz-­‐crystal  technology,  which  did  not  remain  the  premier  frequency  standard  for  long,  either  as  
it  was  replaced  by  the  first  atomic  clock.  
  The   precise   measurement   of   time   is   of   such   fundamental   importance   to   science   that   the   search  
for  even  greater  accuracy  continues.  Although  our  ability  to  measure  time  will  surely  improve  in  the  
future,  nothing  will  change  the  fact  that  it  is  the  one  thing  of  which  we  will  never  have  enough.  
 
 
 
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9.  It  is  stated  in  the  first  two  paragraphs  of  the  text  that  ........    
a.   One   can   hardly   have   an   idea   regarding   the   world   views   of   a   culture   by   studying   their   evaluation   of  
time.  
b.   As   clocks   and   watches   are   used   at   a   global   scale,   Edward   Hall   states   that   social   rules   can   be   clearly  
observed  in  today’s  societies.    
c.  How  cultures  approach  and  evaluate  the  concept  of  time  can  shed  light  on  the  way  they  approach  and  
evaluate  life.  
d.  Different  cultures  have  almost  the  same  pace  of  life  since  calendars  and  watches  have  helped  create  a  
similar  rhythm.  
 
10.  The  word  ‘explicit’  in  paragraph  two  means  .......  
a.  disobedient     b.  clear       c.  literate     d.  abundant  
 
11.  It  can  be  inferred  from  the  text  that  .........      
a.  The  Moon  and  the  Sun  played  a  defining  role  in  the  development  of  calendars  since  ancient  times.    
b.   It   was   the   movement   of   the   Moon   that   had   a   more   significant   role   in   the   development   of   calendars  
throughout  the  world.  
c.   Archeologists   indicate   that   the   Ancient   Egyptians   benefitted   from   the   solar   movement   unlike   the  
Babylonians.      
d.  How  long  a  season  lasted  was  of  no  importance  in  any  stage  of  the  development  of  calendars.  
 
12.  The  word  ‘latter’  in  paragraph  three  refers  to  .........  
a.  the  calendars           c.  the  lunar  cycle    
b.  seasonal  agriculture         d.  the  solar  year  
 
13.  We  can  understand  from  the  text  that  .......  
a.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church  had  benefited  from  the  pendulum  clock  long  before  .  
b.  It  would  be  unfair  to  say  that  religion  barely  influenced  the  development  process  of  clock  technology.  
c.  Pendulum  clock  makers  in  France  did  not  pay  as  much  attention  on  the  appearance  of  the  clock  as  the  
English  clock  makers  did.  
d.  In  the  early  1900s  few  people  were  able  to  afford  to  buy  a  clock  or  a  watch  as  they  were  still  expensive.  
 
14.  It  can  be  understood  from  the  text  that  .......  
a.   It   was   not   until   the   late   1800s   that   clockmakers   became   aware   of   the   potentially   profitable   market   for  
watches.  
b.   Huygens,   much   like   the   French   and   the   British,   dedicated  himself  to  promoting  the  scientific  use  of  the  
pendulum  clock.    
c.  While  bracelet  watches  were  preferred  by  women  prior  to  World  War  I,  it  was  solely  men  who  wore  
them  after  the  war.  
d.  Producing  watches  was  barely  more  difficult  than  producing  clocks  despite  the  use  of  tiny  components.      
 
15.  If  something  is  ‘dwarfed’  by  some  other  thing  as  in  paragraph  six,  it  is  made  .........  
a.  inevitable       b.  widespread     c.  less  popular     d.  more  visible    
 
 
 
 

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TEXT  3  
Forensic  Engineering  

  Whether   you’re   planning   to   rob   a   bank   and   get   away   with   a   fortune   or   realize   some   bloody   stuff,  
you’ve   got   to   at   least   have   a   basic   engineering   education   if   you   want   to   succeed.   As   if   that   weren’t  
enough,  you’ve  got  to  need  some  knowledge  of  almost  every  other  branch  of  science.  Fibers  at  the  scene  
of  the  crime  have  led  to  the  arrest  of  criminals  so  maybe  one  or  two  semesters  at  a  textile  faculty  would  
be  useful  for  a  successful  career  in  crime.  Psychologists  are  giving  evil-­‐doers  a  hard  time  as  they  are  very  
good   at   profiling   criminals.   Many   criminals   have   been   convicted   because   of   DNA   evidence.   Even  
entomology  –  the  study  of  insects  –  has  been  used  to  precisely  detect  when  and  where  a  criminal  event  
has   taken   place.   Science   seems   to   have   limitless   new   techniques   for   capturing   and   bringing   to   justice  
people  who  in  the  past  would  have  easily  escaped.  
Bad   as   this   news   is   for   criminals,   it   is   good   for   non-­‐criminals.   New   technology   –   especially  
information  technology  and  above  all  computers  and  the  internet  –  have  become  enormous  crime  scenes  
over   the   past   decade.   However,   we   can   be   thankful   that   one   unquestionably   good   face   of   modern  
technology   is   that   it   can   both   exonerate   the   innocent   and   convict   the   guilty.   The   prisons   of   many  
countries   are   full   to   overflowing   but   not   all   the   prisoners   are   really   guilty.   Unfortunately,   the   saying  
‘justice  is  golden’  can  also  mean  that  if  you  have  more  gold  you  can  obtain  more  ‘justice’.  The  poor  go  to  
prison  for  crimes  they  did  not  commit  whereas  well-­‐off  and  influential  people  escape  justice  for  the  same  
reason:  the  more  money  or  influence,  the  more  legal  assistance.  
DNA  testing  in  particular  has  contributed  to  the  release  of  many  prisoners  who  had  spent  long  
terms   in   jail.   They   were   released   because   when   the   “convincing   evidence”   used   against   them   was   tested,  
it  turned  out  that  it  was  impossible  for  the  person  to  have  committed  the  crime.  When  pressured  to  find  a  
guilty   person   for   a   particularly   horrible   crime,   the   police   do   not   always   use   completely   legal   means   to  
obtain  ‘confessions’.  Interestingly,  some  convicted  persons  who  loudly  proclaim  their  innocence  refuse  to  
undergo  DNA  tests  because  they  are  in  fact  guilty.  However,  their  arguments  would  not  be  able  to  stand  
against  the  cold  scientific  proof  of  DNA  analysis.  
The   increase   in   technology   used   in   police   work   has   created   a   serious   personnel   problem.   In  
many  jurisdictions,  police  are  not  very  well  trained.  The  technology  available  to  track  and  find  criminals  
is  increasing  at  a  tremendous  rate  and  the  need  for  highly  educated  police  is  increasing  just  as  quickly.  
Some  kinds  of  computer  evidence  are  very  easy  to  dispose  of  –  much  easier  than  a  weapon  or  other  ‘hard’  
evidence.   A   police   officer   at   a   crime   scene   may   not   have   time   to   consult   an   expert   before   making   a  
decision.  He  or  she  must  be  trained  to  immediately  identify  potential  sources  of  evidence.    
Another   problem   that   has   arisen   has   come   from   the   very   popular   television   programs   where   we  
see   a   high-­‐tech   detective   pressing   a   few   buttons   and   applying   techniques   and   then   getting   immediate  
results.   Unfortunately,   life   doesn’t   quite   work   that   way.   Any   technology   is   only   as   useful   as   the   people  
who   use   it   are   capable.   They   have   to   be   trained   to   interpret   the   information   that   technology   provides.  
Technology  cannot  do  everything  and  crime  victims  have  to  realize  that  finding  the  person  who  harmed  
them   is   often   not   going   to   happen   fast   or   maybe   ever.   On   the   other   hand,   these   detective   series   on   TV  
have   had   a   positive   effect.   They   have   boosted   people’s   interest   in   forensics   so   that   many   students  
seriously  consider  it  as  a  career.  Let’s  face  it,  many  academic  careers  are  not  very  exciting  even  though  
they  are  very  worthwhile  and  even  necessary  for  the  good  of  society.  The  television’s  exciting  portrayal  
of   forensics   and   forensic   scientists   is   highly   influential   in   making   what   can   often   be   a   tedious,   boring,  
messy,  and  possibly  even  dangerous  job  attractive  to  potential  top  scientists.  
 
 
 
 
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16.  According  to  the  first  paragraph,  ………  
a.   modern   criminals   seem   to   be   highly   interested   in   a   variety   of   fields   ranging   from   textiles   to  
psychology.  
b.   evidence   attained   by   criminals   thanks   to   DNA   tests   is   hardly   adequate   to   charge   a   person   with  
crime.  
c.  today’s  criminals,  unlike  those  in  the  past,  cannot  get  away  from  justice  thanks  to  science.    
d.  basic  engineering  is  unlikely  to  be  adequate  for  criminals  today  as  psychologists  can  detect  them  
easily.  
 
17.  We  can  understand  from  the  text  that  ............  
a.   technological   progress   in   the   fields   of   computer   and   Internet   have   made   it   more   unlikely   for  
criminal  cases  to  boost.    
b.  how  much  wealth  a  person  owns  can  enable  him/her  to  avoid  punishment  that  he/she  deserves.    
c.   prisons   barely   function   as   a   result   of   their   almost   full   capacity   as   both   the   innocent   and   the   guilty  
are  in  prison.    
d.  people  with  low  reputation  are  unable  to  get  the  legal  assistance  they  need  even  if  they  are  rich.  
 
18.  The  word  ‘exonerate’  in  paragraph  two  means  ........  
a.  persist     b.  retain     c.  extend     d.  release  
 
19.  Which  one  of  the  following  can  be  inferred  from  to  the  text?  
a.  What  legal  authorities  call  ‘convincing  evidence’  can  cost  some  people  years  in  prison  because  of  
something  they  haven’t  done.  
b.   Those   who   reject   undergoing   a   DNA   test   also   clearly   state   that   the   findings   of   the   test   may  
prevent  their  release.    
c.   Prisoners,   some   of   whom   manage   to   dispose   of   previous   evidence,   are   forced   to   confess   when  
they  are  under  pressure.    
d.   Having   failed   to   reach   concrete   evidence,   police   officers   are   allowed   to   resort   to   semi-­‐legal  
methods.  
 
20.  Widespread  use  of  technology  in  crime  detection  ............  .  
a.   has   enormously   increased   the   number   of   highly   trained   police   officers   as   rapidly   as   crime   rate  
itself.  
b.  has  also  brought  some  drawbacks  as  the  police  force  lack  properly  trained  personnel.  
c.  has  inevitably  led  people  to  prefer  committing  computer  crime  rather  than  using  weapons.  
d.  is  likely  to  oblige  the  government  to  make  sure  that  police  force  is  appropriately  educated  despite  
lack  of  staff.  
 
21.  According  to  the  text,  television  programs  about  the  criminal  world  ...........  
a.   hardly   reflect   the   real   world   because   of   the   fact   that   capable   people   do   not   prefer   working   in  
police  force.  
b.   are   likely   to   convince   some   top   scientists   to   be   involved   in   the   world   of   forensic   as   it   is   an  
interesting  branch  of  science.    
c.  have,  in  a  way,  triggered  the  interest  of  the  young,  making  them  think  of  being    forensic  engineers.  
d.  present  forensic  science  in  such  a  way  that  the  young  can  barely  stand  working  in  this  boring  and  
uninteresting  field.  
 
22.  The  text  MAINLY  discusses  that  .........  .  
a.  forensic  science  is  becoming  more  and  more  popular.  
b.  DNA  evidence  can  distinguish  between  the  guilty  and  the  innocent.  
c.  financial  influence  of  an  individual  can  make  him/her  a  ‘special’  person.    
d.  modern  criminals  are  more  educated  than  their  predecessors.  
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TEXT  4  
All  Aboard  
  Women  have  been  knocking  on  the  door  to  the  meeting  rooms  for  decades,  mainly  in  vain,  but  
there  is,  according  to  this  week’s  Economist,  an  internationally  reputable  magazine,  a  good  chance  
that  more  of  them  will  be  allowed  or  will  have  to  be  allowed  soon.  The  share  of  women  in  junior  and  
middle   management   has   been   growing   rapidly   for   some   time   due   in   part   to   the   decade-­‐long  
attempts   of   women   rights   activists   as   well   as   some   European   leaders.   It   seems   that   women   are  
about  to  show  off  in  meeting  rooms,  becoming  more  actively  involved  in  the  future  of  the  companies  
rather  than  merely  taking  notes  for  the  directors  or  reminding  them  of  their  appointments.  
  At   the   very   top,   however,   their   numbers   remain   shockingly   small.   According   to   a   New   York-­‐
based   research   company,   women   in   America   make   up   barely   over   half   of   professionals   and  
managers  in  the  middle  ranks  of  the  companies,  but  only  14%  of  senior  managers  and  a  vanishing  
3%  of  chief  executives.  When  the  global  commercial  influence  of  the  nation  is  taken  into  account,  it  
is   hardly   surprising   that   these   figures   make   the   female   workforce   across   the   country   lose  
motivation.    
  In   large   publicly   listed   companies   in   America   and   Britain   only   16%   of   board   members   are  
female.   In   southern   Europe   the   share   is   even   tinier.   It   seems   that   only   the   Nordic   countries   have  
respectable   numbers   of   women   on   boards.   But   a   head   of   steam   is   now   building   to   push   up   the  
numbers  everywhere.  In  2012  the  pressure  will  be  most  obvious  in  Europe  thanks  mostly  to  Viviane  
Reding,  the  European  Union’s  justice  commissioner,  who  in  spring  2011  assembled  business  leaders  
from   ten   European   countries   to   harangue   them   about   promoting   many   more   women   to   top   jobs.  
Having  displayed  decisive  attitude  about  the  issues,  she  told  them  that  she  would  come  back  to  the  
matter  in  a  year.  ‘If  self-­‐regulation  fails,  I’m  prepared  by  all  means  to  take  further  action  at  EU  level,’  
one  journalist  remembers  her  saying,  ‘and  such  action  could  involve  a  move  to  mandatory  quotas.’  
  Some   European   countries   have   already   gone   down   that   road.   France,   for   instance,   has   passed   a  
legislation   requiring   all   companies   to   raise   proportion   of   female   directors   to   40%   by   the   end   of   this  
decade.  In  Spain,  likewise,  public  and  large  private  companies  will  have  to  increase  the  number  of  
women  on  boards  to  40%  by  2015.  Germany,  nevertheless,  is  currently  debating  whether  to  impose  
board   quotas,   and   some   big   companies   there   have   already   set   themselves   voluntary   targets   no  
matter  how  distant  it  seems  to  close  the  gap  with  the  rest  of  the  union.  Norway,  which  mandated  a  
40%  share  for  women  on  boards  nearly  a  decade  ago,  reached  this  level  in  2009,  but  has  slipped  a  
bit.    
  Quotas,   however,   are   not   welcomed   everywhere   –   actually   they   are   widely   disliked,   so   other  
countries  are  taking  different  routes,  mainly  of  the  self-­‐regulating  variety.  In  America,  the  Securities  
and   Exchange   Commission   now   obliges   board   nomination   committees   to   explain   their   selection  
criteria.  And  in  Britain  a  government-­‐commissioned  report  on  women  on  boards,  published  in  early  
2011,   called   for   greater   transparency   in   making   senior   appointments   and   much   more   detailed  
information   on   the   proportion   of   women   at   various   levels   of   an   organization.   A   number   of   other  
countries  either  ask  companies  to  appoint  more  women  or  explain  why  they  haven’t.  
  Whatever   is   being   done   to   boost   the   number   of   female   employees   at   higher   decision-­‐making  
levels,   one   still   wonders   why   this   sudden   flurry   of   activity   is   on   the   rise   after   years   of   glacial  
progress.  Many  governments  have  realized  that  their  economies  need  all  the  talented  people  they  
can   get   despite   the   high   unemployment   in   many   rich   countries   that   the   financial   crisis   has   left  
behind.     In   the   past   few   decades   women   in   Europe   and   elsewhere     have   been   pouring   into  
universities  in  huge  numbers  and  in    most  countries  they  now  make  up  a  majority  of  new  graduates.  
  These   highly   qualified   women   are   an   underused   resource.   Study   after   study   has   shown   that  
companies   with   lots   of   women   in   senior   positions   are   more   successful   than   those   with   few   or   none.  
‘All-­‐male  boards  will  look  increasingly  out  of  date  in  2012,’  says  a  senior  director  from  the  banking  
industry.    
 
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23.  According  to  the  first  two  paragraphs  of  the  text,  .............    
a.   the   number   of   women   on   boards   has   hardly   increased   thanks   to   the   attempts   made   not   only  
women  rights  activists  but  some  European  leaders  as  well.    
b.  women  will  probably  no  longer  inform  their  bosses  of  their  appointments  as  they  now  account  for  
a  high  number  of  the  workforce.  
c.   women   in   America   seem   to   have   lost   their   faith   in   making   career   as   they   make   up   a   miserably  
small  part  of  the  workforce.  
d.   it   is   merely   20%   of   the   women   who   have   been   given   the   opportunity   to   be   a   director   or   chief  
executive  in  middle  ranks  of  companies  in  America.  
 
24.  We  can  infer  from  the  text  that.........  
a.  women  who  are  reported  to  be  working  unwillingly  as  board  members  make  up  84%  of  the  labor  
force  in  both  America  and  Britain.  
b.   efforts   made   by   Viviane   Reding   have   been   the   only   defining   element   that   has   resulted   in   an  
increase  in  the  number  of  woman  board  members  since  2011.  
c.  it  is  clear  that  women  in  Nordic  companies  seem  to  be  paying  more  respect  to  the  decisions  taken  
by  the  board  members.    
d.   EU   is   likely   to   oblige   some   companies   to   appoint   more   women   to   senior   positions   should   the  
companies  not  do  this  themselves.  
 
25.  The  word  ‘harangue’  in  paragraph  three  means  .........  
a.  address       b.  discourage     c.  boost      d.  interpret    
 
26.  Which  of  the  following  is  TRUE  according  to  the  text?  
a.  France  and  Spain  consider  increasing  the  number  of  woman  directors  by  40%  by  2015.  
b.  Germany,  unlike  Norway,  hasn’t  officially  mandated  a  rise  in  woman  directors.  
c.  There’s  a  low  number  of  woman  directors  in  Germany  as  big  companies  reject  hiring  them.  
d.  Woman  directors  made  up  40%  of  the  labor  force  in  Norway  a  decade  ago.  
 
27.  According  to  the  text,  imposing  quotas  ........  
a.   is   barely   appreciated   in   some   countries   where   requirements   to   promote   woman   directors  
diverge.  
b.   has   already   made   it   obligatory   for   many   companies   in   America   and   Britain   to   make   their  
promotion  criteria  public.    
c.   seems   to   be   too   difficult   an   issue   in   Germany   that   the   other   members   in   the   EU   have   given   up  
looking  up  to  Germany.  
d.   to   be   adopted   by   board   nomination   committees   expect   to   receive   explanations   from   the  
government.  
 
28.  The  word  ‘they’  in  paragraph  six  refers  to  ....  
a.  economies     b.  talented  people   c.  women   d.  governments  
 
29.  Which  is  NOT  TRUE  according  to  the  text?  
a.   The   idea   that   more   women   should   take   part   in   decision-­‐making   process   in   companies   is   due   to  
the  outcomes  of  the  economic  crisis.    
b.   Women   who   have   been   interested   in   higher   education   have   recently   outnumbered   male  
graduates.      
c.   Many   countries   are   not   in   favor   of   the   quotas   probably   because   they   already   have   their   own  
regulations.    
d.  The  fewer  women  are  given  senior  positions  in  a  company;  the  more  likely  it  is  to  succeed.  
 
30.  The  text  MAINLY  discusses  .........  
a.  the  drawbacks  of  male-­‐dominated  boards.     c.  the  need  for  more  female  directors.        
b.  why  companies  lack  female  managers.       d.  the  EU’s  efforts  for  female  managers.        
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